# Chafee National Youth in Transition Database > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3AE8-3050 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Rule - **Published:** February 26, 2008 - **Citation:** 73 FR 10338 ## Text DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Administration for Children and Families 45 CFR Part 1356 RIN 0970-AC21 Chafee National Youth in Transition Database AGENCY: Administration on Children, Youth and Families (ACYF), Administration for Children and Families (ACF), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule adds new regulations to require States to collect and report data to ACF on youth who are receiving independent living services and on the outcomes of certain youth who are in foster care or who age out of foster care. The final rule implements the data collection requirements of the Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 (Pub. L. 106-169) as incorporated into the Social Security Act. DATES: Effective Date: April 28, 2008. Compliance Date: A State must implement and comply with this rule no later than October 1, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kathleen McHugh, Director of Policy, Children's Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, 202/401-5789 or by e-mail at kathleen.mchugh@acf.hhs.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The preamble to this final rule is organized as follows: I. Background A. Legislative History B. Rule Development II. The National Youth in Transition Database (NYTD) A. Overview of Changes and Regulatory Provisions B. Implementation Timeframes C. Discussion of Non-Regulated Issues III. Section-by-Section Discussion of Final Rule IV. Impact Analysis I. Background A. Legislative History Each year thousands of young people are discharged from State foster care systems because they reach the age at which they are no longer eligible for out-of-home placement services. During the early 1980s, research and anecdotal evidence indicated that many young people who emancipated from foster care experienced numerous difficulties in their attempts to achieve self-sufficiency. Rather than making a successful transition to living on their own, a significant percentage of these youth experienced homelessness, unemployment, victimization, and dependence on various types of public assistance. In response to this problem, in 1986 President Reagan signed into law the Title IV-E Independent Living Initiative (Pub. L. 99-272). The law provided States with funding to make independent living services available to youth in foster care between the ages of 16 and 21. Several improvements were made to this law by the Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 (Pub. L. 106-169) signed by President Clinton on December 14, 1999. This law established the John H. Chafee Foster Care Independence Program (CFCIP) at section 477 of the Social Security Act (the Act). Compared to Public Law 99-272, the Foster Care Independence Act provides States with greater funding and flexibility to carry out programs to assist youth in making the transition from foster care to self-sufficiency. The legislation provides States with funding to identify and make available independent living services to youth “who are likely to remain in foster care” until at least age 18—thus removing the minimum age requirements for the receipt of independent living services. Public Law 106-169 also requires States to provide assistance and services to youth who age out of foster care, until age 21, and allows States to use part of their funding to provide room and board assistance to these youth. On January 17, 2002, President Bush signed into law the Promoting Safe and Stable Families Amendments of 2001 (Pub. L. 107-133), which provided States with funding specifically for post-secondary education and training vouchers for youth who are eligible for CFCIP services. The Foster Care Independence Act of 1999 requires ACF to develop and implement a data collection system, in consultation with various stakeholders, to perform two functions: (1) Track the independent living services States provide to youth; and, (2) develop outcome measures that may be used to assess State performance in operating their independent living programs. With regard to services, the Act requires us to identify data elements to track the number and characteristics of children receiving services under section 477 of the Act and the type and quantity of services States provide. With regard to outcomes, section 477(f)(1) of the Act requires that we develop outcome measures, including measures of educational attainment, receipt of a high school diploma, employment, avoidance of dependency, homelessness, non-marital childbirth, incarceration, and high-risk behaviors, and the data elements to track States' performance on the outcome measures. The law also requires that ACF impose a penalty in an amount that ranges from one to five percent of the State's annual allotment on any State that fails to comply with the reporting requirements. ACF must base a State's penalty amount on the degree of noncompliance (section 477(e)(2) and (3) of the Act). B. Rule Development In developing the rule we engaged in an extensive consultation process on the information that would comprise the NYTD. Our consultation included national discussion groups with child welfare agency administrators and independent living coordinators at the State, Tribal, and local levels; public and private agency youth service providers; technical assistance providers; child welfare advocates; group home staff and administrators; and current and former foster youth and foster parents. We also held conference calls with independent living coordinators and information technology managers from several States. Finally, we conducted a pilot test of the draft data elements in seven States and one Indian Tribe and formed a work group of national associations, resource centers and State and Tribal representatives to analyze the results of the pilot test. After gathering the information from consultation and conducting further internal deliberations, we published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) on July 14, 2006 (71 FR 40346-40382) that outlined the National Youth in Transition Database proposal. During the 60-day comment period, we received 67 substantive and unduplicated letters containing approximately 225 comments and questions on the proposal. The commenters included representatives from 38 State child welfare agencies and 14 national child welfare organizations, associations or advocacy groups, among others. We received widespread support for many of the general concepts of the NYTD, particularly the variety of service and outcomes data elements. Commenters had a number of suggestions for minor modifications or clarifications that they believed would enhance the rule and the NYTD. Commenters also raised a number of questions on matters that are beyond the scope of the NYTD proposal and final rule. Most concerns from commenters centered around the timeframe for implementing the NYTD, the parameters of the reporting populations, cost and burden issues generally and particularly with regard to tracking youth who are no longer in foster care and the effect of penalties on State services and youth. II. The National Youth in Transition Database A. Overview of Changes and Regulatory Provisions We did not significantly change the final NYTD from the proposal in most areas. Although many of the thoughtful comments led us to reconsider aspects of our proposals and make numerous technical revisions, we found compelling reasons to retain key elements of the NYTD. We were convinced to make changes in two major areas: (1) To extend the time States have to develop their information systems and internal procedures to be able to collect and report data to the NYTD, and (2) to exclude education and training vouchers from the Federal funds that are subject to a penalty if a State does not comply with the NYTD requirements. These major changes, along with all other changes, are discussed in more detail throughout the preamble. A final overview of the NYTD follows. States will report to NYTD four types of information about youth: services provided to youth, youth characteristics, outcomes, and basic demographics. In terms of services, States will identify the type of independent living services or financial assistance that the State provides to youth. There are 11 broad service categories: • Independent living needs assessment. • Academic support. • Post-secondary educational support. • Career preparation. • Employment programs or vocational training. • Budget and financial management. • Housing education and home management training. • Health education and risk prevention. • Family support and healthy marriage education. • Mentoring. • Supervised independent living. The State also will identify the characteristics of each youth receiving independent living services, such as their education level and tribal membership. In terms of outcomes, States must collect and report information on youth who are or were in foster care that we can use to measure the collective outcomes of these youth and potentially assess the State's performance in this area. We will collect data on six general outcomes: • Increase youth financial self-sufficiency. • Improve youth educational (academic or vocational) attainment. • Increase youth connections with adults. • Reduce homelessness among youth. • Reduce high-risk behavior among youth. • Improve youth access to health insurance. The States must survey young people who are or were previously in foster care regarding their outcomes information. States will collect information on these youth at three specific intervals: On or about the youth's 17th birthday while the youth is in foster care; two years later on or about the youth's 19th birthday; and again on or about the youth's 21st birthday. States must report on 19- and 21-year-olds who participated in data collection at age 17 while in foster care, even if they are no longer in the State's foster care system or receiving independent living services at ages 19 and 21. States will collect outcome information on a new baseline population of youth (17-year-olds in foster care) every three years. Finally, States will identify basic demographic information, such as sex and race of each youth in each of the reporting populations. States will report all four types of information (services, characteristics, outcomes if applicable in that year, and basic demographics) to the NYTD semi-annually on a Federal fiscal year basis. ACF will evaluate a State's data file against file submission and data compliance standards designed to ensure that we have quality data on youth. States that fail to achieve any of the compliance standards for a reporting period will be given an opportunity to submit to us corrected data. If a State's corrected data does not comply with the data standards, the State will be subject to a penalty in an amount that ranges from one to five percent of the State's annual CFCIP funding, depending on the level of noncompliance. The funds subject to a penalty will not include the State's education and training voucher allotment. B. Implementation Timeframe Implementation of the NYTD will occur on October 1, 2010. This means that a State must begin to collect data on October 1, 2010 (Federal fiscal year (FFY) 2011) and submit the first report period data to us by May 15, 2011, in accordance with the NYTD requirements in this final rule. This later implementation date is in direct response to comments raised by stakeholders in response to the NPRM. In the NPRM preamble, we indicated that States would have at least a year between issuance of a final rule and the implementation date of the NYTD. We did not establish a specific implementation date at that time. However, a large number of commenters who represented the perspectives of States, advocates and other stakeholders, believed that a year was not enough time to comply with the NYTD requirements for a number of reasons. We carefully considered the information provided to us through comment, and reviewed our rationale for the one-year implementation timeframe. We found that the commenters raised issues to us that we had not fully considered in developing our original estimates of how long States would need to comply with this rule and we agree that a change is warranted. Most commenters stated that implementing the NYTD would require changes to a State's Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS). These changes would take more time than we originally suggested because the NYTD provisions which relate to youth who are still in foster care or who are receiving independent living services must be incorporated into a State's SACWIS in accordance with existing SACWIS rules in 45 CFR 1355.53(b)(5)(iii) and ACF-OISM-001 (1995). Forty-four States are in some stage of SACWIS development or operation and would thus need to make these changes in their SACWIS. SACWIS changes often require a State to develop and award contracts to implement new programming and design features and secure new funding. The commenters pointed out that tight State budgets and long lead times needed to secure State appropriations mean that States are not guaranteed funding or legislative approval to implement the NYTD quickly. These combined issues can lead to a protracted period before the State has in hand final approval to even start developing a system, let alone begin the work required to change data systems to accommodate the new data requirements. We agree with these points as our own experiences interacting with States that are attempting to secure funding for SACWIS confirm that internal State processes for obtaining funding for information system changes, and then implementing system changes take a significant amount of time. In addition to concerns about SACWIS or development of other information system capability, commenters registered significant uncertainty about States' ability to comply with the outcomes component of the NYTD in the suggested timeframe. This was of particular concern to States, given their inexperience with administering an outcomes survey over an extended time to youth who have left foster care. We have acknowledged throughout the NPRM and final rule process that the outcomes component is one of the most challenging aspects of the NYTD. As such, we believe that we must give States a sufficient opportunity to conduct planning activities and take advantage of technical assistance. Most commenters suggested that a two to three year implementation timeframe is more reasonable. We agree that a minimum of two years to implement the requirements of the NYTD is justified and have set the compliance date as October 1, 2010 accordingly. Providing less time than two years