# GENIUS Act Requirements and Standards for FDIC-Supervised Permitted Payment Stablecoin Issuers and Insured Depository Institutions > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2026-06974 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Proposed Rule - **Published:** April 10, 2026 - **Citation:** 91 FR 18534 ## Text FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION 12 CFR Parts 324, 330, and 350 RIN 3064-AG19 GENIUS Act Requirements and Standards for FDIC-Supervised Permitted Payment Stablecoin Issuers and Insured Depository Institutions AGENCY: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is soliciting comment on a proposal that would implement certain requirements pursuant to the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act (GENIUS Act) applicable to FDIC-supervised permitted payment stablecoin issuers and insured depository institutions, clarify deposit insurance coverage for deposits held as reserve assets for payment stablecoins, and clarify the treatment of tokenized deposits. DATES: Comments must be received by the FDIC no later than June 9, 2026. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by RIN 3064-AG19, by any of the following methods: • FDIC Website: https://www.fdic.gov/federal-register-publications. Follow instructions for submitting comments on the agency website. • Email: Comments@fdic.gov. Include RIN 3064-AG19 in the subject line of the message. • Mail: Jennifer M. Jones, Deputy Executive Secretary, Attention: Comments—RIN 3064-AG19, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 550 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20429. • Hand Delivery to FDIC: Comments may be hand-delivered to the guard station at the rear of the 550 17th Street NW building (located on F Street) on business days between 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. • Public Inspection: Comments received, including any personal information provided, may be posted without change to https://www.fdic.gov/federal-register-publications. Commenters should submit only information that the commenter wishes to make available publicly. The FDIC may review, redact, or refrain from posting all or any portion of any comment that it may deem to be inappropriate for publication, such as irrelevant or obscene material. The FDIC may post only a single representative example of identical or substantially identical comments, and in such cases will generally identify the number of identical or substantially identical comments represented by the posted example. All comments that have been redacted, as well as those that have not been posted, that contain comments on the merits of the proposed rule will be retained in the public comment file and will be considered as required under all applicable laws. All comments may be accessible under the Freedom of Information Act. This proposal, all comments received, and a summary of not more than 100 words of the proposed rule pursuant to the Providing Accountability Through Transparency Act of 2023 are available at https://www.fdic.gov/federal-register-publications. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Alfred L. Seivold, Acting Senior Deputy Director, (415) 808-8248, aseivold@fdic.gov, Charles Kirkner, Senior CFI Specialist, (917) 320-2739, ckirkner@fdic.gov, Division of Complex Institution Supervision and Resolution; Sumaya Muraywid, Chief, Emerging Technology Section, (202) 898-3904, smuraywid@fdic.gov, Mark Mickelson, Senior Examination Specialist, (763) 229-6532, mamickelson@fdic.gov, Division of Risk Management Supervision; David Friedman, Special Advisor to the Director, (703) 508-3934, dfriedman@fdic.gov, Division of Depositor and Consumer Protection; Michael Overmyer, Senior Special Counsel, (917) 320-2795, movermyer@fdic.gov, Chantal Hernandez, Counsel, (202) 898-7388, chhernandez@fdic.gov, Eugene Frenkel, Fin-Tech Counsel, (202) 898-3578, yfrenkel@fdic.gov, James Watts, Counsel, (202) 898-6678, jwatts@fdic.gov, Legal Division. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Policy Objectives The FDIC is issuing this notice of proposed rulemaking (proposed rule) to implement certain requirements under the GENIUS Act (or the Act). 1 The proposed rule would implement requirements that would apply to FDIC-supervised permitted payment stablecoins issuers (PPSIs), including requirements related to reserve assets, capital, liquidity, and risk management requirements. The proposed rule would also implement requirements that would apply to FDIC-supervised PPSIs and insured depository institutions (IDIs) that provide payment stablecoin-related custodial and safekeeping services (collectively, FDIC-supervised custodians). The proposed rule aims to establish a tailored, principles-based regulatory regime for FDIC-supervised PPSIs and FDIC-supervised custodians, consistent with the GENIUS Act, to support the responsible growth and use of digital assets and related technologies in the banking sector. 2 In addition, the proposed rule also aims to provide clarity to all IDIs with respect to deposit insurance coverage under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDI Act) for deposits held at IDIs that serve as reserve assets of a PPSI's payment stablecoin, as well as clarify the treatment of tokenized deposits. 3 1 Public Law 119-27, 139 Stat. 419 (codified at 12 U.S.C. 5901-5916). 2 See Executive Order 14178, Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology, 90 FR 8647 (Jan. 31, 2025). 3 The term “tokenized deposit” generally refers to a tokenized form of an IDI's deposit liability recorded in an on-chain or off-chain account enabled with distributed ledger technology. “Deposit tokens” are similar in application to tokenized deposits. Generally, a deposit token is more digitally native without a credit in a corresponding account. The terms “tokenized deposit” and “deposit token” are sometimes used interchangeably when discussing deposit tokenization. For purposes of this proposal, “tokenized deposit” is intended as a general term to also include “deposit token.” II. Background and Authority The GENIUS Act requires the FDIC, along with the other primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators 4 as well as the Department of Treasury, to implement regulations to carry out the Act's requirements in establishing a Federal payment stablecoin regulatory framework for supervised entities. 5 The FDIC is the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulator of subsidiaries of insured State nonmember banks and State savings associations (collectively, “FDIC-supervised IDIs”) approved to issue payment stablecoins. In December 2025, the FDIC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking under section 5 of the GENIUS Act that would establish application procedures for FDIC-supervised IDIs to request approval to issue payment stablecoins through a subsidiary. 6 4 The primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators are the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). See 12 U.S.C. 5901(25). 5 See 12 U.S.C. 5913. In developing this proposed rule, the FDIC, as required by section 13 of the GENIUS Act, 12 U.S.C. 5913, coordinated with fellow regulators, as appropriate. The GENIUS Act will become effective on January 18, 2027, or 120 days after the date on which the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators issue any final regulations implementing the Act, if earlier. See 12 U.S.C. 5901 note. 6 90 FR 59409 (Dec. 19, 2025). This proposed rule would implement other GENIUS Act requirements, specifically requirements for FDIC-supervised PPSIs and FDIC-supervised custodians. Section 4 of the GENIUS Act establishes the general framework applicable to PPSIs, including, among other things, requirements regarding reserve assets, activities, and disclosures. 7 Section 4 of the Act also directs the FDIC, and other primary Federal payment regulators, to develop capital, liquidity, and risk management requirements and standards for supervised PPSIs. 8 Section 6 of the Act contains requirements regarding the FDIC's supervisory and enforcement authority over regulated PPSIs. 9 Moreover, section 10 of the GENIUS Act establishes requirements for FDIC-supervised custodians. 10 This proposed rule, if finalized and in conjunction with finalizing the proposed rule covering the application procedures, would establish regulatory requirements for FDIC-supervised PPSIs as mandated by the GENIUS Act, as well as provide further clarity for FDIC-supervised custodians. 7 12 U.S.C. 5903. 8 12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A). 9 12 U.S.C. 5905. 10 12 U.S.C. 5909. With respect to proposed amendments to clarify deposit insurance coverage of deposits that serve as reserve assets and the treatment of tokenized deposits, the FDIC is authorized by the FDI Act to prescribe regulations as it may deem necessary to carry out the provisions of the FDI Act. 11 The FDIC has previously used this authority to issue rules providing specificity on insurance coverage. 11 12 U.S.C. 1819(a)(Tenth); see also 12 U.S.C. 1820(g) (authorizing the FDIC to prescribe regulations to carry out the FDI Act); 12 U.S.C. 1821(d)(4)(B)(iv) (authorizing the FDIC to promulgate regulations as necessary to assure that the requirements of section 11 of the FDI Act, which governs the determination and payment of deposit insurance, can be implemented). III. Description of the Proposed Rule To implement the statutory requirements required by the GENIUS Act, the proposed rule would amend part 350 of the FDIC Rules and Regulations. Subpart A would apply to FDIC-supervised PPSIs. Subpart B would apply to FDIC-supervised custodians. On March 2, 2026, the OCC published in the Federal Register a notice of proposed rulemaking to issue implementing GENIUS Act regulations with respect to entities subject to the OCC's jurisdiction. 12 Although the OCC's proposed rule is more expansive than this proposed rule because the OCC is the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulator for subsidiaries of national banks and Federal qualified payment stablecoin issuers—including nonbank entities—approved to issue payment stablecoins, the FDIC has endeavored, in many areas, to align this proposed rule with the OCC's proposed rule, to the extent relevant. In addition to seeking comment on each of the particular provisions described below, the FDIC seeks comment on the extent to which the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators should further align in their final rules to promote consistency of regulations applicable to all PPSIs subject to the GENIUS Act. 12 91 FR 10202 (March 2, 2026). The proposed rule would also amend the deposit insurance coverage rules in part 330 that apply to all FDIC-insured depository institutions by clarifying that deposits held as reserves backing a payment stablecoin would be insured to the PPSI under the FDIC's coverage rules for corporate deposits, but would not be insured to payment stablecoin holders on a pass-through basis. Lastly, the proposed rule would clarify the treatment of tokenized deposits under the FDI Act. A. Subpart A—Requirements and Standards for Permitted Payment Stablecoin Issuers 1. Purpose and Scope (Proposed § 350.0) Proposed § 350.0 sets forth the purpose and scope of the regulations in subpart A. Paragraph (a) describes the purpose to implement the GENIUS Act, 12 U.S.C. 5901 et seq., with respect to entities for which the FDIC is authorized to issue regulations under the Act. Paragraph (b) provides that proposed part 350 subpart A would apply to all PPSIs for which the FDIC is the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulator. 2. Definitions (Proposed § 350.1) Proposed § 350.1 contains the definitions of terms used throughout subpart A, which generally follow the definitions provided under the GENIUS Act. For additional clarity, proposed § 350.1(a) would provide that definitions not otherwise defined in subpart A would have the same meaning given to them as in section 2 of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901). Affiliate. With respect to individuals and entities that may be involved or associated with a PPSI, the FDIC would define “affiliate” to mean a person that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another person. This definition would be consistent with the definition used in section 3(w)(6) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(w)(6)), 13 with a modification to replace “company” with “person,” as that term is defined under the GENIUS Act. 13 This provision cites to the definition of “affiliate” under the Bank Holding Company Act, 12 U.S.C. 1841(k). Bank Secrecy Act. Consistent with the definition provided in section 2(2) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(2)), the FDIC would define “Bank Secrecy Act” to mean (i) section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C. 1829b); (ii) Chapter 2 of title I of Public Law 91-508 (12 U.S.C. 1951 et seq. ); and (iii) Subchapter II of chapter 53 of title 31, United States Code and notes thereto (31 U.S.C. 5311 et seq. ). The FDIC proposes to add “and notes thereto” as a clarification. Customer. The FDIC would define “customer” to mean a person that purchases (through any consideration) the products or services of a PPSI directly from the PPSI. The FDIC believes this definition would be appropriate to distinguish from situations where a person has no direct relationship with a PPSI, such as a payment stablecoin holder who receives a payment stablecoin in exchange for goods or services sold, or who purchases a payment stablecoin on the secondary market, and does not establish a relationship with the PPSI. The proposed “customer” definition under part 350, subpart A only applies to part 350, subpart A. 14 14 The proposed “customer” definition under part 350, subpart A is not intended to affect any GENIUS Act requirements promulgated to implement the GENIUS Act's direction to treat PPSIs as financial institutions for purposes of the Bank Secrecy Act and to apply Federal law applicable to a financial institution located in the United States relating to the prevention of money laundering, including customer identification program or customer due diligence requirements applicable to PPSIs. See 12 U.S.C. 5093(a)(5)(A). Demand deposit. The FDIC would define “demand deposit” to have the meaning given that term at 12 CFR 204.2(b). The term “demand deposit” includes those deposits in tokenized form. Deposit. The FDIC would define “deposit” to have the meaning as given that term in section 3( l ) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813( l )). Consistent with section 4(a)(1)(A)(viii) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(1)(A)(viii)), the proposed rule would clarify that the term includes deposits in tokenized form. Digital asset. The FDIC would define “digital asset” to mirror the definition provided under section 2(6) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(6)), and the term would mean any digital representation of value that is recorded on a