# Migratory Bird Hunting; Proposed Frameworks for Migratory Bird Hunting Regulations > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2019-07527 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Proposed Rule - **Published:** April 17, 2019 - **Citation:** 84 FR 16152 ## Text DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 20 [Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0030; FF09M21200-189-FXMB1231099BPP0] RIN 1018-BD10 Migratory Bird Hunting; Proposed Frameworks for Migratory Bird Hunting Regulations AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule; supplemental. SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (hereinafter Service or we) is proposing to establish the 2019-20 hunting regulations for certain migratory game birds. We annually prescribe frameworks, or outer limits, for dates and times when hunting may occur and the number of birds that may be taken and possessed in hunting seasons. These frameworks are necessary to allow State selections of seasons and limits and to allow recreational harvest at levels compatible with population and habitat conditions. DATES: You must submit comments on the proposed migratory bird hunting frameworks by May 17, 2019. ADDRESSES: Comments: You may submit comments on the proposals by one of the following methods: • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments on Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0030. • U.S. mail or hand delivery: Public Comments Processing, Attn: FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0030; Division of Policy, Performance, and Management Programs; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: BPHC; 5275 Leesburg Pike; Falls Church, VA 22041-3803. We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any personal information you provide us (see the Review of Public Comments and Flyway Council Recommendations section, below, for more information). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ron W. Kokel, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, MS: MB, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803; (703) 358-1967. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: New Process for the Annual Migratory Game Bird Hunting Regulations As part of the Department of the Interior's retrospective regulatory review, 3 years ago we developed a schedule for migratory game bird hunting regulations that is more efficient and provides hunting season dates much earlier than was possible under the old process. Under the new process, we develop proposed hunting season frameworks for a given year in the fall of the prior year. We then finalize those frameworks a few months later, thereby enabling the State agencies to select and publish their season dates in early summer. We provided a detailed overview of the new process in the August 3, 2017, Federal Register (82 FR 36308). This proposed rule is the third in a series of proposed and final rules for the establishment of the 2019-20 hunting seasons. Regulations Schedule for 2019 On June 14, 2018, we published a proposal to amend title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at part 20 (83 FR 27836). The proposal provided a background and overview of the migratory bird hunting regulations process, and addressed the establishment of seasons, limits, and other regulations for hunting migratory game birds under §§ 20.101 through 20.107, 20.109, and 20.110 of subpart K. This document is the third in a series of proposed, supplemental, and final rules for migratory game bird hunting regulations. We will publish additional supplemental proposals for public comment in the Federal Register as population, habitat, harvest, and other information become available. Major steps in the 2019-20 regulatory cycle relating to open public meetings and Federal Register notifications were illustrated in the diagram at the end of the June 14, 2018, proposed rule (83 FR 27836). Further, we explained that all sections of subsequent documents outlining hunting frameworks and guidelines were organized under numbered headings. Those headings are: 1. Ducks A. General Harvest Strategy B. Regulatory Alternatives C. Zones and Split Seasons D. Special Seasons/Species Management i. September Teal Seasons ii. September Teal/Wood Duck Seasons iii. Black ducks iv. Canvasbacks v. Pintails vi. Scaup vii. Mottled ducks viii. Wood ducks ix. Youth Hunt x. Mallard Management Units xi. Other 2. Sea Ducks 3. Mergansers 4. Canada Geese A. Special Early Seasons B. Regular Seasons C. Special Late Seasons 5. White-fronted Geese 6. Brant 7. Snow and Ross's (Light) Geese 8. Swans 9. Sandhill Cranes 10. Coots 11. Moorhens and Gallinules 12. Rails 13. Snipe 14. Woodcock 15. Band-tailed Pigeons 16. Doves 17. Alaska 18. Hawaii 19. Puerto Rico 20. Virgin Islands 21. Falconry 22. Other Subsequent documents will refer only to numbered items requiring attention. Therefore, it is important to note that we will omit those items requiring no attention, and remaining numbered items will be discontinuous and appear incomplete. The June 14 proposed rule also provided detailed information on the proposed 2019-20 regulatory schedule and announced the Service Regulations Committee (SRC) and Flyway Council meetings. On September 21, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 47868) a second document providing supplemental proposals for migratory bird hunting regulations. The September 21 supplement also provided detailed information on the 2019-20 regulatory schedule and re-announced the SRC and Flyway Council meetings. On October 16-17, 2018, we held open meetings with the Flyway Council Consultants, at which the participants reviewed information on the current status of migratory game birds and developed recommendations for the 2019-20 regulations for these species. This document deals specifically with proposed frameworks for the migratory bird hunting regulations. It will lead to final frameworks from which States may select season dates, shooting hours, areas, and limits. We have considered all pertinent comments received through November 2018, which includes requests for comments in our June 14 and September 21, 2018, proposed rulemaking documents, and comments from the October SRC meeting. In addition, new proposals for certain regulations are provided for public comment. The comment period is specified above under DATES . We will publish final regulatory frameworks for migratory game bird hunting in the Federal Register on or around June 15, 2019. Population Status and Harvest Each year we publish various species status reports that provide detailed information on the status and harvest of migratory game birds, including information on the methodologies and results. These reports are available at the address indicated under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT or from our website at https://www.fws.gov/birds/surveys-and-data/reports-and-publications/population-status.php. We used the following reports: Adaptive Harvest Management, 2019 Hunting Season (September 2018); American Woodcock Population Status, 2018 (August 2018); Band-tailed Pigeon Population Status, 2018 (August 2018); Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest During the 2016-17 and 2017-18 Hunting Seasons (August 2018); Mourning Dove Population Status, 2018 (August 2018); Status and Harvests of Sandhill Cranes, Mid-continent, Rocky Mountain, Lower Colorado River Valley and Eastern Populations, 2018 (August 2018); and Waterfowl Population Status, 2018 (August 2018). Review of Public Comments and Flyway Council Recommendations The preliminary proposed rulemaking, which appeared in the June 14, 2018, Federal Register , opened the public comment period for migratory game bird hunting regulations and discussed the regulatory alternatives for the 2019-20 duck hunting season. Comments and recommendations are summarized below and numbered in the order used in the June 14, 2018, proposed rule. We received recommendations from all four Flyway Councils. Some recommendations supported continuation of last year's frameworks. Due to the comprehensive nature of the annual review of the frameworks performed by the Councils, support for continuation of last year's frameworks is assumed for items for which no recommendations were received. Council recommendations for changes in the frameworks are summarized below. We have included only the numbered items pertaining to issues for which we received recommendations. Consequently, the issues do not follow in successive numerical order. We seek additional information and comments on the recommendations in this supplemental proposed rule. New proposals and modifications to previously described proposals are discussed below. Wherever possible, they are discussed under headings corresponding to the numbered items in the June 14, 2018, proposed rule. General Written Comments: A commenter protested the entire migratory bird hunting regulations process, the killing of all migratory birds, and status and habitat data on which the migratory bird hunting regulations are based. Service Response: Our long-term objectives continue to include providing opportunities to harvest portions of certain migratory game bird populations and to limit harvests to levels compatible with each population's ability to maintain healthy, viable numbers. Having taken into account the zones of temperature and the distribution, abundance, economic value, breeding habits, and times and lines of flight of migratory birds, we believe that the hunting seasons provided for herein are compatible with the current status of migratory bird populations and long-term population goals. Additionally, we are obligated to, and do, give serious consideration to all information received as public comment. While there are problems inherent with any type of representative management of public-trust resources, we believe that the Flyway Council system of migratory bird management has been a longstanding example of State-Federal cooperative management since its establishment in 1952. However, as always, we continue to seek new ways to streamline and improve the process. 1. Ducks A. General Harvest Strategy Council Recommendations: The Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyway Councils recommended the adoption of the “liberal” regulatory alternative. The Mississippi Flyway Council recommended that regulation changes be restricted to one step per year, both when restricting as well as liberalizing hunting regulations. Service Response: As we stated in the June 14, 2018, and September 21, 2018, proposed rules, we intend to continue use of adaptive harvest management (AHM) to help determine appropriate duck-hunting regulations for the 2019-20 season. AHM is a tool that permits sound resource decisions in the face of uncertain regulatory impacts, as well as providing a mechanism for reducing that uncertainty over time. We use AHM to evaluate four alternative regulatory levels for duck hunting in the Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyways based on the population status of mallards (see below). We will use AHM based on the population status of a suite of four species in the Atlantic Flyway (see below). We have specific hunting strategies for species of special concern, such as black ducks, scaup, and pintails. Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyways The prescribed regulatory alternative for the Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyways is based on the status of mallard populations that contribute primarily to each Flyway. In the Central and Mississippi Flyways, we set hunting regulations based on the status and dynamics of mid-continent mallards. Mid-continent mallards are those breeding in central North America (Federal survey strata 13-18, 20-50, and 75-77, and State surveys in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan). In the Pacific Flyway, we set hunting regulations based on the status and dynamics of western mallards. Western mallards are those breeding in Alaska and the northern Yukon Territory (as based on Federal surveys in strata 1-12), and in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia (as based on State- or Province-conducted surveys). For the 2019-20 season, we will continue to use independent optimization to determine the optimal regulatory choice for each mallard stock. This means that we would develop regulations for mid-continent mallards and western mallards independently, based upon the breeding stock that contributes primarily to each Flyway. We detailed implementation of this AHM decision framework for western and mid-continent mallards in the July 24, 2008, Federal Register (73 FR 43290). The optimal AHM strategies for mid-continent and western mallards for the 2019-20 hunting season were calculated using: (1) Harvest-management objectives specific to each mallard stock; (2) the 2019-20 regulatory alternatives; and (3) current population models and associated weights. Based on “liberal” regulatory alternatives selected for the 2018-19 hunting season, the 2018 Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey (WBPHS) results of 9.57 million mid-continent mallards, 3.66 million ponds in Prairie Canada, 1.03 million western mallards observed in Alaska (0.45 million) and the southern Pacific Flyway (0.57 million), the optimal regulatory choice for the three western Flyways is the “liberal” alternative. Therefore, we concur with the recommendations of the Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyway Councils regarding selection of the “liberal” regulatory alternative for the 2019-20 season and propose to adopt the “liberal” regulatory alternative, as described in the September 21, 2018, Federal Register , with one exception (see B. Regulatory Alternatives below). Atlantic Flyway Since 2000, the Service has used an AHM protocol based on the status of eastern mallards to establish the annual framework regulations for duck hunting seasons in the Atlantic Flyway. This protocol assumes that the mallard is an appropriate surrogate for other duck species in the Atlantic Flyway. However, following a review of eastern mallard AHM conducted in 2013, the Atlantic Flyway Council determined that eastern mallards do not adequately represent duck harvest dynamics throughout the entire Flyway; they do not represent the breeding ecology and habitat requirements of other important Atlantic Flyway duck species because their breeding range does not overlap with that of other ducks that breed in the flyway; and their breeding and/or wintering habitat needs differ from many of the other duck species in the Flyway. Thus, although mallards comprise nearly 20 percent of the Atlantic Flyway's duck harvest, the status of eastern mallards does not necessarily reflect that of other Atlantic Flyway