will not serve us or the States well in our mutual goals to understand and serve youth better. The later implementation date is designed to ensure that States are prepared and able to submit quality data on youth independent living services and youth outcomes. In the first year of start-up activities, ACF plans to provide intensive technical assistance to support States as they assess their system design and development needs. During the second year of start-up activities, we plan to continue technical assistance, release technical documents on file and transmission procedures, and support States as they conduct voluntary tests of their systems. All compliance standards and the associated penalties will take effect during the first year of implementation and will not be delayed further as some commenters suggested. We do, however, hope to encourage States to submit data to us voluntarily prior to the required implementation date. Doing so could mean that States are able to test their systems prior to the compliance date, and we in turn can begin providing technical assistance based on States' actual experiences. We intend to issue guidance on whether and how we may be able to accept voluntary data submissions prior to the compliance date. C. Discussion of Non-Regulated Issues We received a number of comments and questions on topics that are outside the scope of this rulemaking. Such comments addressed general topics such as technical assistance requests, performance standards, ongoing consultation between various stakeholders on the CFCIP program and NYTD, technical questions about modifying SACWIS and strategies for tracking youth. The proper forum for these requests is through the ACF regional offices and our technical assistance providers. III. Section-by-Section Discussion of Final Rule Section 1356.80 Scope This section requires the State agency that administers or supervises the administration of the Chafee Foster Care Independence Program under section 477 of the Social Security Act to comply with the data collection and reporting requirements in this final rule. We did not receive comments on this section. We made a minor modification to the section to include State agencies that “supervise the administration” of the CFCIP in addition to those that directly administer the program in the scope of these NYTD requirements. This modification brings the scope statement in line with the statutory requirements for an administrating or supervisory State agency in section 477(b)(2) of the Act. Section 1356.81 Reporting Population This section describes the three reporting populations of youth on whom States must obtain services and outcomes information to report to the NYTD: The served, baseline and follow-up populations. Served Population In paragraph (a), we describe the served population as youth who receive an independent living service paid for or provided by the State agency during a six-month report period. Comment: A number of commenters sought clarity on which youth comprise the served population and asked whether specific subgroups were a part of the population. Specifically, commenters asked whether tribal youth, youth involved with the juvenile justice system, youth who receive services through the staff of a group home or child care institution, and youth no longer in foster care would fall within the served population. Response: In general, a youth is in the served population if during the report period, the youth received at least one independent living service paid for or provided by the State agency. We are making a minor amendment to the final rule to remove the reference to “services” as only one independent living service is required during the report period for the youth to be a part of the served population. An independent living service is provided by the State agency if it is delivered by State agency staff or an agent of the State, including a foster parent, group home staff, child care institution staff or the service is provided pursuant to a contract between the State agency and a provider, agency or any other entity regardless of whether the contract includes funding for the particular service. Independent living services that are paid for or provided by the State agency can be delivered in a variety of formats. The served population is not limited on the Federal level by age, foster care status or placement type, although State eligibility rules for their independent living programs may restrict which youth receive independent living services. Therefore, tribal youth, youth involved with the juvenile justice system, youth who receive services through foster care providers and youth no longer in foster care are a part of the served population if they receive an independent living service paid for or provided by the State agency during the report period. Comment: Some commenters suggested that we gather data in some way on youth who do not receive independent living services. Some commenters suggested that we require States to identify and explain why subgroups of youth do not receive services, such as youth who were eligible for independent living services in the State and/or youth who are referred to independent living. Other commenters suggested that we capture information on youth who do not receive independent living services outside of the NYTD. Response: In developing the NPRM, we considered and rejected an approach to require States to identify and explain why youth do not receive independent living services. We explained in the NPRM that the statute's mandate is limited to collecting data on independent living services that youth receive (section 477(f)(1)(B)(i) of the Act). We believe that gathering information on why youth do not receive independent living services is better suited to research or evaluation activities and therefore we are not making a change to the final rule in this regard. We want to be clear, however, that we have designed the outcomes component of the NYTD to look at the outcomes of youth whether or not they receive independent living services that are paid for or provided by the State agency. This outcomes information can be used in conjunction with information from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) to tell us more about youth who do not receive independent living services and how they fare. Comment: Some commenters urged us to expand the served population to include youth who receive independent living services that are brokered or arranged by the State agency through an agreement with other public or private agencies, rather than just those independent living services that are paid for or provided by the State agency. Commenters believed that broadening the scope of the served population would be in keeping with CFCIP State plan requirements to coordinate services with other Federal, State and local programs serving youth. Further, commenters suggested that including services that are arranged, brokered, or offered through collaboration would better reflect the range of independent living services youth may receive. Response: We carefully considered the issues raised by commenters but are not convinced that the suggestions to expand the served population, for example, to include those youth served through collaborations, agreements or other State agency arrangements that are neither paid for nor provided by the State agency, offers a significant improvement to the NYTD. We recognize that States collaborate with community partners in a variety of ways to benefit youth as required under the CFCIP State plan. However, including youth served as a result of those collaborations or otherwise arranged or brokered by the State agency in the served population is too far removed from the statutory mandate to collect data on youth served under the CFCIP. Further, we believe that expanding the served population to include youth who receive independent living services in their community that are neither paid for nor provided by the State agency would distort what we can learn about the services provided under the CFCIP. Rather, we are interested in a State collecting and reporting information on youth who receive an independent living service due to the State agency's commitment of funds or resources to provide the service. Therefore, an independent living service is provided by the State agency if it is delivered by State agency staff or an agent of the State, including a foster parent, group home staff, or child care institution staff. The service is also provided by the State agency if it is provided to the youth pursuant to a contract for such services between the State agency and a provider, public or private agency or any other entity, regardless of whether the contract includes funding for the particular service. Services that are paid for directly or indirectly by the State agency are included as well. We believe this definition of the served population is sufficiently broad, and, as such, are retaining the served population description as stated in the NPRM. Comment: A commenter thought the served population definition was too broad and suggested that we limit it to foster care youth and former foster care youth who are 17 years old and receiving independent living services. Response: As we discussed in the NPRM, the statute is clear that we are to collect data on all youth who receive independent living services under the CFCIP and does not carve out youth in foster care or former foster care youth of a certain age. Further, narrowing the reporting population in such a way may limit the information we can learn about how States are serving youth through the CFCIP. As such, we are not making the suggested change to the served population. Comment: Several commenters sought clarification on how the served population was distinct from or related to the baseline and follow-up population. Response: The NYTD has two separate but related components: independent living services and youth outcomes. The reporting populations are separate for each component, although not mutually exclusive. States are to collect and report independent living services information on youth who fall within the served population. The served population is made up of youth who have received at least one independent living service that is paid for or provided by the State agency during a six-month report period. The youth's age and foster care status is not relevant to whether he or she is in the served population. States are to collect and report outcomes information on youth who are in the baseline and follow-up populations. The baseline population is comprised of all 17-year-olds in foster care during a year in which such outcomes data is due (beginning in FFY 2011), regardless of whether the youth receives any services. The follow-up population is a subgroup of the baseline population: Youth who participated in the outcomes data collection when they were 17 years old, but who are now 19 or 21 years old. A few simple examples (that do not address sampling) illustrate how the reporting populations may overlap or diverge: • Example 1. In December 2010, a youth turns 17 years old while in foster care and takes a budgeting class that is paid for by the State agency in January 2011. This youth would be part of the served population for the first report period of FFY 2011 (October 1, 2010 through March 31, 2011) and reported as receiving the “budget and financial management” service. The same youth would also be a part of the baseline population for whom the State must administer the outcomes survey. This is because FFY 2011 is a year in which the States must collect data on the baseline population, which is comprised of those youth in foster care who reach their 17th birthday in the FFY. • Example 2. In November 2011, a different 17-year-old in foster care takes a budgeting class that is paid for by the State agency. This youth would be part of the served population for the first report period of FFY 2012. However there is no outcomes data collection due in FFY 2012, therefore, the youth is not in the baseline population. • Example 3. In December 2012, the same youth from example 1 reaches 19 years old. By the end of March 2013, this youth had not received any independent living services that were paid for or provided by the State agency during the first report period (October 1, 2012 through March 31, 2013), so the youth is not a part of the served population. However, two years ago, this youth completed the outcomes survey as part of the baseline population. Therefore, the youth is a part of the follow-up population and the State is required to collect and report outcomes data for this youth. Baseline Population In paragraph (b), we describe the baseline population for the purpose of collecting outcome information as a youth who is in foster care as defined in 45 CFR 1355.20 and reaches his or her 17th birthday in FFY 2011, or reaches 17 in every third fiscal year following FFY 2011. Comment: Some commenters raised questions and concerns about the lack of clarity in the description of the baseline population. Commenters requested specific guidance on whether the baseline population included youth in juvenile justice facilities, youth in placements of a short duration, youth placed in shelter care, youth in tribal custody, youth on trial home visits, youth in unlicensed, unapproved or unpaid placements, and youth who have run away from their foster care settings. Response: We defined the baseline population as 17-year-olds in foster care consistent with our regulatory definition of foster care in 45 CFR 1355.20 during a Federal fiscal year in which such data is required based on the implementation schedule. This means, that a youth will be in the baseline population if the youth is in foster care and 17 years old in FFYs 2011, or is in foster care and 17 years old in each third fiscal year following FFY 2011 (i.e., 2014, 2017, etc.). We made a minor change to the rule to specify the beginning fiscal year in which this data is required and the timetable upon which data on a new cohort of youth is due. The baseline population includes 17-year-old youth who are in 24-hour substitute care under the State's placement and care responsibility who are in foster family homes (whether the foster parents are relatives of or unrelated to the child), group homes, shelter care and child care institutions, regardless of whether such homes or institutions are licensed, approved or paid. The baseline population includes children who may have run away from their foster care setting but who are still in the State agency's placement and care responsibility. The baseline population also includes youth who receive title IV-E foster care maintenance payments in the placement and care of another public agency (e.g., a juvenile justice agency or tribal agency) pursuant to a title IV-E agreement