cryptographically secured distributed ledger. Distributed ledger. The FDIC would define “distributed ledger” to mirror the definition provided under section 2(8) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(8)), and the term would mean technology in which data is shared across a network that creates a public digital ledger of verified transactions or information among network participants and cryptography is used to link the data to maintain the integrity of the public ledger and execute other functions. Distributed ledger protocol. The FDIC would define “distributed ledger protocol” to mirror section 2(9) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(9)), and the term would mean publicly available and accessible executable software deployed to a distributed ledger, including smart contracts or networks of smart contracts. Eligible financial institution. The FDIC would define “eligible financial institution” to mean either: (i) a Federal Reserve Bank; or (ii) a person that is eligible to hold reserve assets in custody under section 10(a) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5909(a)) and that (A) complies with the applicable requirements in section 10(b), (c), and (d) of the GENIUS Act, including with applicable implementing regulations issued by the relevant primary Federal payment stablecoin regulator, primary financial regulatory agency, State bank supervisor, or State credit union supervisor; and (B) if applicable, enters into a custody agreement with a PPSI documenting the person's compliance with applicable requirements in section 10(b), (c), and (d) of the GENIUS Act, and has implemented policies and procedures as to ensure compliance. The proposed term would be used in connection with requirements for maintaining required reserves. A PPSI that engages a financial institution for custody should ensure that the financial institution is contractually obligated to comply with the GENIUS Act section 10 and requirements under proposed part 350 subpart B or applicable implementing regulations by the relevant primary Federal payment stablecoin regulator, primary financial regulatory agency, State bank supervisor, or State credit union supervisor to ensure that reserves are adequately protected. This requirement is expected to encourage PPSIs to engage in appropriate due diligence of any financial institutions that offer to maintain reserve assets for PPSIs. Fair value. The FDIC would define “fair value” to mean fair value as determined under GAAP. GAAP. The FDIC would define “GAAP” to mean generally accepted accounting principles as used in the United States. Insured credit union. The FDIC would define “insured credit union” to mirror section 2(14) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(14)), and the term would have the meaning given that term in section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act. (12 U.S.C. 1752). Insured depository institution. The FDIC would define “an “insured depository institution” to have the same meaning as that term is given in section 3(c)(2) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(c)(2)). The FDIC believes this divergence from the GENIUS Act, which includes “insured credit union” within the term in section 2 of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(15)), would be helpful to FDIC-supervised PPSIs and IDIs as it would be consistent with how the term is defined under other provisions within the FDIC's Rules and Regulations. Monetary value. The FDIC would define “monetary value” to mirror section 2(17) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(17)), and the term would mean a national currency or deposit (as defined in section 3( l ) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813( l )) denominated in a national currency. National currency. The FDIC would define “national currency” to mirror section 2(19) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(19)), and the term would mean (i) a Federal Reserve note (as the term is used in the first undesignated paragraph of section 16 of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. 411)); (ii) money standing to the credit of an account with a Federal Reserve Bank; (iii) money issued by a foreign central bank; or (iv) money issued by an intergovernmental organization pursuant to an agreement by two or more governments. Outstanding issuance value. The FDIC would define “outstanding issuance value” to mean the total consolidated par value of all of a PPSI's payment stablecoins issued. The definition would include the combined total par value of different brands of payment stablecoins issued by the PPSI. This definition would be relevant for requirements related to reserve assets, redemptions, reporting, and audits for larger PPSIs. Payment stablecoin. The FDIC would define “payment stablecoin” to mirror section 2(22) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(22)), and the term would mean a (i) digital asset (A) that is, or is designed to be, used as a means of payment or settlement; and (B) the issuer of which (I) is obligated to convert, redeem, or repurchase for a fixed amount of monetary value, not including a digital asset denominated in a fixed amount of monetary value; and (II) represents that such issuer will maintain, or creates the reasonable expectation that it will maintain, a stable value relative to the value of a fixed amount of monetary value. The proposed definition would also (ii) track the exceptions included in the statutory definition to explicitly exclude from the definition a digital asset that is a (A) national currency; (B) a deposit (as defined in section 3 of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813), including a tokenized deposit recorded using distributed ledger technology; or (C) a security, as defined in section 2 of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77b), section 3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c), or section 2 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-2). The FDIC would include the addition of “tokenized” to “deposit recorded using distributed ledger technology” to clarify deposits in tokenized form would not be a payment stablecoin. 15 15 See infra Section III.D. Permitted payment stablecoin issuer. The FDIC would define “permitted payment stablecoin issuer” to have the meaning given that term in section 2(23) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(23)). Person. The FDIC would define “person” to mirror section 2(24) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(24)), and the term would mean an individual, partnership, company, corporation, association, trust, estate, cooperative organization, or other business entity, incorporated or unincorporated. Primary financial regulatory agency. The FDIC would define “primary financial regulatory agency” to have the meaning given that term in 12 U.S.C. 5301(12)(B) or (C), as applicable. The FDIC believes this term is helpful to define in connection with the eligible financial institution definition. Private key. The FDIC would define “private key” to mean the unique alphanumeric sequence that allows for a transfer of a particular unit of a digital asset using a distributed ledger. The FDIC believes defining this term is important because cryptographic control of private keys is the cornerstone of digital trust, acting as the ultimate authorization for transfers of digital assets. Registered public accounting firm. The FDIC would define “registered public accounting firm” to mirror section 2(26) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5901(26)), and the term would have the meaning set forth in section 2 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7201(12)). Reserve asset. The FDIC would define “reserve asset” to mean an asset maintained by a PPSI of a type enumerated in § 350.4(e). Significant redemption request. The FDIC would define “significant redemption request” to mean a circumstance in which aggregate redemption requests exceed 10 percent of a PPSI's outstanding issuance value within a single 24-hour period. As noted below, the FDIC seeks comment on whether 10 percent is the right threshold for redemption requests and whether 24 hours is the right time period. Subsidiary. The FDIC would define “subsidiary” to have the meaning given that term in section 3(w)(4) of the FDI Act (12 U.S.C. 1813(w)(4)). United States Coins and Currency. The FDIC would define “United States coins and currency” to mean U.S. coins and currency as described in 31 U.S.C. 5103. This definition is relevant for proposed reserve asset composition, reserve asset value calculation, and operational backstop requirements. Questions for Definitions Section (Proposed § 350.1) The FDIC requests comment on the definitions provided under proposed § 350.1, including the following: Question 1: Are the definitions in the proposed rule sufficiently clear? What additional clarifications, if any, would be helpful? Should the FDIC define any additional terms? Question 2: Is the distinction, legal or otherwise, between conversion, redemption, or repurchase of payment stablecoins sufficiently clear? Should the FDIC define conversion, redemption, or repurchase? If so, how? Should the FDIC define “redemption” broadly to mean that, for example, the PPSI has initiated payment to the payment stablecoin holder in return for a tendered payment stablecoin? Are there reasons to define “redemption” more narrowly? For example, should the FDIC define redemption to mean that the PPSI's payment to a payment stablecoin holder in exchange for a payment stablecoin has settled on chain (without any initiation of payment in return for a tendered payment stablecoin or associated settlement)? Question 3: The FDIC proposes to define the term “customer” to mean a person that purchases (through any consideration) the products or services of a PPSI. Is this definition appropriately scoped? Should the FDIC consider defining the term to also include persons with indirect relationships with a PPSI, such as downstream payment stablecoin holders? Why or why not? Question 4: Is the term “distributed ledger” sufficiently clear? Is it necessary to clarify and distinguish ledger types? Does the phrase “public digital ledger” require regulatory clarity? Under what conditions should restricted (permissioned) ledgers be classified as “public?” How should frameworks differentiate between fully open, hybrid, and permissioned systems? Question 5: Should the FDIC define the term “smart contract?” If so, how? Question 6: Is the definition of “eligible financial institution” sufficiently clear? Should the definition be revised to include additional entities or exclude certain entities? Question 7: Is the definition of “fair value” sufficiently clear? How could the term be further refined or clarified? Question 8: Is the term “outstanding issuance value” appropriately defined? If not, how could the term be revised, refined, or clarified? Question 9: Is the term “payment stablecoin” sufficiently clear? Should the FDIC provide additional clarity as to whether a particular type of stablecoin is a “payment stablecoin” under the GENIUS Act? Question 10: Is the term “private key” appropriate? How could the term be further amended, refined, or clarified? Question 11: Is the term “reserve asset” sufficiently clear? How could the term be further refined or clarified? Question 12: Is the term “significant redemption request” sufficiently scoped? If not, how should the FDIC revise the definition? Is 10 percent the appropriate threshold, and is 24 hours the appropriate time period? Question 13: The GENIUS Act refers to “payment stablecoin holders” across various provisions, particularly with respect to priority of claims, but the Act does not define the term. Should the FDIC define the term? If so, should the term be defined to mean the person that beneficially owns the payment stablecoin? Or should the FDIC instead define the term based on possession via digital wallets or control of private keys? What interactions with other requirements in the proposed rule should the FDIC consider if it chooses to define the term? 3. Severability (Proposed § 350.2) The FDIC is proposing to include a severability clause in proposed § 350.2, which would provide that the provisions of proposed part 350 are separate and severable from one another. In the event a court stays a particular provision of this rule or determines any provision is invalid, the FDIC intends that the remaining provisions shall continue in effect. 4. Activities (Proposed § 350.3) Core Activities Proposed § 350.3 encompasses the range of activities that could be performed by a PPSI, consistent with section 4(a)(7) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)). Section 4(a)(7) of the GENIUS Act lists a narrow set of activities that may be performed by a PPSI. Consistent with the Act, the FDIC is proposing to limit a PPSI's activities as set out in section 4(a)(7) in § 350.3(a) of the proposed rule. First, a PPSI may only (1) issue payment stablecoins; (2) redeem payment stablecoins; (3) manage reserves related to payment stablecoins; and (4) provide custodial or safekeeping services limited to certain assets. 16 The management of payment stablecoin reserves includes purchasing, selling, and holding or holding under custody reserve assets, consistent with Federal and State law. 17 Custody and safekeeping services are limited to only the holding of payment stablecoins, required payment stablecoin reserves, or private keys of payment stablecoins. It does not include custody of non-payment stablecoin digital assets. 18 Proposed § 350.2(a)(1) through (4) of the proposed rule set out the limited range of PPSI activities, which represent the core set of activities of a PPSI. 16 12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)(A)(i)-(iv). 17 12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)(A)(iii). 