# Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2019-17142 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Rule - **Published:** August 14, 2019 - **Citation:** 84 FR 41292 ## Text DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY 8 CFR Parts 103, 212, 213, 214, 245 and 248 [CIS No. 2637-19; DHS Docket No. USCIS-2010-0012] RIN 1615-AA22 Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds AGENCY: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This final rule amends DHS regulations by prescribing how DHS will determine whether an alien applying for admission or adjustment of status is inadmissible to the United States under section 212(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA or the Act), because he or she is likely at any time to become a public charge. The final rule includes definitions of certain terms critical to the public charge determination, such as “public charge” and “public benefit,” which are not defined in the statute, and explains the factors DHS will consider in the totality of the circumstances when making a public charge inadmissibility determination. The final rule also addresses USCIS' authority to issue public charge bonds under section 213 of the Act in the context of applications for adjustment of status. Finally, this rule includes a requirement that aliens seeking an extension of stay or change of status demonstrate that they have not, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status they seek to extend or change, received public benefits over the designated threshold, as defined in this rule. This rule does not create any penalty or disincentive for past, current, or future receipt of public benefits by U.S. citizens or aliens whom Congress has exempted from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. This rule does not apply to U.S. citizens, even if the U.S. citizen is related to an alien subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility. The rule also does not apply to aliens whom Congress exempted from the public charge ground of inadmissibility (such as asylees, refugees, or other vulnerable populations listed as exempt in this final rule). Nor does this rule apply to aliens for whom DHS has statutory discretion to waive this ground of inadmissibility, if DHS has exercised such discretion. In addition, this includes special provisions for how DHS will consider the receipt of public benefits, as defined in this rule, by certain members of the U.S. Armed Forces and their families; certain international adoptees; and receipt of Medicaid in certain contexts, especially by aliens under the age of 21, pregnant women (and women for up to 60 days after giving birth), and for certain services funded by Medicaid under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) or in a school setting. Aliens who might qualify for these exemptions should study the rule carefully to understand how the exemptions work. This final rule also clarifies that DHS will only consider public benefits received directly by the alien for the alien's own benefit, or where the alien is a listed beneficiary of the public benefit. DHS will not consider public benefits received on behalf of another. DHS also will not attribute receipt of a public benefit by one or more members of the alien's household to the alien unless the alien is also a listed beneficiary of the public benefit. This final rule supersedes the 1999 Interim Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds. DATES: This final rule is effective at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on October 15, 2019. DHS will apply this rule only to applications and petitions postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted electronically) on or after the effective date. Applications and petitions already pending with USCIS on the effective date of the rule ( i.e., were postmarked before the effective date of the rule and were accepted by USCIS) will not be subject to the rule. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mark Phillips, Residence and Naturalization Division Chief, Office of Policy and Strategy, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland Security, 20 Massachusetts NW, Washington, DC 20529-2140; telephone 202-272-8377. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents I. Executive Summary A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action B. Legal Authority C. Summary of the Proposed Rule D. Summary of Changes in the Final Rule 1. Definitions 2. Public Benefits 3. Applicability to Nonimmigrants 4. Totality of the Circumstances Determination 5. Public Charge Bond for Adjustment of Status Applicants 6. Other Changes E. Summary of Costs and Benefits II. Background A. Public Charge Inadmissibility and Public Charge Bonds B. Current Public Charge Standards C. Final Rule III. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule A. Summary of Public Comments B. Requests To Extend Comment Period C. Comments Expressing General Support for the NPRM D. Comments Expressing General Opposition to the NPRM 1. Purpose of the Rule and Self Sufficiency 2. Requests for Reconsideration and Withdrawal of NPRM 3. Alternatives to the Public Charge Rule 4. Discrimination and Disparate Impact 5. Potential Disenrollment Impacts • Choice Between Public Benefits and Immigration Status • General Assertions as to Effects • Housing Benefit-Related Effects • Food and Nutrition Benefit-Related Effects • Health Benefit-Related Effects • Effects on Vulnerable Populations • Effects on U.S. Citizens • Increased Costs to Health Care Providers, States, and Localities 6. Inconsistent With American Values and Historic Commitment to Immigrants 7. Contributions to American Society and Consideration of Self-Sufficiency 8. Adjudication and Processing 9. Privacy Concerns E. General Comments Regarding Legal Authority and Statutory Provisions 1. Lack of Statutory Authority/Inconsistent With Congressional Intent 2. Additional Legal Arguments a. Allegations That the Rule Is Arbitrary and Capricious b. Alternatives c. Retroactivity d. Due Process/Vagueness and Equal Protection e. Coordination With Other Federal Agencies f. International Law and Related Issues g. Contract Law F. Applicability of the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility, and the Public Benefit Condition to Extension of Stay and Change of Status 1. Applicability of the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility Generally 2. Applicability and Content of the Public Benefits Condition a. Nonimmigrant Students and Exchange Visitors b. Workers d. Compact of Free Association Migrants 3. Exemptions and Waivers With Respect to the Rule Generally a. General Comments b. Special Immigrant Juvenile c. Certain Employment Based Preference Categories, or National Interest Waiver d. Violence Against Women Act, T, and U 4. Summary of Applicability, Exemptions, and Waivers G. Definitions 1. Public Charge a. Threshold Standard “Primarily dependent” Based on Cash Public Benefit Receipt or Long-Term Institutionalization at Government Expense b. Standards for Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits Numerical Percentage Threshold Valuation Alternatives to the Duration Standard Combination Standard 2. Public Benefits a. Specific Groups and Public Benefits Individuals With Disabilities Vulnerable Populations Receipt of Public Benefits by Children b. Supplemental Security Income c. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families d. State, Local and Tribal Cash Assistance e. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program CalFresh f. Housing g. Institutionalization h. Medicaid Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Emergency Services Exclusion Vaccinations Substance Abuse i. Medicare, Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy j. Additional Considerations Exhaustive List Additional Programs Dependents Tax Credits Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children School Breakfast/Lunch Programs State and Local Benefits Head Start Healthy Start, The Emergency Food Assistance Program, and Similar Programs Pell Grants Children's Health Insurance Program Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Social Security Disability Insurance 3. Likely at Any Time To Become a Public Charge 4. Household H. Public Charge Inadmissibility Determination Based on Totality of Circumstances I. Age 1. Standard 2. Age Discrimination J. Health 1. Standard 2. Health and Disability Discrimination K. Family Status L. Assets, Resources, and Financial Status 1. Income Standard 2. Evidence of Assets and Resources 3. Public Benefits 4. Fee Waivers for Immigration Benefits 5. Credit Report and Score 6. Financial Means To Pay for Medical Costs M. Education and Skills 1. Education 2. Language Proficiency 3. Skills 4. Employment N. Affidavit of Support O. Additional Factors To Consider P. Heavily Weighted Factors General Comments Q. Heavily Weighted Negative Factors 1. Lack of Employability 2. Current Receipt of One of More Public Benefit 3. Receipt of Public Benefits Within 36 Months Before Filing 4. Financial Means To Pay for Medical Costs 5. Alien Previously Found Inadmissible or Deportable Based on Public Charge R. Heavily Weighted Positive Factors 1. Proposed Standard 2. Additional Positive Heavily Weighted Factors a. Affidavit of Support b. Family Relationships c. English Ability d. Education e. Private Health Insurance f. Work History g. Receipt of Grants, Contracts, and Licensures h. Caregivers i. Ability To Work in the Future S. Public Charge Bonds for Adjustment of Status Applicants 1. Standard 2. Bond Amount 3. Public Charge Bond Cancellation 4. Breach of Public Charge Bond T. Effective Date(s) Benefits Received Before Effective Date and Previously Excluded Benefits U. Other Comments V. Public Comments and Responses to the NPRM's Statutory and Regulatory Requirements Section 1. Comments on Costs and Benefits a. Population Seeking Extension of Stay or Change of Status b. Other Comments on Affected Population c. Determination of Inadmissibility Based on Public Charge Grounds d. Other Comments on Baseline Estimates e. Costs to Applicants To Adjust Status f. Lack of Clarity g. Other Comments on Costs to Applicants h. Costs Related to Public Charge Bond i. Costs Related to Program Changes and Public Inquiries j. Costs Related to States and Local Governments, and Public Benefit-Granting Agencies k. Regulatory Familiarization Costs l. Costs to the Federal Government m. Costs to Non-Citizens and Their Communities n. Healthcare-Related Costs o. Housing and Homelessness-Related Costs p. Economic Costs r. Economic Impact and Job Loss s. Economic Impact on Healthcare System t. Impact on U.S. Workforce u. Economic Impacts Related to Nutrition Programs v. Other Economic Impacts w. DHS Estimates of Discounted Direct Costs and Reduced Transfer Payments x. Benefits of Proposed Regulatory Changes y. Cost Benefit Analysis Issues 2. Federalism Comments 3. Family Assessment Comments 4. Paperwork Reduction Act Comments IV. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), Executive Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), and Executive Order 13771 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs) 1. Summary B. Regulatory Flexibility Act 1. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis a. A Statement of the Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule b. A statement of the significant issues raised by the public comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a statement of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments. c. The response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in response to the proposed rule, and a detailed statement of any change made to the proposed rule in the final rule as a result of the comments. d. A description of and an estimate of the number of small entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such estimate is available. e. A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the classes of small entities that will be subject to the requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report or record. f. Description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the impact on small entities was rejected. C. Congressional Review Act D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) F. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform) G. Executive Order 13175 Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments H. Family Assessment I. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) J. Paperwork Reduction Act V. List of Subjects and Regulatory Amendments Table of Abbreviations AAO—Administrative Appeals Office ACA—Affordable Care Act ACTC—Additional Child Tax Credit AFM—Adjudicator's Field Manual ASEC—Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey BIA—Board of Immigration Appeals BLS—U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics CDC—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CBP—U.S. Customs and Border Protection CFR—Code of Federal Regulations CHIP—Children's Health Insurance Program CNMI—Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands DACA—Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals DD Act—The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 DHS—U.S. Department of Homeland Security DOJ—U.S. Department of Justice DOS—U.S. Department of State EITC—Earned Income Tax Credit E.O.—Executive Order EOIR—Executive Office for Immigration Review FAM—Foreign Affairs Manual FCRA—Fair Credit Reporting Act FPG—Federal Poverty Guidelines FPL—Federal Poverty Level Form DS-2054—Medical Examination for Immigrant or Refugee Applicant Form I-129—Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker Form I-129CW—Petition for a CNMI-Only Nonimmigrant Transitional Worker Form I-130—Petition for Alien Relative Form I-140—Immigrant Petition for Alien Workers Form I-290B—Notice of Appeal or Motion Form I-356—Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond Form I-407—Record of Abandonment of Lawful Permanent Resident Status Form I-485—Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status Form I-539—Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status Form I-539A—Supplemental Information for Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status Form I-600—Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative Form I-601—Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility Form I-693—Report of Medical Examination and Vaccination Record Form I-800—Petition to Classify Convention Adoptee as an Immediate Relative Form I-864—Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA Form I-864A—Contract Between Sponsor and Household Member Form I-864EZ—Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the Act Form I-864P—HHS Poverty Guidelines for Affidavit of Support Form I-864W—Request for Exemption for Intending Immigrant's Affidavit of Support Form I-912—Request for Fee Waiver Form I-94—Arrival/Departure Record Form I-944—Declaration of Self-Sufficiency Form I-945—Public Charge Bond Form N-600—Application for Certificate of Citizenship Form N-600K—Application for Citizenship and Issuance of Certificate Under Section 322 GA—General Assistance GAO—U.S. Government Accountability Office HHS—U.S. Department of Health and Human Services HOPWA—Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS HCV—Housing Choice Voucher ICE—U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement IEFA—Immigration Examinations Fee Account IIRIRA—Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 INA—Immigration and Nationality Act INS—Immigration and Naturalization Service IRCA—Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 IRS—Internal Revenue Service LIHEAP—Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program LIS—Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy LPR—Lawful Permanent Resident NEPA—National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 NHE—National Health Expenditure NOID—Notice of Intent to Deny NPRM—Notice of Proposed Rulemaking PRA—Paperwork Reduction Act PTC—Premium Tax Credit PRWORA—Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 RFE—Request for Evidence RFRA—Religious Freedom Restoration Act SAVE—Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements Secretary—Secretary of Homeland Security SIPP—Survey of Income and Program Participation SNAP—Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program SORN—System of Records Notice SSA—Social Security Administration SSI—Supplemental Security Income TANF—Temporary Assistance for Needy Families TPS—Temporary Protected Status USDA—U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S.C.