under section 472(a)(2)(B)(ii) of the Act. The baseline population excludes youth in detention facilities, forestry camps, training schools and facilities primarily for the detention of youth adjudicated delinquent. The definition also excludes youth who are in the placement and care responsibility of a tribal agency unless the conditions specified above regarding title IV-E agreements apply. Youth who are at home but in the placement and care responsibility of the State agency also are excluded from the baseline reporting population, whether the State considers this a trial home visit, at-home supervision, after care or some other status. Since these youth are excluded from the baseline population, they are not in the follow-up population either. We anticipate providing more detail through technical assistance and other guidance documents on how States may ensure that they are accurately including children in the baseline population. Comment: Some commenters requested consistency between the NYTD baseline reporting population and the AFCARS foster care reporting population. One such commenter was concerned that an inconsistency would diminish our ability to analyze data across the two databases. Response: We do not believe that complete consistency between the NYTD baseline reporting population and the AFCARS foster care reporting population is necessary. AFCARS exists for a purpose separate and distinct from the NYTD. The AFCARS reporting population includes all children in foster care as defined in 45 CFR 1355.20 as does the NYTD, but extends slightly broader in specific circumstances, such as youth in detention and youth that are at home temporarily (see the ACF Child Welfare Policy Manual Section 2.7 at http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb ). We are staying consistent with the definition of foster care for the NYTD to reflect part of the population of youth a State must serve under its CFCIP: Youth in foster care who are likely to age out of foster care. Further, one of the original reasons we chose the baseline reporting population was because it represents a readily accessible population of youth to whom States can administer the survey. Finally, we do not agree that the slight differences between the AFCARS foster care and the NYTD baseline reporting populations diminish the analytic value of the NYTD. Since every youth reported in the baseline population will also be reported to AFCARS and the youth will be identified in the same way in both databases, we will have the necessary foundation for analysis of the foster care experiences of youth who are reported for their outcomes in the NYTD. Comment: One commenter suggested that we specify that in order to be included in the baseline population a youth must have been in foster care for a minimum length of time to ensure that the youth had benefited from available independent living services. Response: As we stated in the preamble to the NPRM, we decided not to require a minimum length of time in foster care because that approach overly complicated the data collection without a measurable benefit or a clear basis on which to determine the appropriate minimum length of time. We did not receive information that convinced us to change our approach and have not made this change to the final rule. Comment: A commenter asked whether youth had to be in foster care on their 17th birthday to be included in the baseline population. Response: A youth does not need to have his or her 17th birthday while in foster care, but consistent with the data collection rule in section 1356.82(a)(2), the youth must have been in foster care within 45 days following his or her 17th birthday during the specified reporting year. More detailed guidance on the reporting populations will be forthcoming in technical assistance and policy documents, as needed. Follow-up Population Paragraph (c) defines the follow-up population as youth who turn 19 or 21 years old in a certain fiscal year who participated in the State's outcomes data collection as part of the baseline population at 17 years old. Comment: Some commenters requested more clarity regarding the follow-up population or made statements that indicated their confusion about who was included in the population. A few other commenters asked specifically whether youth who remained in foster care at ages 19 and 21 would be in the follow-up population. Other commenters asked whether youth in the follow-up population at age 19 had to have participated in the outcomes data collection to be a part of the follow-up population at age 21. Response: The follow-up population is comprised solely of youth who are either 19 or 21 years old who participated in the outcomes data collection as part of the baseline population at age 17. A youth is considered to have participated at age 17 if he or she provided at least one valid answer to a question in the outcomes survey. A youth who participated in the data collection at age 17, but not at age 19 for a reason other than being deceased remains a part of the follow-up population at age 21. A youth is in the follow-up population as described regardless of the youth's foster care status at ages 19 or 21 and regardless of whether the youth ever received independent living services. Comment: A number of commenters wanted outcomes data collection to continue beyond age 21 to age 23 or older for a number of reasons. These commenters were concerned that we will get an incomplete view of college attendance and educational attainment, employment, marriage and other outcomes that are influenced by age if we stop collecting data at age 21. Alternatively, a commenter urged us not to extend the follow-up population of youth to age 23 unless there was demonstrable evidence that collecting such data was feasible. Response: We appreciate the arguments in favor of an extended follow-up data collection activity and acknowledge that the system as designed may result in limited information on some of the more age-sensitive outcomes. However, as we stated in the NPRM, we believe that adults who are 23 years old are even more likely to decline to participate in data collection and States are more likely to lose contact with much older youth. We received many comments that echoed these same concerns for 19- and 21-year olds. We believe that requiring States to collect outcomes information on an even older population is unreasonable and better suited for research or evaluation activities. Therefore, we are not adding an older follow-up population to the final rule. Section 1356.82 Data Collection Requirements This section specifies the data collection requirements for the served, baseline and follow-up populations. In paragraph (a)(1), we require the State agency to collect information for the data elements specified in section 1356.83(b) and (c) for youth in the served population for as long as the youth receives services. Comment: A couple of commenters supported the ongoing collection of client-level data on youth who receive independent living services. Response: We agree that this is a valuable feature of the NYTD and are not making changes to the final rule. In paragraph (a)(2), we require the State agency to collect information for the data elements specified in section 1356.83(b) and (d) for the baseline population. The State agency must collect this information on a new baseline population every three years and must collect this data within certain timeframes using specific survey questions. Comment: A number of commenters supported the general concept of collecting outcomes information based on a staggered schedule with a new cohort of the baseline population (17-year-olds in foster care) beginning every three years. Two commenters suggested that we require States to reduce the time between the new cohorts of youth. Their concern was that the three-year span would lead to gaps in the data and would not be representative of youth receiving services or aging out of foster care. Response: As we stated in the preamble to the NPRM, we chose this schedule in order to avoid imposing an unnecessary burden on States. Participants in the consultation process pointed out that youth outcomes generally do not change sufficiently to justify collecting the data annually, and collecting outcome data every three years should be sufficient to document trends and address the statutory requirements. As such, no changes to the final rule are warranted. Comment: A few commenters disagreed with the requirement to collect information on youth in the baseline population within 45 days following the youth's 17th birthday as required by section 1356.82(a)(2)(i) and (ii). One such commenter believed more time was needed to engage youth who may be resistant, who had run away, were institutionalized or incarcerated at the time of their 17th birthday. The commenters requested either a 90-day timeframe or the entire six-month report period to obtain the outcomes data from the youth. Response: As stated in the preamble to the NPRM, we chose the 45-day timeframe as a compromise between requiring data collection to occur on the youth's 17th birthday and a longer timeframe which could lead to a less comparable baseline population. We still believe that the 45-day timeframe is responsive to the real-life scheduling constraints and does not create an unreasonable burden. We are, therefore, retaining the 45-day timeframe. We would like to note, however, that youth who are incarcerated or are institutionalized in a psychiatric facility or hospital would not be a part of the baseline population because they are not in foster care according to the definition in 45 CFR 1355.20 (see earlier discussion on the baseline population). Youth who have run away from their foster care setting for the 45-day time span following their 17th birthday would be a part of the baseline population, but a State could report the youth as having run away in the outcomes reporting status element (section 1356.83(g)(34)) to explain why that youth's information was not collected. In paragraph (a)(3), we require the State agency to collect information for the data elements specified in section 1356.83(b) and (e) for the follow-up population of 19- and 21-year-olds. Comment: A number of commenters suggested that ACF should collect the outcome data and track the older youth rather than the States. In their view, this approach would resolve other concerns raised related to the State's burden to collect data and penalties for State non-compliance with the data collection, and could create consistency in outcomes data collection across the country. Response: The statute mandates that we develop data collection requirements and impose penalties on States that do not comply with those requirements (section 477(e)(2) and (f) of the Act). As such, the statute creates an obligation for States to meet the data collection requirements and not the Federal government. Comment: A number of commenters asked practical questions about obtaining contact information for older youth. Specific inquiries included how to contact older youth who move out of State, using administrative databases to locate youth, or who would be the best individuals to administer the outcomes survey. Response: We will provide States with policy guidance and/or technical assistance to address these issues. We do not believe that it is appropriate to address these concerns in regulation. Comment: Some commenters were concerned that we did not regulate the method by which States must administer the outcomes survey to youth (e.g., in person, via the internet or over the phone). The concern was that this variability could impede data quality and limit the conclusions we could draw from the data. Response: We acknowledge that the method a survey is administered may impact the quality of the data. However, we believe that States are too different to offer a single approach to this data collection and we are not in a position to regulate the best way to gather the data at this time. Further, we have set file and data standards for the data, including standards for youth participation, such that States will have an incentive to gather the best data possible (see discussion in section 1356.85). We hope to overcome any remaining challenges associated with survey variability through technical assistance rather than prescriptive rules. For these reasons, we are not regulating a specific data collection methodology in response to these comments. Comment: A commenter was concerned about privacy rights or confidentiality issues that will make it difficult to track youth over time to complete the survey. Although information may be available about the youth through other systems, e.g., child support, the commenter asserts that the State cannot access that information because of confidentiality restrictions. The commenter requested that we address these issues. Response: We do not believe that there are privacy or confidentiality concerns raised by the NYTD. The youth outcome survey is voluntary for the youth to complete, and it is up to the youth how much detailed contact information he or she will provide in order to be located upon exit from foster care. We understand that there may be information available to a State to locate the youth that can only be accessed with the youth's permission. We will provide technical assistance to States to assist them in developing appropriate methods to track youth and garner youth participation. In paragraph (b), we permit States to select a sample of 17-year-olds who participated in the outcomes data collection as a part of the baseline population to follow over time rather than the entire baseline population of youth who participated in the data collection in that State. When a State samples youth at age 17, the sample becomes the follow-up population and no further sampling of this population at ages 19 or 21 is permitted. Also in this paragraph we require a State to identify those youth in the follow-up population who are not in the sample. Comment: A commenter believed that States should not use sampling but attempt to gather outcomes data from all 19- and 21-year-olds in the follow-up population. The commenter believed that this was a reasonable suggestion given that States were required to collect outcomes data on a staggered schedule. Response: As stated in the preamble to the NPRM, we are providing States the option to sample in direct response to feedback we received during the consultation process. States requested that any outcomes survey of youth who had left foster care utilize sampling to mitigate the burden of tracking these youth. Nothing in the NYTD prohibits States that could track a subgroup of their follow-up population through sampling from collecting outcomes information on more youth or on the entire follow-up population. We are not making any changes to the