duck species. For example, mallards in eastern North America have declined at an average annual rate of 1 percent since 1998, whereas over the same time period all other duck species in eastern North America, for which robust population estimates are available, are stable or increasing. The Atlantic Flyway Council decided that a decision framework based upon a suite of duck species that better represents the habitat needs and harvest distribution of ducks in the Atlantic Flyway would be superior to the current eastern mallard AHM framework, and we concur. Accordingly, the Service and the Atlantic Flyway began working in 2013 to develop a multi-stock AHM protocol for setting annual duck hunting season frameworks for the Atlantic Flyway. The development of multi-stock protocols has now been completed, and we adopted multi-stock AHM as a replacement for eastern mallard AHM (September 21, 2018, Federal Register ; 83 FR 47868). The protocols are based on a suite of four species that represents the dynamics of duck harvest in the Atlantic Flyway and the various habitat types used by waterfowl throughout the Atlantic Flyway: Green-winged teal ( Anas crecca ), common goldeneye ( Bucephala clangula ), ring-necked duck ( Aythya collaris ), and wood duck ( Aix sponsa ). These species comprise more than 40 percent of the Atlantic Flyway's total duck harvest, and they reflect regional variation in harvest composition. The selected species represent upland nesters in boreal and southern Canada (green-winged teal), over-water nesters in boreal Canada (ring-necked duck), cavity nesters in the United States and southern Canada (wood duck), and cavity nesters in boreal Canada (goldeneye). The most important winter waterfowl habitats in the Atlantic Flyway (salt marsh, freshwater marsh, tidal waters, freshwater ponds and lakes, rivers and streams) are important to at least one of these four species. Species selection was also influenced by our need for sufficient time series of estimates of annual abundance and estimates of harvest rate or annual harvest. The protocol has a harvest objective of no more than 98 percent of maximum sustainable long-term yield for any of the four species. Regulatory alternatives are the same as those used in the eastern mallard AHM, except that the mallard bag limit is not prescribed by the optimal regulatory alternative as determined by the multi-stock AHM protocol. The mallard bag limit in the Atlantic Flyway is now based on a separate assessment of the harvest potential of eastern mallards (see xi. Other for further discussion on the mallard bag limit in the Atlantic Flyway). The optimal AHM strategies for the Atlantic Flyway for the 2019-20 hunting season were calculated using: (1) Harvest-management objectives specific to each stock; (2) the 2019-20 regulatory alternatives; and (3) current population models and associated weights. Based on the “liberal” regulatory alternative selected for the 2018-19 duck hunting season, the 2018 WBPHS results of 0.35 million American green-winged teal, 1.12 million wood ducks, 0.63 million ring-necked ducks, and 0.49 million goldeneyes in the eastern survey area and Atlantic Flyway, the optimal regulatory choice for the Atlantic Flyway is the “liberal” alternative. Therefore, we concur with the recommendation of the Atlantic Flyway Council regarding selection of the “liberal” regulatory alternative for the 2019-20 season and propose to adopt the “liberal” regulatory alternative, as described in the September 21, 2018, Federal Register . Further details on biological models used in the protocol, data sources, optimization methods, and simulation results are available at http://www.regulations.gov and on our website at https://www.fws.gov/birds/surveys-and-data/reports-and-publications.php. Regarding the Mississippi Flyway Council recommendation to limit regulatory changes to one step per year, we recognize the longstanding interest by the Council to impose a one-step constraint on regulatory changes. In the September 21, 2018, Federal Register , we noted that the Central and Mississippi Flyways have worked with Service staff during the past 3 years to revisit the AHM protocol for managing harvest of mid-continent mallards. This effort has included a discussion of appropriate management objectives, regulatory packages, and management of non-mallard stocks. We continue to support that these discussions are the appropriate venue to discuss what role, if any, a one-step constraint might play in management of waterfowl in the Central and Mississippi Flyways. Such discussions should include the potential impact of a one-step constraint on the frequency of when the liberal, moderate, and restrictive packages would be recommended. On a final note, while we recognize the Council's concern about potentially communicating a large regulatory change to hunters, we have concerns about the appropriateness of a one-step constraint in situations when the status of the waterfowl resource may warrant a regulatory change larger than one step. Furthermore, it is unclear how the AHM protocol can accommodate a one-step constraint in the Mississippi Flyway if the same constraint is not imposed in the Central Flyway. Technical work on the double-looping process tentatively should be completed by June 2019, with any potential changes to regulatory packages and the harvest strategy approved in October 2019 for the 2021-22 season. We look forward to continued work with the Flyway Councils on this issue. B. Regulatory Alternatives Council Recommendations: The Mississippi Flyway Council recommended that the framework closing date be modified from the last Sunday in January to January 31 for both the “liberal” and “moderate” AHM packages. Service Response: We support the Mississippi Flyway's recommendation for a closing date of January 31 for the 2019-20 midcontinent duck seasons. Although we recognize that this issue is currently being discussed as part of the AHM revision process, we understand that there is agreement among the Mississippi and Central Flyways and the Service's Migratory Bird Management staff that the new forthcoming regulatory alternatives will contain an ending framework date of January 31 for at least the “liberal” regulatory alternative. Thus, we believe adopting the Mississippi Flyway Council's proposed closing date for the 2019-20 seasons is acceptable at this time for both the Mississippi and Central flyways. Further, the Atlantic Flyway currently also has a closing duck framework date of January 31. Therefore, we propose a January 31 closing date for duck frameworks for all four flyways during the 2019-20 hunting seasons. We believe the additional few days will have no measurable impact on duck harvests, and satisfies the desires of the Flyway Councils and hunters. D. Special Seasons/Species Management i. September Teal Seasons Council Recommendations: The Atlantic Flyway Council requested that Florida be allowed to hold an experimental September teal-only season for an additional year (2019), to allow sufficient time to evaluate impacts to non-target species. Service Response: For the 2019-20 season, we will utilize the 2018 breeding population estimate of 6.45 million blue-winged teal from the traditional survey area and the criteria developed for the teal season guidelines. Thus, a 16-day September teal season in the Atlantic, Central, and Mississippi Flyways is appropriate for the 2019-20 season. We agree with the Atlantic Flyway Council's request to extend Florida's experimental teal-only season through 2019. The additional year will allow Florida to collect additional data to meet experimental sample size criteria and study impacts to non-target species. iii. Black Ducks Council Recommendations: The Atlantic and Mississippi Flyway Councils recommended that the Service continue to follow the International Black Duck AHM Strategy for the 2019-20 season. Service Response: In 2012, we adopted the International Black Duck AHM Strategy (77 FR 49868; August 17, 2012). The formal strategy is the result of 14 years of technical and policy decisions developed and agreed upon by both Canadian and U.S. agencies and waterfowl managers. The strategy clarifies what harvest levels each country will manage for and reduces conflicts over country-specific regulatory policies. Further, the strategy allows for attainment of fundamental objectives of black duck management: Resource conservation; perpetuation of hunting tradition; and equitable access to the black duck resource between Canada and the United States while accommodating the fundamental sources of uncertainty (partial controllability and partial observability, structural uncertainty, and environmental variation). The underlying model performance is assessed annually, with a comprehensive evaluation of the entire strategy (objectives and model set) planned after 6 years. For the 2019-20 season, the optimal country-specific regulatory strategies were calculated using: (1) The black duck harvest objective (98 percent of long-term cumulative harvest); (2) 2019-20 country-specific regulatory alternatives; (3) current parameter estimates for mallard competition and additive mortality; and (4) 2018 survey results of 0.53 million breeding black ducks and 0.40 million breeding mallards in the core survey area. The optimal regulatory choices for the 2019-20 season are the “liberal” package in Canada and the “moderate” package in the United States. iv. Canvasbacks Council Recommendations: The Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyway Councils recommended a full season for canvasbacks with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Season lengths would be 60 days in the Atlantic and Mississippi Flyways, 74 days in the Central Flyway, and 107 days in the Pacific Flyway. Service Response: As we discussed in the March 28, 2016, final rule (81 FR 17302), the canvasback harvest strategy that we had relied on until 2015 was not viable under our new regulatory process because it required biological information that was not yet available at the time a decision on season structure needed to be made. We do not yet have a new harvest strategy to propose for use in guiding canvasback harvest management in the future. However, we have worked with technical staff of the four Flyway Councils to develop a decision framework (hereafter, decision support tool) that relies on the best biological information available to develop recommendations for annual canvasback harvest regulations. The decision support tool uses available information (1994-2014) on canvasback population size, growth rate, survival, and harvest and a discrete logistic growth model to derive an optimal harvest policy with an objective of maximum sustained yield. The decision support tool calls for a closed season when the observed population is below 460,000, a 1-bird daily bag limit when the observed breeding population is between 460,000 and 480,000, and a 2-bird daily bag limit when the observed population is greater than 480,000. Given that the 2018 canvasback breeding population estimate from the WBPHS was 686,000 birds, we support the Flyway Councils' recommendations for a 2-canvasback daily bag limit for the 2019-20 season. v. Pintails Council Recommendations: The Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyway Councils recommended a full season for pintails, consisting of a 1-bird daily bag limit and a 60-day season in the Atlantic and Mississippi Flyways, a 74-day season in the Central Flyway, and a 107-day season in the Pacific Flyway. Service Response: The current derived pintail harvest strategy was adopted by the Service and Flyway Councils in 2010 (75 FR 44856; July 29, 2010). For the 2019-20 season, an optimal regulatory strategy for pintails was calculated with: (1) An objective of maximizing long-term cumulative harvest, including a closed-season constraint of 1.75 million birds; (2) the regulatory alternatives and associated predicted harvest; and (3) current population models and their relative weights. Based on a “liberal” regulatory alternative with a 2-bird daily bag limit for the 2018-19 season, and the 2018 WBPHS survey results of 2.37 million pintails observed at a mean latitude of 56.1 degrees, the optimal regulatory choice for all four Flyways for the 2019-20 hunting season is the “liberal” alternative with a 1-bird daily bag limit. vi. Scaup Council Recommendations: The Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyway Councils recommended use of the “moderate” regulation package, consisting of a 60-day season with a 2-bird daily bag in the Atlantic Flyway and a 3-bird daily bag in the Mississippi Flyway, a 74-day season with a 3-bird daily bag limit in the Central Flyway, and an 86-day season with a 3-bird daily bag limit in the Pacific Flyway. Service Response: In 2008, we adopted and implemented a new scaup harvest strategy (73 FR 43290 on July 24, 2008, and 73 FR 51124 on August 29, 2008) with initial “restrictive,” “moderate,” and “liberal” regulatory packages adopted for each Flyway. For scaup, optimal regulatory strategies for the 2019-20 season were calculated using: (1) An objective to achieve 95 percent of long-term cumulative harvest; (2) current scaup regulatory alternatives; and (3) updated model parameters and weights. Based on a “moderate” regulatory alternative selected in 2018, and the 2018 WBPHS survey results of 3.99 million scaup, the optimal regulatory choice for the 2019-20 season for all four Flyways is the “moderate” regulatory alternative. ix. Youth Hunt Council Recommendations: The Pacific Flyway Council recommended replacing tundra swan with swan in the bag limits for the Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days. Service Response: We agree with the Pacific Flyway Council's recommendation to replace tundra swan with swan in the bag limits for the Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days. The change is intended to allow the take of any swan species in the Pacific Flyway (currently applicable to only Montana, Utah, and Nevada) consistent with the swan hunting framework that has existed in the Pacific Flyway since 1995. Swans may only be taken by participants possessing applicable swan hunting permits. This will not change the number of swan hunting permits available in any State, but will provide an opportunity for youths with a swan hunting permit to hunt swans during the Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days in addition to the regular swan season. Youth hunters in other flyways with a tundra swan hunting permit would continue to be able to hunt tundra swans during the Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days. The expected additional harvest from this change is negligible because we anticipate that few youths will apply and successfully draw the