—United States Code USCIS—U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services VAWA—Violence Against Women Act VAWA 2013—Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 WAP—Weatherization Assistance Program WIC—Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children I. Executive Summary A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action This rule changes how the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) interprets and implements the public charge ground of inadmissibility. 1 The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA or the Act) renders inadmissible and therefore (1) ineligible for a visa, (2) ineligible for admission and (3) ineligible for adjustment of status, any alien 2 who, in the opinion of the DHS (or the Departments of State (DOS) or Justice (DOJ), as applicable), 3 is likely at any time to become a public charge. 4 The statute does not define the term “public charge,” but in a related statute, Congress has articulated a national policy that (1) “aliens within the Nation's borders not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and private organizations,” and (2) “the availability of public benefits not constitute an incentive for immigration to the United States.” 5 In addition, the public charge statute provides that in making the inadmissibility determination, administering agencies must “at a minimum consider the alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial status; and education and skills.” 6 The agencies may also consider any affidavit of support under section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, i.e., Form I-864, Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA, submitted on the alien's behalf. 7 1 See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). 2 Congress has by statute exempted certain categories of aliens, such as asylees and refugees, from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. See, e.g., INA sections 207(c)(3) and 209(c), 8 U.S.C. 1157(c)(3), 1159(c). A full list of exemptions is included in this rule. 3 Three different agencies are responsible for applying the public charge ground of inadmissibility, each in a different context or contexts. DHS primarily applies the public charge ground of inadmissibility at ports of entry and when adjudicating certain applications for adjustment of status. This rule amends the standards applicable to those contexts, and also sets forth evidentiary requirements applicable to the adjustment of status context. DOS Consular officers are responsible for applying the public charge ground of inadmissibility as part of the visa application process and for determining whether a visa applicant is ineligible for a visa on public charge grounds. This rule does not directly revise DOS standards or processes. DHS is working with DOS to ensure that the Foreign Affairs Manual appropriately reflects the standards in this rule. DOJ is responsible for applying the public charge ground of inadmissibility in immigration court, where DHS may bring and prosecute the charge against certain inadmissible aliens. Immigration judges adjudicate matters in removal proceedings, and the Board of Immigration Appeals and in some cases the Attorney General adjudicate appeals arising from such proceedings. This rule does not directly revise DOJ standards or processes. DHS understands that the DOJ plans to conduct rulemaking to ensure that the standards applied in immigration court are consistent with the standards in this rule. 4 See INA section 212(a)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(A). 5 See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2). 6 See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(i). 7 See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(ii). Since 1999, the prevailing approach to public charge inadmissibility has been dictated primarily by the May 26, 1999, Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds (1999 Interim Field Guidance), issued by the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). 8 Under that approach, “public charge” has been interpreted to mean a person who is “primarily dependent on the Government for subsistence, as demonstrated by either the receipt of public cash assistance for income maintenance or institutionalization for long-term care at Government expense.” 9 As a consequence, an alien's reliance on or receipt of non-cash benefits such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), or food stamps; Medicaid; and housing vouchers and other housing subsidies are not currently considered by DHS in determining whether an alien is deemed likely at any time to become a public charge. 8 See Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). Due to a printing error, the Federal Register version of the field guidance appears to be dated “March 26, 1999” even though the guidance was actually signed May 20, 1999, became effective May 21, 1999 and was published in the Federal Register on May 26, 1999. 9 See Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689, 28692 (May 26, 1999). DHS is revising its interpretation of “public charge” to incorporate consideration of such benefits, and to better ensure that aliens subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground are self-sufficient, i.e., do not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities, as well as the resources of family members, sponsors, and private organizations. 10 This rule redefines the term “public charge” to mean an alien who receives one or more designated public benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two months). This rule defines the term “public benefit” to include cash benefits for income maintenance, SNAP, most forms of Medicaid, Section 8 Housing Assistance under the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Program, Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance, and certain other forms of subsidized housing. DHS has tailored the rule to limit its effects in certain ways, such as for active duty military members and their families, and children in certain contexts. 10 See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1), (2)(A). This rule also explains how DHS will interpret the minimum statutory factors for determining whether “in the opinion of” 11 the officer, the alien is likely at any time to become a public charge. Specifically, the rule contains a list of negative and positive factors that DHS will consider as part of this determination, and directs officers to consider these factors in the totality of the alien's circumstances. For instance, with respect to the statutory factor for the alien's age, DHS would generally consider it to be a negative factor if the alien is younger than 18 or older than 61, and a positive factor if the alien is between the ages of 18 and 61. These positive or negative factors operate as guidelines to help the officer determine whether the alien is likely at any time to become a public charge, i.e., is more likely than not at any time in the future to receive one or more designated public benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period. The rule also contains lists of heavily weighted negative factors and heavily weighted positive factors. For example, the rule includes a heavily weighted negative factor for an alien who is not a full-time student and is authorized to work, but is unable to demonstrate current employment, recent employment history, or a reasonable prospect of future employment. DHS believes that these circumstances should be accorded heavy negative weight in a public charge inadmissibility determination because, as discussed in the preamble to the NPRM and in the preamble to this final rule, the presence of these circumstances suggests a greater likelihood that the alien will become a public charge than other negative factors suggest. The presence of a single positive or negative factor, or heavily weighted negative or positive factor, will never, on its own, create a presumption that an applicant is inadmissible as likely to become a public charge or determine the outcome of the public charge inadmissibility determination. Rather, a public charge inadmissibility determination must be based on the totality of the circumstances presented in an applicant's case. 11 See INA section 212(a)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(A). With respect to applications for adjustment of status in particular, this rule also provides a more comprehensive evidentiary framework under which U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will consider public charge inadmissibility. Under this rule, applicants for adjustment of status who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility must file a Declaration of Self-Sufficiency (Form I-944) with their Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status (Form I-485) to demonstrate they are not likely to become a public charge. The Form I-944 only applies to adjustment applicants and not applicants for admission at a port of entry. In addition, applicants required to submit Form I-864, Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA, in accordance with section 212(a)(4)(C) or (D), must generally submit Form I-944 with the Form I-485. Failure to submit each form, where required, may result in a rejection or a denial of the Form I-485 without a prior issuance of a Request for Evidence or Notice of Intent to Deny. 12 12 See 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7), (b)(8)(ii). This rule also revises DHS regulations governing the discretion of the Secretary of Homeland Security (Secretary) to accept a public charge bond under section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, for those seeking adjustment of status. Additionally, this rule contains additional provisions that will render certain nonimmigrants ineligible for extension of stay or change of status if she or he received one or more public benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period since obtaining the status he or she wishes to extend or change. Finally, DHS notes that the INA also contains a separate public charge ground of deportability. 13 This rule does not interpret or change DHS's implementation of the public charge ground of deportability. 13 See INA section 237(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5). B. Legal Authority DHS's authority for making public charge inadmissibility determinations and related decisions is found in several statutory provisions. Section 102 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, 14 6 U.S.C. 112, and section 103 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1103, charge the Secretary with the administration and enforcement of the immigration and naturalization laws of the United States. In addition to establishing the Secretary's general authority for the administration and enforcement of immigration laws, section 103 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1103, enumerates various related authorities, including the Secretary's authority to establish regulations and prescribe such forms of bond as are necessary for carrying out such authority. Section 212 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182, establishes classes of aliens that are ineligible for visas, admission, or adjustment of status; paragraph (a)(4) of that section establishes the public charge ground of inadmissibility, including the minimum factors the Secretary must consider in making a determination that an alien is likely to become a public charge. Section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), also establishes the enforceable affidavit of support requirement, as applicable, to certain family-based and employment-based immigrants, and exempts certain aliens from both the public charge ground of inadmissibility and the affidavit of support requirement. Section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, provides the Secretary with discretion to admit into the United States an alien who is determined to be inadmissible as a public charge under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), but is otherwise admissible, upon the giving of a proper and suitable bond. That section authorizes the Secretary to establish the amount and conditions of such bond. Section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, sets out requirements for the sponsor's affidavit of support, including reimbursement of government expenses where the sponsored alien received means-tested public benefits. Section 214 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1184, addresses requirements for the admission of nonimmigrants, including authorizing the Secretary to prescribe the conditions of such admission through regulations and when necessary, establish a bond to ensure that those admitted as nonimmigrants or who change their nonimmigrant status under section 248 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1258, depart if they violate their nonimmigrant status or after such status expires. Section 245 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255, generally establishes eligibility criteria for adjustment of status to lawful permanent residence. Section 248 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1258, authorizes the Secretary to prescribe conditions under which an alien may change his or her status from one nonimmigrant classification to another. The Secretary promulgates the changes in this rule under all of these authorities. 