18 Digital assets are defined in 12 U.S.C. 5901(6). The term “digital asset” can include payment stablecoins, however the Act specifically allows for a PPSI to custody or keep safe payment stablecoins. Activities Directly Supporting Core Activities Additionally, section 4(a)(7)(A)(v) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)(A)(v)) provides that a PPSI may undertake other activities that “directly support” any of the core activities of issuing and redeeming payment stablecoins, managing payment stablecoin reserves, and providing custody and safekeeping services, as limited by the Act. The allowance of these other supporting activities is reflected in proposed § 350.3(a)(5). The FDIC would view activities that directly support the core activities enumerated in the Act as only those that would be considered necessary for the PPSI to have the capability to perform the permitted activities or that are fundamental to the operations in performing the core activities. Examples might be hosting digital wallet infrastructure using cloud platforms or on-premises, air-gapped hardware security modules to provide secure safekeeping of payment stablecoin private keys or providing other essential services. Activities supporting a PPSI's issuance and redemption of payment stablecoins, management of payment stablecoin reserves, and custody and safekeeping for payment stablecoins are limited to direct support activities, and are irrespective of whether they are performed by a PPSI itself, or through arrangement with an affiliate or a third party. If a PPSI has questions about whether an activity would be considered by the FDIC to be one directly supporting its core activities of issuing or redeeming payment stablecoins, managing payment stablecoin reserve assets, or providing safekeeping and custody services, the PPSI should contact the FDIC. The FDIC is seeking comment on whether there should be a more formal process for clarifications around permissibility, including whether the FDIC should provide additional clarity to the public through long-established channels such as financial institution letters, published frequently asked questions, or other means. Activities Subject to FDIC Approval Beyond the core activities and those that directly support those activities, section 4(a)(7)(B) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)(B)) provides a rule of construction such that none of a PPSI's activities discussed above ( i.e., issuance, redemption, managing reserve assets, limited custody, etc. ) are to be construed as a limitation on certain incidental activities or digital asset service provider activities if the activities are authorized by the FDIC. Digital asset service provider activities encompass: (1) exchanging digital assets for monetary value; (2) exchanging digital assets for other digital assets; (3) transferring digital assets to a third party; (4) acting as a digital asset custodian; and (5) participating in financial services relating to digital asset issuance. 19 The FDIC is intending to adhere to the Act's rule of construction by proposing § 350.3(a)(6). 19 12 U.S.C. 5901(7)(A). Not included in the activities of a digital asset service provider are engaging as a digital ledger protocol; developing, operating, or engaging in the business of developing distributed ledger protocols or self-custodial software interfaces; as an immutable and self-custodial software interface; developing, operating, or engaging in the business of validating transactions or operating a distributed ledger; or participating in a liquidity pool or other similar mechanism for the provisioning of liquidity for peer-to-peer transactions. 12 U.S.C. 5901(7)(B). The FDIC's authority to approve these activities is limited to those activities specified by the Act that are consistent with all other Federal and State laws, and provided that in any insolvency proceedings described under section 11 of the Act (12 U.S.C. 5911), the activities would not jeopardize the claims of payment stablecoin holders, which would rank senior to claims of non-payment stablecoin creditors. 20 The FDIC seeks comment on how to interpret section 4(a)(7)(B) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)(B)) and whether it serves as an independent grant of authority or whether it must be consistent with a grant of authority provided from another Federal or State law. 20 See 12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(7)(B). Related Fee Activity and Customer Buy, Sell Facilitation Section 16(b) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5915(b)) provides that entities regulated by the FDIC as the primary Federal payment stablecoin regulator, namely PPSIs, are authorized to engage in payment stablecoin activities and investments contemplated by the Act, including acting as principal or agent with respect to any payment stablecoin and the payment of fees to facilitate customer transactions. As a result, beyond the activities outlined in section 4 of the Act (core, direct support, and approvable activities), but consistent with them, proposed § 350.3(a)(9) would provide that a PPSI may undertake any activity contemplated by the GENIUS Act in the capacity of principal or agent with respect to any payment stablecoin, if consistent with the Act. Proposed § 350.3(a)(7) and (8) also list among the permitted activities of a PPSI the assessment of fees associated with purchasing or redeeming payment stablecoins and the payment of fees to facilitate customer transactions, which the FDIC views as incidental to the issuance and redemption of payment stablecoins consistent with law and not affecting the claims of payment stablecoin holders in any insolvency proceedings. Prohibitions In addition to setting out what is permitted, the GENIUS Act prescribes several prohibited activities. Consistent with the GENIUS Act, proposed § 350.3(b) would clarify that PPSIs may not engage in certain activities. Use of Deceptive Names Proposed § 350.3(b)(1) would prohibit a PPSI from using any combination of terms related to the United States Government, including, but not limited to “United States,” “United States Government,” and “USG” in the name of a payment stablecoin, consistent with section 4(a)(9) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(4)(a)(9)). Proposed § 350.3(b)(2) would prohibit a PPSI from marketing a payment stablecoin in a manner that a reasonable person would perceive the payment stablecoin to be legal tender, issued by the United States, or guaranteed or approved by the United States Government, consistent with section 4(e)(2) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(e)(2)). The prohibitions in proposed § 350.3(b)(1) and (2) would not apply to abbreviations of currency that the PPSI is obligated to convert, redeem, or repurchase for a fixed amount of monetary value, as described in proposed § 350.3(c). Consistent with section 4(e) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(e)), proposed § 350.3(b)(3) would provide that a PPSI may not directly or through implication represent that payment stablecoins are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, guaranteed by the United States Government, or subject to Federal deposit insurance or Federal share insurance. 21 Although disclaimers may be components of complying with these requirements, the FDIC also expects PPSIs to appropriately ensure that representations, marketing materials, and disclosures are clear and consistent with these requirements to avoid direct representations or implications that are likely to cause confusion. 21 In addition, section 18(a)(4) of the FDI Act, 12 U.S.C. 1828(a)(4), and its implementing regulation, 12 CFR part 328, also prohibit any person from misusing the name or logo of the FDIC, engaging in false advertising, or making knowing misrepresentations about deposit insurance. Interest and Yield Solely in Connection With Holding, Use, or Retention Proposed § 350.3(b)(4) would prohibit a PPSI from paying the holder of any payment stablecoin any form of interest or yield (whether in cash, tokens, or other consideration) solely in connection with the holding, use, or retention of such payment stablecoin consistent with section 4(a)(11) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(11)). The proposed rule would further provide that the FDIC presumes a PPSI violates the prohibition if: (A) the PPSI has a contract, agreement, or other arrangement with an affiliate of the PPSI or related third party to pay interest or yield to the affiliate or related third party; (B) the affiliate, related third party, or an affiliate of a related third party has a contract, agreement, or other arrangement to pay interest or yield (whether in cash, tokens, or other consideration) to a holder of any payment stablecoin issued by the PPSI solely in connection with the holding, use, or retention of such payment stablecoin; and (C) to the extent the person, or an affiliate of the person, is a related third party of the PPSI because the PPSI issues payment stablecoins on the related third party's behalf or under the related third party's branding, the arrangement between the related third party and the holder of the payment stablecoin would consider the holder of the payment stablecoin to be the holder of the payment stablecoin issued by the PPSI on the related third party's behalf or under the related third party's branding. With respect to this presumption, the proposed rule would define a related third party to mean (A) a person offering to pay interest or yield to payment stablecoin holders as a service; and (B) any person that the PPSI issues payment stablecoins on the person's behalf or under the person's branding. A PPSI may rebut the presumption by submitting written materials that, in the FDIC's judgment, demonstrate that the contract, agreement, or other arrangement is not prohibited under proposed § 350.3(b)(4) and not an attempt to evade the prohibition. The FDIC seeks comment on this specific part of the proposal, and whether this is an appropriate interpretation and implementation of the prohibition in section 4(a)(11) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(11)). Pledging, Rehypothecating, and Reusing Reserve Assets Proposed § 350.3(b)(5) would prohibit a PPSI from pledging, rehypothecating, or reusing any reserve assets required under § 350.4(a) and (e) of the proposed rule either directly or indirectly, including through a third party custodian of the reserve assets, except for the exceptions described in proposed § 350.3(b)(5)(i) through (iii), consistent with section 4(a)(2) of the GENIUS Act. A PPSI may only pledge, rehypothecate or re-use any reserve assets for the purpose of: (i) satisfying margin obligations in connection with investments in required reserves under proposed § 350.4(e)(5) or (6); (ii) satisfying obligations associated with the use, receipt, or provision of standard custodial services; or (iii) creating liquidity to meet reasonable expectations of requests to redeem payment stablecoins, such that reserves in the form of Treasury bills with a maturity of 93 days or less may be sold as purchased securities in repurchase agreements, provided that either: (A) the repurchase agreements are cleared by a clearing agency registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission; or (B) the PPSI receives prior written approval from the FDIC. With respect to any repurchase agreement under proposed § 350.4(e)(6), the FDIC will deem them as approved wherein the Treasury bills that are sold as purchased securities have a maturity of 93 days or less and the liquidity obtained through the repurchase agreement is not being obtained for purposes other than meeting redemption requests. The FDIC is proposing to limit the amount of reserve assets that a PPSI can pledge, rehypothecate, or reuse directly or indirectly, including through a custodian, which would include affiliates of the custodians or sub-custodians, to ensure that reserve assets remain liquid and payment stablecoin holders have confidence in the payment stablecoin. Although there are exemptions to the prohibition on pledging, rehypothecating, or reusing reserve assets, the FDIC expects that the PPSI would rely on the exemptions only as necessary for the purposes described in proposed § 350.3(b)(5)(i) through (iii), and not for any other business purpose. Evasion Proposed § 350.3(b)(6) would prohibit a PPSI from engaging in any activity that the FDIC determines is done in evasion of the requirements, standards, or prohibitions found in section 4 of the GENIUS Act or proposed part 350. This paragraph is consistent with section 4(h)(1) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(h)) which gives the FDIC the authority to issue regulations to prevent evasions of section 4 of the GENIUS Act. Unlawful Marketing Proposed § 350.3(b)(7) would prohibit a PPSI from marketing a product in the United States as a payment stablecoin, or from issuing a payment stablecoin, unless the product or payment stablecoin is issued in compliance with the GENIUS Act and part 350. This paragraph is consistent with section 4(e)(3)(A) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(e)(3)(A)) which makes it unlawful to market a product in the United States as a payment stablecoin unless it is issued pursuant to the GENIUS Act. The FDIC will monitor FDIC-supervised PPSI's marketing, as appropriate, to ensure that they do not violate the GENIUS Act or part 350 of the proposed rule, and for referral to the Department of Treasury for possible violation of section 4(e)(3)(A) of the GENIUS Act. Providing Credit The FDIC is also proposing to prohibit a PPSI from providing credit to its customers to purchase payment stablecoins in § 350.3(b)(8) of the proposed rule. The FDIC interprets the GENIUS Act's requirements that a PPSI maintain reserve assets comprised of a narrow set of highly liquid assets and that a PPSI engage in a narrow set of activities to be the key guardrails to ensure a PPSI is able to satisfy redemption requests. If a PPSI lends funds to customers to enable customers to purchase payment stablecoins, or were to otherwise issue payment stablecoins to customers on credit extended by the PPSI, the PPSI would then, in effect, need to access separate funding to acquire and maintain identifiable reserve assets to back the payment stablecoins issued on credit. This could result in a highly leveraged balance sheet in which the reserve assets do not provide the intended resiliency. The FDIC seeks comment on whether this is an appropriate prohibition, and whether other alternatives would better achieve the Act's objectives. Questions for Activities Section (Proposed § 350.3) The FDIC requests comment on the activities described in proposed § 350.3, including the following: Question 14: Are there any other activities that the FDIC did not include in proposed § 350.3 that PPSIs would need to, or should be able to, engage in under the GENIUS Act? If so, please describe the kinds of activities and any appropriate limits for such activities. Question 15: Are there other limits or conditions the FDIC should consider with respect to PPSIs acting as principal or agent with respect to payment stablecoins? Should the FDIC specify the activities contemplated under the GENIUS Act for which a PPSI may act as principal or agent for payment stablecoins under section 16(b) of the Act (12 U.S.C. 5915(b))? Question 16: Should the FDIC clarify proposed § 350.3(a)(6) by providing specific examples of activities that are incidental to the activities in proposed § 350.3(a)(1) through (4)? Are there specific examples of activities that are incidental to the activities in proposed § 350.3(a)(1) through (4) that should be clarified? Question 17: Should the FDIC include by rule at proposed § 350.3 a process for the FDIC to approve additional activities? Should the FDIC adopt a formal process for clarifications around permissible activities, including through long-established channels such as financial institution letters, published frequently asked questions, or by other means? If so, how should the processes work? How should the FDIC coordinate such a process with other primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators? Question 