limited number of swan hunting permits in the Pacific Flyway, and any issued swan hunting permit may otherwise be filled during the regular swan hunting season. Hunting during the Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days in the Pacific Flyway is expected to result in the same ratio of take between trumpeter and tundra swans as occurs in the regular season. xi. Other Council Recommendations: The Atlantic Flyway Council recommended use of the Eastern Mallard Prescribed Take Level (PTL) analysis for setting mallard bag limits at two (2) birds per day in the Atlantic Flyway until a formal harvest strategy can be developed in conjunction with the Service. Further, they recommended adopting a restriction of no more than one (1) hen mallard per day in conjunction with reducing the mallard bag limit for the 2019-20 hunting season. Service Response: The Atlantic Flyway Council's multi-stock harvest strategy (see above) did not specifically address bag limits for mallards. The number of breeding mallards in northeastern United States (about two-thirds of the eastern mallard population in 1998) has decreased by about 38 percent since 1998, and the overall population has declined by about 1 percent per year during that time period. This has resulted in reduced harvest potential for that population. The Service conducted a PTL analysis to estimate the allowable take (kill rate) for eastern mallards, and compared that with the expected kill rate under the most liberal season length (60 days) being considered as part of the multi-stock framework's regulatory alternatives. PTL requires an estimate of the maximum population growth rate (r max ) in the absence of harvest and density dependence. That estimate is then used to calculate the allowable rate of take as (r max /2)F, where F is a variable that reflects management objectives. Using contemporary data and assuming a management objective of maximum sustained yield, the PTL analysis estimated an allowable take rate of 0.194-0.198. The expected take (kill) rate for eastern mallards under a 60-day season and a 2-mallard daily bag limit in the U.S. portion of the Atlantic Flyway was 0.193 (SE = 0.016), which is slightly below (but not significantly different from) the point estimate of allowable take (PTL) at maximum sustained yield. This indicates that a 2-bird daily bag limit is sustainable at this time. Thus, we agree with the Atlantic Flyway Council's recommendation of a 2-bird daily bag limit for mallards, of which only one may be a hen. We expect that the hen restriction will help conserve the population's breeding stock. Further details on the PTL analysis are available at http://www.regulations.gov and on our website at https://www.fws.gov/birds/surveys-and-data/reports-and-publications.php. 4. Canada Geese B. Regular Seasons Council Recommendations: The Atlantic Flyway Council made several recommendations concerning Canada goose regular seasons. Specifically, they recommended: • Allow Maine to designate their Coastal Zone as a low harvest North Atlantic Population (NAP) Zone for an experimental 3-year period (2019-21); • Change to the “restrictive” season option (30-day season with a daily bag limit of two (2) geese in the New England [Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont] and Mid-Atlantic [New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania] Regions and one (1) goose in the Chesapeake Region [Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia]) for Atlantic Population (AP) harvest areas in the Atlantic Flyway in 2019-20; • Allow Connecticut to modify the boundary between the Atlantic Flyway Resident Population (AFRP) zone and NAP zone; • Allow New Jersey to change the designation of their Coastal Zone from an AFRP to a NAP Canada goose high harvest area beginning in 2019; and • Modify the New York AFRP Canada Goose Areas to no more than 80 days, starting no earlier than the fourth Saturday in October and ending no later than the last day of February. Service Response: We agree with all of the Atlantic Flyway Council's recommendations concerning Canada geese. First, allowing Maine to change the designation of their Coastal Zone to a low harvest NAP Zone for an experimental 3-year period (2019-21) should allow for the harvest of more AFRP geese with the longer season length and higher bag limit. While some additional harvest of NAP Canada geese may occur, the Coastal Zone currently meets the criteria as a low harvest zone under the current NAP harvest strategy. Second, while we note that the current AP harvest strategy indicates that a continuation of the “moderate” season may be considered under the current population, moving to a “restrictive” season in the AP harvest strategy is the more prudent choice. The breeding pair estimate (the primary metric used to inform AP harvest management decisions) has declined sharply the past 2 years, and although the 3-year running average of total indicated pairs (154,969) remains above the harvest strategy threshold (150,000 pairs) for consideration of a moderate season, the 2018 single-year estimate (112,235 pairs) is 25 percent below that level. Further, the total population index has declined by approximately one-third since 2009. The Atlantic Flyway Council notes that this decline, which is only now showing up in the breeding pair estimate, likely reflects an extended period (2009-16) of average or below-average production years. Additionally, gosling production, as indexed by age ratios at banding, was virtually nonexistent in 2018. This is unprecedented in the 22 years this metric has been monitored. Lastly, given current population trends and the poor 2018 production, the harvest strategy is highly likely to prescribe a “restrictive” season in 2020-21. The Atlantic Flyway Council notes that reductions in harvest achieved by implementing a restrictive season 1 year earlier should slow the rate of population decline, and in turn reduce the likelihood of the population declining to a level (60,000 pairs) at which a closed season would be prescribed. Third, the recommended changes to zone boundaries (Connecticut), zone designation (New Jersey), and framework dates (New York) are all the result of a recent Atlantic Flyway Council assessment of migrant Canada goose harvest in AFRP zones. The assessment indicated that migrant Canada goose harvest in AFRP zones in those States exceeded the level allowed by the Atlantic Flyway Council's established criteria. The Council's recommended changes will reduce migrant Canada goose harvest in AFRP zones in those States and bring them back into compliance with AFRP zone criteria. Thus, we agree that all three changes are appropriate, and we commend the Atlantic Flyway Council's continuing commitment to sustainable harvest of migrant Canada geese. 6. Brant Council Recommendations: The Atlantic Flyway Council recommended that the 2019-20 season for Atlantic brant follow the Atlantic Flyway Council's brant harvest strategy pending the results of the 2019 Atlantic Flyway Mid-winter Waterfowl Survey (MWS). The Council also recommended that if results of the 2019 MWS are not available, then results of the most recent MWS should be used. The Pacific Flyway Council recommended that the 2019-20 brant season frameworks be determined based on the harvest strategy in the Council's management plan for the Pacific population of brant pending results of the 2019 Winter Brant Survey (WBS). If results of the 2019 WBS are not available, results of the most recent WBS should be used. Service Response: As we discussed in the March 28, 2016, final rule (81 FR 17302), the current harvest strategy used to determine the Atlantic brant season frameworks does not fit well within the new regulatory process, similar to the Rocky Mountain Population (RMP) sandhill crane issue discussed below under 9. Sandhill Cranes. In developing the annual proposed frameworks for Atlantic brant in the past, the Atlantic Flyway Council and the Service used the number of brant counted during the MWS in the Atlantic Flyway, and took into consideration the brant population's expected productivity that summer. The MWS is conducted each January, and expected brant productivity is based on early-summer observations of breeding habitat conditions and nesting effort in important brant nesting areas. Thus, the data under consideration were available before the annual Flyway and SRC decision-making meetings took place in late July. Although the former regulatory alternatives for Atlantic brant were developed by factoring together long-term productivity rates (observed during November and December productivity surveys) with estimated observed harvest under different framework regulations, the primary decision-making criterion for selecting the annual frameworks was the MWS count. Under the new regulatory schedule, neither the expected 2019 brant production information (available summer 2019) nor the 2019 MWS count (normally conducted in January 2019) is yet available. However, the 2019 MWS will be completed and winter brant data will be available by the expected publication of the final frameworks (June 15, 2019). Therefore, in the September 24, 2015, Federal Register (80 FR 57664), we adopted the Atlantic Flyway Council's changes to the then-current Atlantic brant hunt plan strategies. The current harvest strategy for Atlantic brant is as follows: • If the MWS count is <100,000 Atlantic brant, the season would be closed. • If the MWS count is between 100,000 and 115,000 brant, States could select a 30-day season with a 1-bird daily bag limit. • If the MWS count is between 115,000 and 130,000 brant, States could select a 30-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit. • If the MWS count is between 130,000 and 150,000 brant, States could select a 50-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit. • If the MWS count is between 150,000 and 200,000 brant, States could select a 60-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit. • If the MWS count is >200,000 brant, States could select a 60-day season with a 3-bird daily bag limit. Under all the above open-season alternatives, seasons would be between the Saturday nearest September 24 and January 31. Further, States could split their seasons into 2 segments. When we acquire the 2019 MWS brant count from the recently conducted survey, we will select the appropriate Atlantic brant hunting season for 2019-20 from the above Atlantic brant hunt strategies and publish the result in the final frameworks rule. As with the case for Atlantic brant, we also agree with the Pacific Flyway Council's recommendation that the 2019-20 Pacific brant season frameworks be determined by the harvest strategy in the Council's management plan for the Pacific population of brant pending results of the 2019 WBS. Similarly, the harvest strategy used to determine the Pacific brant season frameworks does not fit well within the new regulatory process. In developing the annual proposed frameworks for Pacific brant, the Pacific Flyway Council and the Service use the 3-year average number of brant counted during the WBS in the Pacific Flyway to determine annual allowable season length and daily bag limits. The WBS is conducted each January in coastal areas of western Mexico, the United States, and Canada, which is after the date proposed frameworks are formulated in the regulatory process. However, the data are typically available by the expected publication of final frameworks (June 15). When we acquire the survey data from the recently conducted survey, we will select the appropriate frameworks for the 2019-20 Pacific brant season according to the harvest strategy in the Pacific Flyway Council's management plan for Pacific brant and publish the result in the final frameworks rule. The current harvest strategy for Pacific brant is as follows: • If the WBS index is <102,000 brant, then the brant season is closed, and the season may not reopen until the 3-year average WBS index exceeds 112,000 brant. • If the WBS index is between 102,000 and 122,000 brant, then Alaska may select a 51-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit, and California, Oregon, and Washington may select a 16-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit. • If the WBS index is between 122,001 and 147,000 brant, then Alaska may select a 107-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit, and California, Oregon, and Washington may select a 27-day season with a 2-brant daily bag limit. • If the WBS index is greater than 147,000 brant, then Alaska may select a 107-day season with a 4-bird daily bag limit, and California, Oregon, and Washington may select a 37-day season with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Under all the above open-season alternatives, the outside framework season dates are September 1 through January 26 in Alaska, the Saturday closest to September 24 through December 15 in California and Oregon, and the Saturday closest to September 24 through the last Sunday in January in Washington. When we acquire the 2019 WBS in early 2019, we will select the appropriate Pacific brant season frameworks for the 2019-20 season from the above Pacific brant harvest strategy and publish the result in the final frameworks rule. 8. Swans Council Recommendations: The Atlantic Flyway Council recommended that the allocation of tundra swan hunt permits in the Atlantic Flyway be based on the proportion of tundra swans counted on the Mid-Winter Survey (MWS) in each State that hunts swans. Permit allocation would be re-evaluated every 3 years based on the past 3-year MWS average in each State that allows swan hunting. Permit allocation for the 2019-20 through the 2021-22 seasons will be North Carolina 6,115 permits, Virginia 801 permits, and Delaware 84 permits (for a total of 7,000 in the Atlantic Flyway). If the number of permits available to the Atlantic Flyway should change or if additional States initiate tundra swan hunting seasons, the Council recommends that permit allocation be adjusted based on the proportion of tundra swans counted in each State. The Pacific Flyway Council recommended several changes to the swan season frameworks. Specifically, the Council recommended: (1) Extending outside dates to the Saturday nearest September 24 (currently the Saturday nearest October 1) and closing consistent with the duck season framework of January 31 (currently varies by State from December 1 to the Sunday following January 1); (2) Extending the maximum season length to 107 days (currently varies by State from 64 to 100 days), subject to season closure rules (see below); (3) Allowing youths with a swan hunting permit to hunt swans during federal Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days; (4) Removing State requirements to monitor and report on swan