14 Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, 2142-44 (Nov. 25, 2002). C. Summary of the Proposed Rule On October 10, 2018, DHS published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) entitled Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds. 15 The NPRM identified the groups of individuals generally subject to, or exempt from, the public charge inadmissibility ground. Further, DHS proposed definitions for the terms “public charge,” “likely at any time to become a public charge,” “public benefit,” and “alien's household.” 15 Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). As part of the definition of public benefit, DHS proposed to designate an exhaustive list of public benefits that would be considered for purposes of a public charge inadmissibility determination, as well as for purposes of extension of stay and change of nonimmigrant status applications. DHS recognized that the universe of public benefits is quite large, and that some benefits are more commonly used, at greater taxpayer expense, than others. In seeking to provide clear notice of the effects of the rule, and to limit certain indirect costs that may be associated with the rule, DHS elected to limit the number and types of non-cash public benefits that it would designate. DHS therefore proposed to designate just a few means-tested non-cash benefits related to food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare, which bear directly on the recipient's self-sufficiency and together account for significant federal expenditures on low-income individuals. DHS's proposed list of public benefits included cash benefits for income maintenance, institutionalization for long-term care at government expense, SNAP, most forms of Medicaid, Premium and Cost Sharing Subsidies for Medicare Part D (Medicare Part D LIS), Section 8 Housing Assistance under the HCV Program, Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance, and certain other forms of subsidized housing. DHS also sought comment on the potential inclusion of other public benefits programs. As noted below, this final rule designates each of the above-referenced public benefits, except for institutionalization for long-term care at government expense and Medicare Part D LIS. DHS is not designating any additional programs. DHS proposed to limit its consideration of an alien's receipt of these designated public benefits in two main ways, each of which DHS incorporated into the definition of public benefit. First, DHS proposed to establish “thresholds” for the amount or duration of public benefits that the alien must receive, before DHS will consider the alien to have received a public benefit. In other words, DHS proposed that it would not consider an alien's receipt of a given public benefit at all, unless the alien received the benefit in an amount, or for a duration, that met an applicable threshold. Specifically, DHS proposed the following thresholds: • For public benefits that are “monetizable” (such as cash benefits, SNAP, and housing vouchers and rental assistance), DHS proposed a threshold of 15 percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines (FPG) for a household of one within a period of 12 consecutive months. • For public benefits that cannot be monetized (such as Medicaid, Medicare Part D LIS, subsidized housing, and institutionalization for long-term care at government expense), DHS proposed a threshold of receipt during more than 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period. • DHS also proposed a threshold to address circumstances where an alien receives a combination of monetizable benefits equal to or below the 15 percent threshold, together with one or more benefits that cannot be monetized. In such cases, DHS proposed that the threshold for duration of receipt of the non-monetizable benefits would be more than 9 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period. DHS expressly sought comment on these proposed thresholds, including whether DHS should consider an alien's receipt of benefits below any given threshold, as part of DHS's totality of the circumstances determination. As noted below, this final rule adopts a single threshold for all designated public benefits (including those that were considered “monetizable” under the proposed rule): More than 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period. And this final rule authorizes officers to consider receipt of benefits below that threshold, to the extent relevant in the totality of the circumstances. Second, DHS proposed to tailor its rule to limit its effects in certain ways, for a range of reasons. For instance, DHS proposed to not consider the receipt of public benefits by certain aliens who, at the time of receipt, filing, or adjudication, are enlisted in the U.S. Armed Forces, serving in active duty or in the Ready Reserve, or if received by such an individual's spouse or children. DHS also proposed to not consider emergency Medicaid or Medicaid received for services provided under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), and to not consider any school-based benefits provided to individuals who are at or below the maximum eligible age for secondary education, as determined under State law. Lastly, DHS proposed to exempt from consideration Medicaid benefits received by children of U.S. citizens whose lawful admission for permanent residence and subsequent residence in the custody of U.S. citizen parents will result automatically in the child's acquisition of citizenship, or upon finalization of adoption in the United States by the U.S. citizen parents (or upon meeting eligibility criteria) or children entering the United States for the prime purpose of attending a citizenship interview under the Child Citizenship Act of 2000. 16 As noted below, this final rule revises these provisions in certain ways, and also includes an additional provision exempting Medicaid receipt by aliens under the age of 21 and pregnant women (including women for 60 days after the last day of pregnancy). 16 See Public Law 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631, 1631-33 (Oct. 30, 2000) (codified at INA 320(a)-(b), 8 U.S.C. 1431(a)-(b)). In addition to proposing new definitions, DHS proposed a regulatory framework for analyzing the aforementioned statutory factors that must be considered for purposes of the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS also proposed to amend its existing regulations addressing public charge bonds. In addition, DHS proposed to require applicants seeking an extension of stay or change of nonimmigrant status to demonstrate that they have not received and are not currently receiving, nor are they likely to receive public benefits, as defined in the regulation, for the duration of their stay. Again, as noted below, this final rule revises these provisions in certain ways. DHS received 266,077 comments on the proposed rule, the vast majority of which opposed the rule. The preamble to this final rule includes summaries of the significant issues raised by the comments, and includes responsive explanations, and policy changes. D. Summary of Changes in the Final Rule Following careful consideration of public comments received and relevant data provided by stakeholders, DHS has made several changes to the regulatory text proposed in the NPRM. 17 As discussed in detail elsewhere in this preamble, the changes in this final rule include the following: 17 See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). 1. Definitions • Definitions of “Public Charge” and “Public Benefit.” DHS has revised the definition of “public charge” and “public benefit” to clarify the threshold of public benefit receipt that renders an alien a public charge. As noted above, the proposed rule defined a public charge as an alien who receives one or more public benefits as defined in the proposed rule. The proposed rule incorporated the threshold concept into the definition of public benefit, and proposed different thresholds for “monetizable” and “non-monetizable” benefits. Following receipt of public comments regarding a variety of issues, including the complexity of the proposed standard for monetizing certain public benefits, DHS has revised the definitions for public charge and public benefits, and will now evaluate all benefits with a single duration-based standard ( i.e., the proposed standard for non-monetizable benefits). DHS has also incorporated the single duration standard into the definition of “public charge,” rather than the definition of “public benefit.” Consequently, under this simplified duration standard, a public charge is an alien who receives one or more public benefit for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two public benefits in one month counts as two months). • Consideration of Receipt of Public Benefits below the Threshold, in the Totality of the Circumstances. Under the proposed rule, DHS would not have considered the receipt of benefits below the applicable threshold in the totality of the circumstances. As a consequence, USCIS would have been unable to consider an alien's past receipt of public benefits below the threshold at all, even if such receipt was indicative, to some degree, of the alien's likelihood of becoming a public charge at any time in the future. Under this final rule, adjudicators will consider and give appropriate weight to past receipt of public benefits below the single durational threshold described above in the totality of the circumstances. 18 18 As stated in the Benefits Received Before Effective Date and Previously Excluded Benefits section of this rule, DHS will not apply this rule to benefits received before the effective date of the rule, except for those benefits that would have been considered under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. • Receipt of Public Benefits. DHS has added a definition of “receipt” of public benefits, consistent with the explanation in the proposed rule preamble. The new definition clarifies that an application or certification for benefits does not constitute receipt, although it may serve as evidence of the alien's likelihood of receiving public benefits in the future. It also clarifies that when an alien receives, applies for, or obtains a certification for public benefits solely on behalf of another person, DHS does not consider the alien to have received the benefit. • Likely at Any Time to Become a Public Charge. DHS has amended the definition of “likely at any time to become a public charge” to clarify that an alien is likely at any time to become a public charge if the alien is more likely than not at any time in the future to become a public charge, as determined based on the totality of the alien's circumstances. • Primary Caregiver. DHS has included a new definition of “primary caregiver” to account for a new consideration in the totality of the circumstances for aliens who may not be currently employed or have employment history but are nonetheless contributing to their households by caring for others. DHS defines primary caregiver as an alien who is 18 years of age or older and has significant responsibility for actively caring for and managing the well-being of a child or an elderly, ill, or disabled person in the alien's household. 2. Public Benefits • Medicaid Received by Aliens Under Age 21 and Pregnant Women. Following receipt of public comments addressing the nature of the Medicaid benefit for children and pregnant women. DHS has revised provisions under which DHS would have considered an alien's receipt of Medicaid, regardless of the alien's age. For purposes of this final rule, DHS has excluded consideration of the receipt of Medicaid by aliens under the age of 21 and pregnant women during pregnancy and during the 60-day period after pregnancy. • Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy. The NPRM's definition for public benefit included Medicare Part D LIS. Following receipt of public comment regarding the nature of the Medicare Part D LIS, which is part of an overall benefit scheme that contains extensive work requirements, DHS has decided to exclude an alien's receipt of such subsidies from the public benefit definition for purposes of the public charge inadmissibility determination. • Benefits Received by Military Servicemembers and their Spouses and Children. The NPRM's definition for public benefit excluded the consideration of public benefits received by an alien who at the time of receipt of the public benefit, filing, or adjudication, is enlisted in the U.S. Armed Forces, serving in the active duty or in the Ready Reserve component of the U.S. Armed Forces, or is the spouse or child of such servicemember. The NPRM did not make clear what immigration benefit types this provision applies to. DHS has revised the public benefit definition to clarify that this provision applies with respect to applications for admission, adjustment of status, and extension of stay or change of status. • Benefits Received while in a Status that is Exempt from the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility. DHS has revised the public benefit definition to clarify that DHS will not consider any public benefits received by an alien during periods in which the alien was present in the United States in a classification that is exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility or for which the alien received a waiver of the public charge inadmissibility ground. • Public Benefits Received by Children Eligible for Acquisition of Citizenship. DHS has revised the proposed definition of public benefit that excluded from consideration Medicaid received by children of U.S. citizens whose lawful admission for permanent residence and subsequent residence in the legal and physical custody of their U.S. citizen parent will result automatically in the child's acquisition of citizenship, or whose lawful admission for permanent residence will result automatically in the child's acquisition of citizenship upon finalization of adoption in the United States by the U.S. citizen parent(s) or, upon meeting other eligibility criteria as required. 19 DHS has changed this provision to clarify that public benefits, as defined in the rule, do not include any public benefits that were or will be received by such children. 19 See Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Public Law 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631, 1631-33 (Oct. 30, 2000) (codified at section 320(a)-(b) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1431(a)-(b)), in accordance with 8 CFR part 320. • Benefits Provided for Institutionalization. The NPRM's definition of public benefit included benefits for long-term institutionalization at government expense. Following receipt of public comment regarding specific benefits considered to provide for institutionalization, DHS has removed the reference to long-term institutionalization within the definition of public benefit, as the long-term institutionalization benefits that DHS has in the past considered, and intends to consider under this rule, are already part of the public benefit definition, i.e., Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and Medicaid. 