18: Should the FDIC distinguish between what it means for an activity to directly support the activities in proposed § 350.3(a)(1) through (4), and therefore, satisfy the test in proposed § 350.3(a)(5) as opposed to what it means for an activity to satisfy the test in proposed § 350.3(a)(6) and be incidental to the activities in proposed § 350.3(a)(1) through (4), as provided in section 4(a)(7)(B) of the GENIUS Act? Question 19: Are there additional steps the FDIC should take to ensure representations and disclosures by PPSIs are clear and minimize the risk of consumer confusion? Should the FDIC require PPSIs to provide specific disclosures or statements? Should the FDIC provide examples of specific representations that would be prohibited under proposed § 350.3(b)? Question 20: Is any further clarity needed regarding the prohibition on the use of deceptive names, marketing, and representations in proposed § 350.3(b)(1) through (3)? Question 21: Is it appropriate for the FDIC to apply the GENIUS Act's prohibition on paying interest or yield to affiliates and related third parties? Are there alternatives the FDIC should consider? Question 22: Should the FDIC include a rebuttable presumption regarding the payment of interest or yield by an affiliate or related third party? If so, should the FDIC provide additional clarity on how the presumption could be rebutted? Question 23: Should the prohibition on interest and yield in proposed § 350.3(b)(4) clarify the terms “pay,” “interest,” “yield,” “solely,” or any other terms? If so, what clarifications would be helpful? What types of rewards, if any, should or should not be subject to the prohibition? Question 24: What would the economic or market impact of a narrow prohibition on paying interest or yield solely in connection with the holding, use, or retention of a payment stablecoin be relative to a broader prohibition ( i.e., one that includes relationships with affiliates or third parties)? Question 25: Is the scope of the prohibition against pledging, rehypothecating, or reusing reserve assets sufficiently clear? Are there specific types of transactions, relationships, or structures for which it would be helpful to clarify whether the prohibition applies? For example, should the FDIC clarify whether the prohibition would prevent establishing a collateral trustee that would hold a security interest in reserve assets for the benefit of payment stablecoin holders? What arguments weigh for and against finding that the prohibition would prohibit these arrangements? Question 26: Should the FDIC cap the total amount of reserve assets that a PPSI can pledge or rehypothecate to maximize payment stablecoin holders' recoveries in the event of a bankruptcy or economic stress event? Are there business reasons for why a PPSI would want to rehypothecate a significant amount of their reserve assets? If so, what controls would PPSIs have in place to ensure those rehypothecated assets are returned at 100 percent of their asset value in time to meet redemptions, and mitigate other associated risks? Which scenarios or risks could cause these rehypothecated assets to lose value or not be returned at original value? Question 27: Should the FDIC specify what “creating liquidity to meet reasonable expectations of requests to redeem payment stablecoins” means under proposed § 350.3(b)(5)(iii)? Should the FDIC pre-approve repurchase agreements by rule as proposed in § 350.3(b)(5)(iii)(B)? Alternatively, should the FDIC allow for broad and open-ended approvals of the sale of reserves as purchased securities in repurchase agreements or should approvals be limited to specific types of transactions? What factors should the FDIC consider prior to granting approval of the sale of reserves as purchased securities in repurchase agreements under proposed § 350.3(b)(5)(iii)(B)? Question 28: Is the proposed prohibition on providing credit to customers to purchase payment stablecoins appropriate? If so, should the prohibition be modified in any way? Should it be narrower or broader? If not, are there alternatives to achieve the intended objective or ensuring reserve assets achieve the intended resiliency? Are there any other activities that the FDIC should expressly prohibit as not being permissible and not in direct support of the core activities of issuance, redemption, managing reserves, and providing certain safekeeping and custody services? 5. Reserve Assets (Proposed § 350.4) Reserve Requirement Proposed § 350.4 contains requirements applicable to reserve assets as required by section 4(a) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)), which provides that a PPSI must maintain identifiable reserves backing the outstanding payment stablecoins of the PPSI on an at least one-to-one basis and specifies the required reserve asset types. Proposed § 350.4(a)(1) would require the PPSI to maintain identifiable reserves fully backing the outstanding payment stablecoins of the PPSI, the reserve asset value of which must at all times meet or exceed the total outstanding issuance value of payment stablecoins issued by the PPSI. To maintain “identifiable reserves,” the PPSI shall maintain appropriate records to identify required reserve assets underlying a particular payment stablecoin. The FDIC generally anticipates that reserve assets will be recorded on the PPSI's balance sheet under GAAP and be included in the quarterly reports required under proposed § 350.7 and on Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income (Call Reports) for the parent IDI. Proposed § 350.4(a)(2) would require the PPSI to monitor the issuance and redemption of payment stablecoins to ensure compliance. To maintain reserves at all times, the PPSI would monitor the value of the required reserves underlying the payment stablecoin regularly throughout the day. However, the PPSI would only need to notify the FDIC as described in proposed § 350.4(i)(1) if the reserve asset value of the required reserves is less than the par value of outstanding payment stablecoins at the PPSI's close of business. Proposed § 350.4(a)(3) would require the PPSI to maintain reserves directly or maintain them in the custody of an eligible financial institution. Reserve Asset Value Proposed § 350.4(b) provides that for purposes of calculating the reserve asset value of the reserve assets backing each outstanding payment stablecoin issued by the PPSI, reserve assets shall be valued at fair value, with the exceptions of United States coins and currency which shall be valued at face value. Valuing reserve assets at fair value would result in reserve assets reflecting market prices at that time and ensure that the PPSI has sufficient reserves to meet redemption requests at par value. U.S. coins include those minted of precious metals, such as gold and silver. Valuing coins at fair rather than par value could lead to gold or silver, in coin form, backing payment stablecoins, which the FDIC believes is not consistent with Congressional intent. Identifiable Reserves Proposed § 350.4(c) would require that reserves maintained by a PPSI are readily identified as backing outstanding payment stablecoins issued and differentiated from assets not backing payment stablecoins, particularly when the PPSI issues more than one distinguishable brand 22 of payment stablecoin. A PPSI may issue multiple brands of distinct payment stablecoin but, under the proposal, would be required to maintain required reserves with assets that can be separately identified as backing a particular brand of distinct payment stablecoin and each brand of payment stablecoin would independently comply with proposed § 350.4(a). Thus, if a PPSI issues more than one brand of distinct payment stablecoin, each payment stablecoin must have a segregated pool of reserves, kept, maintained, and recorded separately, unless the FDIC approves in writing that the PPSI may comingle reserves. 22 For purposes of this proposal, the FDIC is using the term “brand” to describe each legally distinguishable payment stablecoin issued by the same PPSI. If one of the PPSI's payment stablecoins fails to maintain reserves on a one-to-one basis to its outstanding issuance value, in some cases, that may erode market confidence in the PPSI's other brands of payment stablecoins, even as the PPSI maintains separate required reserves identifiable for each brand of payment stablecoin. Under the proposal, the FDIC would expect, at a minimum, that a PPSI with multiple brands of payment stablecoins maintain separate and segregated pools of reserves for each payment stablecoin to protect against the contagion risk from one payment stablecoin failing. The PPSI would also be expected to regularly monitor the value of reserves for each brand of payment stablecoin, with the ability to immediately identify if any one brand of payment stablecoin falls below the required threshold in proposed § 350.4(a) of the proposed rule. Further, the FDIC would expect that PPSIs with multiple brands of payment stablecoin would establish clear procedures for winding down a brand of payment stablecoin without disrupting the PPSI's other payment stablecoins. The FDIC invites comment on these considerations, particularly how to address risk of instability from a PPSI that issues more than one brand of payment stablecoin. The proposal requires a PPSI to maintain identifiable and segregated reserve assets for each payment stablecoin. Further, the reserve assets identified as satisfying the statutory 1:1 reserve requirement of each brand of payment stablecoin would be required to only be used as required reserves supporting the payment stablecoin to which the reserves are identified. Under this approach, reserve assets required to satisfy the statutory 1:1 reserve requirement for one payment stablecoin could not be used to meet redemptions requests for another payment stablecoin issued by the same PPSI. Such an approach would promote transparency regarding the assets supporting each payment stablecoin and help ensure that potential liquidity risks associated with one payment stablecoin would not be transferred to holders of another payment stablecoin issued by the same PPSI. However, the FDIC recognizes that in the ordinary course of business, a PPSI may hold reserve assets in excess of that which are necessary to maintain the statutory 1:1 reserve requirement for a particular payment stablecoin. Required reserves that maintain the statutory 1:1 ratio would be required to remain segregated and dedicated to the payment stablecoin to which they relate and could not be used to satisfy redemption requests for another payment stablecoin. However, if the amount of reserve assets exceeds the 1:1 ratio for a particular stablecoin, the PPSI may remove reserve assets from that payment stablecoin's pool of reserve assets and use those reserve assets to meet redemption requests of another payments stablecoin, but only so long as the payment stablecoin with “excess reserves” remains above the 1:1 ratio. The FDIC also notes there are other alternative approaches the FDIC could take. The FDIC could take an approach that all reserves identified and segregated to each payment stablecoin cannot be removed from that pool of reserve assets without approval from the FDIC or public notice. Another alternative approach would be to permit a PPSI that issues multiple payment stablecoins to maintain one reserve asset pool backing all of the PPSI's outstanding payment stablecoins, without segregating reserve assets that back each individual payment stablecoin. Another alternative approach would be to limit each PPSI to only issuing one payment stablecoin, thus requiring an FDIC-supervised IDI that wanted to set up an entity to issue multiple payment stablecoin brands would need to set up a separate subsidiary approved by the FDIC to issue each payment stablecoin. The FDIC requests comment on all aspects of this proposed approach including whether it appropriately addresses risks that may arise for a single PPSI that issues multiple brands of payment stablecoins. Monetization Capability Proposed § 350.4(d) would require that a PPSI demonstrate the operational capability to access and monetize reserve assets, commensurate with the PPSI's risk profile and business model. The PPSI must be able to monetize the reserve assets, potentially quickly and at short notice, to meet redemption requests. If the PPSI was unable to quickly monetize reserve assets, then the PPSI would not be able to show that it can maintain a stable value, or retain the expectation of maintaining a stable value, relative to the value of a fixed amount of monetary value. To comply with the proposed monetization capability requirement, the PPSI would be expected to demonstrate that it can quickly and efficiently monetize its reserve assets that underlie each payment stablecoin. A smaller, less complex PPSI could satisfy this requirement by demonstrating the ability to monetize reserve assets by establishing appropriate arrangements with counterparties through which it can quickly sell reserve assets at fair value and receive liquid funds that can be used for redemptions. A PPSI could also demonstrate an arrangement with its parent IDI that would provide funding through purchases of the PPSI's reserves. However, PPSIs would likely regularly monetize reserve assets in managing reserves in the ordinary course of business and should be able to demonstrate on a regular basis that the PPSI has adequate monetization channels commensurate with the PPSI's risk profile and business model. Reserve Composition Under proposed § 350.4(e), commensurate with the PPSI's risk profile and business model, reserve assets shall only be comprised of: (1) United States coins and currency (including Federal Reserve notes); (2) money standing to the credit of an account with a Federal Reserve Bank; (3) funds held as demand deposits or other deposits that may be withdrawn upon request at any time at an IDI or insured shares held by an insured credit union (including any foreign branches or agents, including correspondent banks, of an IDI); (4) Treasury bills, notes, or bonds with a remaining maturity of 93 days or less, or issued with a maturity of 93 days or less; (5) money received under repurchase agreements with the PPSI acting as a seller of securities and with an overnight maturity backed by Treasury bills with a maturity of 93 days or less provided the money is received consistent with one or more of the allowable exceptions to rehypothecation, reuse, or pledging as circumscribed in 12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(2); (6) reverse repurchase agreements with the PPSI acting as a purchaser of securities and with an overnight maturity that are collateralized by Treasury notes, bills, or bonds on an overnight basis, subject to overcollateralization in line with standard market terms, that are: (i) tri-party; (ii) centrally cleared through a clearing house registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission; or (iii) bilateral with a counterparty that