populations within designated hunt areas; (5) Increasing the trumpeter swan quota from 5 to 10 in Nevada; (6) Increasing the trumpeter swan quota from 10 to 20 in Utah; (7) Increasing permits from 2,000 to 2,750 in Utah; and (8) Increasing the hunt area for clarification of the boundary in Utah. Service Response: Recently, we supported the establishment of an experimental tundra swan season in Delaware beginning with the 2019-20 season (83 FR 47868; September 21, 2018). The proposed hunting season followed the guidelines provided in the Atlantic Flyway Council's Eastern Population Tundra Swan Hunt Plan and is not expected to increase the overall harvest of tundra swans. At that time, we stated that the existing allowable harvest would be reallocated among the States that hunt them. The Atlantic Flyway Council's recommendation accomplishes that objective and does not affect permit allocation in any other Flyway. Thus, we agree. In the Pacific Flyway, we authorized an experimental general swan hunting season (hereafter swan season) within the Pacific Flyway south of Alaska (parts of Montana, Utah, and Nevada) in 1995, which became operational in 2003. We addressed impacts of the swan season in a sequence of environmental assessments and findings of no significant impact (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003). Two native swan species occur in the United States: Tundra swan ( Cygnus columbianus ) and trumpeter swan ( C. buccinator ). Only the Western Population (WP) of tundra swans and Rocky Mountain Population (RMP) of trumpeter swans are subjected to harvest during the swan hunting season in the Pacific Flyway. Regarding WP tundra swans, the recent 3-year (2016-2018) mean abundance index during spring was 133,340 (95% CI = 83,962-182,719) swans, and exceeded the Pacific Flyway Council's population objective of 60,000 swans. Regarding RMP trumpeter swans, the recent (2015) fall count was 11,271 white swans ( i.e., adult and subadult birds), and exceeded the Pacific Flyway Council's population objective of 10,000 white swans. The Council also has an objective for the U.S. breeding segment of RMP trumpeter swans. The recent (2018) fall count was 810 white swans, and exceeded the Council's current population objective of 718 white swans. The recent 3-year (2016-2018) average count was 774 white swans. The 2003 environmental assessment specified the swan season framework cannot be more liberal until the 3-year average number of trumpeter swans in the RMP U.S. breeding segment was ≥90 percent of the original ( i.e., from an earlier management plan) goal of 614 white swans ( i.e., threshold of 553 white swans). This threshold was exceeded in 2015, when the 3-year (2013-2015) average fall count was 563 white swans. Gower et al. (2018) wrote a white paper on the Pacific Flyway swan season. The purpose was to review data (status, distribution, and harvest) associated with the swan season framework since implementation 23 years ago, and to consider the success of the swan season framework in reconciling two potentially conflicting swan management objectives: Tundra swan hunting and trumpeter swan population restoration. The data provide strong evidence the swan season framework in the Pacific Flyway has been successful in the simultaneous achievement of initial objectives for tundra swan hunting opportunity and trumpeter swan population restoration. The white paper provides justification for the Pacific Flyway Council's proposed changes to the swan season framework, particularly the increase in trumpeter swan quotas to rebalance tradeoffs between potentially conflicting swan management objectives. The white paper is available at https://www.fws.gov/birds/surveys-and-data/reports-and-publications.php. Regarding the Pacific Flyway Council's recommendations, we agree with the recommendations for opening and closing dates, season length, and youth waterfowl hunting days. These are all adjustments to realign the swan season framework in the Pacific Flyway with changes to the general duck and goose season frameworks that have occurred since 1995, when the swan season framework was established. This will allow States to simplify their waterfowl seasons by having one season for ducks, geese, and swans, and allow youth hunters with a swan hunting permit to hunt swans during the Federal youth waterfowl hunting days. Broadening the opening and closing dates, extending the season length, and allowing take of swans during the two youth waterfowl hunting days may increase swan harvest, but not in significant numbers because few swans are available to hunters outside of the swan winter migration period. Most tundra and trumpeter swans migrate through Montana, Nevada, and Utah from mid-October through the end of November. Also, there is additional harvest opportunity for tundra swans because the population is currently more than two times the Council's population objective. Despite these liberalizations, adequate protection still exists for trumpeter swans because trumpeter swan harvest is capped at the quota for each State regardless of season length, and the swan season ends in a State upon reaching the trumpeter swan quota in that State. We also agree with the Council's recommendation to remove State requirements to monitor and report on swan abundance within designated hunting areas. This does not affect the requirement that each State that allows swan hunting must evaluate hunter participation, species-specific swan harvest, and hunter compliance in complying with State hunter participation and harvest monitoring programs. Each State has monitored swan abundance during the swan hunting season since about 1995. However, the monitoring that has been done is limited to counts of swans with no distinction between tundra and trumpeter swans, and therefore has limited usefulness for informing us about swan population status. Further, swan migration routes and timing of swan migration through each State are now well established, and both tundra swan and trumpeter swan populations are monitored via cooperative State-Federal surveys, which are better tools for assessing swan population status than the aforementioned surveys. We agree with the Council's recommendation to increase the trumpeter swan quotas from 5 to 10 in Nevada and from 10 to 20 in Utah. The swan hunting season must close in a State upon reaching the trumpeter swan quota in that State regardless of the scheduled season closing date. The quotas (5 and 10 swans) have not been reached in any year since swan hunting was initiated in 1995, except that in Nevada in 2017, the 5-swan quota was reached on the last day of the swan season. Trumpeter swans have increased in abundance since 1995; however, the number allowed to be taken has not increased. The possibility of an early swan-season closure has increased with trumpeter swan abundance increasing at a higher rate than tundra swan abundance. The most recent abundance estimates indicate RMP trumpeter swans have increased 644 percent (1,820 to 11,721 white swans) since 1995, and the U.S. breeding segment has increased 241 percent (427 to 1,029 total swans). Tundra swans have increased only 126 percent (120,528 to 152,099) since 1995. The increased quotas in Nevada and Utah are commensurate with the change in trumpeter swan population status since the quotas were negotiated in 1995 and 2000 ( i.e., increased 200 percent). Also, these increases are consistent with an assessment of the harvest potential of RMP trumpeter swans and U.S. breeding segment based on their observed growth rates and a conservative recovery factor of 0.5 considering that trumpeter swans are of management concern but neither endangered nor threatened (see the swan hunting white paper for more assessment details). Using a conservative maximum allowable take estimate of trumpeter swans in Utah and Nevada of 30 swans combined and accounting for population segment composition (6.1 percent U.S. breeding), the expected harvest of trumpeter swans from the U.S. breeding segment, which is of greater concern than the Canada breeding segment, should not exceed about 2 swans (30 × 0.061), or about 0.2 percent (2 of 1,029 total swans) of the population segment annually. We also agree with the Council's recommendation to increase the number of hunting permits from 2,000 to 2,750 in Utah. Swan harvest will likely increase with the increase in the number of swan hunting permits, but is expected to be within allowable limits and consistent with the Council's swan management objectives. Tundra swans are currently more than 2 times the Council's population objective, and trumpeter swan harvest is capped at the quota for each State. Since 2000, when about 2,000 swan hunting permits were issued per year, the average estimated harvest was 734 swans. Thus, increasing the number of hunting permits by 750 is estimated to increase the average harvest by 275 swans (to about 1,009 swans in total). Utah issued 2,750 permits during 1995-2000, and at that time the average trumpeter swan harvest was 1,444 swans per year. The number of permits was reduced in 2000 to reduce the probability of trumpeter swan harvest. The harvest of trumpeter swans is limited to a sustainable quota. However, the average trumpeter swan harvest in Utah since 2000 has been 2.1 swans per year, well below the quota. We estimate that increasing the tundra swan permits by 750 will result in less than 1 additional trumpeter swan harvested per year on average. Thus, the average trumpeter swan harvest per year is expected to remain well below Utah's trumpeter swan quota. We also agree with the Council's recommendation to increase the hunting area in Utah. This involves a small change to help clarify the hunting area boundary through the Bear River National Wildlife Refuge and adjacent private lands currently along property- or imaginary-lines that are not marked by roads or other well defined geographic features or landmarks. This segment of the hunting area boundary will be moved to the nearest road, which is north to State Route 83. The new boundary will be more identifiable for hunters and law enforcement. The additional area included in the hunting area boundary is 124 square miles and represents an increase of 1.75 percent of the current hunting area. The additional area is comprised of agriculture lands, wetlands, and urban areas; approximately 30 percent is swan habitat. The swan hunting boundary will continue to exclude areas where trumpeter swans have been consistently observed for the last 5 years in Utah (northern Box Elder County, Cache County, Rich County, Daggett County). Finally, we recognize that there are a number of changes that could cumulatively increase trumpeter swan harvest, but this would not exceed the quotas established in Utah and Nevada. Tundra and trumpeter swan populations will continue to be monitored via cooperative Federal-State surveys, and States offering a swan season will continue to be required to carefully monitor swan hunter participation and species-specific swan harvest. Thus, the Service and States are committed to monitoring population abundance and harvest, and any spike in trumpeter swan harvest or decrease in swan abundance of concern will be reviewed and adjustments made accordingly. 9. Sandhill Cranes Council Recommendations: The Mississippi Flyway Council recommended that Alabama be allowed a 3-year experimental sandhill crane hunting season beginning in 2019, consistent with the guidelines in the Eastern Population of Sandhill Cranes Management Plan (EP Plan). The experimental season would include up to 60 days and 1,200 harvest tags. The Central Flyway Council recommended the expansion of the areas open to Mid-continent Population sandhill crane hunting in South Dakota. The Central and Pacific Flyway Councils recommended the establishment of a new hunting area for Rocky Mountain Population (RMP) sandhill cranes in Arizona beginning with the 2019-20 season, and that allowable harvest of RMP cranes be determined based on the formula described in the Pacific and Central Flyway Management Plan for RMP cranes. Service Response: We agree with the Mississippi Flyway Council's recommendation to establish an experimental season in Alabama. A management plan for the Eastern Population of sandhill cranes was approved by the Atlantic and Mississippi Flyway Councils in 2010. The plan contained provisions and guidelines for establishing hunting seasons in the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyway States if the fall population was above a minimum threshold of 30,000 cranes. The management plan also set an overall harvest objective of no more than 10 percent of the 5-year average peak population estimate for each State. Alabama's 5-year average peak population count is 14,104 cranes, setting the State's maximum allowable harvest under the plan at 1,410 birds. Alabama's proposal for an experimental season of 1,200 tags meets this provision. Further, Alabama's experimental season would limit the number of crane hunters to 400 (with each getting 3 harvest tags). The Council further notes that the management plan has the following thresholds for permit allocation among the States: • When the 3-year fall survey average is ≥30,000, maximum permit allocation will be 10 percent of the 3-year fall survey average; and • When the 3-year fall survey average is >60,000, the maximum permit allocation will be 12 percent of the 3-year fall survey average. The latest fall survey 3-year average the Eastern Population of sandhill cranes is 91,250 cranes, which would allow a maximum harvest of up to 10,950 cranes under the current management plan. Currently, only Kentucky, Tennessee, and now Alabama have sandhill crane seasons. Including this new proposal for Alabama, the combined number of allowed harvest permits in the Flyway would be 5,424 permits, well below the maximum allowed. Thus, we support the creation and implementation of an experimental crane season in Alabama. Per all experimental seasons, we will implement a memorandum of agreement with Alabama to cover the experimental period. The Service agrees with the Central Flyway Council's proposal to modify the eastern boundary for Mid-continent Population sandhill crane hunting in South Dakota. Information suggests few hunters will take advantage of this change, and any increase in harvest will be small. We also agree with the recommendation to create a new hunting area for RMP cranes in Arizona. The new hunting area is consistent with the hunting area requirements in the Pacific and Central Flyway Council's RMP crane management plan. Regarding RMP crane harvest, as we discussed in the March 28, 2016, final rule (81 FR 17302), the current harvest strategy used to calculate the allowable harvest of RMP cranes does not fit well within the new regulatory process, similar to the brant issue discussed above under 6. Brant. Results of the fall abundance and recruitment surveys of RMP cranes, which are used in the calculation of the annual allowable harvest, will continue to be released between December 1 and January 31 each year, which is after the date proposed frameworks are formulated in the new regulatory process. If we were to propose regulations at this point in time, data 2 to 4 years old would be used to determine the annual allowable harvest and State harvest allocations for RMP cranes. We agree that relying on data that are 2 to 4 years old is not ideal due to the variability in fall abundance and recruitment for this population, and the significance of these data in determining the annual harvest allocations. Thus, we agree that the formula to determine the annual allowable harvest for RMP cranes published in the March 28, 2016, final rule should be used under the new regulatory schedule. We will produce a final estimate for the allowable harvest of RMP cranes and publish it in the final frameworks rule, allowing us to use data that are 1 to 3 years old, as is currently practiced. 