final rule in response to this comment, however, we have made a change in paragraph 1356.82(b) to require States that sample to identify youth at age 19 who are not selected in the sample. This change is explained further in the discussion on section 1356.83(e). Section 1356.83 Reporting Requirements and Data Elements This section specifies the NYTD report periods, deadlines for reporting data to ACF and the data elements. In paragraph (a), we require a State to submit the required data file to ACF on a semi-annual basis, within 45 days of the end of each report period. Comment: A number of commenters offered alternative deadlines for submitting a data file to ACF that ranged from 60 to 90 days after the end of each report period. Some commenters cited concerns about having the same State workers prepare data files for the NYTD and simultaneously for AFCARS. A couple of commenters believed that in order to generate a common identifier for youth reported to both AFCARS and the NYTD that a State would need to report their data to AFCARS first. Response: Our experience has shown that States can meet the 45-day requirement for AFCARS and we expect States can meet it for the NYTD as well. We understand that States may use the same workers to extract files for AFCARS and the NYTD, but believe that 45 days is sufficient time to do both activities. Timely data is important so that ACF can conduct the analysis to share with the States and other stakeholders. We do not believe the concern about common identifiers has merit. Although we are requiring a State to submit an identifier for a youth to the NYTD that is the same as the one submitted to AFCARS in certain circumstances, the way this is accomplished is through a standard encryption routine. When applied to a State identifier, the routine will generate the same encrypted result (i.e., the common identifier) each time. The act of submitting data to AFCARS or the NYTD is not what generates the common identifier so whether the data is submitted to AFCARS or the NTYD first is inconsequential. We are not making changes in response to this comment. Comment: While one commenter supported the twice yearly reporting cycle, a number of other commenters suggested moving to an annual reporting cycle to reduce the burden on States. Some commenters believed that an annual report period would ease the burden of reporting data for States and ease penalty and outcome calculations for Federal officials. To keep the reporting cycles consistent with AFCARS, some commenters suggested moving AFCARS to an annual report period as well. Response: As stated in the preamble to the NPRM, we considered a 12-month reporting period, but believed that a longer period increases the risk of inaccurate or missing data. Further, since we want to preserve our ability to analyze NYTD data along with AFCARS data, we want comparable reporting periods. The six-month report period for AFCARS is integral to a number of ACF priorities and legislative requirements. Comment: A commenter suggested that local providers be allowed to report data directly to ACF without the involvement of the State agency in an effort to create additional efficiencies for States. Response: We disagree with the suggestion to permit local providers to report a youth's data directly to the Federal government, leaving out the State agency's involvement, for a number of reasons. The State agency is responsible for ensuring compliance with the NYTD requirements and standards under the risk of fiscal sanctions and, therefore, must be the responsible party for submitting data to ACF. Further, we do not believe that individual providers could ensure that all information on a youth (i.e., demographics, characteristics, services and outcomes, if applicable) could be reported in a single youth record as required by section 1356.83(f) if multiple providers have engaged a youth in a report period. Also, we do not see that such a process would be efficient for the State as it would have to maintain oversight of one or more entities that would submit information to ACF. However, States are not prohibited from contracting or otherwise working with private agencies to compile the information that States will ultimately submit to ACF. We are not changing the final rule to permit any entity other than the State agency to submit NYTD data to ACF. In paragraphs (b) through (e), we require the State agency to report certain data elements for each youth depending on whether the youth is a part of the served, baseline, or follow-up populations. We did not receive comments on these paragraphs. However, we are making a technical change to the reporting requirements for 19-year old youth in the follow-up population for those States that sample. In paragraph (e), we have amended the final rule to require a State that samples to identify the 19-year-old youth who participated in the outcomes data collection as part of the baseline population at age 17, who are not in the sample. This information is required so that we can determine whether the State meets the outcomes universe and participation rate standards (section 1356.85(b)). A State must identify such youth in the two semi-annual report periods for the Federal fiscal year in which the State reports actual outcomes information on 19-year-old youth who are in the sample (section 1356.83(g)(34)). States will not report information on non-sampled youth again when the youth reach the age of 21 years old. This requirement stands in contrast to our proposal as described in the NPRM for a State to identify youth who will be in the follow-up sample at age 17. We proposed that States would report that information in a separate data element entitled “sampling status” for the semi-annual report periods in which baseline outcomes data is due on the 17-year- olds (71 FR 40359 and 40361-2). However, the proposal was not viable because the sampling procedures in section 1356.84 require the State to select a sample based on a universe of all youth in a fiscal year who participate in the State's outcome data collection at age 17. Therefore, we erred in proposing that a State identify a sample at the end of each report period before the State could identify the appropriate and complete sampling frame of youth. The final rule provision for identifying youth who are not in the follow-up sample when such youth are aged 19 corrects this error. We don't expect this revision to be a concern to States as it will permit States more time to decide whether and how to sample. In paragraph (f), we require the State agency to report all applicable data elements for an individual youth in a single record per report period. We did not receive comments on this paragraph and are not making changes to the final rule. Data Element Descriptions Paragraph (g) includes all of the data element descriptions for the NYTD. State In paragraph (g)(1), we request information on the State that reports the youth to the NYTD. We received no comments on this data element description and are not making any changes in the final rule. Report Date Paragraph (g)(2) describes the report date of the NYTD file which indicates the six-month period that the file encompasses. The report date is the month and year that corresponds with the end of the report period, which will always end on either March 31 or September 30 of any given year. We received no comments on this data element description and are not making any changes in the final rule. Record Number In paragraph (g)(3), we describe the record number as a unique, encrypted person identification number that the State must retain for the youth across all reporting periods. The State must use a consistent number for reporting the same youth to AFCARS and the NYTD. Comment: A commenter noted that not all youth in the reporting populations will have an established common identifier. The commenter asserted that a State may need to conduct a labor-intensive and manual matching process to avoid identifying the same youth in multiple ways, particularly for youth from the juvenile justice system. Response: The State is required to use the same unique identifier for a NYTD youth as is used for AFCARS if that youth is or was in foster care in the State. The State is not required to use the same identifier used for the youth in other youth-serving systems. As we stated in the NPRM, this requirement is intended to allow us to perform case-level longitudinal cohort analysis. We believe the benefits of the usefulness of this data outweigh the burden on States to establish rules for a common identifier for youth across the NYTD and AFCARS data sets. Date of Birth In paragraph (g)(4), we require that a State report the youth's date of birth. We received no comments on this data element description and are not making any changes in the final rule. Sex In paragraph (g)(5), the State is to report the youth's sex. Comment: Several commenters suggested that we not limit the data element on “sex” to male or female biology but permit youth to identify their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. These commenters believed that we should track youth services and outcomes for youth who identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, or in some other way because such youth may be overrepresented in foster care, have unique service needs and be at increased risk for poor outcomes. Finally, a couple of commenters disagreed with our description of a youth's sex as his or her gender and recommended that we have an element that focuses on the youth's gender as a matter of identity separate from the youth's biological sex. Response: We agree with the commenters that the words “sex” and “gender” are not synonymous. We are amending the regulation text to eliminate references to the youth's gender and instead refer to a youth's “sex” in reference to this element. However, we are not amending the data element to incorporate matters of gender identity or sexual orientation. This data element is for basic demographic purposes and we expect States to cull this information from its existing child welfare information system. The element is not intended to elicit from youth very personal information on sexual orientation, gender characteristics or sex development. Race In paragraphs (g)(6) through (g)(12) we describe the data elements in which a State must report the youth's race. These are separate elements that permit data collection and reporting on multiple races. We received no comments on the race categories of Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and White and are making no changes to the final rule for those elements. Comment: A couple of commenters noted that the description of American Indian or Alaska Native was the only race category that includes a condition of community affiliation. The commenters recommended that this condition be removed or that we provide additional guidance on categorizing persons who do not maintain tribal affiliation or community attachments but would otherwise consider themselves as American Indian or Alaska Native. Response: We are not making a change to this element because it reflects the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) definition of American Indian or Alaska Native (see OMB's Provisional Guidance on the Implementation of the 1997 Standards for Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity, at http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg/re_guidance2000update.pdf ) and is consistent with the AFCARS race category. Since race information is self-selected by the individual or the individual's parent, the person may choose the race category he/she believes best represents him/her. Comment: A couple of commenters sought clarity on whether the race category of American Indian or Alaska Native includes youth who have an attachment or affiliation with a non-federally recognized tribe. Response: The race category does include youth who identify with an American Indian or Alaska Native tribe regardless of whether that tribe is recognized by the Federal government. Because this race category is reflective of the OMB definition, we do not believe a change in the regulation text is warranted. Comment: Several commenters were concerned that we proposed a race category of “declined” when there is not a comparable race category in either AFCARS or the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). These commenters noted that State child welfare information systems may not be programmed to record this information currently. The commenters also asked technical questions about how they should report declined race information to AFCARS and NCANDS if they must make changes to their information systems. Response: We have proposed a comparable change to the race categories in an NPRM on AFCARS published in the Federal Register on January 11, 2008. The changes to the AFCARS child race elements are described at 73 FR 2092 and 2130. NCANDS data is beyond the scope of this regulation. Comment: A commenter noted that AFCARS does not permit a State to indicate that a person identifies with multiple races, including one which the person does not know and questioned whether there needed to be consistency for States reporting information across the data sets. Response: As noted above, we have proposed regulatory changes to the AFCARS race elements to make this information comparable across the two data sets. In reviewing this element, we noted the need to modify the final rule to remove the parenthetical remark that a youth or parent may be unable to communicate the youth's race “due to age, disability or abandonment.” The phrasing of the parenthetical remark was unclear as to whom the conditions of age, disability or abandonment applied. Further, we believe that the statement confused the issue of self-identification of race information because it suggested that youth who were abandoned as infants or who were of a certain age would not be able to identify a race for themselves. Instead, we want to reaffirm that self-reporting or self-identification is the preferred method for a State to collect data on race and ethnicity. If this information is not available in a State's child welfare information system (i.e., collected for foster care purposes), the State should first solicit this information from a youth. If the youth is not able to communicate this information because of a severe disability or some other reason, the State should solicit race information from a parent. Once these avenues have been exhausted and these individuals have not been able to provide a response, the State may report the youth race as “unknown.” Finally, we also modified the name of this element to be solely “unknown,” as opposed to “unknown/unable to determine” to avoid confusion. Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity In paragraph (g)(13), we describe a youth of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. Comment: A couple of commenters raised a concern about reporting declined ethnicity information for the NYTD similar to their concerns regarding the race declined category. Response: In the same AFCARS NPRM we mentioned above, we have proposed a comparable change to the ethnicity data. See the proposed changes at 73 FR 2092 and 2130. Foster Care Status—Services In paragraph (g)(14), we require a State to indicate whether a youth within the served population is in foster care consistent with the definition in 45 CFR 1355.20 at any point during the report period. Comment: A commenter noted that some of the measures of permanency used in the Child and Family Services Reviews (CFSRs) are calculated based on the experiences of children who have been in foster care for eight or more days (71 FR 32969-32987, June 7, 2006 and 72 FR 2881-2890, January 23, 2007). The commenter requested that we consider using similar selection criteria for determining whether a youth in the served population is considered to be in foster care for NYTD purposes. Response: We do not believe that the data selection rules we use for the purposes of calculating whether States achieve certain CFSR outcomes are appropriate for defining the parameters of the NYTD. We apply the 8-day exclusion for the purpose of the CFSR permanency measure and not as a condition for which children must be reported to AFCARS. For the NYTD we are requiring States to report data on a youth's receipt of independent living services and foster care status to permit us to determine appropriate performance measures at a later date which may or may not include selection rules. In other words, the data must be broad so that we have options for how to interpret and use the data. We are not making any changes to this element description in the final rule. We would like to clarify here, however, that a youth is in foster care consistent with the definition of foster care in 45 CFR 1355.20, only if the youth has not yet reached the State's age of majority. Local Agency In paragraph (g)(15), we require a State to report either: (1) The county or equivalent jurisdictional unit that has primary responsibility for placement and care of a youth who is in foster care, or (2) the county with primary responsibility for providing services to a youth who is not in foster care. We received no comments on this data element and are making only minor modifications to the language and adding a cross-reference to the definition of foster care in 45 CFR 1355.20. Federally Recognized Tribe In paragraph (g)(16), the State must report whether a youth is enrolled in or eligible for membership in a federally recognized tribe. Comment: A few commenters requested more clarity on this element. In particular, commenters requested information on how to categorize youth whose eligibility or enrollment status is undetermined, how to report a youth who resides in a State without any federally recognized tribes and the overlap between this element and the race category of American Indian or Alaska Native. Response: We are revising the name of the data element and the regulation text to clarify that we are seeking information on a youth's enrollment or eligibility for membership in a federally recognized tribe only. We understand that there may be a period of time in which the youth's tribal affiliation is undetermined, and if this remains the case when data reporting is due to us, the element should be reported as missing the information (i.e., a blank response). If a State is unsure about whether a youth meets the criteria for enrollment or is a member of the tribe, and the youth does not know this information, the State may contact the tribe(s) in question. Where a youth resides is irrelevant for determining whether the youth is eligible for membership or enrolled in a federally recognized tribe. There are distinctions between this element and the race category of American Indian and Alaska Native. The race category is self-identified information and is indicative of how a person views him or herself and his affiliation with the original peoples of the Americas. The federally recognized tribe element focuses on either enrollment in or eligibility for membership in one of the over 560 federally recognized tribes only. The two categories, however, are not mutually exclusive. Comment: A commenter suggested that a simpler description of the element we are interested in is whether the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) applies for a youth. Response: We disagree that the alternate suggestion to collect information on whether ICWA applies to a youth is a viable substitute for information on whether a young person is enrolled in or eligible for membership in a federally recognized tribe. Narrowing the element to identify an ICWA-protected child would exclude youth over age 18 and those who are not involved in a custody proceeding before a State court from the NYTD population. As such, we are retaining this element as proposed. Adjudicated Delinquent In paragraph (g)(17), the State is to indicate whether a youth has been adjudicated by a Federal or State court as a juvenile delinquent. Comment: Several commenters had concerns about the description of the data element “adjudicated delinquent.” One commenter suggested that we instead require States to report whether a youth had ever been involved with the juvenile justice system. Other commenters were concerned about overrepresentation of delinquent youth in the dataset and States being held accountable for the outcomes of delinquent youth who had spent brief periods in foster care. Another concern was one of comparability as some States have eligibility criteria which restrict the availability of independent living services to certain delinquent youth. Response: We have reviewed our description of an adjudicated delinquent and believe that it accurately depicts what we are most interested in measuring, that is, whether a court has found that the youth has committed an act of delinquency. We believe that capturing whether a youth is involved with the juvenile justice system is too broad and are not making this change to the final rule. In terms of services information, States will report information on the youth to whom the State agency provides an independent living service that is paid for or provided by the State agency. In terms of outcomes information, States will report all 17-year-olds in foster care as the baseline population and follow these youth over time. To the extent that youth who fall within these population are also adjudicated delinquent, such youth simply reflect the composition of the State's foster care and former foster care populations. Finally, we believe that the concerns about comparability and accountability are premature, as we do not have State performance measures in place. We believe the information on youth characteristics will permit us to better interpret the data, elucidate where appropriate comparisons can be made, and guide how we measure State performance. Educational Level In paragraph (g)(18), we require the State to report the highest educational level attained by youth. We did not receive any comments on this data element or description and we are not making changes to the regulation text itself. However, we are changing the element name in Appendix A from “Last grade completed” to “Educational level” to match the regulation text. Special Education Status In paragraph (g)(19), the State is to indicate whether the youth is receiving special education, which is specifically designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability. We received no comments on this description and are not making changes to the final rule. Discussion on General Issues With the Services-Related Elements Commenters had general recommendations and concerns regarding the service elements in paragraph (g)(20) through (g)(33). We address the general comments here and subsequently address each element in (g)(20) through (g)(33) individually. Comment: Several commenters reported concerns that we were not proposing to quantify service information overall and/or with regard to specific service data elements. Several proposals were offered to do so. The commenters urged us to require States to report service quantity in a variety of ways, such as the length of the service period, the frequency of the service, actual service hours, number of sessions attended, or the amount of financial assistance, as applicable. These commenters believed that we would enhance our understanding of the services if we quantified a particular youth's service. Response: We appreciate the commenters' concerns about the manner in which we proposed to collect the quantity of service data, but we still believe that our rationale articulated in the NPRM for quantifying services in a broad sense is compelling. As we explained, we considered requiring States to quantify the hours of services, but discovered through the pilot test that caseworkers and supervisors spent enormous amounts of time locating this information. Workers had to estimate or guess how long a youth received a service, which led us to question the accuracy of such information. A similar concern exists with requiring States to provide general quantity information, such as number of sessions attended, days or weeks of a service, or service frequency. Primarily, the wide variety of independent living service types, content and curriculum make this information unlikely to be comparable in a way other than the unit of measurement. Even dollar amounts of financial assistance can only be fully interpreted with accompanying information on how States and youth use those funds. We believe that our proposal for the State to report whether the youth has received a service within a report period meets the statute's mandate regarding quantity and does not unduly burden workers for little clear benefit. Therefore, we are not making a change to the final rule to quantify a youth's services further in any manner suggested. Comment: A few commenters raised concerns that the service data elements are defined too broadly, and suggested that providing more detailed definitions would permit us to better differentiate the service provided to the youth. Response: In developing the NPRM and conducting the pilot test, we found wide variations among States in the variety of independent living services available and provided to youth. We learned from States that collecting more detailed information on services would overburden caseworkers unnecessarily. We explained in the NPRM that these reasons led us to limit the service categories to eleven broad categories. While we acknowledge that we may not be able to analyze the data on individual services (e.g., distinctions between youth who receive vocational training and youth who undertake an apprenticeship) we believe that the categories are distinguishable enough to provide information about the types of independent living services youth receive as required by the law. We are not further separating the service category data elements in the final rule in response to this comment. Comment: A commenter believed that the services component of the NYTD should include some information on youth satisfaction with independent living services. Response: We believe that consumer satisfaction information exceeds the statute's mandate to collect information on the number and characteristics of youth who receive independent living services and the type and quantity of those services (section 477(f)(1)(B) of the Act). Further, we believe that consumer satisfaction is best measured through program evaluation and not a national data collection. Comment: Several commenters noted that service providers outside the State agency may typically pay or provide some of the independent living services proposed and recommended that those services and providers be captured in NYTD. Response: As stated earlier, we recognize that many State agencies collaborate and coordinate with other governmental agencies and private organizations that have their own resources to help youth achieve self-sufficiency. However, the statute requires us to collect information on those independent living services that the State provides under the CFCIP (section 477(f)(1)(B) of the Act). In the NPRM we took an expansive view of such services to include those that are provided by or funded by the State agency rather than strictly those services that are funded by the CFCIP allotment (see discussion at 71 FR 40349). As such, we believe that further extending the scope of this data collection to include any independent living service a youth may receive regardless of the source is too far removed from the statutory mandate. We are amending the service descriptions for several of the data elements to be clear that this data collection is limited to the purposes ascribed by law. Independent Living Needs Assessment In paragraph (g)(20), we require the State to report whether the youth received an independent living needs assessment, which is a systematic procedure to identify a youth's basic skills, emotional and social capabilities, and strengths and needs to match the youth with appropriate independent living services. Comment: One commenter suggested a change in wording for the definition of independent living needs assessment to emphasize that the assessment identifies a youth's “strengths and training needs” instead of “strengths and weaknesses.” Response: We concur with the commenter that a change is warranted. Rather than the suggested language, however, we have amended the definition to read “strengths and needs,” recognizing that the youth may also have other needs to be met by the program than training needs. Comment: A commenter requested that the data element be changed to indicate whether the youth's needs assessment is still accurate and in effect at the time of the report period. Response: We believe that a State reporting whether the youth received an independent living assessment within a six-month report period provides sufficient information for our purposes. The purpose of the element is to identify whether or not the State completed an assessment of the youth's strengths and needs. Whether the report is current is not the primary issue. We believe that gathering information on the accuracy of an independent living service is beyond the scope of the NYTD and are not making the suggested change. We do not believe that it is reasonable to ask the caseworker, youth or administrator to evaluate and report the accuracy of such an assessment, as there is no requirement in the CFCIP for such an assessment. Comment: A commenter believed that the independent living needs assessment element would provide little significant information about a certain State