the issuer has determined to be adequately creditworthy even in the event of severe market stress; and (7) securities issued by an investment company registered under section 8(a) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-8(a)), or other registered Government money market fund, and that are invested solely in underlying assets described in proposed § 350.4(e)(1) through (6). Proposed § 350.4(e)implements section 4(a)(1)(A) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(1)(A)). Asset Diversification and Concentration Section 4(a)(4)(A)(iii) of the Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A)(iii)) requires the FDIC to issue regulations implementing reserve asset diversification, including deposit concentration at banking institutions and interest rate risk management standards that are tailored to the business model and risk profile of the PPSI and that do not exceed standards that are sufficient to ensure the ongoing operations of the PPSI. Proposed § 350.4(f) would implement tailored reserve asset diversification requirements. Given the narrow scope of eligible reserve assets, the FDIC does not believe extensive asset diversification requirements are necessary. However, the FDIC is seeking comment on whether limitations on any specific reserve asset category or other restrictions on reserve asset concentration would be appropriate. For example, given that uninsured deposits present credit risk, the FDIC seeks comment on whether there should be limits on the extent to which reserve assets may be held in deposits not insured by the FDIC. Proposed § 350.4(f) would require that a PPSI limit its total counterparty exposure to any one eligible financial institution, regardless of type of reserve asset, to no more than 40 percent of its reserve assets, across all brands of payment stablecoins issued by the PPSI. This requirement would limit a PPSI from being overly exposed to or concentrated in a single eligible financial institution. The PPSI should take into account exposure across all of an eligible financial institution's parents, subsidiaries, or affiliates, in terms of its risk management required under proposed § 350.4(f) of the proposed rule, so the PPSI minimizes its risk of being subject to the health of a single eligible financial institution. This requirement would ensure that a PPSI has multiple arrangements for meeting redemption requests if reserve assets held by any one eligible financial institution are at risk. The FDIC selected 40 percent so no single eligible financial institution custodies a majority of the PPSI's reserve assets. Monthly Report on Reserve Composition Proposed § 350.4(g) would require PPSIs to publish, for each brand of payment stablecoin issued by the PPSI, by close of business on the last day of each month, the composition of the PPSI's reserves held pursuant to proposed § 350.4(e) as of close of business of the last day of the prior month, using a format substantially similar to the template provided in table 1 to proposed § 350.4(g). The report should contain the total number of outstanding payment stablecoins issued by the PPSI, including the average tenor and geographic location of custody of each category of reserve asset. The report should contain information as of the previous month. These public disclosures are not required to include specific information on the institutions, branches, or counterparties involved in the holding of reserve assets. Monthly Certification; Examination of Reports by Registered Public Accounting Firm Proposed § 350.4(h)(1) would require PPSIs to have the information disclosed in the previous month-end report as required in proposed § 350.4(g) examined by a registered public accounting firm which will issue a written report of findings to the PPSI's audit committee, or board of directors if there is no audit committee. In addition, the PPSI shall publish the report on its website at the same time as the report under proposed § 350.4(g). Consistent with section 4(a)(3) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(3)), proposed § 350.4(h)(2) would require the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of a PPSI, or persons performing the equivalent functions, to submit a certification of the accuracy of the monthly report to the FDIC, including a copy of the written report prepared in proposed § 350.4(h)(1). Consistent with section 4(a)(3)(C) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(3)(C)), any person who submits this required certification knowing that such certification is false shall be subject to the same criminal penalties as those set forth under 18 U.S.C. 1350(c). Failure To Meet Minimum Reserve Assets Requirement Proposed § 350.4(i)(1) provides that a PPSIs shall notify the FDIC in writing when the PPSI determines or has reasonable grounds to suspect that the aggregate fair value of identified reserves backing any of the PPSI's outstanding payment stablecoins is less than the amount required under proposed § 350.4(a). Proposed § 350.4(i)(1) would also provide that, upon notification by a PPSI that identified reserves have fallen below the amount required under proposed § 350.4(a), the FDIC in its sole discretion may take any of the steps described below. Proposed § 350.4(i)(1)(i) would enable the FDIC to direct a PPSI to suspend or reduce issuance of a payment stablecoin, until the aggregate fair value of identifiable reserves backing the brand of payment stablecoins exceeds the outstanding issuance value of the particular payment stablecoin. Proposed § 350.4(i)(1)(ii) would enable the FDIC to direct the PPSI to take measures to increase the aggregate value of identifiable reserves until the aggregate value of identifiable reserves backing outstanding payment stablecoins exceeds the value of outstanding payment stablecoins. Finally, proposed § 350.4(i)(1)(iii) would enable the FDIC to direct the PPSI to begin orderly redemption of the payment stablecoin in light of exigent circumstances. Proposed § 350.4(i) is intended to give the FDIC discretion in supervising a PPSI and to protect payment stablecoin holders. The FDIC recognizes that different tools may be appropriate for different circumstances, and thus believes allowing discretion would be valuable. Restoration Plan Proposed § 350.4(j) would require PPSIs to maintain a written contingency plan describing the measures that it will take to restore compliance with the requirements in proposed §§ 350.4(a)(1) or (e) or 350.9 if the PPSI is not meeting those requirements. The FDIC would expect the plan to include reserve monitoring systems that would trigger alerts to the PPSI when falling below specific thresholds, actions the PPSI will take as the fair value reserves fall below specific thresholds, and delineate immediate steps that the PPSI shall take. The PPSI may consider identifying pre-arranged funding sources and designate responsible staff with authority to decide what steps the PPSI shall take to comply with proposed §§ 350.4(a) and 350.9. Proposed § 350.4(i) and (j) do not limit the FDIC's authority to pursue other appropriate measures with respect to the PPSI or the payment stablecoin. Questions for Reserves Assets Section (Proposed § 350.4) The FDIC requests comment on the reserve asset requirements contained in proposed § 350.4, including the following: Question 29: Is the description of maintaining “identifiable” reserves sufficiently clear? Is the FDIC's description of “identifiable” in proposed § 350.4(c) appropriate or should the proposed rule include additional measures to ensure that reserve assets are appropriately traceable and linked to their corresponding brand of payment stablecoin so as to avoid any difficulties in resolving claims to reserve assets? How could the term be further defined or clarified? Question 30: Should the proposed rule require PPSIs to structure or title reserve assets in a prescribed manner as part of the requirement to maintain “identifiable” reserves? If so, what measures should the proposed rule include to ensure a treasury management structure is bankruptcy remote? What specific asset holding titles would prevent a PPSI from using reserve assets for operational purposes or lending them out? Is the FDIC's description of “identifiable” in proposed § 350.4(c) appropriate or should the proposed rule include additional measures to ensure that reserve assets are appropriately traceable and linked to their corresponding brand of payment stablecoin so as to avoid any difficulties in resolving claims to reserve assets? Question 31: How should the FDIC approach a PPSI that wants to issue more than one brand of payment stablecoin? Should the FDIC impose any limits or controls on the ability of a PPSI to issue more than one brand of payment stablecoin? Question 32: If a PPSI issues more than one brand of stablecoin, should the FDIC require the reserve assets for each brand to be segregated, as in the proposal, or should the PPSI be permitted to comingle the reserve assets, such that there would be one pool of reserve assets for all payment stablecoins issued by the PPSI? What are the pros and cons of each alternative? Question 33: Should the FDIC require reserve assets to be held in a special purpose, bankruptcy remote vehicle? Question 34: Section 4(a)(1)(A)(vii) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(1)(A)(vii)) provides that reserve assets may include “any other similarly liquid Federal Government-issued asset approved by the Federal payment stablecoin regulator, in consultation with the State payment stablecoin regulator, if applicable.” In the proposed rule, the FDIC has not included any such assets in the list of eligible reserve assets. Should the FDIC include a list of approved reserve assets in proposed § 350.4(e) for “similarly liquid Federal government-issued assets?” If so, what asset(s) should be included? Alternatively, should the FDIC implement a procedure for approvals in the future of “similarly liquid federal government-issued assets?” If so, how should this process work? Should there be an interagency process with the other primary Federal payment stablecoin regulators? Question 35: Should the provisions relating to repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements be clarified? Should the FDIC provide that deposits can serve as collateral for repurchase agreements? If so, what limitations, if any, should the FDIC include with respect to the use of deposits as collateral? Question 36: Should the FDIC include in its list of approved reserve assets at proposed § 350.4(e) an acknowledgment that tokenized assets that comply with all applicable laws and regulations will be permitted? If so, why? Should the FDIC include factors to consider in approving a reserve asset in a tokenized form? Question 37: Should the FDIC include by rule at proposed § 350.4(e) a process for the FDIC to approve additional reserve asset types in the future? If so, how should that process work? How should the FDIC coordinate such a process with other payment stablecoin regulators? Question 38: Does proposed § 350.4 provide for sufficient information and disclosures to enable payment stablecoin holders to understand reserve composition and sufficiently consider potential risks related to inadequate reserves and insolvency? Question 39: Should the FDIC require PPSIs to maintain a minimum amount of reserve assets in the form of deposits? If yes, how would the FDIC calibrate the deposit requirement for PPSIs? Should there be a cutoff for PPSIs above or below a certain size threshold that should be required to place deposits? If so, why? What would be the implications of such a cutoff? Question 40: Given that uninsured deposits present credit risk, should there be a limit on the amount of reserve assets that can be held in deposits that are not FDIC-insured or shares that are not NCUA-insured? Question 41: Consistent with the GENIUS Act, the proposed rule would allow United States coins and currency to serve as reserve assets. However, physical currency has limitations, especially if needing to deploy physical currency as it requires transportation, to meet redemption demands. Should the FDIC impose limits on physical currency as a reserve asset in the proposed rule? For example, the FDIC could require that United States coins and currency be limited to no more than 5 percent or 10 percent of a PPSI's reserve assets. Should the FDIC impose any additional requirements with respect to physical currency to make sure that physical currency is safeguarded? Should there be periodic verification or inspection requirements for United States currency used as reserve assets? Question 42: Should the proposed rule include special limits on Treasury notes, bills and bonds and notes that may be more thinly traded and therefore more likely to sell at a discount? The GENIUS Act would allow PPSIs to hold as reserve assets Treasury notes and bonds so long as they have a remaining maturity of 93 days or less. Older and off-the-run Treasury securities may be more difficult to sell and may only be marketable at a discount. Question 43: Should the FDIC expressly require that a certain percentage of reserve assets be held in custody at a third-party custodian? What are the potential costs and benefits of this approach, including with respect to operational risk? Question 44: In the provision in proposed § 350.4(e)(6) regarding reverse repurchase agreements, is the proposed rule sufficiently clear in its reference to “overcollateralization in line with standard market terms?” What other clarifications should the FDIC provide? Question 45: Should the proposed rule include special measures to ensure that reverse repurchase agreements are appropriately overcollateralized? Proposed § 350.4(e)(6) would permit the inclusion reverse repurchase agreements “subject to overcollateralization in line with standard market terms” as reserve assets. In the proposed rule, the FDIC could include specific requirements for overcollateralization or, in the alternative, include no such measures and leave it to the supervision process if PPSIs are failing to overcollateralize their reverse repurchase agreements in line with standard market terms. Question 46: Should the FDIC exempt reserve assets held at a Federal Reserve Bank from the conditions in proposed § 350.4(f)? Question 47: The reserve asset diversification and concentration limits in proposed § 350.4(f) limit a PPSI's exposure to no more than 40 percent of its reserve assets. Are these concentration limits appropriate? Are there other concentration percentages that would be more appropriate and why? Question 48: Should the FDIC adopt any other restrictions on reserve asset concentration? If so, should these restrictions be based on exposures to particular counterparties or be more prescriptive? Question 49: Should the FDIC impose limits on the amount of reserve assets that can be held in any particular category of reserve assets? Question 50: Should the FDIC impose a principle-based requirement that the PPSI maintain reserve assets that are sufficiently