14. Woodcock Council Recommendations: The Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central Flyway Councils recommended use of the “moderate” season framework for the 2019-20 season. The Mississippi Flyway Council recommended that the framework opening date for the Central Management Region be changed from the Saturday nearest September 22 to a fixed date of September 13. Service Response: In 2011, we implemented a harvest strategy for woodcock (76 FR 19876, April 8, 2011). The harvest strategy provides a transparent framework for making regulatory decisions for woodcock season length and bag limits while we work to improve monitoring and assessment protocols for this species. Utilizing the criteria developed for the strategy, the 3-year average for the Singing Ground Survey indices and associated confidence intervals fall within the “moderate package” for both the Eastern and Central Management Regions. As such, a “moderate season” for both management regions for the 2019-20 season is appropriate. However, we do not support the Mississippi Flyway Council's recommendation to change the woodcock opening framework date to September 13. As we stated earlier this year regarding the recommendation to change the woodcock harvest threshold for the liberal regulatory alternative and framework dates, we recommend that the Woodcock Harvest Strategy Working Group be reconvened to discuss and evaluate any proposed changes to the American Woodcock harvest strategy. We understand that this group has already met and started this important work. 16. Doves Council Recommendations: The Atlantic and Mississippi Flyway Councils recommended use of the “standard” season framework comprised of a 90-day season and 15-bird daily bag limit for States within the Eastern Management Unit. The daily bag limit could be composed of mourning doves and white-winged doves, singly or in combination. The Mississippi and Central Flyway Councils recommended the use of the “standard” season package of a 90-day season and 15-bird daily bag limit for States within the Central Management Unit. The Pacific Flyway Council recommended use of the “standard” season framework with a 60-day season and 15-bird daily bag limit for States in the Western Management Unit Service Response: Based on the harvest strategies and current population status, we agree with the recommended selection of the “standard” season frameworks for doves in the Eastern, Central, and Western Management Units for the 2019-20 season. Public Comments The Department of the Interior's policy is, whenever possible, to afford the public an opportunity to participate in the rulemaking process. Accordingly, we invite interested persons to submit written comments, suggestions, or recommendations regarding the proposed regulations. Before promulgating final migratory game bird hunting regulations, we will consider all comments we receive. These comments, and any additional information we receive, may lead to final regulations that differ from these proposals. You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed rule by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES . We will not accept comments sent by email or fax. We will not consider hand-delivered comments that we do not receive, or mailed comments that are not postmarked, by the date specified in DATES . We will post all comments in their entirety—including your personal identifying information—on http://www.regulations.gov. Before including your address, phone number, email address, or other personal identifying information in your comment, you should be aware that your entire comment—including your personal identifying information—may be made publicly available at any time. While you can ask us in your comment to withhold your personal identifying information from public review, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection on http://www.regulations.gov, or by appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, Virginia. We will consider, but possibly may not respond in detail to, each comment. As in the past, we will summarize all comments we receive during the comment period and respond to them after the closing date in the preambles of any final rules. Required Determinations Based on our most current data, we are affirming our required determinations made in the June 14 and September 21 proposed rules; for descriptions of our actions to ensure compliance with the following statutes and Executive Orders, see our June 14, 2018, proposed rule (83 FR 27836): • National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Consideration; • Endangered Species Act Consideration; • Regulatory Flexibility Act; • Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act; • Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995; • Unfunded Mandates Reform Act; • Executive Orders 12630, 12866, 12988, 13132, 13175, 13211, 13563, and 13771. List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 20 Exports, Hunting, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Transportation, Wildlife. The rules that eventually will be promulgated for the 2019-20 hunting season are authorized under 16 U.S.C. 703-712 and 16 U.S.C. 742 a-j. Dated: March 18, 2019. Andrea Travnicek, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, exercising the authority of the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. Proposed Regulations Frameworks for 2019-20 Hunting Seasons on Certain Migratory Game Birds Pursuant to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and delegated authorities, the Department of the Interior is proposing the following frameworks for season lengths, shooting hours, bag and possession limits, and outside dates within which States may select seasons for hunting migratory game birds between the dates of September 1, 2019, and March 10, 2020. These frameworks are summarized below. General Dates: All outside dates noted below are inclusive. Shooting and Hawking (taking by falconry) Hours: Unless otherwise specified, from one-half hour before sunrise to sunset daily. Possession Limits: Unless otherwise specified, possession limits are three times the daily bag limit. Permits: For some species of migratory birds, the Service authorizes the use of permits to regulate harvest or monitor their take by sport hunters, or both. In many cases ( e.g., tundra swans, some sandhill crane populations), the Service determines the amount of harvest that may be taken during hunting seasons during its formal regulations-setting process, and the States then issue permits to hunters at levels predicted to result in the amount of take authorized by the Service. Thus, although issued by States, the permits would not be valid unless the Service approved such take in its regulations. These Federally authorized, State-issued permits are issued to individuals, and only the individual whose name and address appears on the permit at the time of issuance is authorized to take migratory birds at levels specified in the permit, in accordance with provisions of both Federal and State regulations governing the hunting season. The permit must be carried by the permittee when exercising its provisions and must be presented to any law enforcement officer upon request. The permit is not transferrable or assignable to another individual, and may not be sold, bartered, traded, or otherwise provided to another person. If the permit is altered or defaced in any way, the permit becomes invalid. Flyways and Management Units Waterfowl Flyways Atlantic Flyway: Includes Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Mississippi Flyway: Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. Central Flyway: Includes Colorado (east of the Continental Divide), Kansas, Montana (Counties of Blaine, Carbon, Fergus, Judith Basin, Stillwater, Sweetgrass, Wheatland, and all counties east thereof), Nebraska, New Mexico (east of the Continental Divide except the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation), North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming (east of the Continental Divide). Pacific Flyway: Includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and those portions of Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming not included in the Central Flyway. Duck Management Units High Plains Mallard Management Unit: Roughly defined as that portion of the Central Flyway that lies west of the 100th meridian. See Area, Unit, and Zone Descriptions, Ducks (Including Mergansers) and Coots for specific boundaries in each State. Columbia Basin Mallard Management Unit: In Washington, all areas east of the Pacific Crest Trail and east of the Big White Salmon River in Klickitat County; and in Oregon, the counties of Gilliam, Morrow, and Umatilla. Mourning Dove Management Units Eastern Management Unit: All States east of the Mississippi River, and Louisiana. Central Management Unit: Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. Western Management Unit: Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Woodcock Management Regions Eastern Management Region: Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. Central Management Region: Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. Other geographic descriptions are contained in a later portion of this document. Definitions For the purpose of the hunting regulations listed below, the collective terms “dark” and “light” geese include the following species: Dark geese: Canada geese, white-fronted geese, brant (except in Alaska, California, Oregon, Washington, and the Atlantic Flyway), and all other goose species except light geese. Light geese: Snow (including blue) geese and Ross's geese. Area, Zone, and Unit Descriptions: Geographic descriptions related to regulations are contained in a later portion of this document. Area-Specific Provisions: Frameworks for open seasons, season lengths, bag and possession limits, and other special provisions are listed below by Flyway. Migratory Game Bird Seasons in the Atlantic Flyway In the Atlantic Flyway States of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, where Sunday hunting is prohibited Statewide by State law, all Sundays are closed to the take of all migratory game birds. Special Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days Outside Dates: States may select 2 days per duck-hunting zone, designated as “Youth Waterfowl Hunting Days,” in addition to their regular duck seasons. The days must be held outside any regular duck season on weekends, holidays, or other non-school days when youth hunters would have the maximum opportunity to participate. The days may be held up to 14 days before or after any regular duck-season frameworks or within any split of a regular duck season, or within any other open season on migratory birds. Daily Bag Limits: The daily bag limits may include ducks, geese, swans, mergansers, coots, moorhens, and gallinules and would be the same as those allowed in the regular season. Flyway species and area restrictions would remain in effect. Shooting Hours: One-half hour before sunrise to sunset. Participation Restrictions: States may use their established definition of age for youth hunters. However, youth hunters must be under the age of 18. In addition, an adult at least 18 years of age must accompany the youth hunter into the field. This adult may not duck hunt but may participate in other seasons that are open on the special youth day. Youth hunters 16 years of age and older must possess a Federal Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp (also known as Federal Duck Stamp). Swans may only be taken by participants possessing applicable swan permits. Special September Teal Season Outside Dates: Between September 1 and September 30, an open season on all species of teal may be selected by the following States in areas delineated by State regulations: Atlantic Flyway: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Mississippi Flyway: Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin. Central Flyway: Colorado (part), Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico (part), Oklahoma, and Texas. Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Not to exceed 16 consecutive hunting days in the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central Flyways. The daily bag limit is 6 teal. Shooting Hours Atlantic Flyway: One-half hour before sunrise to sunset, except in South Carolina, where the hours are from sunrise to sunset. Mississippi and Central Flyways: One-half hour before sunrise to sunset, except in the States of Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, where the hours are from sunrise to sunset. Special September Duck Seasons Florida, Kentucky, and Tennessee: In lieu of a special September teal season, a 5-consecutive-day teal/wood duck season may be selected in September. The daily bag limit may not exceed 6 teal and wood ducks in the aggregate, of which no more than 2 may be wood ducks. In addition, a 4-consecutive-day teal-only season may be selected in September either immediately before or immediately after the 5-consecutive-day teal/wood duck season. The daily bag limit is 6 teal. The teal-only season in Florida is experimental. Waterfowl Atlantic Flyway Ducks, Mergansers, and Coots Outside Dates: Between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and January 31. Hunting Seasons and Duck Limits: 60 days. The daily bag limit is 6 ducks, including no more than 2 mallards (no more than 1 of which can be female), 2 black ducks, 1 pintail, 1 mottled duck, 1 fulvous whistling duck, 3 wood ducks, 2 redheads, 2 scaup, 2 canvasbacks, 4 scoters, 4 eiders, and 4 long-tailed ducks. Closures: The season on harlequin ducks is closed. Merganser Limits: The daily bag limit of mergansers is 5, only 2 of which may be hooded mergansers. In States that include mergansers in the duck bag limit, the daily limit is the same as the duck bag limit, only 2 of which may be hooded mergansers. Coot Limits: The daily bag limit is 15 coots. Lake Champlain Zone, New York: The waterfowl seasons, limits, and shooting hours should be the same as those selected for the Lake Champlain Zone of Vermont. Connecticut River Zone, Vermont: The waterfowl seasons, limits, and shooting hours should be the same as those selected for the Inland Zone of New Hampshire. Zoning and Split Seasons: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia may split their seasons into 3 segments; Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont may select hunting seasons by zones and may split their seasons into two segments in each zone. Scoters, Eiders, and Long-tailed Ducks Special Sea Duck Seasons Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia may select a Special Sea Duck Season in designated Special Sea Duck Areas. If a Special Sea Duck Season is selected, scoters, eiders, and long-tailed ducks may be taken in the designated Special Sea Duck Area(s) only during the Special Sea Duck Season dates; scoters, eiders, and long-tailed ducks may be taken outside of Special Sea Duck Area(s) during the regular duck season, in accordance with the frameworks for ducks, mergansers, and coots specified above. Outside Dates: Between September 15 and January 31. Special Sea Duck Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: 60 consecutive hunting days, or 60 days that are concurrent with the regular duck season, with a daily bag limit of 5, of the listed sea duck species, including no more than 4 scoters, 4 eiders, and 4 long-tailed ducks. Within the special sea duck areas, during the regular duck season in the Atlantic Flyway, States may choose to allow the above sea duck limits in addition to the limits applying to other ducks during the regular season. In all other areas, sea ducks may be taken only during the regular open season for ducks and are part of the regular duck season daily bag (not to exceed 4 scoters, 4 eiders, and 4 long-tailed ducks) and possession limits. Special Sea Duck Areas: In all coastal waters and all waters of rivers and streams seaward from the first upstream bridge in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York; in New Jersey, all coastal waters seaward from the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS) Demarcation Lines shown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Charts and further described in 33 CFR 80.165, 80.501, 80.502, and 80.503; in any waters of the Atlantic Ocean and in any tidal waters of any bay that are separated by at least 1 mile of open water from any shore, island, and emergent vegetation in South Carolina and Georgia; and in any waters of the Atlantic Ocean and in any tidal waters of any bay that are separated by at least 800 yards of open water from any shore, island, and emergent vegetation in Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia; and provided that any such areas have been described, delineated, and designated as special sea duck hunting areas under the hunting regulations adopted by the respective States. Canada Geese Special Early Canada Goose Seasons A Canada goose season of up to 15 days during September 1-15 may be selected for the Eastern Unit of Maryland. Seasons not to exceed 30 days during September 1-30 may be selected for Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, New York (Long Island Zone only), North Carolina, Rhode Island, and South Carolina. Seasons may not exceed 25 days during September 1-25 in the remainder of the Flyway. Areas open to the hunting of Canada geese must be described, delineated, and designated as such in each State's hunting regulations. Daily Bag Limits: Not to exceed 15 Canada geese. Shooting Hours: One-half hour before sunrise to sunset, except that during any special early Canada goose season, shooting hours may extend to one-half hour after sunset if all other waterfowl seasons are closed in the specific applicable area. Regular Canada Goose Seasons Season Lengths, Outside Dates, and Limits: Specific regulations for Canada geese are shown below by State. These seasons may also include white-fronted geese in an aggregate daily bag limit. Unless specified otherwise, seasons may be split into two segments. Connecticut North Atlantic Population (NAP) Zone: Between October 1 and January 31, a 60-day season may be held with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Atlantic Population (AP) Zone: A 30-day season may be held between October 10 and February 5, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. South Zone: A special season may be held between January 15 and February 15, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. Resident Population (RP) Zone: An 80-day season may be held between October 1 and February 15, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. Delaware A 30-day season may be held between November 15 and February 5, with a 1-bird daily bag limit. Florida An 80-day season may be held between October 1 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. Georgia An 80-day season may be held between October 1 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. Maine North and South NAP-H Zones: A 60-day season may be held between October 1 and January 31, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Coastal NAP-L Zone: A 70-day season may be held between October 1 and February 15, with a 3-bird daily bag limit. Maryland RP Zone: An 80-day season may be held between November 15 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. AP Zone: A 30-day season may be held between November 15 and February 5, with a 1-bird daily bag limit. Massachusetts NAP Zone: A 60-day season may be held between October 1 and January 31, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Additionally, a special season may be held from January 15 to February 15, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. AP Zone: A 30-day season may be held between October 10 and February 5, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. New Hampshire A 60-day season may be held Statewide between October 1 and January 31 with a 2-bird daily bag limit. New Jersey AP Zone: A 30-day season may be held between the fourth Saturday in October (October 26) and February 5, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. NAP Zone: A 60-day season may be held between October 1 and January 31, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Special Late Goose Season Area: A special season may be held in designated areas of North and South New Jersey from January 15 to February 15, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. New York NAP Zone: Between October 1 and January 31, a 60-day season may be held, with a 2-bird daily bag limit in the High Harvest areas; and between October 1 and February 15, a 70-day season may be held, with a 3-bird daily bag limit in the Low Harvest areas. AP Zone: A 30-day season may be held between the fourth Saturday in October (October 26), except in the Lake Champlain Area where the opening date is October 10, through February 5, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Western Long Island RP Zone: A 107-day season may be held between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and the last day of February, with an 8-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. Rest of State RP Zone: An 80-day season may be held between the fourth Saturday in October (October 26) and the last day of February, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. North Carolina RP Zone: An 80-day season may be held between October 1 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. Northeast Hunt Unit: A 14-day season may be held between the Saturday prior to December 25 (December 21) and January 31, with a 1-bird daily bag limit. Pennsylvania SJBP Zone: A 78-day season may be held between the first Saturday in October (October 5) and February 15, with a 3-bird daily bag limit. RP Zone: An 80-day season may be held between the fourth Saturday in October (October 26) and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. AP Zone: A 30-day season may be held between the fourth Saturday in October (October 26) and February 5, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Rhode Island A 60-day season may be held between October 1 and January 31, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. A special late season may be held in designated areas from January 15 to February 15, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. South Carolina In designated areas, an 80-day season may be held between October 1 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. Vermont Lake Champlain Zone and Interior Zone: A 30-day season may be held between October 10 and February 5, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Connecticut River Zone: A 60-day season may be held between October 1 and January 31, with a 2-bird daily bag limit. Virginia SJBP Zone: A 40-day season may be held between November 15 and January 14, with a 3-bird daily bag limit. Additionally, a special late season may be held between January 15 and February 15, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. AP Zone: A 30-day season may be held between November 15 and February 5, with a 1-bird daily bag limit. RP Zone: An 80-day season may be held between November 15 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments. West Virginia An 80-day season may be held between October 1 and March 10, with a 5-bird daily bag limit. The season may be split into 3 segments in each zone. Light Geese Season Lengths, Outside Dates, and Limits: States may select a 107-day season between October 1 and March 10, with a 25-bird daily bag limit and no possession limit. States may split their seasons into 3 segments. Brant Season Lengths, Outside Dates, and Limits: States may select a season between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and January 31. States may split their seasons into two segments. The season length and daily bag limit will be based on the upcoming Mid-Winter Survey results and the Atlantic Flyway Council's Atlantic brant harvest strategy. Mississippi Flyway Ducks, Mergansers, and Coots Outside Dates: Between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and January 31. Hunting Seasons and Duck Limits: The season may not exceed 60 days, with a daily bag limit of 6 ducks, including no more than 4 mallards (no more than 2 of which may be females), 1 mottled duck, 2 black ducks, 1 pintail, 3 wood ducks, 2 canvasbacks, 3 scaup, and 2 redheads. Merganser Limits: The daily bag limit is 5, only 2 of which may be hooded mergansers. In States that include mergansers in the duck bag limit, the daily limit is the same as the duck bag limit, only 2 of which may be hooded mergansers. Coot Limits: The daily bag limit is 15 coots. Zoning and Split Seasons: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin may select hunting seasons by zones. In Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, the season may be split into two segments in each zone. In Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi, the season may be split into 3 segments. Geese Season Lengths, Outside Dates, and Limits Canada Geese: States may select seasons for Canada geese not to exceed 107 days with a 5-bird daily bag limit during September 1-30, and a 3-bird daily bag limit for the remainder of the season. Seasons may be held between September 1 and February 15, and may be split into 4 segments. White-fronted Geese and Brant: Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, and Tennessee may select a season for white-fronted geese not to exceed 74 days with 3 geese daily, or 88 days with 2 geese daily, or 107 days with 1 goose daily between September 1 and February 15; Alabama, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin may select a season for white-fronted geese not to exceed 107 days with 5 geese daily, in aggregate with dark geese between September 1 and February 15. States may select a season for brant not to exceed 70 days with 2 brant daily, or 107 days with 1 brant daily with outside dates the same as for Canada geese; alternately, States may include brant in an aggregate goose bag limit with either Canada geese, white-fronted geese, or dark geese. Light Geese: States may select seasons for light geese not to exceed 107 days, with 20 geese daily between September 1 and February 15. There is no possession limit for light geese. Shooting Hours: One-half hour before sunrise to sunset, except that during September 1-15 shooting hours may extend to one-half hour after sunset for Canada geese if all other waterfowl and crane seasons are closed in the specific applicable area. Split Seasons: Seasons for geese may be split into four segments unless otherwise indicated. Central Flyway Ducks, Mergansers, and Coots Outside Dates: Between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and January 31. Hunting Seasons High Plains Mallard Management Unit (roughly defined as that portion of the Central Flyway that lies west of the 100th meridian): 97 days. The last 23 days must run consecutively and may start no earlier than the Saturday nearest December 10 (December 7). Remainder of the Central Flyway: 74 days. Duck Limits: The daily bag limit is 6 ducks, with species and sex restrictions as follows: 5 mallards (no more than 2 of which may be females), 3 scaup, 2 redheads, 3 wood ducks, 1 pintail, and 2 canvasbacks. In Texas, the daily bag limit on mottled ducks is 1, except that no mottled ducks may be taken during the first 5 days of the season. In addition to the daily limits listed above, the States of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, in lieu of selecting an experimental September teal season, may include an additional daily bag and possession limit of 2 and 6 blue-winged teal, respectively, during the first 16 days of the regular duck season in each respective duck hunting zone. These extra limits are in addition to the regular duck bag and possession limits. Merganser Limits: The daily bag limit is 5 mergansers, only 2 of which may be hooded mergansers. In States that include mergansers in the duck daily bag limit, the daily limit may be the same as the duck bag limit, only two of which may be hooded mergansers. Coot Limits: The daily bag limit is 15 coots. Zoning and Split Seasons: Colorado, Kansas (Low Plains portion), Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma (Low Plains portion), South Dakota (Low Plains portion), Texas (Low Plains portion), and Wyoming may