3. Applicability to Nonimmigrants • “Likely to Receive” Public Benefits and “Currently Receiving” Public Benefits Condition. Following receipt of public comments addressing the public benefit condition for nonimmigrants seeking extension of stay or change of status, DHS has revised this provision. Under the proposal, DHS would have considered whether such an alien has received, is currently receiving, or is likely to receive public benefits in excess of the designated thresholds since obtaining the nonimmigrant status the alien seeks to attend or from which the alien seeks to change. DHS has modified the provision by removing the future-looking requirement. DHS will only consider whether the alien has received designated benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period since obtaining the nonimmigrant status they wish to extend or change, up until the time of adjudication of the extension of stay or change of status request. • Victim of Severe Form of Trafficking in Persons (T) Nonimmigrants Exemption. DHS has revised several regulatory provisions relating to individuals who have a pending application setting forth a prima facie case for eligibility for T nonimmigrant status, or who are present in the United States in valid T nonimmigrant status. In the proposed rule, DHS provided that T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status were subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground and could request a waiver of inadmissibility. DHS has modified the provisions with respect to T nonimmigrants to accurately reflect changes codified by Congress in the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013). 20 DHS has revised the public charge inadmissibility exemption provision proposed in the NPRM and created new provisions to align these regulations with the changes to the law made by VAWA 2013. T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status will no longer need to submit a waiver of inadmissibility for public charge purposes. 20 See Public Law 113-4, 127 Stat. 54 (Mar. 7, 2013). • Victims of Criminal Activity (U) Nonimmigrants Exemption. DHS has revised the regulatory provisions relating to the exemption from public charge inadmissibility for individuals who have a pending application for U nonimmigrant status, or who are granted U nonimmigrant status, to align these regulations with the changes to the law made by VAWA 2013. In the proposed rule, U nonimmigrant petitioners or those granted U nonimmigrant status were exempted from the public charge inadmissibility ground for purposes of U nonimmigrant status or for purposes of adjustment of status under section 245(m) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255(m). DHS has clarified that, in general, U visa petitioners and those granted U nonimmigrant status are exempt from a public charge inadmissibility determination in any future immigration benefit request that requires a finding of admissibility, not only adjustment of status under section 245(m) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255(m). • VAWA 2013 Public Charge Exemptions and the Affidavit of Support Requirement for Certain Employment-Based Petitions. DHS has revised several regulatory provisions relating to T nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, VAWA self-petitioners, and qualified aliens as described in 8 U.S.C. 1641(c). The proposed rule was silent on the applicability of section 212(a)(4)(D) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(D), which requires an affidavit of support as described in section 213A of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, for certain employment-based immigrant petitions. DHS has modified the exemption provisions at 8 CFR 212.23(a) with respect to T nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, VAWA self-petitions, and certain qualified aliens to accurately reflect changes codified by Congress in VAWA 2013. 21 An alien who falls under one of the VAWA 2013 exemptions from public charge inadmissibility would not need to demonstrate that he or she is not likely at any time to become a public charge, but would need to submit a sufficient affidavit of support described in 213A of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, if adjusting under an employed-based category that requires one by statute. 21 See Public Law 113-4, 127 Stat. 54 (Mar. 7, 2013). 4. Totality of the Circumstances Determination • The Alien is a Primary Caregiver for Household Member as a Consideration in the Education and Skills Factor: DHS has added a provision that would take into consideration whether an alien is a primary caregiver of another in the alien's household, for example a child or elderly relative. This factor is intended to take into consideration difficult-to-monetize contributions by aliens who may lack current employment or an employment history due to their full time, unpaid care of household members. • Heavily Weighted Negative Factor for Receipt of Public Benefits above the Threshold. Under the proposed rule, in conducting the public charge inadmissibility determination, there were two separate heavily weighted factors related to the receipt of public benefits: (1) The alien is currently receiving or is currently certified or approved to receive one or more public benefits and (2) an alien has received one or more public benefits above the applicable threshold within the 36-months immediately preceding the alien's application for a visa, admission or adjustment of status. DHS has consolidated these factors within one heavily weighted negative factor. The factor will apply in cases where the alien has received or has been certified or approved to receive one or more public benefits for more than 12 months within any 36-month period, beginning no earlier than 36 months prior to the alien's application for admission or adjustment of status. • Heavily Weighted Positive Factor for Private Health Insurance. In this final rule DHS added a new heavily weighted positive factor for when the alien has private health insurance appropriate for the expected period of admission, and for which the alien does not receive subsidies in the form of premium tax credits (including advance premium tax credits) under the ACA. This heavily weighted positive factor is in addition to the positive factor that would apply in circumstances where an alien has sufficient household assets and resources (including health insurance not considered to be a public benefit under 8 CFR 212.22(b)) to cover reasonably foreseeable medical costs, including costs related to a medical condition that is likely to require extensive medical treatment or institutionalization or that will interfere with the alien's ability to provide care for himself or herself, to attend school, or to work. • Evidence of the Alien's Health. In response to concerns regarding the qualifications of USCIS adjudicators to evaluate the alien's health, DHS has revised the rule to clarify that, if the alien is required to undergo an immigration medical examination from a civil surgeon or panel physician, DHS will generally defer to the immigration medical examination report when assessing whether the alien is more likely than not at any time in the future to become a public charge on account of a diagnosed medical condition unless there is evidence that the report is incomplete. DHS, however, continues to permit the use of other documentation regarding the alien's medical conditions, as proposed in the NPRM, to assess whether the alien's health makes the alien more likely than not to become a public charge at any time in the future. • Household Assets. DHS has revised the rule to clarify that DHS considers an alien's ownership of significant assets similar to the standards in the affidavit of support regulations under 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B). • Household Income and Servicemembers of the Armed Forces. DHS has revised the rule to clarify that if the applicant is on active duty, other than training, in the Armed Forces of the United States, the applicant's gross household income may be 100 percent of the most recent FPG for the alien's household size, and not 125 percent of the FPG for the alien's household size, as proposed in the NPRM, in order to serve as a positive factor in the public charge inadmissibility determination. • Household Income and Public Benefits. DHS has revised the rule to clarify that the applicant's gross household income does not include any household income from public benefits, as defined in this rule. • Household Income from Illegal Activities. DHS has revised the rule to clarify that household income from illegal activity or sources will not be considered as part of the income, assets, or resources factor in the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS has also consolidated the consideration of income from sources other than household members into a single provision. • Household Income and Evidentiary Considerations. DHS amended the rule to clarify that when assessing the alien's annual gross household income, DHS considers the most recent federal tax-year transcripts from the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for each household member whose income will be considered. Additionally, DHS also clarified that if the most recent tax-year transcripts from the IRS are unavailable, DHS will consider other credible and probative evidence of the household member's income, including an explanation why the evidence is not available. • Fee Waivers and Categories Excluded from Public Charge. DHS has revised the rule to state that a fee waiver request or receipt would not be considered for purposes of determining public charge inadmissibility if the fee waiver was applied for, or granted, as part of an application for which a public charge inadmissibility determination was not required. • Public Benefit Disenrollment and Eligibility. DHS has clarified in the rule how USCIS will consider past public benefits receipt, in the totality of the circumstances. USCIS will consider whether an alien has disenrolled or requested to be disenrolled from the public benefit(s). USCIS will also consider, as part of the totality of the circumstances, any evidence that the alien submits from a Federal, State, local, or tribal agency administering a public benefit, that the alien has specifically identified as showing that the alien does not qualify or would not qualify for such public benefit by virtue of, for instance, the alien's annual gross household income or prospective immigration status, or length of stay. While an alien's prospective ineligibility for a given benefit would not be outcome-determinative, USCIS will consider the information in the totality of the circumstances. • Education and Skills. To clarify additional types of documentation that establish a steady employment history, DHS has revised the evidentiary considerations for the education and skills factor, to require that applicants submit, with their adjustment of status applications, federal tax return transcripts for the previous three years or, if such transcripts are unavailable, other credible and probative evidence, including an explanation of the unavailability of such transcripts. 5. Public Charge Bond for Adjustment of Status Applicants • Breach of Bonds and Threshold of Public Benefit Receipt. In the NPRM, DHS proposed that a public charge bond is considered breached if the bonded alien had used public benefits in the amount or for the duration established as the threshold in the proposed public benefits definition. In this final rule, DHS has modified the threshold to a single duration-based threshold and has moved that threshold from the proposed public benefits definition into the public charge definition. To ensure that the bond breach conditions remain the same in this final rule, DHS has revised the rule, and incorporated the single duration threshold “for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two months)” in the bond breach determination. • Substitution. DHS has revised proposed 8 CFR 213.1 to indicate that DHS will only offer public charge bonds of unlimited duration. Correspondingly, DHS has removed text that references bonds of limited durations or provisions that addressed the substitution of a bond of limited duration. DHS has retained, however, the general bond substitution provision. • Cancellation on the basis of Permanent Departure from the United States. DHS has clarified that an alien is only considered to have voluntarily lost lawful permanent resident status for the purposes of bond cancellation based on a permanent departure when the alien has submitted a record of abandonment of lawful permanent resident status on the form prescribed by DHS and in accordance with the form's instructions, while the alien is outside of the United States. • Discretionary Cancellation. DHS has added language to this final rule to clarify that DHS retains discretion to cancel a public charge bond, notwithstanding an absence of a written request from the obligor or alien, if DHS determines that an alien otherwise meets the applicable eligibility requirements. • Bond Amount. In response to public comment, DHS has revised proposed 8 CFR 213.1 to reduce the minimum amount in which a public charge bond may be offered to $8,100, annually adjusted for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), and rounded up to the nearest dollar. • Bond Breach and Public Benefits Received while in a Status that is Exempt from the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility. DHS has revised this rule to clarify that DHS will not consider, as part of a public charge bond breach determination, any public benefits received by an alien during periods for which the alien received a waiver of the public charge inadmissibility ground. In the NPRM, DHS had already proposed that public benefits received while in a public charge exempt status following the initial grant of status as a lawful permanent resident, and any public benefits received after the alien obtained U.S. citizenship, would not be counted towards the bond breach determination. These exemptions remain unchanged in this final rule. 6. Other Changes • Prospective Application of the Rule. DHS clarified in 8 CFR 212.20, 214.1, and 248.1 that this final rule applies prospectively to applications and petitions postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted electronically) on or after the effective date. (DHS retained and further refined provisions addressing how it will consider receipt of public benefits before the effective date of this rule.) • Technical Changes. DHS has also made miscellaneous technical edits to reduce redundancy and improve readability and clarity. • Changes to Form I-539A. DHS has made non-substantive changes to Supplemental Information for Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status (Form I-539A), which collects biographical information about derivative beneficiaries named on an applicant's Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status (Form I-539). Form I-539A was published as a new form on March 8, 2019, to replace Supplement A of Form I-539. In light of the creation of Form I-539A, DHS has moved the information collection regarding public benefits received by the derivative beneficiaries from Form I-539 to Form I-539A. Each derivative beneficiary of a Form I-539 will need to complete a separate Form I-539A, and provide information regarding the derivative beneficiary's applications for, or receipt of, public benefits, except where the nonimmigrant classification that the derivative beneficiary seeks to extend, or to which the alien seeks to change, is exempted from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. E. Summary of Costs and Benefits This rule will impose new costs on the population applying to adjust status using Form I-485 that are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility. DHS will now require any adjustment applicants subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility and who are applying for adjustment of status on or after the effective date of this final rule to submit a Form I-944 with their Form I-485 to demonstrate they are not likely to become a public charge. Failure to submit the form, where required, may result in a rejection or a denial of the Form I-485 without a prior issuance of a Request for Evidence or Notice of Intent to Deny. 22 Additionally, the associated time burden estimate for completing Form I-485 will increase. 