diverse to manage potential credit, liquidity, interest rate, and price risks? Should those be in addition to the proposed limitations in proposed § 350.4(f)? Question 51: Should there be an exception to some or all of the requirements in proposed § 350.4(f) for a subsidiary of an FDIC-supervised IDI approved to be a PPSI if the IDI has less than a certain amount of total assets ( e.g., $10 billion, $30 billion, $50 billion)? Should a PPSI that is a subsidiary of an FDIC-supervised IDI with less than a certain amount of total assets be permitted to hold a larger percentage, or all, of its reserve assets as deposits at the FDIC-supervised IDI? Should any such exception be subject to any conditions? Should it only be available if the FDIC-supervised IDI is well-capitalized? Question 52: Should the FDIC require PPSIs to maintain a minimum amount of their reserve assets in cash or cash equivalents or assets that may more easily be used for short-term liquidity needs to diversify the maturity profile of reserve assets, such as within a daily or weekly timeframe, akin to the requirements for money market funds in SEC Rule 2a-7 or short-term investment funds in 12 CFR 9.18(b)(4)(iii)? Should the FDIC require PPSIs to maintain a minimum percentage of reserve assets ( e.g., 10 percent) as “immediately available liquidity” ( i.e., deposits or insured shares payable upon demand or money standing to the credit of an account with a Federal Reserve Bank)? If so, should the FDIC impose a cap ( e.g., 50 percent) on how much required “immediately available liquidity” a PPSI can maintain at any one eligible financial institution? Should the FDIC require PPSIs to maintain a minimum percentage of reserve assets ( e.g., 30 percent) as “liquidity available within one business week” ( i.e., deposits or insured shares payable upon demand, money standing to the credit of an account with a Federal Reserve Bank, or amounts receivable and due unconditionally within five business days on pending sales of reserve assets, maturing reserve assets, or other maturing transactions)? Should the FDIC impose requirements relating to the weighted average maturity of the PPSI's stock of reserve assets, such as requiring the weighted average maturity of the reserve assets to be no more than 20 days? If the FDIC includes quantitative diversification and concentration requirements like those mentioned above, should they be structured as mandatory requirements or as a safe harbor? Question 53: Should the FDIC impose restrictions on when a PPSI can withdraw surplus reserve assets? Should the FDIC require that a PPSI only withdraw any surplus reserve assets in excess of outstanding issuance value once per month, upon the publication and certification of the composition report? Question 54: Is the FDIC's proposed approach to consequences when a PPSI fails to meet minimum capital or operational backstop requirements appropriate? Alternatively, should the proposed rule require a PPSI to begin liquidating reserve assets at the end of two consecutive quarters of failing to meet these requirements? Question 55: The FDIC invites comment on the extent to which additional diversification requirements are necessary. Should the FDIC require that PPSIs maintain more than one type of reserve asset? Question 56: Is the FDIC's proposed approach to consequences when a PPSI's amount of reserves falls below the required minimum appropriate? Alternatively, should the proposed rule require a PPSI to begin liquidating reserve assets to meet redemption demands if the PPSI fails to meet its minimum reserve asset requirement in proposed § 350.4(a)? Question 57: Section (4)(a)(1)(A)(ii) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903 (a)(1)(A)(ii)) authorizes the FDIC to establish limitations in respect of deposits placed as reserve assets by PPSIs at IDIs to address safety and soundness risks to such IDIs. Should the FDIC impose any such limitations? Should the FDIC establish a limitation that would require an IDI to hold an amount of cash assets ( e.g., balances at a Federal Reserve Bank) equal to the amount by which deposits placed by PPSIs for reserve purposes exceed a specified percentage of the IDI's total deposits? If so, at what percentage of total deposits should such a requirement be calibrated? Should the IDI be required to segregate such cash assets, and if so, how would that be operationalized? Alternatively, should the FDIC set a cap on the amount of deposits an IDI can accept from any one PPSI, or across all PPSIs, for purposes of holding reserve assets? If so, how should such a cap be calibrated? Are there other types of relevant limitations that the FDIC should consider? Question 58: Should the FDIC cap the total amount of reserve assets that a PPSI can pledge or rehypothecate (in aggregate, across all counterparties) to maximize payment stablecoin holders' recoveries in the event of a bankruptcy or stress event? What percentage of reserve assets do PPSIs plan to rehypothecate, if at all? Which scenarios or risks could cause these rehypothecated assets to lose value or not be returned at original value and what controls can mitigate these risks? Question 59: Should other liquidity rules be amended to accommodate the changes made by the proposed rule and the GENIUS Act? Should the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and net stable funding ratio (NSFR) rules be amended so that depository institutions are unable to include high quality liquid assets (HQLA) held by PPSI subsidiaries as eligible HQLA in their own LCR and NSFR calculations? Similarly, should any outflows associated with a PPSI subsidiary be excluded from a parent entity's LCR calculations? Should the payment stablecoin activities of permitted payment stablecoin subsidiaries be fully excluded from the LCR calculations of parent entities? Or should there be a limited outflow commensurate with the possibility that a parent entity may provide support to a PPSI subsidiary (for example, 1 percent, 5 percent, or 10 percent or outstanding issuance value)? Should the LCR rule be amended in light of any other implications of the GENIUS Act, such as how it may apply to custodians under section 10 of the GENIUS Act? Question 60: For purposes of incorporating “average tenor and geographic location of custody of each category of reserve assets” in the composition report required under proposed § 350.4(g), what, if any, specific content and structure should the FDIC require? Should the composition report conform to a template? Should the FDIC require PPSIs to state granular geographic location of custody or is stating by country sufficient? Should the report include information about deposit concentration and CUSIPs of securities? Should the required content include the composition of the reserve assets by type of assets and maturities and by counterparty issuer? For “geographic tenor,” are there specific methods for calculating tenor that the rule should require or permit? Question 61: Are there any additional steps that the FDIC should take to encourage transparency while minimizing burden with respect to the reserve asset composition report? Question 62: With respect to a PPSI that issues multiple brands of payment stablecoins, such as in white label arrangements, what modifications to the reporting requirements, including the reserve asset composition report, would be appropriate? Are there any additional disclosures that the PPSI should provide so the report is not misleading? Question 63: Should the composition report be required to list and name any IDIs holding reserve assets? Should the report be required to list and name other eligible financial institutions holding reserve assets? Question 64: Should the values and information in the monthly report be required to be as of a particular date or time? Should the monthly report be required to include both month end figures (for the previous month) and some information that can be presented in real-time (for example, the value of reserves or outstanding issuance value)? Are there potential challenges in providing assurance over real-time information presented in a monthly report? Question 65: Is the requirement in proposed § 350.4(h) to have information disclosed in the previous month-end report examined by a registered public accounting firm sufficiently clear? If not, what additional clarity should the FDIC provide with respect to the examination by a registered public accounting firm? Should the examination be performed at the “reasonable assurance” level or at some other standard? What additional standards, if any, should the FDIC apply to ensure that the examination by the registered public accounting firm is accurate and appropriate? Should the engagement letter between the PPSI and the registered public accounting firm require the registered public accounting firm to attest to whether the PPSI is in compliance with the reserve asset requirements in proposed § 350.4, based on the information available to the registered public accounting firm? What criteria should be used for the examination by the registered public accounting firm? Would assertions from the management of the PPSI regarding the information in the issuer's weekly or monthly report be sufficient? If not, what other criteria should be included? Question 66: Should the FDIC add or remove specific data points from Table 1 to proposed § 350.4(g)—Monthly Composition Template? Is the template appropriately configured to capture the data needed for the required month-end reports? Should the FDIC provide instructions for using the template or is the format of the template sufficiently clear to complete without instructions? Is there a different format or template that is better suited for this purpose than the proposed Table 1? Question 67: Should the FDIC require PPSIs to monitor the financial condition of eligible financial institutions, including IDIs, holding reserve assets? Question 68: Is the FDIC's approach to PPSIs that fail to meet minimum reserve requirements in proposed § 350.4(i) appropriate? If the PPSI is unable to meet the requirements what other actions should the FDIC consider directing the PPSI to perform? What measures would be appropriate for a PPSI to take to meet their requirements in proposed § 350.4(a)? Question 69: The FDIC proposes that all PPSIs maintain a written contingency plan in proposed § 350.4(j). Should the FDIC specify what measures PPSIs should include in their contingency plans? If yes, what measures would be appropriate to include? Question 70: Should the FDIC require that PPSIs maintain processes for the orderly redemptions of outstanding payment stablecoins in exigent circumstances in proposed § 350.4(k)? If so, what, if anything, should be required? 6. Redemption (Proposed § 350.5) Section 350.5 of the proposed rule addresses redemption requirements imposed by section 4(a)(1)(B) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(1)(B)). Consistent with the Act, under proposed § 350.5(a), a PPSI must publicly disclose its redemption policy. The FDIC proposes PPSIs also include additional information as described below. Redemption Policy Proposed § 350.5(a)(1) requires PPSIs to disclose the timeframe in which the PPSI will redeem payment stablecoins issued by the PPSI for a fixed amount of monetary value and the timeframe under proposed § 350.5(b)(1). Proposed § 350.5(a)(2) would require the PPSI to include the statement in proposed § 350.5(b)(2), which requires that any discretionary limitations on timely redemptions can only be imposed by the FDIC. Proposed § 350.5(a)(3) would require the PPSI to explain when the redemption period may be extended, as detailed in proposed § 350.5(c). In proposed § 350.5(a)(4), the PPSI would be required to provide a statement with clear instructions on how a payment stablecoin holder can redeem a payment stablecoin, including a link to the website where a payment stablecoin holder can redeem the payment stablecoin. Under proposed § 350.5(a)(5) the PPSI must disclose the minimum number of payment stablecoins that it will redeem, but the minimum number the PPSI will redeem may not be greater than one payment stablecoin. Redemption Policy Requirements Proposed § 350.5(b) requires a permitted payment stablecoin redemption policy to provide clear and conspicuous procedures for timely redemption of outstanding payment stablecoins. The FDIC is proposing to define “timely” to mean that a PPSI shall redeem a payment stablecoin no later than two business days following the date of the requested redemption in proposed § 350.5(b)(1). Under the proposal, two business days would be the maximum amount of time a PPSI could choose to redeem payment stablecoins, but a PPSI could choose a shorter time period. The FDIC recognizes that the market may expect redemptions to occur far more quickly than two business days. The FDIC is requesting comment on this provision on whether the number of business days is appropriate. In addition, consistent with the Act, the FDIC is proposing that discretionary limitations on timely redemptions can only be imposed by the FDIC. Timeliness Extended in Certain Scenarios Proposed § 350.5(c) would provide that the PPSI must notify the FDIC immediately if it receives redemption requests that exceed 10 percent of its outstanding issuance value within a 24-hour period, which the FDIC defines as a “significant redemption request.” If a PPSI receives redemption requests that exceed 10 percent over a time period of less than 24 hours, the PPSI is required to provide immediate notice to the FDIC upon the 10 percent threshold being crossed, rather than waiting until the end of the 24-hour period. Along with that notification, the PPSI may request that the FDIC grant the PPSI approval to extend the redemption time period beyond the required two business days. The FDIC may also request the PPSI to provide a specific time period by which it expects to be able to satisfy all of the redemption requests and, if appropriate, whether it is at risk of potentially not satisfying requirements in proposed § 350.4(i) or plans to implement the measures in proposed § 350.4(j). The FDIC in its sole discretion may choose to grant or deny the request for extension or grant a different amount of time than one requested by the PPSI. Disclosures and Fees Associated With Purchase and Redemptions Proposed § 350.5(d)(1) would provide that a PPSI must also publicly, clearly, and conspicuously disclose in plain language and in a format that is readily noticeable, readily understandable, and segregated from other information: (i) the name of the PPSI that issues the brand of payment stablecoin; (ii) that the PPSI is the entity that is obligated to convert, redeem, or repurchase the payment stablecoin for a fixed amount of monetary value; (iii) the link to the monthly composition report of the relevant PPSI's reserves as required under proposed § 350.4(g); and (iv) all fees associated with purchasing or redeeming payment stablecoins. The PPSI should make such disclosures clear for each brand of payment