because that State routinely conducts an assessment when the youth becomes eligible for the independent living program and again at the point the youth ages out of the foster care system. Response: We disagree that understanding whether youth receive independent living needs assessments, even for States that conduct them routinely, is insignificant. Rather, collecting information on the independent living services that a State provides to youth in each State and nationally is consistent with the statute's mandate and provides a frame of reference for interpreting youth outcomes. Academic Support In paragraph (g)(21), we request information on whether a youth received academic services designed to help a youth complete high school or obtain a General Equivalency Degree (GED). Comment: A few commenters were concerned that this data element was not clearly defined. Response: We have reviewed the regulatory language and do not see a need for change. We are quite specific that academic support includes activities such as academic counseling, preparation for a GED, tutoring, help with homework, literacy training, study skills training and help accessing educational resources. The element does not include the youth's attendance at high school or post-secondary supports. Post-Secondary Educational Support In paragraph (g)(22), we request information on whether the youth received support designed to help the youth enter or complete college. Comment: One commenter asked for a clearer definition of support. Response: We have reviewed the regulatory language and did not see a need for change. We are specifying the nature of the supports we mean in the regulatory definition, including test preparation, college counseling, assistance applying for college and securing financial aid and tutoring while in college. The list is not all-inclusive, other supports such as college tours provided by the agency could fall within this definition. We have made a minor change to use the broader term of “post-secondary” versus college in the regulatory definition, so that we are clear that it includes all varieties of colleges (e.g., two-year colleges, four-year colleges, community and vocational colleges) and universities. Career Preparation In paragraph (g)(23), we require a State to report services that develop a youth's ability to find, apply for, and retain appropriate employment. Comment: A couple of commenters suggested that we include a youth's participation in certain volunteer activities as part of the description of career preparation or as a part of the employment programs or vocational training data element described in paragraph (g)(24). Another commenter echoed inclusion of youth volunteer activities in NYTD as a separate service data element. Response: Although volunteer activities may be a helpful component to a youth's development and preparation for work, we do not believe it is a service. Therefore, we are not making a change to the final rule to incorporate volunteer activities. Employment Programs or Vocational Training In paragraph (g)(24), we require a State to report whether a youth received programs and training designed to build a youth's skills for a specific trade, vocation or career through classes or on-site training. Comment: A commenter suggested that instead of referring to vocational training as inclusive of training in occupational classes to build skills in “other current or emerging employment sectors” that the description refer to building skills in “other high-growth, high-demand industries.” Response: We understand that there are a variety of ways to capture this information, but do not see a need to modify the final rule in response to this suggestion. Budget and Financial Management In paragraph (g)(25), we require a State to indicate whether the youth receives training and other practical assistance related to budget and financial independent living skills. We received no comments on this data element description and are not making any changes to the final rule. Housing Education and Home Management Training In paragraph (g)(26), the State is to indicate whether a youth receives instruction or support services regarding housing responsibilities and home management skills. The comments we received on this element have been addressed under the general issues on the services elements. We are not making any changes to the final rule. Health Education and Risk Prevention In paragraph (g)(27), the State must report if a youth received services related to health-related educational topics, but not the receipt of direct health services. The comments we received on this element have been addressed under the general issues on the services elements. We are not making any changes to the final rule. Family Support/Healthy Marriage Education In paragraph (g)(28) the State must report if a youth receives education on maintaining healthy families, including parenting and childcare skills, spousal communication, family violence prevention and responsible fatherhood. Comment: One commenter expressed concern that the use of the term “healthy marriage” within the description of this element indicates a bias against non-traditional family compositions and does not take into account the youth's sexual orientation. Response: We disagree that the data element indicates a bias for any family configuration. The focus of this element is to collect data on youth who receive education on positive family relationships, regardless of family configuration. States have the discretion to determine the content of such education and the extent to which it is individualized for youth. Mentoring In paragraph (g)(29), mentoring is defined as programs or services in which a youth meets regularly with a screened and trained adult on a one-on-one basis. Comment: We received many comments suggesting modifications to the mentoring data element. A majority of these commenters urged us to broaden the definition to include informal relationships with adults, such as with parents of a youth's friends, coaches, teachers, ministers, former foster parents, former employers, and any other adult who provides positive support for the youth whether or not the relationship is facilitated or funded through the child welfare agency. Several commenters also suggested that we remove from this service description the condition that mentors be screened and trained. Response: ACF recognizes that youth may benefit from many different types of positive adult relationships that are not paid for or provided by the State agency; however, the purpose of this particular element is to collect data on mentoring as a service that is provided by the State agency. We will, however, gather data on positive adult relationships in the youth's life in the outcomes component of NYTD as described in paragraph (g)(48). We are not making any changes to the final rule in response to this comment. Comment: A few commenters suggested that the data elements for mentoring and connection to adult described in paragraph (g)(48), be consolidated into a single element. Response: While we can appreciate the desire to have fewer elements, we will retain the elements separately so that we can measure distinct concepts. The mentoring element is intended to capture whether youth are being mentored as a part of the independent living services they receive from the agency and the connection to adult element seeks information on whether youth are connected to adults as an outcome. Comment: A commenter sought clarity on how a State would report to the NYTD a youth who had a formal mentor but the mentoring relationship was not facilitated or funded by the State agency or its agents. Response: In the situation described, a State would indicate that the youth did not have mentoring as an independent living service in the data element described in paragraph (g)(29). Comment: A commenter asked what kind of training was envisioned to qualify a mentor for the purposes of this data element. Another commenter posited that a mentoring relationship would be longstanding only if the person was a volunteer and unpaid. Finally, a commenter suggested that mentors could be an untapped resource to gather outcomes data on youth. Response: All of the points raised by these commenters are matters that are at the discretion of the State. While the mentoring description limits the collection of data on those mentors that are screened and trained, we are not prescribing the extent of any screening or training. The training could range from an orientation to a structured mentoring curriculum. We agree that typically mentoring requires the voluntary commitment of a caring individual, but we see no need to require that mentors be uncompensated. Finally, the extent to which the State agency chooses to involve mentors in some capacity in the collection of outcomes information from youth is an idea that may warrant further exploration, but would be completely up to the State agency. Supervised Independent Living In paragraph (g)(30), a State is to report whether a youth was served via a supervised independent living arrangements under the supervision of an agency, but without 24-hour a day supervision. Comment: One commenter asked if a youth in a transitional living program should be reported as in a supervised independent living program. The commenter indicated that in a certain State, supervised independent living and transitional living were distinctly different even though they both offer a supervised living arrangement with less than 24-hour a day supervision by an adult and increased youth responsibilities. Response: The commenter did not provide explicit details on its transitional living program; however, we understand that the Federal transitional living program provides grantees with funding to assist older, homeless youth in developing skills and resources to promote their independence and prevent future dependency on social services. This transitional living program provides housing and a range of services for youth ages 16 to 21, who are unable to return to their homes. Former foster care youth may be served by these transitional living programs, so whether to report a youth participating in such a program as receiving supervised independent living under this element depends on whether the youth's participation in the program is paid for or provided by the State agency and is otherwise consistent with the regulatory description. Room and Board Financial Assistance In paragraph (g)(31), the State is to report whether the youth is receiving room and board payments and other financial assistance such as rent deposits and utilities. We received no comments on this description, and we are not making changes to the final rule. Educational Financial Assistance In paragraph (g)(32), we describe educational financial assistance to include financial assistance for a youth's school books and materials, tuition assistance, examination and application fees, and educational vouchers for college tuition or vocational education. Comment: One commenter suggested we combine this element on educational financial assistance with the outcomes focused element of educational aid described in paragraph (g)(41), and for States to report on all youth in the served, baseline and follow-up populations. Response: We are unable to combine the elements described in paragraph (g)(32) “educational financial assistance” and in paragraph (g)(41) “educational aid” because the applicable populations are different for each element as well as the scope and purpose of the elements. “Educational financial assistance” is a service element that refers to financial supports that the State agency pays for or provides for the youth whereas “educational aid” is an outcome element and refers to monies or other types of educational financial aid, from any source, that helps cover the youth's educational expenses as an indicator of their financial self-sufficiency. We are retaining the two separate elements in the final rule so that we obtain data on both concepts. Other Financial Assistance In paragraph (g)(33) the State is to report whether a youth is receiving any other type of financial assistance from the State agency to assist the youth to live independently. We received no comments on this description, and we are not making changes to the final rule. Discussion on General Issues With the Outcomes-Related Elements Commenters raised general questions and concerns about the data elements that relate to youth outcomes described in paragraphs (g)(34) through (g)(58). We also address each of these elements separately. Comment: One commenter was unclear about how ACF would obtain results about the increase, decrease or improvement of the six outcome measures. Another commenter questioned whether the survey questions could measure with validity the six outcomes of interest. Response: The six outcomes outlined in this regulation will be measured based on the data reported by States through the elements in paragraphs 1356.83(g)(34) through (58). We formulated the survey questions and data elements after significant stakeholder involvement and a pilot test and believe that they will measure the outcomes specified. However, we have not yet devised the specific performance measures upon which to assess State performance. Comment: A couple of commenters asked whether the State is permitted to conduct data cross-matching with other administrative databases to gather data on youth, such as those maintained by States to support corrections, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Medicaid, employment, education, and child support. Response: For outcomes data collection, ACF is requiring that the States use the survey method prescribed in 45 CFR 1356.82(a)(2). The State must administer the outcomes survey in appendix B to youth directly and therefore, the State may not provide information in the data elements described in paragraph (g)(37) through (g)(58) from any other source. On the other hand, information on the youth's characteristics (e.g., adjudicated delinquent, educational level, foster care status, etc.) does not need to be collected from the youth directly and may come from a source of administrative data. Comment: A commenter asked if we expect State agencies or the person administering the outcome survey to the youth to verify the answers youth provide. Response: We are not clear what the commenter envisions as verifying youth information and can envision scenarios where this may or may not be acceptable. For example, the State may not `verify' a youth's answers to the outcomes survey against information from a third-party, such as whether the youth has been referred for a substance abuse assessment or counseling or whether the youth has children,. Alternatively, it may be appropriate for the State to devise a system of prompts in an outcomes