22 See 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7), (b)(8)(ii). The rule will also impose additional costs for those seeking extension of stay or change of status by filing a Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker (Form I-129); Petition for a CNMI-Only Nonimmigrant Transitional Worker (Form I-129CW); or Form I-539 and Form I-539A, as applicable. The associated time burden estimate for completing these forms will increase because these applicants will be required to demonstrate that they have not received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status that they seek to extend or from which they seek to change, and through the adjudication, public benefits as described in final 8 CFR 212.21(b) for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two months). Moreover, the rule will impose new costs associated with the new public charge bond process, including new costs for completing and filing a Public Charge Bond (Form I-945), and Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond (Form I-356). DHS estimates that the additional total cost of the rule will be approximately $35,202,698 annually. This cost includes the population applying to adjust status who are also required to file Form I-944, the opportunity costs of time associated with such filings, as well the increased time burden estimates for completing Forms I-485, I-129, I-129CW, and I-539, and for requesting or cancelling a public charge bond using Form I-945 and Form I-356, respectively. Over the first 10 years of implementation, DHS estimates the total quantified new direct costs of the final rule will be about $352,026,980 (undiscounted). In addition, DHS estimates that the 10-year discounted total direct costs of this final rule will be about $300,286,154 at a 3 percent discount rate and about $247,249,020 at a 7 percent discount rate. Simultaneously, DHS is eliminating the use and consideration of the Request for Exemption for Intending Immigrant's Affidavit of Support (Form I-864W), currently applicable to certain classes of aliens. In lieu of Form I-864W, the alien will indicate eligibility for the exemption of the affidavit of support requirement on Form I-485. The final rule will also potentially impose new costs on obligors (individuals or companies) if an alien has been determined to be likely at any time in the future to become a public charge and will be permitted to submit a public charge bond, for which USCIS will use the new Form I-945. DHS estimates the total cost to file Form I-945 will be, at minimum, about $34,166 annually. 23 23 Calculation: $35.59 (cost per obligor to file Form I-945) * 960 (estimated annual population who would file Form I-945) = $34,166.40 = $34,166 (rounded) annual total cost to file Form I-945. Moreover, the final rule will potentially impose new costs on aliens or obligors who submit Form I-356 as part of a request to cancel the public charge bond. DHS estimates the total cost to file Form I-356 would be approximately $824 annually. 24 24 Calculation: $33.00 (cost per obligor to file Form I-356) * 25 (estimated annual population who would file Form I-356) = $825.00 annual total cost to file Form I-356. The final rule will also result in a reduction in transfer payments from the Federal Government to individuals who may choose to disenroll from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program. Individuals who might choose to disenroll from or forego future enrollment in a public benefits program include foreign-born non-citizens, as well as U.S. citizens who are members of mixed-status households, 25 who may otherwise be eligible for public benefits. DHS estimates that the total reduction in transfer payments from the Federal and State governments will be approximately $2.47 billion annually due to disenrollment or foregone enrollment in public benefits programs by foreign-born non-citizens who may be receiving public benefits. DHS estimates that the 10-year discounted federal and state transfer payments reduction of this final rule will be approximately $21.0 billion at a 3 percent discount rate and about $17.3 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. However, DHS notes there may be additional reductions in transfer payments that we are unable to quantify. 25 DHS uses the term “foreign-born non-citizen” since it is the term the Census Bureau uses. DHS generally interprets this term to mean alien in this analysis. In addition, DHS notes that the Census Bureau publishes much of the data used in this analysis. There also may be additional reductions in transfer payments from states to individuals who may choose to disenroll from or forego enrollment in public benefits program. For example, the Federal Government funds all SNAP food expenses, but only 50 percent of allowable administrative costs for regular operating expenses. 26 Similarly, Federal Medical Assistance Percentages (FMAP) in some U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs, like Medicaid, can vary from between 50 percent to an enhanced rate of 100 percent in some cases. 27 Since the state share of federal financial participation (FFP) varies from state to state, DHS uses the average FMAP across all states and U.S. territories of 59 percent to estimate the amount of state transfer payments. Therefore, the 10-year undiscounted amount of state transfer payments of the provisions of this final rule is about $1.01 billion annually. The 10-year discounted amount of state transfer payments of the provisions of this final rule would be approximately $8.63 billion at a 3 percent discount rate, and about $7.12 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. Finally, DHS recognizes that reductions in federal and state transfers under federal benefit programs may have impacts on state and local economies, large and small businesses, and individuals. For example, the rule might result in reduced revenues for healthcare providers participating in Medicaid, companies that manufacture medical supplies or pharmaceuticals, grocery retailers participating in SNAP, agricultural producers who grow foods that are eligible for purchase using SNAP benefits, or landlords participating in federally funded housing programs. 26 Per section 16(a) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, Public Law 110-234, tit. IV, 122 Stat. 923, 1092 (May 22, 2008) (codified as amended at 7 U.S.C. 2025). See also USDA, FNS Handbook 901, at p. 41 (2017). Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/apd/FNS_HB901_v2.2_internet_Ready_Format.pdf , (last visited July 26, 2019). 27 See Dep't of Health and Human Servs. Notice, Federal Financial Participation in State Assistance Expenditures; Federal Matching Shares for Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and Aid to Needy Aged, Blind, or Disabled Persons for October 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017, 80 FR 73779 (Nov. 25, 2015). Additionally, the final rule will have new direct and indirect impacts on various entities and individuals associated with regulatory familiarization with the provisions of the rule. Familiarization costs involve the time spent reading the details of a rule to understand its changes. A foreign-born non-citizen (such as those contemplating disenrollment or foregoing enrollment in a public benefits program) might review the rule to determine whether he or she is subject to the provisions of the final rule and may incur familiarization costs. To the extent that an individual or entity directly regulated by the rule incurs familiarization costs, those familiarization costs are a direct cost of the rule. In addition to those individuals or entities the rule directly regulates, a wide variety of other entities would likely choose to read and understand the rule and, therefore, would incur familiarization costs. For example, immigration lawyers, immigration advocacy groups, health care providers of all types, non-profit organizations, non-governmental organizations, and religious organizations, among others, may need or want to become familiar with the provisions of this final rule. DHS believes such non-profit organizations and other advocacy groups might choose to read the rule to provide information to those foreign-born non-citizens that might be affected by a reduction in federal and state transfer payments. Familiarization costs incurred by those not directly regulated are indirect costs. DHS estimates the time that would be necessary to read this final rule would be approximately 16 to 20 hours per person depending on an individual's average reading speed and level of review, resulting in opportunity costs of time. An entity, such as a non-profit or advocacy group, may have more than one person that reads the rule. Using the average total rate of compensation as $36.47 per hour for all occupations, DHS estimates that the opportunity cost of time will range from about $583.52 to $729.40 per individual who must read and review the final rule. The final rule will produce some quantified benefits due to the regulatory changes DHS is making. The final rule will produce some benefits for T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status based on their T nonimmigrant status, as this population will no longer need to submit Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility (Form I-601) seeking a waiver of the public charge ground of inadmissibility. DHS estimates the total benefit for this population is $15,176 annually. 28 28 Calculation: $14,880 (Filing fees for Form I-601) + $296.48 (Opportunity cost of time for Form I-601) = $15,176.48 = $15,176 (rounded) total current estimated annual cost for filing T nonimmigrants filing Form I-601 seeking a waiver of grounds of inadmissibility. Therefore, the estimated total benefits of the final rule for T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status using Form I-601 seeking a waiver on grounds of inadmissibility will equal the current cost to file Form I-601 for this population. The primary benefit of the final rule would be to better ensure that aliens who are admitted to the United States, seek extension of stay or change of status, or apply for adjustment of status will be self-sufficient, i.e., will rely on their own financial resources, as well as the financial resources of the family, sponsors, and private organizations. 29 DHS also anticipates that the final rule will produce some benefits from the elimination of Form I-864W. The elimination of this form will potentially reduce the number of forms USCIS would have to process. DHS estimates the amount of cost savings that will accrue from eliminating Form I-864W would be about $36.47 per petitioner. 30 However, DHS is unable to determine the annual number of filings of Form I-864W and, therefore, currently is unable to estimate the total annual cost savings of this change. Additionally, a public charge bond process will also provide benefits to applicants as they potentially will be given the opportunity for adjustment if otherwise admissible, at the discretion of DHS, after a determination that he or she is likely to become a public charge. 29 See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1), (2)(A). 