# Final Order Regarding Southwest Power Pool, Inc. Application To Exempt Specified Transactions; Amendment to the Final Order Exempting Specified Transactions of Certain Independent System Operators and Regional Transmission Organizations > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2016-25571 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Notice - **Published:** October 24, 2016 - **Citation:** 81 FR 73062 ## Text COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION Final Order Regarding Southwest Power Pool, Inc. Application To Exempt Specified Transactions; Amendment to the Final Order Exempting Specified Transactions of Certain Independent System Operators and Regional Transmission Organizations AGENCY: Commodity Futures Trading Commission. ACTION: Final order. SUMMARY: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC” or “Commission”) is issuing a final order in response to an application from Southwest Power Pool, Inc. (“SPP”) to exempt specified transactions from certain provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA” or “Act”) and Commission regulations. In this release, the Commission is also amending an order issued on March 28, 2013 exempting other specified transactions from certain provisions of the CEA and Commission regulations. DATES: The effective date for the SPP Final Order and the Amended RTO-ISO Order is October 24, 2016. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert B. Wasserman, Chief Counsel, 202-418-5092, rwasserman@cftc.gov, Alicia L. Lewis, Special Counsel, 202-418-5862, alewis@cftc.gov, or Andrée Goldsmith, Special Counsel, 202-418-6624, agoldsmith@cftc.gov, Division of Clearing and Risk; David P. Van Wagner, Chief Counsel, 202-418-5481, dvanwagner@cftc.gov, or Riva Spear Adriance, Senior Special Counsel, 202-418-5494, radriance@cftc.gov, Division of Market Oversight, in each case at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street NW., Washington, DC 20581. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Overview The Commission is issuing a final order (“SPP Final Order”) in response to an application (“Exemption Application”) 1 from SPP to exempt certain Transmission Congestion Rights, Energy Transactions, and Operating Reserve Transactions (collectively, the “SPP Covered Transactions”) from certain provisions of the CEA 2 and Commission regulations. The SPP Final Order exempts contracts, agreements, and transactions for the purchase or sale of the limited electric energy-related products that are specifically described within the SPP Final Order from certain provisions of the CEA and Commission regulations, with the exception of the Commission's general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under CEA sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13 of the Act, and any implementing regulations promulgated under these sections including, but not limited to, Commission regulations § 23.410(a) and (b), § 32.4, and part 180. 3 The exemption in the SPP Final Order also will exempt such transactions from private actions pursuant to CEA section 22. 4 To be eligible for the exemption contained in the SPP Final Order, the contract, agreement, or transaction must be offered or entered into in a market administered by SPP pursuant to SPP's tariff, rate schedule, or protocol (collectively, “Tariff”), and the Tariff must have been approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”). In addition, the contract, agreement, or transaction must be entered into by persons who are “appropriate persons,” as defined in sections 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) of the Act, 5 “eligible contract participants,” as defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the Act and Commission regulations, 6 or persons who are in the business of: (i) Generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy, or (ii) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system. The SPP Final Order also extends to any person or class of persons offering, entering into, rendering advice, or rendering other services with respect to the SPP Covered Transactions. Finally, the SPP Final Order is subject to other conditions set forth therein. Authority for issuing the exemption is found in section 4(c)(6) of the Act. 7 The Commission issued a proposed order and request for comment with respect to SPP's Exemption Application (“SPP Proposed Order”) on May 18, 2015. 8 1 In the Matter of the Application for an Exemptive Order Under Section 4(c) of the Commodity Exchange Act by Southwest Power Pool, Inc., Oct. 17, 2013, as amended Aug. 1, 2014. 2 7 U.S.C. 1 et seq. 3 The foregoing provisions are referred to as the “Excepted Provisions.” 4 7 U.S.C. 25. 5 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(3)(A) through (J). 6 7 U.S.C. 1a(18)(A). See also Further Definition of “Swap Dealer,” “Security-Based Swap Dealer,” “Major Swap Participant,” “Major Security-Based Swap Participant” and “Eligible Contract Participant,” 77 FR 30596, May 23, 2012. 7 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(6). 