survey administered on the internet that ask the youth to `verify' whether he or she meant to provide a particular answer. Since verification techniques differ, we prefer to address specific questions about verification through policy guidance and technical assistance, as necessary. Comment: A commenter requested clarification of the term “high risk behaviors.” Response: Section 477(f)(1) of the Act requires that we develop outcome measures, one of which is a measure of high-risk behaviors. During the consultation process we determined that we would interpret this term for the purposes of the NYTD to refer to substance abuse, incarceration, and childbearing outside of marriage. These behaviors will be measured through outcome 5, reducing high-risk behavior among young people using data reported to us in the elements described in paragraphs (g)(50) through (g)(53). Comment: One commenter stated that youth who leave foster care may be hesitant about sharing their experiences with high risk behaviors with the State or Federal government. Response: We have taken this into consideration and feel that the option to decline to answer is sufficient for youth who are hesitant about sharing their experiences related to high risk behavior. Comment: One State asked if ACF would be providing detailed mapping forms with code tables for reporting the outcome data elements, which the commenter believed was necessary for accurate comparison or aggregate analysis. Response: Detailed mapping forms and other technical information are not provided in the final rule. We will be providing technical assistance and guidance outside of the regulatory process to support States as they implement the NYTD. Outcomes Reporting Status In paragraph (g)(34), we require the State to indicate if the youth participated in the outcomes data collection, and, if not, the reason why the State was unable to collect the outcome information. We did not receive comments on this paragraph but have made several modifications to the final rule. One change reflects the reduced number of data elements (from 60 to 58 elements). We have also added language specifying that when a youth does not participate in the outcomes data collection, most of the remaining outcomes elements should have blank responses. Finally, we have added a new response option of “not in sample” for the State to identify the 19-year-old youth who are in the follow-up population but who were not selected in the State's sample. See also the previous discussion on section 1356.83(e). Youth who are not in the sample do not need further categorization, as the remaining response options apply only to those youth who are in the sample. This response option will be used only by those States who sample, once every three years when outcomes data collection is due for 19-year-olds in the follow-up population. The addition of this response option obviates the need for the separate element “sampling status” that we proposed in the NPRM. We have removed the sampling status data element formerly at paragraph (g)(37) and renumbered the remaining elements accordingly. Date of Outcome Data Collection In paragraph (g)(35) we require a State to report the last date the State collects outcome information from the youth. Comment: One commenter suggested modifying the element so that the State reflects just the month and year and not the day of the data collection. The commenter believed that because a State may gather outcome data on a youth from multiple sources, including parents, the last day of data collection may prove overly complicated. Response: In the date of outcome data collection element, we require the State to report the last date that the outcome information is collected from the youth. The State cannot collect outcomes data from the youth's parent or guardian or an alternative source. The State reports the date when the outcomes survey is completed by the youth directly. For example, if the youth outcomes survey is administered in person by the youth's caseworker and the youth completes it over the course of two visits, the State must report the last date the survey is completed for this element. We reviewed the data element description in light of this comment and believe it is clear. We have made a modification to the description only to reflect the change in the number of data elements. Foster Care Status—Outcomes In paragraph (g)(36), the State must report the youth's foster care status at the time of the outcomes data collection. We did not receive comments on this paragraph and have made no changes to the regulation. However, we would like to note that a 19- or 21-year-old youth would only be in foster care consistent with the definition of foster care in 45 CFR 1355.20, if the youth has not yet reached the State's age of majority. Current Employment Elements In paragraph (g)(37) and (g)(38), the State must report whether the youth indicates that he or she is employed full-time or part-time, respectively, as of the date of information collection. Comment: A few commenters were concerned that the NYTD does not require the State to report more details about the youth's employment status, such as the reason for unemployment, income level or salary information and number of hours worked. The commenters requested more detailed information on employment income level so that researchers could determine youth poverty levels and whether youth were engaged in other activities that explained their employment status, such as college attendance, military enlistment, incarceration or illness. Response: We believe that more detailed data on employment status is not central to the purposes of the NYTD. Even though we are not requiring more detailed information, States will report information in other elements that provides additional context consistent with the commenter's concern. If a youth reports that he or she is working full-time, but still requires public financial assistance, the State will report this information in the public financial assistance element as described in paragraph (g)(42). Youth who are attending college or some other type of higher education would have the opportunity to provide that information in the current enrollment and attendance element described in paragraph (g)(47). The NYTD also solicits information on whether youth have been incarcerated in the past, or cannot participate in outcomes data collection because they are incarcerated at that time. Youth who are enlisted in the military, inclusive of the reserves and the guard, are employed and should indicate their full-time or part-time working status accordingly. For these reasons, we are retaining the two elements as in the NPRM. Comment: A commenter said that measuring full-time and part-time employment as of a specific collection date would not capture potentially long-term employment if it ended prior to the outcomes collection date. Response: We made the choice to request information on employment on the date of the outcomes data collection in the NPRM after considering the various possible timeframes in which we could request this information. Since our primary goal is to gather information that will help us understand the experience of youth as a whole, and the State's performance, rather than assessing the outcomes for individual youth, we believe that the current employment status of the youth is sufficient for our purposes. Comment: Several commenters noted that the NYTD did not have an element for reporting multiple jobs, and asked how a youth should report working multiple jobs in excess of 35 hours. Response: We reviewed the data element descriptions of full-time and part-time employment in light of this comment and believe they lacked clarity about how to report multiple jobs. We are amending the final rule to specify that a youth who is employed at least 35 hours per week is considered working full-time and a youth who is employed 34 hours a week or less is considered working part-time for the purposes of this element, regardless of whether such employment is in one or multiple jobs. We do not believe it is necessary for our purposes to solicit additional information on the number of jobs a youth holds. Employment-Related Skills In paragraph (g)(39), the State is to report whether the youth indicates that he or she has completed an apprenticeship, internship, or other type of on-the-job training in the past year. Comment: One commenter believed that it would be helpful to find out if the youth had obtained employment-related skills during the previous two years, rather than just the previous year. As the survey is administered to youth in two-year intervals, the commenter believed this particular element should capture the youth's entire experiences since the prior survey. Response: In creating this element we took into consideration what we believed was a reasonable time frame for a young person to recall employment-related training along with our desire to get the most accurate information possible from a youth. Since our primary goal is to gather information that will help us understand the experience of youth as a whole and the State's performance, rather than assessing the outcomes for individual youth, we believe that asking youth about employment-related skills in the last year is sufficient for our purposes. We are not making a change to the final rule in response to this comment. Social Security In paragraph (g)(40), the State is to report whether a youth indicates that he or she receives Social Security Income (SSI) or Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) directly or as a dependent beneficiary. Comment: A few commenters asked for clarification on whether a State should report a youth who receives SSI/SSDI payments which are applied to the cost of foster care or only those that are paid to the youth directly. Commenters raised a concern that a youth may not know he/she was an SSI/SSDI recipient if such payments were applied to the cost of foster care and questioned whether the State should 'correct' a youth's response accordingly. Response: If the youth is a SSI/SSDI beneficiary but his or her payment is going towards the cost of foster care, then the youth is receiving social security payments consistent with the description for the data element in paragraph (g)(40). However, the State is not to correct a youth's response if the youth is a beneficiary but responds in the negative to the social security survey question. While we recognize that this may result in some cases of a youth answering the question incorrectly, we believe it is important to the integrity of the survey and data to represent the youth's understanding of his or her own circumstances. We do not believe any changes are warranted to the final rule in response to this comment. Educational Aid In paragraph (g)(41), the State is to report whether a youth indicates he or she is receiving a scholarship, education or training voucher, grant, stipend, student loan, or other type of educational financial assistance. Comment: A commenter believed that the element was relevant only if the youth was enrolled in post-secondary training or education. The commenter believed that we would have difficulty interpreting a “no” response unless we included an additional response option for youth who are not enrolled in school. Response : This data element is not limited to educational aid for those youth enrolled in post-secondary training or education. Rather, a youth would report current scholarships, grants, stipends, and vouchers for any education, including for a secondary education. The only limitation is with regard to a student loan which the government provides for obtaining a post-secondary education only. Finally, the State will report whether a youth indicates that he or she is enrolled and attending school currently in the element described in paragraph (g)(47). Comment : A commenter believed the educational aid element to be too broad and would not reveal what kinds of aid the youth receives, i.e., Pell grants, ETV vouchers, or other scholarships. The commenter was also concerned that the reference to using educational aid for living expenses did not seem appropriate to the nature of the element or for youth under the age of 18. Response : We proposed the educational aid element as an indicator of youth financial self-sufficiency. The element is not intended to elicit specific information on the types of aid the youth is using to attend school. However, we agree with the commenter that the reference to living expenses may be confusing and are removing the reference from the final rule. To be clear, we are seeking information on 17-, 19- and 21-year-olds' current use of aid that helps the youth attend school, rather than how that financial assistance is used (i.e., for room and board expenses, books, fees, etc.). Public Financial Assistance In paragraph (g)(42), we require a State to report whether the youth indicates that he or she is a current recipient of ongoing cash welfare payments from the government to cover some of his or her basic needs. We received no comments on this description. However, we have made some changes due to our concerns that this element was not broad enough to include the types of public financial assistance in which we were most interested. The element, as originally proposed, focused on a youth's receipt of cash assistance from a State's Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) or title IV-A program. We have since learned that States provide ongoing cash assistance designed to meet certain adults' basic needs in broader circumstances than those permitted under the TANF program. We are more interested in understanding whether the youth is receiving any type of public cash assistance and not just assistance that meets TANF requirements. Therefore, we have broadened the definition to refer more generically to ongoing welfare assistance. Further, we have specifically included language that clarifies that we are interested in financial payments for basic need versus other types of government assistance for particular purposes. Finally, we discovered that the element was categorized incorrectly in Appendix A to the NPRM. We have corrected the appendix to clarify that the information on public financial assistance is collected on youth in the follow-up population who are no longer in foster care. Public Food Assistance In paragraph (g)(43) the State is to report whether the youth indicates that he or she has received public food assistance. Comment : A few commenters suggested alternative approaches to gathering information on youth who receive food assistance. A commenter believed that we should amend the data element description to include a youth's use of “food pantries.” Another commenter believed that we should require a State to report whether the youth has experienced “food