30 Calculation of savings from opportunity cost of time for no longer having to complete and submit Form I-864W: ($36.47 per hour * 1.0 hours) = $36.47. Table 1 provides a more detailed summary of the final provisions and their impacts. Table 1—Summary of Major Provisions and Economic Impacts of the Final Rule Provision Purpose Expected impact of final rule Revising 8 CFR 212.18. Application for Waivers of Inadmissibility in connection with an application for adjustment of status by T nonimmigrant status holders Revising 8 CFR 245.23. Adjustment of aliens in T nonimmigrant classification To clarify that T nonimmigrants seeking adjustment of status are not subject to public charge ground of inadmissibility Quantitative: Benefits: • Benefits of $15,176 annually to T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status who will no longer need to submit Form I-601 seeking a waiver on public charge grounds of inadmissibility. Costs: • None. Adding 8 CFR 212.20. Purpose and applicability of public charge inadmissibility Adding 8 CFR 212.21. Definitions Adding 8 CFR 212.22. Public charge determination To define the categories of aliens that are subject to the public charge determination To establish key definitions, including “public charge,” “public benefit,” “likely to become a public charge,” “household,” and “receipt of public benefits.” Clarifies that evaluating public charge is a prospective determination based on the totality of the circumstances. Outlines minimum and additional factors considered when evaluating whether an alien immigrant is inadmissible based on the public charge ground. Positive and negative factors are weighed to determine an individual's likelihood of becoming a public charge at any time in the future. Quantitative: Benefits: • Benefits of $36.47 per applicant from no longer having to complete and file Form I-864W. Costs: • DHS anticipates a likely increase in the number of denials for adjustment of status applicants based on public charge inadmissibility determinations due to formalizing and standardizing the criteria and process for inadmissibility determinations. Quantitative: Benefits: • Better ensure that aliens who are seeking admission to the United States or apply for adjustment of status are self-sufficient through an improved review process of the mandatory statutory factors. Adding 8 CFR 212.23. Exemptions and waivers for public charge ground of inadmissibility Outlines exemptions and waivers for inadmissibility based on the public charge ground Adding 8 CFR 214.1(a)(3)(iv) and amending 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4)(iv). Nonimmigrant general requirements Amending 8 CFR 248.1(a) and adding 8 CFR 248.1(c)(4). Change of nonimmigrant classification eligibility To provide, with limited exceptions, that an application for extension of stay or change of nonimmigrant status will be denied unless the applicant demonstrates that he or she has not received public benefits since obtaining the nonimmigrant status that he or she is seeking to extend or change, as defined in final 8 CFR 212.21(b), for 12 months, in the aggregate, within a 36 month period Quantitative: Costs: • $6.1 million annually for an increased time burden for completing and filing Form I-129; • $0.12 million annually for an increased time burden for completing and filing Form I-129CW; • $2.4 million annually for an increased time burden for completing and filing Form I-539. Quantitative: Benefits: • Better ensures that aliens who are seeking to extend or change to a status that is not exempt from the section 212(a)(4) inadmissibility ground who apply for extension of stay or change of status continue to be self-sufficient during the duration of their nonimmigrant stay. Amending 8 CFR 245. Adjustment of status to that of person admitted for lawful permanent residence To outline requirements that aliens submit a declaration of self-sufficiency on the form designated by DHS and any other evidence requested by DHS in the public charge inadmissibility determination Quantitative: Direct Costs: • Total annual direct costs of the final rule will range from about $45.5 to $131.2 million, including: • $25.8 million to applicants who must file Form I-944; • $0.69 million to applicants applying to adjust status using Form I-485 with an increased time burden; • $0.34 million to public charge bond obligors for filing Form I-945; and • $823.50 to filers for filing Form I-356. • Total costs over a 10-year period will range from: • $352.0 million for undiscounted costs; • $300.1 million at a 3 percent discount rate; and • $247.2 million at a 7 percent discount rate. Transfer Payments • Total annual transfer payments of the final rule would be about $2.47 billion from foreign-born non-citizens and their households who disenroll from or forego enrollment in public benefits programs. The federal-level share of annual transfer payments will be about $1.46 billion and the state-level share of annual transfer payments will be about $1.01 billion. • Total transfer payments over a 10-year period, including the combined federal- and state-level shares, will be: • $24.7 billion for undiscounted costs; • $21.0 billion at a 3 percent discount rate; and • $17.3 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. Quantitative: Benefits: • Potential to make USCIS' in the review of public charge inadmissibility more effective. Costs: • DHS anticipates a likely increase in the number of denials for adjustment of status applicants based on public charge inadmissibility determinations due to formalizing and standardizing the criteria and process for public charge determination. • Costs to various entities and individuals associated with regulatory familiarization with the provisions of the final rule. Costs will include the opportunity cost of time to read the final rule and subsequently determine applicability of the final rule's provisions. DHS estimates that the time to read this final rule in its entirety would be 16 to 20 hours per individual. DHS estimates that the opportunity cost of time will range from about $583.52 to $729.40 per individual who must read and review the final rule. However, DHS cannot determine the number of individuals who will read the final rule. Public Charge Bond Provisions Amending 8 CFR 103.6. Public charge bonds To set forth the Secretary's discretion to approve bonds, cancellation, bond schedules, and breach of bond, and to move principles governing public charge bonds to final 8 CFR 213.1 Quantitative: Costs: • $34,166 annually to obligors for submitting Public Charge Bond (Form I-945); and • $823.50 annually to filers for submitting Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond (Form I-356). Amending 8 CFR 103.7. Fees Amending 8 CFR 213.1. Admission or adjustment of status of aliens on giving of a public charge bond To add fees for new Form I-945, Public Charge Bond, and Form I-356, Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond In 8 CFR 213.1, to add specifics to the public charge bond provision for aliens who are seeking adjustment of status, including the discretionary availability and the minimum amount required for a public charge bond • Fees paid to bond companies to secure public charge bonds. Fees could range from 1-15 percent of the public charge bond amount based on an individual's credit score. Quantitative: Benefits: • Potentially enable an alien who was found inadmissible only on the public charge ground to adjust his or her status by posting a public charge bond with DHS. Source: USCIS analysis. DHS has prepared a full analysis of this rule according to Executive Orders (E.O.) 12866 and 13563. This analysis can be found in the docket for this rulemaking or by searching for RIN 1615-AA22 on www.regulations.gov. II. Background A. Public Charge Inadmissibility and Public Charge Bonds Under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), an alien who is an applicant for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status is inadmissible if he or she is likely at any time to become a public charge. The public charge ground of inadmissibility, therefore, applies to any alien applying for a visa to come to the United States temporarily or permanently, for admission, or for adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent resident. 31 Section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) does not directly apply to nonimmigrants seeking extension of stay or change of status, 32 because extension of stay and change of status applications are not applications for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status. 31 See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). 32 See INA section 214 and 248, 8 U.S.C. 1184 and 1258. The INA does not define “public charge.” It does specify that when determining if an alien is likely at any time to become a public charge, consular officers and immigration officers must consider the alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial status; and education and skills, at a minimum. 33 Some immigrant and nonimmigrant categories are exempt from the public charge inadmissibility ground and other applicants may apply for a waiver of the public charge inadmissibility ground. 34 33 See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(i). 34 See proposed 8 CFR 212.23. Additionally, section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), permits the consular officer, immigration officer, or an immigration judge to consider any affidavit of support submitted under section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, on the applicant's behalf when determining whether the applicant may become a public charge. 35 In fact, with very limited exceptions, aliens seeking family-based immigrant visas and adjustment of status, and a limited number of employment-based immigrant visas and adjustment of status, must have a sufficient affidavit of support or will be found inadmissible as likely to become a public charge. 36 35 See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(ii). When required, the applicant must submit an Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA (Form I-864). 36 See INA section 212(a)(4)(C), (D), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(C), (D). A sufficient affidavit of support is one in which the sponsor has demonstrated that he or she has enough income and/or assets to maintain the sponsored alien and the rest of the sponsor's household at 125% of the FPG for that household size (or at 100 percent of the FPG if the sponsor is active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces or U.S. Coast Guard). In general, if DHS has determined that an alien is inadmissible based on public charge, but is otherwise admissible, DHS may admit the alien at DHS's discretion upon the alien posting a suitable and proper bond as determined by DHS. 37 The purpose of issuing a public charge bond is to ensure that the alien will not become a public charge in the future. 38 37 See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183; see also 8 CFR 103.6; 8 CFR 213.1. 38 Matter of Viado, 19 I&N Dec. 252, 253 (BIA 1985). B. Current Public Charge Standards As discussed in the NPRM, 39 DHS currently makes public charge determinations in accordance with the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. 40 This guidance explains how the agency determines if a person is likely at any time to become a public charge under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a), for admission and adjustment of status purposes, and whether a person has become a public charge within five years of entry from causes not affirmatively shown to have arisen since entry, and therefore deportable under section 237(a)(5) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5). 41 On May 26, 1999, INS issued a proposed rule that would have codified these policies in regulation. Ultimately, however, INS did not publish a final rule conclusively addressing these issues. 42 DOS also issued a cable to its consular officers at that time, implementing similar guidance for visa adjudications, and its Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM) was similarly updated. 43 USCIS has continued to follow the 1999 Interim Field Guidance in its adjudications, and DOS has continued following the public charge guidance set forth in the FAM. 44 39 See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51133 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). 40 See 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). 41 See 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). In addition to the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, INS proposed promulgating these policies through rulemaking, which was never concluded. See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28676 (proposed May 26, 1999). 42 See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28676 (proposed May 26, 1999). 43 See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28676, 28680 (proposed May 26, 1999). 44 See Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009, Public Law 111-3, sec. 214, 123 Stat. 8, 56 (Feb. 4, 2009); 9 FAM 302.8-2(B)(2), Determining “Totality of Circumstances,” (g) Public Charge Bonds, https://fam.state.gov/fam/09fam/09fam030208.html (last visited July 26, 2019). Note, on July 10, 2018, DOS amended 9 FAM 302.8. In the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, public charge is defined to mean an alien who is likely to become primarily dependent 45 on the government for subsistence, as demonstrated by either: 45 Former INS defined “primarily dependent” as “the majority” or “more than 50 percent.” • Receipt of public cash assistance for income maintenance; or • Institutionalization for long-term care at government expense. Under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, DHS did not consider receipt of non-cash, supplemental and certain limited cash, and special purpose benefits. Similarly, DHS did not consider institutionalization for short periods of rehabilitation because it does not constitute primary dependence. 46 As discussed in the NPRM, the use of public charge bonds has decreased since the introduction of enforceable affidavits of support in section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a. 47 46 Similar to DHS, DOS has been making public charge inadmissibility determinations using the same legal framework, as reflected in the FAM. See 9 FAM 302.8, Public Charge—INA 212(a)(4), https://fam.state.gov/FAM/09FAM/09FAM030208.html (last visited July 26, 2019). 47 See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51219 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). C. Final Rule Following careful consideration of public comments received, DHS has made modifications to the regulatory text proposed in the NPRM, as described above. The rationale for the proposed rule and the reasoning provided in the background section of that rule remain valid, except as described in this regulatory preamble. Section III of this preamble includes a detailed summary and analysis of the public comments. Comments may be reviewed at the Federal Docket Management System (FDMS) at http://www.regulations.gov, docket number USCIS-2010-0012. III. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule A. Summary of Public Comments On October 10, 2018, DHS, USCIS published a proposed rule in docket USCIS-2010-0012. The comment period associated with the proposed rule closed at the end of December 10, 2018. DHS received a total of 266,077 public comment submissions in Docket USCIS-2010-0012 in response to the proposed rule. The majority of comment submissions were from individual or anonymous commenters. Other commenters included healthcare providers; research institutes and universities; law firms and individual attorneys; federal, state, local, and tribal elected officials; State and local government agencies; religious and community organizations; advocacy groups; unions; Federal Government officials; and trade and business organizations. While some commenters provided support for the rule, the vast majority of commenters opposed the rule. B. Requests To Extend Comment Period Comment: Some commenters requested that DHS extend the comment period. An individual commenter said the 60-day comment period is not enough time for such a drastic policy and asserted it would be unfair to American people to proceed with the proposed changes. Another individual commenter asked USCIS to extend the notice and comment period for an additional 90 days. A commenter wrote that the 60-day comment period provided inadequate time for its members to meaningfully comment on the proposed rule, and requested a further 60-day extension. Another commenter urged that DHS consider extending the notice and comment period for the docket until all interested individuals have the opportunity to provide input. The commenter said it is standard practice for an agency to extend a notice and comment period when circumstance suggest that additional input may be beneficial. Response: DHS believes that the 60-day comment period provided an adequate opportunity for public input, and declines to extend the comment period. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is silent regarding the duration of the public comment period, and does not establish a minimum duration. 48 However, the 60-day comment period is in line with E.O. 12866, which encourages agencies to provide at least 60 days for the public to comment on economically significant rules. The sufficiency of the 60-day comment period provided in this rule is supported by the over 266,000 public comments received. The public, including attorneys; federal, state, local, and tribal elected officials; and advocacy organizations provided a great number of detailed and informative comments. In addition, DHS notes that the proposed rule had been listed in the publicly available Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions since the Fall 2017 publication. Given the quantity and quality of comments received in response to the proposed rule, and other publicly available information regarding the rule, DHS believes that the 60-day comment period has been sufficient. 48 See 5 U.S.C. 553(c). C. Comments Expressing General Support for the NPRM Comment: Many commenters stated that immigrants should be self-sufficient. Many commenters stated that aliens should not be permitted to accept government benefits or depend on U.S. taxpayer money to support themselves if they want to obtain green cards. Commenters stated that immigrants should be productive members of society to gain admission to the United States and should not be a burden on the state. One commenter said that migrants should not be able to obtain welfare unless they have a minimum working record in the United States. Another commenter supported the rule and said that illegal immigration needs to stop. One commenter said that this country does not need more poor people. A commenter said that immigrants who cannot support themselves should not come to the United States. Other commenters said that the United States should not be responsible for taking care of people from other countries. One commenter noted that this rule will address the problem of public assistance use by unauthorized aliens seeking to legalize their status, DACA recipients, and any other immigrants who want to legalize their status but who are unable to support themselves or their families. Another commenter indicated that the rule will encourage immigrants to work hard and become self-sufficient. Response: DHS agrees that applicants for admission and adjustment of status who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility should be self-sufficient and should not depend on the government to meet their needs, and this rule seeks to better ensure self-sufficiency. DHS firmly believes that this was Congress' intent in enacting section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), including the changes to this ground made in 1996. 49 DHS, however, disagrees with comments suggesting that this rule addresses, or should address, eligibility for government benefits programs. DHS also disagrees that the rule addresses eligibility for public benefits by certain specified groups, such as aliens unlawfully present, or DACA recipients. Neither the public charge ground of inadmissibility nor this final rule govern eligibility for public benefits; they govern which aliens are inadmissible or ineligible for admission or adjustment of status. This final rule does not address the government's responsibility to care for foreign nationals and does not address which aliens are, or should be, eligible to receive public benefits. 49 See IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) (amending INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)); H.R. Rep. No. 104-828 at 240-41 (1996) (Conf. Rep.) (“This section amends INA section 212(a)(4) to expand the public charge ground of inadmissibility. . . . Self-reliance is one of the most fundamental principles of immigration law.”). DHS also disagrees with suggestions that this rule is aimed at making sure poor people are not able to enter the United States. As noted previously, the rule aims to ensure that aliens subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility are self-sufficient. An alien's assets, resources, and financial status is one factor that is considered in the totality of the circumstances when making a public charge inadmissibility determination and is not outcome determinative. Comment: Some commenters stated that the rule will have a positive impact on the U.S. economy and job creation, and will protect the social safety net. Numerous commenters mentioned that public assistance should be reserved for U.S. citizens who need help and not immigrants who arrive unable to contribute to the nation's well-being. Other commenters stated that as more immigrants look to come to the United States, the proposed public charge rule is needed to preserve the “American Dream” for future generations and to prevent the current generation from having to shoulder the financial burden of paying for foreign nationals who cannot provide for themselves. Response: This rule does not aim to address the U.S. economy, job creation, protection of the social safety net or the “American dream,” curtail spending on public assistance, or ensure that public assistance will be reserved for U.S. citizens. This rule also does not attempt to curtail efforts to address broader economic and health problems, including with respect to people outside the United States. Rather, the purpose of this rule is to implement the public charge ground of inadmissibility consistent with the principles of self-sufficiency set forth by Congress, and to minimize the incentive of aliens to attempt to immigrate to, or to adjust status in, the United States due to the availability of public benefits. 50 While the rule may result in reductions in overall alien enrollment in certain public benefit programs, improve the ability of U.S. citizens to obtain public benefits for which they are eligible, or otherwise benefit the U.S. economy, this rule does not directly regulate these matters. 50 See 8 U.S.C. 1601. Comment: Some commenters stated that there should be more stringent immigration standards generally and reductions in the number of immigrants in the United States. Some commenters stated that immigrants are “abusing” the U.S. welfare system. Other commenters offered general support for the NPRM without further explanation. Response: DHS does not intend this rule to reduce overall immigration levels to the United States. Instead, this rule is an exercise of DHS's authority to interpret the public charge ground of inadmissibility. Fraud or abuse in alien enrollment in public benefits programs is of course problematic, but the public charge ground of inadmissibility applies to an alien who is likely at any time to become a public charge, regardless of whether such alien is likely to fraudulently obtain public benefits or abuse the public benefits system. With respect to comments about an alien receiving public benefits for which he or she was not eligible, DHS notes that to the extent that an alien obtains such a benefit by falsely claiming to be a U.S. citizen, the alien may be inadmissible for falsely claiming U.S. citizenship (section 212(a)(6)(C)(ii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)), depending on the circumstances by which he or she received the benefits improperly. Additionally, to the extent that an applicant who has obtained public benefits through fraud or misrepresentation subsequently applies for an immigration benefit for which a favorable exercise of discretion is required, the fraud or misrepresentation can be considered in deciding whether to favorably exercise that discretion. However, public benefits that an alien obtains unlawfully are outside of the scope of this rulemaking, which only addresses inadmissibility based on the public charge ground of inadmissibility. D. Comments Expressing General Opposition to the NPRM 1. Purpose of the Rule and Self Sufficiency Comment: Commenters stated that the proposed rule represented an ineffective solution to a non-existent problem—a lack of self-sufficiency among immigrants. A commenter indicated that the proposed rule emphasized that the self-sufficiency of immigrants is a long-standing congressional policy, yet did not provide sufficient data that dependency on the government and/or government benefits is a problem within immigrant communities, especially in light of data showing that immigrants have been shown generally to make very strong economic contributions to the country. The commenter stated that, for example, in 2014 immigrant-led households in Massachusetts paid nearly $10 billion dollars in federal, state, and local taxes, and represented nearly $28 billion dollars in spending power. Additionally, commenters expressed concern that the text of the rule suggests that it is the main responsibility of our nation's immigration system—and the agencies which run it—to cultivate or maintain a national ethos of “self-sufficiency.” A commenter indicated that immigration policies and systems are meant to achieve a number of different goals, such as family unity, diversity, humanitarian assistance, and ensuring sufficient labor. Commenters stated that safeguarding our nation from individuals that may at some point need government support is not the singular or even primary purpose of our system of immigration. Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters that ensuring the self-sufficiency of immigrants is unnecessary, or that a lack of self-sufficiency is a non-existent problem. As outlined in the NPRM, Congress clearly declared, in its policy statement in PRWORA, that self-sufficiency has been a basic principle of United States immigration law since this country's earliest immigration statutes and that it should continue to be a governing principle in the United States. 51 Congress also has maintained the public charge ground of inadmissibility in law since 1882. DHS believes that applicants for admission and adjustment of status who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility should be self-sufficient and should not depend on the government to meet their needs, and DHS firmly believes that this was Congress' intent in enacting section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), including as recently as 1996. 52 DHS agrees with the commenter that immigration laws and policies serve many purposes, including goals such as family unity, diversity, humanitarian assistance. However, U.S. immigration laws balance competing values. For example, the criminal grounds of inadmissibility 53 are designed to protect the United States and its citizens from harm and threats to public safety, 54 while health-related grounds of inadmissibility are intended to protect the health of the United States population. 55 These grounds of inadmissibility are valid exercises of congressional authority, notwithstanding that such grounds of inadmissibility may sometimes impede family unity, and notwithstanding that in many individual aliens' cases, such grounds of inadmissibility may not be implicated. Similarly, here, Congress, though legislation, addressed various policy considerations when determining whether a foreign national should be admitted to the United States, including whether an individual who is likely at any time in the future to become a public charge should be admitted to the United States. Therefore, while self-sufficiency may not be the primary purpose of U.S. immigration laws, it is one consideration put into place by Congress. 51 See 8 U.S.C. 1601. 52 See IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) (amending INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)); H.R. Rep. No. 104-828 at 240-41 (1996) (Conf. Rep.) (“This section amends INA section 212(a)(4) to expand the public charge ground of inadmissibility. . . . Self-reliance is one of the most fundamental principles of immigration law.”). 53 See INA section 212(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2). 54 See INA section 212(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2). 55 See INA section 212(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(1). DHS is under no obligation to demonstrate that all or most aliens in the United States are not self-sufficient. To the extent that an alien is self-sufficient, the alien is unlikely to be affected by this rule. In the NPRM, DHS did provide extensive data on the lack of self-sufficiency among certain aliens, and showed how the minimum statutory factors identified by Congress relate to the self-sufficiency of individuals and their receipt of public benefits. 56 DHS acknowledges that immigrants provide significant contribution to the United States as a whole and within their communities, as demonstrated by data and information provided by many commenters. However, the focus of the inquiry for public charge purposes is whether an individual alien, who is seeking to be admitted to the United States or who is applying for adjustment of status, is likely to become a public charge at any time in the future. This determination is made following consideration of the totality of the alien's individual circumstances and is a predictive assessment. 