stablecoin. Proposed § 350.5(d)(2) provides that a PPSI shall update the disclosures in proposed § 350.5(d)(1)(iv) if there are any increases in the fees associated with purchasing or redeeming payment stablecoins and provide at least seven calendar days' prior notice of the change, including by securely delivering the notice to current customers for whom the PPSI has contact information. Such disclosures and any updates to its disclosures shall be published on the PPSI's website, as described in proposed § 350.5(d)(3). Proposed § 350.5(d)(4) provides that a PPSI shall include the disclosures in proposed § 350.5(d)(1) and any updates made with respect to proposed § 350.5(d)(2) in any customer agreements that it provides. Questions for Redemption Section (350.5) The FDIC requests comment on the redemption requirements contained in proposed § 350.5, including the following: Question 71: Has the FDIC appropriately defined “timely” for purposes of redemption in proposed § 350.5(b)(1) as not exceeding two business days? If not, what may be a more appropriate timeframe? For example, should the FDIC consider other timeframes ranging from less than one calendar day to seven calendar days? Should “timely” be defined to scale with the liquidity of specific required reserve assets or with other factors? How should the definition of “timely” appropriately balance considerations of price stability and run risk? Question 72: The proposed rule would require PPSIs to notify the FDIC if they receive “significant redemption requests,” and, as part of that notification, PPSIs may request that the FDIC extend the redemption time beyond two days. The FDIC may choose in its sole discretion to grant or deny the redemption request. Is this notification requirement appropriate? Are there reasons why monitoring for redemption requests exceeding 10 percent and immediately notifying the FDIC would be operationally challenging? Should the FDIC provide in the rule specific time periods that it could choose when granting extensions to redemption requests? What metrics and data should the FDIC review or request from the PPSI for its determination when granting extensions to redemption requests? Question 73: Should the FDIC require a permitted payment stablecoin issuer to include in its redemption policy an automated, emergency safety mechanism, commonly known as a “circuit breaker,” designed to pause trading, redemptions, or minting when extreme price volatility or a de-pegging event occurs? Question 74: Are there limitations that the FDIC should impose related to redemption fees, e.g., to reduce the risk of reserves assets falling below outstanding payment stablecoin issuance value, discourage run risk, or encourage price stability? Question 75: Should the FDIC include specific additional provisions regarding fee disclosures in the regulation text? If so, what additional requirements should be included? Question 76: Should the FDIC propose any other categories of disclosures with respect to redemption requirements? Would potential payment stablecoin holders have sufficient information to inform their use of payment stablecoins? Question 77: Should the FDIC impose any additional rules addressing minimum amounts for redemption? For example, should the FDIC prohibit any redemption minimums or set the minimum at some point other than one payment stablecoin? Question 78: Should the FDIC include in proposed § 350.5(c) a provision permitting a PPSI to make exceptions to its redemption policy or refuse a redemption request in the event of fraud? Should a PPSI be able to pause or refuse redemption in any other scenarios like a cyber-attack or idiosyncratic market events? If the FDIC permits exceptions or refusals to timely redemption for cases of fraud, cyber-attack or market events, how should the FDIC design or limit the exception so that the purpose of the timely redemption provision is not thwarted? 7. Risk Management (Proposed § 350.6) Section 4(a)(4)(A)(iv) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A)(iv)) provides that the FDIC must issue regulations implementing appropriate operational, compliance, and information technology risk management principles-based requirements and standards, including Bank Secrecy Act and sanctions compliance standards, that are tailored to the business model and risk profile of PPSIs and consistent with applicable law. Accordingly, proposed § 350.6 would implement this provision and address: (i) general operational and managerial standards; (ii) information technology and security; and (iii) the anti-money laundering and economic sanctions compliance programs certification requirement. Internal Controls and Information Systems The FDIC is proposing risk management requirements and standards in proposed § 350.6(a) that largely provide for the PPSI to design commensurate with the nature, complexity, and risk of a PPSI's activities. Many of the standards in proposed § 350.6(a) are adapted from relevant provisions of 12 CFR part 364, Appendix A, which in turn implement 12 U.S.C. 1831p-1. The FDIC identified standards from Appendix A of Part 364 that fit the requirements of section 4(a)(4)(A)(iii) or 4(a)(4)(A)(iv) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A)(iii), (iv)) and then adapted and tailored those standards to the business models of PPSIs, as appropriate. The FDIC is also seeking comment on whether to adopt more general risk management standards, with less specificity than provided in the proposal, as described below. Proposed § 350.6(a)(1) would require that a PPSI have internal controls and information systems that are appropriate for the size and complexity of the PPSI and the nature, scope, and risk of its activities and that provide for: (i) an organizational structure that establishes clear lines of authority and responsibility for monitoring adherence to established policies; (ii) effective risk assessment; (iii) timely and accurate financial, operational, and regulatory reporting, including with respect to the reports required under this part; (iv) adequate procedures to monitor, safeguard, manage, and control assets, including reserve assets; and (v) compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Internal controls refer to the systems, policies, procedures, and processes implemented by management to operate effectively, safeguard assets, produce reliable financial records, and ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The internal control standards are principles-based to account for the varying size, complexity, and risks of PPSIs. For example, the procedures to monitor, safeguard, and manage assets and to comply with applicable laws and regulations would be expected to include measures to monitor and ensure reserve requirements are met on a daily basis. Internal Audit System Proposed § 350.6(a)(2) requires PPSIs to have an internal audit system that is appropriate to the size and complexity of the PPSI and the nature, scope, and risk of its activities and that provides for: (i) adequate monitoring of the system of internal controls through an internal audit function, or for a PPSI whose size, complexity or scope of operations does not warrant a full scale internal audit function, a system of independent reviews of key internal controls; (ii) independence and objectivity; (iii) qualified persons; (iv) adequate independent testing and review of internal controls and information systems; (v) adequate documentation of tests and findings and any corrective actions; and (vi) verification and review of management actions to address deficiencies. Internal audit programs are expected to include independent tests and reviews, as appropriate, with scopes and activities that are informed by an assessment of the risk and control environment. While the proposed § 350.6(a)(2) requires that internal audit functions be structured with independence and objectivity to promote impartiality and avoid potential conflicts of interest, the proposed rule would not mandate a specific organizational structure or a standardized risk management approach. PPSIs will be able to tailor the size and organizational structure of the internal audit function, and any outsourcing arrangements, commensurate with the size, complexity, and risk profile of its activities. Interest Rate Exposure Proposed § 350.6(a)(3) addresses interest rate risk pursuant to section 4(a)(4)(A)(iii) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A)(iii)) which requires the FDIC to establish interest rate risk management standards among other things. The proposal would require a PPSI to manage interest rate risk in a manner that is appropriate to the size and complexity of the PPSI and the complexity of its assets and liabilities. Although the reserve composition requirements proposed under proposed § 350.4(e) limit reserve assets to those that generally have limited duration or no duration ( e.g., funds held as demand deposits), PPSIs should understand the impact that changes in interest rates, particularly increases in interest rates over short-time periods, may have on the fair value and monetization of interest-sensitive reserve assets. Interest rate risk management practices may also need to consider the impact that the interest rate environment may have on the demand for payment stablecoins and anticipated redemptions, given the prohibition of paying interest to payment stablecoin holders solely in connection with the holding, use, or retention of payment stablecoins under proposed § 350.3(b)(4). Asset Growth Proposed § 350.6(a)(4) requires a PPSI's asset growth to be commensurate with risk management and operational capabilities. The proposal does not establish limits on asset growth rates or the overall size of a PPSI but is intended to ensure the growth of assets is managed prudently and that management maintains risk management and operational capabilities. Insider and Affiliate Transactions Proposed § 350.6(a)(5) addresses insider and affiliate transactions and is intended to add to the protection of the assets and resources of a PPSI from misuse for the benefit of insiders, affiliates, or related entities. Under proposed § 350.6(a)(5)(i), a PPSI would be required to ensure that transactions between or among the PPSI and insiders or affiliates (other than the parent IDI of which it is a subsidiary): (A) do not pose significant risks of material financial loss to the PPSI and (B) are conducted on terms that are the same or at least as favorable to the PPSI as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with or involving non-insiders or non-affiliates (or in the absence of comparable transactions, are offered on terms and under circumstances that, in good faith would be offered to, or would apply to non-affiliates or non-insiders). Oversee Service Provider Arrangements Proposed § 350.6(a)(6) would provide requirements for overseeing third-party service provider arrangements. Specifically, a PPSI must: (i) exercise appropriate due diligence in selecting its service providers; (ii) require its service providers by contract to implement appropriate measures designed to meet the requirements of proposed part 350; and (iii) as appropriate, monitor its service providers to confirm they have satisfied their obligations under proposed part 350. Appropriate due diligence provides PPSIs with the information needed to evaluate whether third-party service providers can perform as expected and whether risks associated with the relationship can be adequately identified, monitored, and controlled. Further, properly structured contractual arrangements can help protect PPSIs compliance with proposed part 350, and effective monitoring practices enable management to determine if third-party service providers are performing as expected. Liquidity Proposed § 350.6(a)(7) establishes liquidity standards, pursuant to section 4(a)(4)(A)(ii) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A)(ii)). The proposed rule would require a PPSI to: (i) appropriately monitor and validate compliance with the requirements of proposed § 350.4 and (ii) manage liquidity risk in a manner that is appropriate to the business model and risk profile of the PPSI. Appropriate monitoring and management of liquidity is integral to the operations of a PPSI and its ability to facilitate the timely redemption of payment stablecoins and adhere to the requirements under proposed § 350.4. Information Technology and Security Section 4(a)(4)(A)(iv) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5903(a)(4)(A)(iv)) directs the FDIC to establish appropriate information technology risk management principles-based requirements and standards that are tailored to a PPSI's business model and risk profile, and consistent with applicable law. Proposed § 350.6(b) sets forth such principles-based information technology risk management standards for PPSIs consistent with the GENIUS Act. Proposed § 350.6(b) would require an FDIC-supervised PPSI to account for information technology risks arising from activities authorized by the GENIUS Act, including reliance on distributed ledger(s) or distributed ledger protocol(s) to process and record payment stablecoin transactions. The standards in proposed § 350.6(b) are in addition to, and do not supersede, any information technology risk management rules, standards, or guidelines generally applicable to a subsidiary of an IDI, including the Interagency Guidelines Establishing Information Security Standards (Appendix B to Part 364), with which IDIs should already be familiar. Information Technology and Security Program Proposed § 350.6(b)(1) provides that a PPSI must establish a comprehensive framework that addresses information technology and security-related risks. This framework shall include a structured program for assessing and managing information technology and security risks. A comprehensive information technology and security program will facilitate the operational resilience of the PPSI, as well as mitigate technology vulnerabilities and security threats that could disrupt operations, including redemption of payment stablecoins. Furthermore, maintenance of such a program by a PPSI is consistent with the approach to risk management by regulated financial institutions generally. Required Elements of Program Under proposed § 350.6(b)(2), a PPSI's information technology and security program shall include: (i) an inventory and classification of information technology assets, processes, and sensitivity of data; (ii) an assessment of the information technology and security risks associated with the issuance of stablecoins; (iii) controls supporting and safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information technology; (iv) controls for the development, maintenance, and changes to information technology, including controls for testing, storage, and deployment of the code base, including the smart contract code; (v) evaluation, validation, and reporting processes to ensure that information technology systems and controls, including smart contracts, are operating as intended; (vi) periodic independent testing of controls; and (vii) a comprehensive and effective program for the identification, assessment, and response to operational and security incidents. A comprehensive incident response program is essential for a PPSI to respond in an effective and timely manner to an incident and mitigate its impact. Safe Handling of Digital Assets Proposed § 350.6(b)(3) provides that a PPSI shall develop, implement, and maintain appropriate measures to ensure secure handling of digital assets, including private key management, backup, and recovery incorporating: (i) relevant technical, operational, strategic, market, legal, and compliance considerations relating to each digital asset and its underlying distributed ledger(s); and (ii) material developments specifically related to supported digital assets and their underlying distributed ledger(s). 