insecurity” which means that the youth's access to food is limited by a lack of money or other resources. This commenter reasoned that the public food assistance element as proposed would not provide information on whether those youth who do not receive public food assistance have a need for such assistance. Response : We appreciate that there are other ways to determine whether youth have enough food to meet their needs and the ways in which youth may meet that need. However, we reviewed the element description and believe that it will provide the information we are seeking. The law requires us to track the youth's reliance on public assistance as an outcome and that is the primary reason for us selecting this element. Whether youth are hungry or lack sufficient and consistent access to foods is an important indicator of their well-being, but it is not an indicator that we identified during consultation as one that the State agency should be held accountable for and an outcome that could be measured easily in a data collection system. Finally, while community food pantries do provide food assistance, we do not consider them to be public assistance. We are making a minor modification to the title and description of this element to be clear that we are seeking information on “public food assistance” and not all kinds of food assistance. We do not believe further substantive changes are necessary in response to these comments. Public Housing Assistance In paragraph (g)(44), the State is to report whether a youth indicates that he or she is receiving government-funded housing assistance. We did not receive comments on this paragraph, however, we are making a minor modification to the title of the element to be clear that we are seeking information on “public housing assistance” as opposed to housing assistance from other sources. We are not making further changes to the final rule. Other Financial Support In paragraph (g)(45), the State must report whether a youth indicates that he or she receives any other periodic and/or significant financial resources or support. Comment: A commenter suggested that the element be renamed “other financial support” to clearly indicate that only financial support was being identified in the element. Response : We concur with the commenter and have amended the final rule accordingly. Comment : A commenter asked for further clarification on reporting non-familial sources of support since the definition in the proposed Appendix B referred only to other support specifically from a spouse or family member. Response : We reexamined the preamble to the NPRM, the proposed regulatory text and the definition in Appendix B and found that the definitions, as well as the examples and exclusions, were not consistent regarding this element. We have amended the final rule to ensure a consistent definition of other financial support and to be clear that such funds may not necessarily be uninterrupted payments but also may be significant funding sources of a temporary nature. An example of both a significant and non-familial financial support is funds from a legal settlement, which is listed in the regulation text. Highest Educational Certification Received In paragraph (g)(46), the State is to report the youth's stated highest educational certificate. Comment : A commenter thought that this element should be revised to reflect all of a youth's educational achievements. Response : We recognize the importance of educational achievements at all levels, but our intention with this element is to ascertain the highest level of educational certification a youth has received. This element addresses the statutory requirement to develop measures related to educational attainment. As such, we do not believe a change is warranted. Comment : One commenter thought that high school diploma should be separated from GED, since long term outcomes in terms of later educational completion and earnings vary. Response : While we recognize that long term outcomes may differ for youth who receive a high school diploma versus a GED, we feel that grouping them together for this data collection purpose still provides sufficient information regarding educational attainment and the transition from foster care to self-sufficiency. For this reason we are keeping high school diploma and GED as one response option for this element. Comment : A commenter asked us to clarify how we used the terms “certificate” or “credential” so that they are more consistent with measures used by other Federal agencies and endorsed by some employers. The suggested language was that a certificate or credential is “an award made in recognition of an individual's attainment of measurable technical or occupational skills necessary to gain employment or advance within an occupation.” Response : We recognize that there are different ways for defining and classifying degrees, certificates and credentials that a youth may receive. Since this survey is going to be completed by youth, we crafted the descriptions to be consistent with terms with which youth are familiar and that were relatively simple to understand. For this reason, we are not making changes to this description. Current Enrollment and Attendance In paragraph (g)(47), the State is to report the youth's stated enrollment in and attendance at school. Comment : A commenter recommended allowing young adults to specify the type of school they currently attend, such as GED, vocational training or college. Response : This element was developed to indicate if youth are making progress towards meeting educational goals by being enrolled and attending some kind of educational institution, not to identify where youth are specifically in school. We believe that the specific type of institution attended does not contribute substantially to our ability to identify educational attainment for youth as required by the statute. For this reason we are not amending the element to allow youth to specify the type of school they attend currently. However, we did make a minor modification to the final rule to be clearer about the situations when a youth is still considered to be enrolled in and attending school when that school is out of session. Connection to Adult In paragraph (g)(48), the State is to report whether a youth has stated his or her positive connection to an adult who serves in a mentor or substitute parent capacity. Comment : A few commenters asked us to be clearer about which adults, particularly adult family members, youth could identify in this element. Also, a couple of commenters asked us to broaden the element to permit youth to select current family service workers or caseworkers as an adult to whom they are connected, as these relationships may be meaningful for a young person. Response : We reviewed the description of this data element and are clarifying the definition of this element in the final rule. A connection to an adult can include adult relatives, parents or foster parents but specifically excludes spouses, partners, boyfriends or girlfriends and current caseworkers. While the relationship between a youth and a current caseworker can be a positive connection to an adult, we are attempting to determine if the youth has a positive relationship to someone outside of the State agency staff who are employed to work with the youth. Homelessness In paragraph (g)(49), the State is to report whether the youth indicates he or she has experienced homelessness. Comment: A few commenters were concerned that the NYTD did not specify the number of homeless incidents or the duration of homelessness. The commenters believed that this information would provide a clearer understanding of former foster youth experience(s) with homelessness. Another commenter requested more specific information on where youth are when they are homeless. Response : During the consultation process some participants noted that it is important to measure the duration of homelessness because there is a difference in being homeless for a few nights versus part of a year. However, in order to lessen the data collection burden, we decided not to include a data element about the duration of a young person's experience with homelessness for several reasons. We believe that it may be difficult for youth to remember clearly the duration and episodes of homelessness, particularly since we are interested in capturing episodes that may have occurred several years ago. Additionally, we are not counting the number of homeless incidents because we believe that a youth's experience with homelessness, no matter how brief or how frequent, often has a significant impact on his/her life and ability to be self-sufficient in a way that other experiences do not. Comment : Commenters pointed out several aspects of our proposed definition that were not clear. One commenter said that the phrasing “no regular place to live of his own” could be misinterpreted to mean that a youth may be homeless unless he owns or leases a home of his or her own. Another commenter believed that a youth should not indicate that he has experienced homelessness if “temporarily living with a friend” as in our proposed definition. A commenter also questioned whether the State should survey youth about homelessness if the youth is still in foster care. Response : We reviewed the proposed definition of homelessness and agree that it lacked clarity and could lead to overreporting of the type of homelessness in which we are most interested. Therefore, we are amending the final rule to remove the language that caused confusion. We have also clarified in the definition that the homelessness survey question is to be asked of all youth whether or not they are in foster care at the time of the data collection. This is important because when the question is posed to 17-year-olds, it asks for the youth's lifetime experience with homelessness. When the youth is 19 or 21, the question is different and solicits information on whether the youth was homeless at any time in the past two years. Even if a youth is in foster care on the date of outcomes data collection, the youth may have been homeless at some point during that timeframe. Comment : A commenter wanted to know if the definition of homelessness was the same as for other Federal programs and funding streams such as the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. Response : There are many different definitions for homelessness in Federal programs that vary based on the intended purposes of those programs. Our definition of homelessness is based on, but not identical to, the definition used in the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 11302). Rather, we chose a simpler and more general definition of homelessness to use for our purposes which is that the youth has no regular or adequate place to live. This definition includes situations where the youth is living in a car, on the street, or staying in a homeless shelter. Comment : One commenter suggested the development of a new measure to determine the relative stability of living circumstances for each 17-year-old during the previous 18 to 24 months prior to data collection. The commenter believed that such a measurement would clarify issues caused by the high correlation between high relative stability and positive transitional service outcomes. Response : We are not clear which data elements the commenter believes would relate to this measure of stability or what the measure would entail; however, our intent at this time is to promulgate data elements that will allow us to develop appropriate outcome measurements at a later time. Substance Abuse Referral In paragraph (g)(50), the State is to report whether the youth indicates that he or she has had a referral or self-referral for alcohol or drug abuse assessment or counseling. We did not receive comments specific to this element description and we are not making changes to the final rule. Incarceration In paragraph (g)(51), the State is to report the youth's incarceration. Comment : Several commenters were concerned that the definition of “incarceration” provided in the NPRM was inadequate for what the data element was trying to capture. Specifically, many thought that the term was too broad, and several suggested distinguishing between being arrested, being detained in a jail or juvenile/community detention facility because of an alleged crime, and being convicted. A couple of commenters were concerned that wrongful arrests might reinforce negative stereotypes about foster youth and unfairly stigmatize this population, particularly if the youth were detained for a minor infraction. Response : We agree that the proposed definition of incarceration captured too many different concepts. As such, we are amending the final rule to focus more specifically on incarceration, rather than arrests or convictions, because the statute requires that we measure incarceration as an outcome (section 477(f)(1)(A) of the Act). We acknowledge that this element may capture information on youth who are incarcerated after a wrongful arrest and for minor infractions, but we do not have a clear basis upon which to exclude such information from this data collection. Comment : Another commenter was concerned that as different States have different laws and definitions for incarceration, it could prejudice the outcome measure to use that term for a nationwide data collection. Response: States may have different laws and/or definitions for incarceration, but we have included a specific definition for this data collection process in the final rule. Further, the purpose of this element is to present a broad picture of youth experiences with incarceration and not to pinpoint the type of alleged crimes or the nature of the convictions that may have led to the youth's incarceration. Comment : One commenter suggested that we change the definition of incarceration in Appendix B from “an alleged crime * * * committed by a youth” to “a crime * * * allegedly committed by the youth.” Response : We agree and have amended Appendix B accordingly. Children In paragraph (g)(52) the State is to report whether the youth indicates that he or she gave birth to, or fathered, any children. We did not receive comments specific to this element description and are not making changes to the final rule. Marriage at Child's Birth In paragraph (g)(53), the State is to report whether the youth was married to the child's parent at the time of the birth of any children reported in the previous paragraph. Comment : A few commenters suggested that the data element specify that the youth be married to the child's other “biological” parent, not just “other parent.” Response : We have examined this suggestion but do not believe a change is warranted. This element is crafted to fo [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3AE8-3050. Public record. Not legal advice.