56 See throughout the NPRM, Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 (proposed October 10, 2018). Comment: A commenter stated that section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) neither mentioned or discussed self-sufficiency nor identified self-sufficiency as a criteria in the determination and therefore disagreed with primary purpose of the rule outlined in the NPRM. Given the close proximity in time when PRWORA and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) passed, the commenter considered it significant that Congress restricted an immigrant's eligibility for public benefits with PRWORA, yet IIRIRA codified the minimum mandatory factors without PRWORA's articulated self-sufficiency principles as relied on by DHS in the NPRM. The commenter indicated that both PRWORA and IIRIRA, were considered in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance because PRWORA and IIRIRA had created widespread confusion about permissible public benefit receipt in relation to public charge inadmissibility. The commenter stated that the current rule failed to identify post-1999 laws, data, or experience, such as congressional authorities or other information not already taken into account by INS in developing the 1999 Interim Field Guidance that informed DHS's development of the proposed rule. The commenter therefore requested that DHS in its final rule identify and describe legal authorities or information other than the authorities which predated the 1999 Interim Field Guidance and that were relied on by INS, which DHS considered in developing its proposed definition of public charge. The commenter stated that if Congress had wanted to achieve the self-sufficiency or cost-savings goals identified by the NPRM it could alter the eligibility rules for the enumerated programs, but has not changed the public benefit eligibility requirements, and expanded eligibility for some programs following the enactment of PRWORA and IIRIRA in 1996, such as in 2002, when Congress restored SNAP eligibility for all qualified immigrant children. Response: Although DHS agrees with the commenter that self-sufficiency is not mentioned in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), DHS maintains, as outlined in the NPRM, that this principle, a congressional' policy objective, informs and has informed public charge determinations. Based on the administrative and legislative context discussed in the NPRM, 57 including congressional records relating to debates addressing self-sufficiency prior to Congress' passing of IIRIRA, 58 DHS's view of self-sufficiency and its role in the public charge determination remains unchanged. In fact, DHS considers the proximity of the passage of both PRWORA and IIRIRA as an indication that Congress associated public charge closely with the principles governing PRWORA, and that Congress must have recognized that it made certain public benefits available to some aliens who are also subject to the public charge grounds of inadmissibility, even though receipt of such benefits could render the alien inadmissible as likely to become a public charge. Additionally, as outlined in the NPRM, DHS does not believe that the plain text of section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), INS's discussion of PRWORA and IIRIRA, and the case law cited by INS or DHS requires the adoption of the legacy INS interpretations for purposes of public charge. As discussed in detail throughout the NPRM and below, the term public charge is ambiguous, and neither the statute nor case law prescribe the degree to which an alien must be receiving public benefits to be considered a public charge. DHS remains convinced that its interpretation is permissible and reasonable. 57 See 83 FR 51114 (Oct. 10, 2018). 58 See 142 Cong. Rec. S4609 (May 2, 1996) (statement of Sen. Byrd) (“[S]elf-sufficiency will be the watchword for those coming to the United States. By making noncitizens ineligible for Federal means-tested programs, and by `deeming' a sponsor's income attributable to an immigrant, the American taxpayer will no longer be financially responsible for new arrivals.”), available at https://www.congress.gov/crec/1996/05/02/CREC-1996-05-02-pt1-PgS4592.pdf. (last visited July 26. 2019). DHS disagrees with the commenter that the NPRM failed to identify post-1999 laws, data, or experience, such as congressional authorities or other information not already taken into account by INS in developing current public charge policy that informed DHS's development of the proposed rule. Post-PRWORA, Congress did restore some public benefit eligibility for aliens. DHS acknowledged these developments in the NPRM preamble. 59 For example, DHS incorporated the discussion that in 2002, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, Public Law 107-17, (May 13, 2002), Section 4401, restored SSI benefits for any person who was lawfully residing in the United States on August 22, 1996; restored SNAP for all children under 18; and provided that “qualified aliens” 60 were eligible for SNAP after five years of entry into the United States. In 2007, Section 525 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 61 provided for Iraqi and Afghan foreign nationals to obtain benefits. 59 See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51126-51133 (proposed October 10, 2018). 60 “Qualified aliens” generally includes lawful permanent resident aliens, refugees/asylees, and other non-temporary legal residents (such as Cuban/Haitian entrants). 61 Public Law 110-161 (Dec. 26, 2007). These provision and others restoring or providing public benefit access to immigrants are incorporated to the statutory provisions governing PRWORA, 8 U.S.C. 1611. Therefore, this rule is informed by all the documentation and data presented before the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, as well as relevant subsequent legislation, and relevant case law. DHS would note that precedential decisions and other materials cited by DHS do not lose persuasive value for purposes of DHS's interpretation simply because they were also addressed in the 1999 proposed rule and 1999 Interim Guidance. 62 Further, although subsequent legislation, such as Congress's expansion of SNAP, expanded eligibility of public benefits to certain aliens, Congress has not subsequently changed the section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182, which governs the public charge inadmissibility determination. 63 62 For example, precedent decisions issued by the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) and the Attorney General are binding on DHS until overruled. See 8 CFR 103.3(c), 103.10(b), 1003.1(g); see, e.g., Matter of E-L-H- , 23 I&N Dec. 814, 817 (BIA 2005) (finding that a published Board decision has precedential effect unless and until modified or overruled by the Attorney General, the Board, Congress, or a Federal court.). 63 Cf. Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver Cty. Emp. Ret. Fund, 138 S. Ct. 1061, 1070 (2018) (explaining that, if Congress had wanted to deprive state courts of jurisdiction over certain class actions, it could have easily done so by inserting a provision). Comment: A commenter stated that Congress, not DHS, may change statutory eligibility requirements for federally-administered public benefits programs, including the ones listed in the NPRM. The commenter stated that DHS's regulatory framework was designed to achieve the same effects as changing eligibility requirements—decreased and foregone enrollment in public benefit programs by certain populations—and therefore, usurped Congress' role. Response: DHS strongly disagrees with the comment that that DHS's regulatory framework was designed to achieve the same effects as changing eligibility requirements—decreased and foregone enrollment in public benefit programs by certain populations—and therefore, usurped Congress' role. Although DHS acknowledges that the rule, once effective, may lead individuals to disenroll or choose to forego enrollment from public benefits, the rule does not change eligibility requirements for public benefits. The rule only provides for whether an alien is admissible into the United States, which is a matter of immigration law for the Federal Government and delegated to DHS. 2. Requests for Reconsideration and Withdrawal of NPRM Comment: Several commenters asked that DHS reconsider the rule and withdraw it, stating that the rule is unnecessary and would place an undue burden on DHS and immigrants. One commenter stated the proposed rule's preamble does not establish a sufficient justification for the proposed revisions. Another commenter stated that the NPRM was too long and discouraged the public from commenting on the proposed rule. Some commenters expressed concern that the rule conflicts with local, state, and federal initiatives, including undermining community-based, non-profit efforts, and making the immigration system inefficient. Several commenters stated that DHS should focus on promoting a rule that strengthens, rather than undermines, immigrants' ability to support themselves. Some commenters requested that the rule be withdrawn in its entirety, and that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance remain in effect. Response: DHS will not retract the proposed rule and is concluding the public charge inadmissibility rulemaking through the publication of this final rule. DHS is committed to implementing section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), consistent with the principles of self-sufficiency set forth by Congress. As required by the statute and reflected in this rule, DHS's public charge inadmissibility determinations will involve an assessment of the mandatory factors as they relate to the likelihood of an applicant becoming a public charge at any time in the future. Comment: Multiple commenters said the rule should be withdrawn, the 1999 Interim Field Guidance should remain in place, and that the proposed rule is a drastic change from the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. Many said that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance is consistent with congressional intent and case law and should not be abandoned. One commenter noted that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance's exclusion of certain public health, nutrition, and in-kind community service programs was consistent with the intent of Congress as expressed in its 1996 Conference Report regarding PRWORA and that rule was a departure from this intent. Response: DHS disagrees that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance should remain in place. DHS has chosen to define public charge more broadly than in the 1999 NPRM and 1999 Interim Field Guidance. DHS believes this broader definition is consistent with Congress' intention that aliens should be self-sufficient. Self-sufficiency is, and has long been, a basic principle of immigration law in this country. 64 DHS believes that this rule aligns DHS regulations with that principle. 65 64 See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1). 65 See Southern S.S. Co. v. N.L.R.B., 316 U.S. 31, 47 (1942) (“Frequently the entire scope of Congressional purpose calls for careful accommodation of one statutory scheme to another. . . .”). Comment: A commenter urged DHS to either withdraw the proposed rule or if moving to finalize it, to provide a full and complete analysis of all public comments received on the proposed rule, including the total number of comments, (and the number of those signing individual comments), composition of, relative numbers of commenters supporting and opposing the overall proposal, the volume and nature of comments regarding specific provisions, and the rationale for specific choices made by DHS in light of comments. The commenter stated that doing so would provide transparency regarding the extent to which DHS considered public input in accordance with the APA. Response: DHS declines to withdraw the NPRM and will conclude rulemaking with the publication of this final rule. DHS has responded to public comments that raise substantive issues or offer significant alternatives. 66 In this final rule, DHS is providing both an overview of public comments and commenters, and a complete analysis of public comments including those addressing specific aspects of the proposed rule. DHS has fully considered the public input on this rule in accordance with the APA. 66 Reytblatt v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 105 F.3d 715, 722 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Northside Sanitary Landfill, Inc. v. Thomas, 849 F.2d 1516 (D.C. Cir 1988). Comment: Commenters stated that DHS's position is inconsistent with the 1999 NPRM. Response: DHS agrees that this rule takes a different approach to interpreting the public charge ground of inadmissibility than the 1999 NPRM, and withdrew the 1999 NPRM as part of the 2018 NPRM. 67 The 2018 NPRM explained DHS's proposed change of position. DHS is not bound by a twenty-year-old proposed rule, and believes that this rule represents a permissible implementation of the public charge inadmissibility standard that Congress provided when it enacted section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). This public charge inadmissibility rule provides long-absent guidance on how to interpret key statutory terms, which have never been fully defined by Congress, and which the agency has the authority and responsibility to define. 67 See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). 3. Alternatives to the Public Charge Rule Comment: An individual commenter proposed creating a “self-sufficiency program” in place of the proposed rule, modeled after the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (ORR) Voluntary Agencies Matching Grant Program that provides intensive case management, English language and vocational training, and a variety employment services, which would serve as an alternative to public benefits receipt by immigrants and nonimmigrants. A commenter suggested that rather than creating this rule to disincentivize receipt of public assistance by revoking or denying citizenship status based on receipt of public assistance, DHS should instead create classes or provide resources to aliens to help them understand the importance of self-sufficiency. Response: DHS notes that this rule does not address eligibility for citizenship and neither the statute nor this final rule permit revocation or denial of citizenship status based on the public charge inadmissibility ground. This rule establishes guidelines for determining whether aliens who are applicants for admission or adjustment of status, and who are subject to section 212(a)(4) of the Act, are inadmissible as likely to become a public charge at any time in the future. 68 DHS further notes that it will not create programs in lieu of this rule that will help aliens attain self-sufficiency, as DHS believes, consistent with Congress's intent set forth in PRWORA, that aliens should be self-sufficient before they seek admission or adjustment of status. 68 See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). Comment: A commenter requested a national stakeholder workgroup be convened to accomplish the Administration's goals rather than proceeding with the public charge rule, which the commenter asserted will have a negative impact on the health and financial security of aliens. Response: DHS disagrees that a stakeholder working group is an alternative to this rulemaking. As indicated elsewhere in this rule, DHS is exercising its authority to interpret the INA consistent with its congressional mandate. This final rule provides necessary guidance for purposes of implementing section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), including, by defining statutory terms that have never been defined by Congress in the over 100 years since the public charge inadmissibility ground first appeared in the immigration laws. The rulemaking process allowed for ample public participation. DHS notes that it received over 266,000 public comments. DHS also participated in over 20 OMB E.O. 12866 meetings with public stakeholders related to the proposed rule. Therefore, DHS does not believe that national stakeholder group would work as substitute for this rulemaking. In addition, DHS notes that USCIS has a robust stakeholder communication and engagement program that covers all aspects of the agency's operations. This program will engage stakeholders when this rule becomes final to help ensure that applicants for immigration benefits and their representatives fully understand the new rule. 4. Discrimination and Disparate Impact Comment: Several commenters stated that this rule discriminates against both alien [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2019-17142. Public record. Not legal advice.