23 Maintaining appropriate measures for private key management, backup, and recovery incorporating both technical and operational factors and material on-chain developments is essential to manage risk associated lost or stolen private keys and the resulting loss or theft of assets. For example, depending on the assessed risk, appropriate layered security could include controls such as: (1) private key security via multi-party computation or multi-signature technology to prevent single points of failure, alongside, cold/offline storage for assets; (2) geographically dispersed, encrypted, and regularly tested recovery keys; and (3) monitoring for technical, legal, and material on-chain updates, such as blockchain forks or smart contract vulnerabilities. 23 If a PPSI holds digital assets on a customer's behalf, the PPSI's risk management practices must reflect this activity. Consistent with the July 14, 2025 Joint Statement on Risk Management Considerations for Crypto-Asset Safekeeping, a PPSI holding digital assets on a customer's behalf would be required to maintain risk management practices, and information security practices in particular, that reflect the PPSI's capacity to understand a complex and evolving asset class, ability to ensure a strong control environment, and appropriate contingency plans to address unanticipated challenges in effectively providing services to customers. Adjust the Program Proposed § 350.6(b)(4) would require that a PPSI monitor, evaluate, and adjust, as appropriate, the information technology and security program in light of any relevant changes in technology, the sensitivity of its customer information, internal or external threats, and the PPSI's own changing business arrangements, such as mergers and acquisitions, alliances and joint ventures, third-party arrangements, and changes to applicable information systems. Monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting the information technology and security program facilitates a risk-based approach, ensuring that information technology defenses keep pace with rapidly evolving cyber threats, blockchain technology advancements, and business changes like mergers and acquisitions. Notification of Unauthorized Access Proposed § 350.6(b)(5) would provide that a PPSI shall maintain an appropriate program to notify its customers if the PPSI becomes aware of an incident of unauthorized access to sensitive customer information. The standards in proposed § 350.6(b)(5) are in addition to, and do not supersede, other notification standards including the Interagency Guidelines Establishing Information Security Standards (Appendix B to Part 364). A PPSI could, if it so chose, satisfy the notification obligation under this section and other notification requirements through a single, comprehensive notification that met all relevant timing and content requirements. The program shall require the delay of customer notice if an appropriate law enforcement agency determines that notification will interfere with a criminal investigation and provides the permitted payment stablecoin issuer with a written request for the delay. Information Technology Resilience Proposed § 350.6(b)(6) would provide that a PPSI's information technology and security program shall include measures to reasonably address continuity of operations and recovery of critical functions in the face of disruptions, including by business impact analyses, testing of vulnerability, and testing with critical service providers. The operational resilience of a PPSI is challenged by a range of threats and vulnerabilities, including ransomware, service provider outages, or smart contract exploits. Such threats and vulnerabilities can cause severe de-pegging, transaction delays, or loss of access to reserves. Addressing operational resilience for payment stablecoin functions is particularly challenging given the 24/7 nature of blockchain networks. By implementing these business continuity measures, a PPSI can protect itself from significant operational and financial impact and support its customers' access to their digital assets, during market stress or a cyber-attack, for example. Anti-Money Laundering and Economic Sanctions Compliance Programs Required Certification Proposed § 350.6(c) would implement requirements under section 5(i) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5904(i)) regarding the initial and annual anti-money laundering and economic sanctions compliance programs certifications. The proposed rule would require a PPSI to file with the FDIC a certification that it has implemented anti-money laundering and economic sanctions compliance programs that are reasonably designed to prevent the PPSI from facilitating money laundering, in particular, facilitating money laundering for cartels and organizations designated as foreign terrorist organizations under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189) and the financing of terrorist activities, as required by the GENIUS Act. The PPSI would be required to file the initial certification within 180 days of being approved under the application process and by April 1 of each year thereafter. Given that the certification requirement would be ongoing and related to a PPSI's compliance programs, the FDIC is proposing to include the certification requirement within the risk management provisions in subpart A of 12 CFR part 350. Questions for Risk Management Section (Proposed § 350.6) The FDIC requests comment on the risk management requirements contained in proposed § 350.6, including the following: Question 79: Should the FDIC streamline proposed § 350.6(a) by replacing it with a high-level requirement that the PPSI establish a prudent risk management framework commensurate with its size, complexity, and risk, including appropriate risk management frameworks to manage liquidity and interest rate risk? If so, should it, also at a higher level than proposed, specify that such risk management framework include risk assessment, internal controls, organizational structure with clear lines of authority and responsibility, and an internal audit system? Question 80: Are the risk management standards included in proposed § 350.6 appropriate? Are there any the FDIC should remove or modify? Are there any risk management standards the FDIC should add? Question 81: Are the liquidity risk management requirements in proposed § 350.6(a)(7) unnecessary, given the requirements that are proposed in § 350.4? Question 82: Should the risk management standards under proposed § 350.6(a) provide for clear management roles, responsibilities, and accountability? Should the standards include any requirements for the PPSI's board of directors and senior management to maintain appropriate competence and experience relevant to its activities? If so, should any standards regarding competence and experience be similar to the considerations set forth in section 5(c)(3) of the GENIUS Act? Question 83: Should proposed § 350.6(b) expressly address risks relating to smart contracts, encryption, tokenized assets, or any other technology or procedure? Are there standards which were included but are not relevant to PPSIs? Question 84: Are the restrictions on insider and affiliate transactions in proposed § 350.6(a)(5) appropriate? What modifications, if any, are warranted? Should there be similar restrictions applied to transactions with the parent IDI? Should there be limitations on the ability of a parent IDI to “bail out” a subsidiary PPSI during stress? What are the pros and cons of permitting such actions? Should the requirements include any prescriptive qualitative or quantitative limits? Should certain transactions require approval by the board of directors? Question 85: Should the FDIC require PPSIs to take any steps to manage risks related to customer-facing operational issues, such as with respect to fraud, unauthorized activity, customer disputes, or service disruptions? Question 86: To what extent are the requirements in proposed § 350.6 consistent with other actions the FDIC is taking to make supervision less process-focused and more focused on financial risks? 8. Audits, Reports, and Supervision (Proposed § 350.7) Section 6(a)(1) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(1)) subjects PPSIs to the supervision of the FDIC. Section 6(a)(3) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(3)) requires the FDIC to examine PPSI s to assess: (i) the nature of the operations and the financial condition of the PPSI; (ii)the financial, operational, technological, compliance, and other risks associated with the PPSI that may pose a threat to the safety and soundness of the PPSI or the stability of the financial system of the United States; and (iii) the systems of the PPSI for monitoring and controlling the risks. Pursuant to section 6(a)(4) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(4)), in supervising and examining a PPSI, the FDIC shall, to the fullest extent possible, use existing reports and other supervisory information, avoid duplication, and shall only request examinations at a cadence and in a format that is similar to that required for similarly situated entities regulated by the FDIC. Examinations Proposed § 350.7(a) outlines that the FDIC will fulfill its examination responsibilities, pursuant to Section 6(a)(3) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(3)), and will do so consistent with existing examination timelines established for the parent IDI outlined in § 337.12 of the FDIC Rules and Regulations, which generally require the FDIC to conduct examinations at least once during each 12-month period, but may be conducted at least once during each 18-month period if certain conditions outlined in § 337.12(b) are met by the parent IDI. Consistent with section 6(a)(3) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(3)), the scope of the examination will include: (i) an assessment of the nature of the operations and financial condition of the PPSI; (ii) the financial, operational, technological and other risks associated within the permitted payment stablecoin; and (iii) the systems (including practices) for monitoring and controlling those risks. Such examinations will review compliance with laws and regulations and assess overall safety and soundness. Proposed § 350.7(b) of the proposed rule requires that, upon request by the FDIC, PPSIs must grant the FDIC prompt and complete access to all officers, directors, employees, agents, and relevant books, records, or documents of any type, including distributed ledgers. The FDIC, through its examination authority over State nonmember banks and State savings associations, has authority to make a thorough examination. 24 Sections 6(a)(1) and (3) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(1), (3)) give the FDIC similar authority to supervise and examine PPSIs. Proposed § 350.7(b) proposes that the books and records of a PPSI include, but are not limited to, information retained on distributed ledgers. Proposed § 350.7(b) applies the FDIC's supervisory and examination approach of access to all books and employees to perform adequate examination and supervision to PPSIs similarly to State nonmember banks and State savings association. Additionally, proposed § 350.7(c) clarifies that the FDIC may conduct examinations either on-site or remotely. 24 12 U.S.C. 1820(b), (c). Proposed § 350.7(d) allows the FDIC to conduct examinations of PPSIs as frequently as the FDIC deems necessary, including examinations of a limited scope. This is consistent with the FDIC's statutory authority under Section 6(a) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905) and the FDIC's supervisory authority over State nonmember banks and State savings associations. Recordkeeping Proposed § 350.7(e) provides that PPSIs must maintain a complete set of books and records. Proposed § 350.7(f) requires PPSIs to develop and implement a records retention policy that ensures the PPSI can demonstrate compliance with the GENIUS Act, this part, and all applicable laws and regulations. Reporting Section 6(a)(2) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(2)) requires that each PPSI shall, upon request, submit to the FDIC a report on: (i) the financial condition of the PPSI; (ii) the systems of the PPSI for monitoring and controlling financial and operating risks; and (iii) compliance by the PPSI (and any subsidiary thereof) with the GENIUS Act. Proposed § 350.7(g) would require the PPSI to submit a confidential weekly report to the FDIC, pursuant to the FDIC's authorities in section 6(a)(2) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(2)). The FDIC is seeking comment on what the FDIC should require. The requirement could include information regarding required reserves, issuance and redemption, and other relevant information. The FDIC understands that this type of information is currently monitored on an ongoing basis by existing PPSIs. Such reporting includes additional or more frequent information beyond the composition report that would be required in proposed § 350.4(g) and the quarterly financial condition reporting required in proposed § 350.7(h) and will allow the FDIC to more effectively supervise PPSIs to identify changes in risk profile and financial condition between examinations, in a timely manner, and to more efficiently supervise PPSIs by facilitating risk scoping. Proposed § 350.7(h) would require PPSIs to submit quarterly reports of financial condition to the FDIC in a standardized format to be established by the FDIC, pursuant to the FDIC's authorities in sections 6(a)(1) and (2) of the GENIUS Act (12 U.S.C. 5905(a)(1)-(2)). The reports of financial condition would be required within 30 days of the end of the prior quarter and will include an income statement, balance sheet, reserves, statement of changes in equity, issuance value, and assets under custody, among other things. These reports of financial condition are intended to replicate, in a streamlined manner, the quarterly Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income (commonly referred to as the Call Report). Similar to the [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2026-06974. Public record. Not legal advice.