select hunting seasons by zones. In Colorado, Kansas, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, the regular season may be split into two segments. Geese Special Early Canada Goose Seasons: In Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Texas, Canada goose seasons of up to 30 days during September 1-30 may be selected. In Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, and Wyoming, Canada goose seasons of up to 15 days during September 1-15 may be selected. In North Dakota, Canada goose seasons of up to 22 days during September 1-22 may be selected. The daily bag limit may not exceed 5 Canada geese, except in Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, where the daily bag limit may not exceed 8 Canada geese, and in North Dakota and South Dakota, where the daily bag limit may not exceed 15 Canada geese. Areas open to the hunting of Canada geese must be described, delineated, and designated as such in each State's hunting regulations. Shooting Hours: One-half hour before sunrise to sunset, except that during September 1-15 shooting hours may extend to one-half hour after sunset if all other waterfowl and crane seasons are closed in the specific applicable area. Regular Goose Seasons Split Seasons: Seasons for geese may be split into 3 segments. Three-way split seasons for Canada geese require Central Flyway Council and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approval, and a 3-year evaluation by each participating State. Outside Dates: For dark geese, seasons may be selected between the outside dates of the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and the Sunday nearest February 15 (February 16). For light geese, outside dates for seasons may be selected between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. In the Rainwater Basin Light Goose Area (East and West) of Nebraska, temporal and spatial restrictions that are consistent with the late-winter snow goose hunting strategy cooperatively developed by the Central Flyway Council and the Service are required. Season Lengths and Limits Light Geese: States may select a light goose season not to exceed 107 days. The daily bag limit for light geese is 50 with no possession limit. Dark Geese: In Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and the Eastern Goose Zone of Texas, States may select a season for Canada geese (or any other dark goose species except white-fronted geese) not to exceed 107 days with a daily bag limit of 8. For white-fronted geese, these States may select either a season of 74 days with a bag limit of 3, or an 88-day season with a bag limit of 2, or a season of 107 days with a bag limit of 1. In Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming, States may select seasons not to exceed 107 days. The daily bag limit for dark geese is 5 in the aggregate. In the Western Goose Zone of Texas, the season may not exceed 95 days. The daily bag limit for Canada geese (or any other dark goose species except white-fronted geese) is 5. The daily bag limit for white-fronted geese is 2. Pacific Flyway Ducks, Mergansers, and Coots Outside Dates: Between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and January 31. Hunting Seasons and Duck and Merganser Limits: 107 days. The daily bag limit is 7 ducks and mergansers, including no more than 2 female mallards, 1 pintail, 2 canvasbacks, 3 scaup, and 2 redheads. For scaup, the season length is 86 days, which may be split according to applicable zones and split duck hunting configurations approved for each State. Coot, Common Moorhen, and Purple Gallinule Limits: The daily bag limit of coots, common moorhens, and purple gallinules is 25, singly or in the aggregate. Zoning and Split Seasons: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming may select hunting seasons by zones and may split their seasons into 2 segments. Montana and New Mexico may split their seasons into 3 segments. Colorado River Zone, California: Seasons and limits should be the same as seasons and limits selected in the adjacent portion of Arizona (South Zone). Geese Special Early Canada Goose Seasons A Canada goose season of up to 15 days during September 1-20 may be selected. The daily bag limit may not exceed 5 Canada geese, except in Pacific County, Washington, where the daily bag limit may not exceed 15 Canada geese. Areas open to hunting of Canada geese in each State must be described, delineated, and designated as such in each State's hunting regulations. Regular Goose Seasons Season Lengths, Outside Dates, and Limits Canada Geese and Brant: Except as subsequently noted, 107-day seasons may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and the last Sunday in January (January 26). In Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, the daily bag limit is 4 Canada geese and brant in the aggregate. In California, Oregon, and Washington, the daily bag limit is 4 Canada geese. For brant, in California, Oregon and Washington, the season lengths and daily bag limits will be based on the upcoming Winter Brant Survey results and the Pacific brant harvest strategy. Days must be consecutive. Washington and California may select hunting seasons for up to 2 zones. The daily bag limit is 2 brant and is in addition to other goose limits. In Oregon and California, the brant season must end no later than December 15. White-fronted Geese: Except as subsequently noted, 107-day seasons may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. The daily bag limit is 10. Light Geese: Except as subsequently noted, 107-day seasons may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. The daily bag limit is 20. Split Seasons: Unless otherwise specified, seasons for geese may be split into up to 3 segments. Three-way split seasons for Canada geese and white-fronted geese require Pacific Flyway Council and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service approval and a 3-year evaluation by each participating State. California The daily bag limit for Canada geese is 10. Balance of State Zone: A Canada goose season may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. In the Sacramento Valley Special Management Area, the season on white-fronted geese must end on or before December 28, and the daily bag limit is 3 white-fronted geese. In the North Coast Special Management Area, hunting days that occur after the last Sunday in January (January 26) should be concurrent with Oregon's South Coast Zone. Northeastern Zone: The white-fronted goose season may be split into 3 segments. Oregon The daily bag limit for light geese is 6 on or before the last Sunday in January (January 26). Harney and Lake County Zone: For Lake County only, the daily white-fronted goose bag limit is 1. Northwest Permit Zone: A Canada goose season may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. Goose seasons may be split into 3 segments. The daily bag limits of Canada geese and light geese are 6 each. In the Tillamook County Management Area, the hunting season is closed on geese. South Coast Zone: A Canada goose season may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. The daily bag limit of Canada geese is 6. Hunting days that occur after the last Sunday in January (January 26) should be concurrent with California's North Coast Special Management Area. Goose seasons may be split into 3 segments. Utah A Canada goose and brant season may be selected in the Wasatch Front Zone with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and the first Sunday in February (February 2). Washington The daily bag limit for light geese is 6. Areas 2 Inland and 2 Coastal (Southwest Permit Zone): A Canada goose season may be selected with outside dates between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and March 10. Goose seasons may be split into 3 segments. Area 4: Goose seasons may be split into 3 segments. Permit Zones In Oregon and Washington permit zones, the hunting season is closed on dusky Canada geese. A dusky Canada goose is any dark-breasted Canada goose (Munsell 10 YR color value 5 or less) with a bill length between 40 and 50 millimeters. Hunting of geese will only be by hunters possessing a State-issued permit authorizing them to do so. Shooting hours for geese may begin no earlier than sunrise. Regular Canada goose seasons in the permit zones of Oregon and Washington remain subject to the Memorandum of Understanding entered into with the Service regarding monitoring the impacts of take during the regular Canada goose season on the dusky Canada goose population. Swans In portions of the Pacific Flyway (Montana, Nevada, and Utah), an open season for taking a limited number of swans may be selected. These seasons are also subject to the following conditions: Outside Dates: Between the Saturday nearest September 24 (September 21) and January 31. Hunting Seasons: Seasons may not exceed 107 days in the designated portions of Montana, Utah, and Nevada. Permits: Swan hunting is by permit only. Permits will be issued by the State and will authorize each permittee to take no more than 1 swan per season with each permit. Only 1 permit may be issued per hunter in Montana and Utah, 2 permits may be issued per hunter in Nevada. The total number of permits issued may not exceed 500 in Montana, 2,750 in Utah, and 650 in Nevada. Quotas: The swan season in the respective State must end upon attainment of the following reported harvest of trumpeter swans: 20 in Utah and 10 in Nevada. There is no quota in Montana. Monitoring: Each State must evaluate hunter participation, species-specific swan harvest, and hunter compliance in providing either species-determinant parts (at least the intact head) or bill measurements (bill length from tip to posterior edge of the nares opening, and presence or absence of yellow lore spots on the bill in front of the eyes) of harvested swans for species identification. Each State should use appropriate measures to maximize hunter compliance with the State's program for swan harvest reporting. Each State must achieve a hunter compliance of at least 80 percent in providing species-determinant parts or bill measurements of harvested swans for species identification or subsequent permits will be reduced by 10 percent in the respective State. Each State must provide to the Service by June 30 following the swan season a report detailing hunter participation, species-specific swan harvest, and hunter compliance in reporting harvest. In Montana, all hunters that harvest a swan must complete and submit a reporting card (bill card) with the bill measurement and color information from the harvested swan within 72 hours of harvest for species determination. In Utah and Nevada, all hunters that harvest a swan must have the swan or species-determinant parts examined by a State or Federal biologist within 72 hours of harvest for species determination. Other Provisions: In Utah, the season is subject to the terms of the Memorandum of Agreement entered into with the Service in January 2019 regarding harvest monitoring, season closure procedures, and education requirements to minimize take of trumpeter swans during the swan season. Tundra Swans In portions of the Atlantic Flyway (Delaware, North Carolina, and Virginia) and the Central Flyway (North Dakota, South Dakota [east of the Missouri River], and that portion of Montana in the Central Flyway), an open season for taking a limited number of tundra swans may be selected. Permits will be issued by the States that authorize the take of no more than 1 tundra swan per permit. A second permit may be issued to hunters from unused permits remaining after the first drawing. The States must obtain harvest and hunter participation data. These seasons are also subject to the following conditions: In the Atlantic Flyway —The season may be 90 days, between October 1 and January 31. —In Delaware, no more than 84 permits may be issued. The season is experimental. —In North Carolina, no more than 6,115 permits may be issued. —In Virginia, no more than 801 permits may be issued. In the Central Flyway —The season may be 107 days, between the Saturday nearest October 1 (September 28) and January 31. —In the Central Flyway portion of Montana, no more than 625 permits may be issued. —In North Dakota, no more than 2,500 permits may be issued. —In South Dakota, no more than 1,875 permits may be issued. Sandhill Cranes Regular Seasons in the Mississippi Flyway Outside Dates: Between September 1 and February 28 in Minnesota, and between September 1 and January 31 in Alabama, Kentucky and Tennessee. Hunting Seasons: A season not to exceed 37 consecutive days may be selected in the designated portion of northwestern Minnesota (Northwest Goose Zone), and a season not to exceed 60 consecutive days in Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The season in Alabama is experimental. Daily Bag Limit: 1 sandhill crane in Minnesota, 2 sandhill cranes in Kentucky, and 3 sandhill cranes in Alabama and Tennessee. In Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee, the seasonal bag limit is 3 sandhill cranes. Permits: Each person participating in the regular sandhill crane seasons must have a valid Federal or State sandhill crane hunting permit. Other Provisions: The number of permits (where applicable), open areas, season dates, protection plans for other species, and other provisions of seasons must be consistent with the management plans and approved by the Mississippi Flyway Council. Regular Seasons in the Central Flyway Outside Dates: Between September 1 and February 28. Hunting Seasons: Seasons not to exceed 37 consecutive days may be selected in designated portions of Texas (Area 2). Seasons not to exceed 58 consecutive days may be selected in designated portions of the following States: Colorado, Kansas, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Seasons not to exceed 93 consecutive days may be selected in designated portions of the following States: New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. Daily Bag Limits: 3 sandhill cranes, except 2 sandhill cranes in designated portions of North Dakota (Area 2) and Texas (Area 2). Permits: Each person participating in the regular sandhill crane season must have a valid Federal or State sandhill crane hunting permit. Special Seasons in the Central and Pacific Flyways Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming may select seasons for hunting sandhill cranes within the range of the Rocky Mountain Population (RMP) of sandhill cranes subject to the following conditions: Outside Dates: Between September 1 and January 31. Hunting Seasons: The season in any State or zone may not exceed 60 days, and may be split into no more than 3 segments. Bag Limits: Not to exceed 3 daily and 9 per season. Permits: Participants must have a valid permit, issued by the appropriate State, in their possession while hunting. Other Provisions: Numbers of permits, open areas, season dates, protection plans for other species, and other provisions of seasons must be consistent with the management plan and approved by the Central and Pacific Flyway Councils, with the following exceptions: A. In Utah, 100 percent of the harvest will be assigned to the RMP crane quota; B. In Arizona, monitoring the racial composition of the harvest must be conducted at 3-year intervals unless 100 percent of the harvest will be assigned to the RMP crane quota; C. In Idaho, 100 percent of the harvest will be assigned to the RMP crane quota; and D. In New Mexico, the season in the Estancia Valley is experimental, with a requirement to monitor the level and racial composition of the harvest; greater sandhill cranes in the harvest will be assigned to the RMP crane quota. Common Moorhens and Purple Gallinules Outside Dates: Between September 1 and the last Sunday in January (January 26) in the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central Flyways. States in the Pacific Flyway may select their hunting seasons between the outside dates for the season on ducks, mergansers, and coots; therefore, Pacific Flyway frameworks for common moorhens and purple gallinules are included with the duck, merganser, and coot frameworks. Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Seasons may not exceed 70 days in the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central Flyways. Seasons may be split into 2 segments. The daily bag limit is 15 common moorhens and purple gallinules, singly or in the aggregate of the two species. Zoning: Seasons may be selected by zones established for duck hunting. Rails Outside Dates: States included herein may select seasons between September 1 and the last Sunday in January (January 26) on clapper, king, sora, and Virginia rails. Hunting Seasons: Seasons may not exceed 70 days, and may be split into 2 segments. Daily Bag Limits Clapper and King Rails: In Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Rhode Island, 10, singly or in the aggregate of the two species. In Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, 15, singly or in the aggregate of the two species. Sora and Virginia Rails: In the Atlantic, Mississippi, and Central Flyways and the Pacific Flyway portions of Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming, 25 rails, singly or in the aggregate of the two species. The season is closed in the remainder of the Pacific Flyway. Snipe Outside Dates: Between September 1 and February 28, except in Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia, where the season must end no later than January 31. Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Seasons may not exceed 107 days and may be split into 2 segments. The daily bag limit is 8 snipe. Zoning: Seasons may be selected by zones established for duck hunting. American Woodcock Outside Dates: States in the Eastern Management Region may select hunting seasons between October 1 and January 31. States in the Central Management Region may select hunting seasons between the Saturday nearest September 22 (September 21) and January 31. Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Seasons may not exceed 45 days in the Eastern and Central Regions. The daily bag limit is 3. Seasons may be split into 2 segments. Zoning: New Jersey may select seasons in each of two zones. The season in each zone may not exceed 36 days. Band-Tailed Pigeons Pacific Coast States (California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada) Outside Dates: Between September 15 and January 1. Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Not more than 9 consecutive days, with a daily bag limit of 2. Zoning: California may select hunting seasons not to exceed 9 consecutive days in each of 2 zones. The season in the North Zone must close by October 3. Four-Corners States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah) Outside Dates: Between September 1 and November 30. Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Not more than 14 consecutive days, with a daily bag limit of 2. Zoning: New Mexico may select hunting seasons not to exceed 14 consecutive days in each of 2 zones. The season in the South Zone may not open until October 1. Doves Outside Dates: Between September 1 and January 31 in the Eastern Management Unit, and between September 1 and January 15 in the Central and Western Management Units, except as otherwise provided, States may select hunting seasons and daily bag limits as follows: Eastern Management Unit Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Not more than 90 days, with a daily bag limit of 15 mourning and white-winged doves in the aggregate. Zoning and Split Seasons: States may select hunting seasons in each of 2 zones. The season within each zone may be split into not more than 3 segments. Regulations for bag and possession limits, season length, and shooting hours must be uniform within specific hunting zones. Central Management Unit For all States Except Texas Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Not more than 90 days, with a daily bag limit of 15 mourning and white-winged doves in the aggregate. Zoning and Split Seasons: States may select hunting seasons in each of 2 zones. The season within each zone may be split into not more than 3 segments. Texas Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits: Not more than 90 days, with a daily bag limit of 15 mourning, white-winged, and white-tipped doves in the aggregate, of which no more than 2 may be white-tipped doves. Zoning and Split Seasons: Texas may select hunting seasons for each of 3 zones subject to the following conditions: A. The hunting season may be split into not more than 2 segments, except in that portion of Texas in which the special white-winged dove season is allowed, where a limited take of mourning and white-tipped doves may also occur during that special season (see Special White-winged Dove Area in Texas). B. A season may be selected for the North and Central Zones between September 1 and January 25; and for the South Zone between September 14 and January 25. C. Except as noted above, regulations for bag and possession limits, season length, and shooting hours must be uniform within each hunting zone. Special White-Winged Dove Area in Texas In addition, Texas may select a hunting season of not more than 4 days for the Special White-winged Dove Area of the South Zone between September 1 and September 19. The daily bag limit may not exceed 15 white-winged, mourning, and white-tipped doves in the aggregate, of which no more than 2 may be mourning doves and no more than 2 may be white-tipped doves. Western Management Unit Hunting Seasons and Daily Bag Limits Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington: Not more than 60 days, which may be split between 2 segments. The daily bag limit is 15 mourning and white-winged doves in the aggregate. Arizona and California: Not more than 60 days, which may be split between 2 segments, September 1-15 and November 1-January 15. In Arizona, during the first segment of the season, the daily bag limit is 15 mourning and white-winged doves in the aggregate, of which no more than 10 could be white-winged doves. During the remainder of the season, the daily bag limit is 15 mourning doves. In California, the daily bag limit is 15 mourning and white-winged doves in the aggregate, of which no more than 10 could be white-winged doves. Alaska Outside Dates: Between September 1 and January 26. Hunting Seasons: Alaska may select 107 consecutive days for waterfowl (except brant), sandhill cranes, and common snipe concurrent in each of 5 zones. The season length for brant will be determined based on the upcoming brant winter survey results and the Pacific brant harvest strategy. The season may be split without penalty in the Kodiak Zone. Closures: The hunting season is closed on spectacled eiders and Steller's eiders. Daily Bag and Possession Limits Ducks: Except as noted, a basic daily bag limit of 7 ducks. Daily bag limits in the North Zone are 10, and in the Gulf Coast Zone, they are 8. The basic limits may include no more than 2 canvasbacks daily and may not include sea ducks. In addition to the basic duck limits, Alaska may select sea duck limits of 10 daily, singly or in the aggregate, including no more than 6 each of either harlequin or long-tailed ducks. Sea ducks include scoters, common and king eiders, harlequin ducks, long-tailed ducks, and common and red-breasted mergansers. Light Geese: The daily bag limit is 6. Canada Geese: The daily bag limit is 4 with the following exceptions: A. In Units 5 and 6, the taking of Canada geese is permitted from September 28 through December 16. B. On Middleton Island in Unit 6, a special, permit-only Canada goose season may be offered. A mandatory goose identification class is required. Hunters must check in and check out. The bag limit is 1 daily and 1 in possession. The season will close if incidental harvest includes 5 dusky Canada geese. A dusky Canada goose is any dark-breasted Canada goose (Munsell 10 YR color value 5 or less) with a bill length between 40 and 50 millimeters. C. In Units 9, 10, 17, and 18, the daily bag limit is 6 Canada geese. White-fronted Geese: The daily bag limit is 4 with the following exceptions: A. In Units 9, 10, and 17, the daily bag limit is 6 white-fronted geese. B. In Unit 18, the daily bag limit is 10 white-fronted geese. Emperor Geese: Open seasons for emperor geese may be selected subject to the following conditions: A. All seasons are by permit only. B. No more than 1 emperor goose may be harvested per hunter per season. C. Total harvest may not exceed 1,000 emperor geese. D. In State Game Management Unit 8, the Kodiak Island Road Area is closed to hunting. The Kodiak Island Road Area consists of all lands and water (including exposed tidelands) east of a line extending from Crag Point in the north to the west end of Saltery Cove in the south and all lands and water south of a line extending from Termination Point along the north side of Cascade Lake extending to Anton Larsen Bay. Marine waters adjacent to the closed area are closed to harvest within 500 feet from the water's edge. The offshore islands are open to harvest, for example: Woody, Long, Gull, and Puffin islands. Brant: The daily bag limit will be determined based on the upcoming brant winter survey results and the Pacific brant harvest strategy. Snipe: The daily bag limit is 8. Sandhill Cranes: The daily bag limit is 2 in the Southeast, Gulf Coast, Kodiak, and Aleutian Zones, and Unit 17 in the North Zone. In the remainder of the North Zone (outside Unit 17), the daily bag limit is 3. Tundra Swans: Open seasons for tundra swans may be selected subject to the following conditions: A. All seasons are by permit only. B. All season framework dates are September 1-October 31. C. In Unit 17, no more than 200 permits may be issued during this operational season. No more than 3 tundra swans may be authorized per permit, with no more than 1 permit issued per hunter per season. D. In Unit 18, no more than 500 permits may be issued during the operational season. No more than 3 tundra swans may be authorized per permit. No more than 1 permit may be issued per hunter per season. E. In Unit 22, no more than 300 permits may be issued during the operational season. No more than 3 tundra swans may be authorized per permit. No more than 1 permit may be issued per hunter per season. F. In Unit 23, no more than 300 permits may be issued during the operational season. No more than 3 tundra swans may be authorized per permit. No more than 1 permit may be issued per hunter per season. Hawaii Outside Dates: Between October 1 and January 31. Hunting Seasons: Not more than 65 days (75 under the alternative) for mourning doves. Bag Limits: Not to exceed 15 (12 under the alternative) mourning doves. Note: Mourning doves may be taken in Hawaii in accordance with shooting hours and other regulations set by the State of Hawaii, and subject to the applicable provisions of 50 CFR part 20. Puerto Rico Doves and Pigeons Outside Dates: Between September 1 and January 15. Hunting Seasons: Not more than 60 days. Daily Bag and Possession Limits: Not to exceed 20 Zenaida, mourning, and white-winged doves in the aggregate, of which not more than 10 may be Zenaida doves and 3 may be mourning doves. Not to exceed 5 scaly-naped pigeons. Closed Seasons: The season is closed on the white-crowned pigeon and the plain pigeon, which are protected by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Closed Areas: There is no open season on doves or pigeons in the following areas: Municipality of Culebra, Desecheo Island, Mona Island, El Verde Closure Area, and Cidra Municipality and adjacent areas. Ducks, Coots, Moorhens, Gallinules, and Snipe Outside Dates: Between October 1 and January 31. Hunting Seasons: Not more than 55 days may be selected for hunting ducks, common moorhens, and common snipe. The season may be split into 2 segments. Daily Bag Limits Ducks: Not to exceed 6 ducks. Common Moorhens: Not to exceed 6 moorhens. Common Snipe: Not to exceed 8 snipe. Closed Seasons: The season is closed on the ruddy duck, white-cheeked pintail, West Indian whistling duck, fulvous whistling duck, and masked duck, which are protected by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The season also is closed on the purple gallinule, American coot, and Caribbean coot. Closed Areas: There is no open season on ducks, common moorhens, and common snipe in the Municipality of Culebra and on Desecheo Island. Virgin Islands Doves and Pigeons Outside Dates: Between September 1 and January 15. Hunting Seasons: Not more than 60 consecutive days. Daily Bag and Possession Limits: Not to exceed 10 Zenaida doves. Closed Seasons: No open season is prescribed for ground or quail doves or pigeons. Closed Areas: There is no open season for migratory game birds on Ruth Cay (just south of St. Croix). Local Names for Certain Birds: Zenaida dove, also known as mountain dove; bridled quail-dove, also known as Barbary dove or partridge; common ground-dove, also known as stone dove, tobacco dove, rola, or tortolita; scaly-naped pigeon, also known as red-necked or scaled pigeon. Ducks Outside Dates: Between December 1 and January 31. Hunting Seasons: Not more than 55 consecutive days. Daily Bag Limits: Not to exceed 6 ducks. Closed Seasons: The season is closed on the ruddy duck, white-cheeked pintail, West Indian whistling duck, fulvous whistling duck, and masked duck. Special Falconry Regulations In accordance with 50 CFR 21.29, falconry is a permitted means of taking migratory game birds in any State exc [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2019-07527. Public record. Not legal advice.