8 Notice of Proposed Order and Request for Comment on an Application for an Exemptive Order From Southwest Power Pool, Inc. From Certain Provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act Pursuant to the Authority Provided in Section 4(c)(6) of the Act, 80 FR 29490, May 21, 2015. The SPP Proposed Order was published in the Federal Register on May 21, 2015. A copy of the Exemption Application is available on the Commission's Web site at http://www.cftc.gov/stellent/groups/public/@requestsandactions/documents/ifdocs/spp4camdappl080114.pdf; the attachments to the Application are posted at http://www.cftc.gov/stellent/groups/public/@requestsandactions/documents/ifdocs/spp4cattach-a-gg080114.pdf. A chart submitted by SPP that sets forth the status of its implementation of the standards set forth in FERC Order No. 741 is posted at http://www.cftc.gov/stellent/groups/public/@requestsandactions/documents/ifdocs/spp4caddendum_b.pdf. A copy of the SPP Proposed Order is available at 80 FR 29490, and on the Commission's Web site at http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@lrfederalregister/documents/file/2015-12346a.pdf. A copy of the comment file with respect to the SPP Proposed Order is available on the Commission's Web site at http://comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/CommentList.aspx?id=1586. The Commission is also amending an order issued on March 28, 2013 pursuant to the authority in section 4(c)(6) of the Act exempting specified electric energy transactions from certain provisions of the CEA and Commission regulations (“RTO-ISO Order”). 9 The RTO-ISO Order was issued in response to a consolidated petition from certain regional transmission organizations (“RTOs”) and independent system operators (“ISOs”). The RTO-ISO Order exempted contracts, agreements, and transactions for the purchase or sale of the limited electric energy-related products that are specifically described within the RTO-ISO Order from certain provisions of the CEA and Commission regulations, with the exception of the Commission's general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under CEA sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13 of the Act, and any implementing regulations promulgated under these sections including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4, and part 180. The RTO-ISO Order did not specifically mention CEA section 22. The Commission issued a proposal to amend the RTO-ISO Order and request for comment on May 9, 2016 (“RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment”). 10 The Commission is amending the text of the RTO-ISO Order to also exempt the transactions covered under that order from private actions pursuant to CEA section 22 (“Amended RTO-ISO Order”). 9 Final Order in Response to a Petition From Certain Independent System Operators and Regional Transmission Organizations to Exempt Specified Transactions Authorized by a Tariff or Protocol Approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or the Public Utility Commission of Texas From Certain Provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act Pursuant to the Authority Provided in the Act, 78 FR 19880, Apr. 2, 2013. The RTO-ISO Order was published in the Federal Register on April 2, 2013. 10 Notice of Proposed Amendment to and Request for Comment on the Final Order in Response to a Petition from Certain Independent System Operators and Regional Transmission Organizations to Exempt Specified Transactions Authorized by a Tariff or Protocol Approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or the Public Utility Commission of Texas From Certain Provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act Pursuant to the Authority Provided in the Act, 81 FR 30245, May 16, 2016. The RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment was published in the Federal Register on May 16, 2016. A copy of the RTO-ISO Order is available at 78 FR 19880 (April 2, 2013), and on the Commission's Web site at http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@lrfederalregister/documents/file/2013-07634a.pdf. A copy of the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment is available at 81 FR 30245 (May 16, 2016), and on the Commission's Web site at http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@lrfederalregister/documents/file/2016-11385a.pdf. A copy of the comment file with respect to the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment is available on the Commission's Web site at http://comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/CommentList.aspx?id=1697. Table of Contents I. Relevant Dodd-Frank Provisions II. Background A. RTO-ISO Order B. SPP Exemption Application C. SPP Proposed Order 1. Transactions Proposed To Be Exempted 2. Conditions to the SPP Proposed Order 3. Additional Limitations D. Aspire v. GDF Suez E. RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment III. Summary of Comments A. Overview of Comments B. Private Right of Action Under CEA Section 22 1. Summary of Comments 2. Commission Determination C. Use of the Term “Member” in the SPP Proposed Order IV. Section 4(c) Determinations A. Section 4(c) Analysis 1. Overview of CEA Section 4(c) a. Sections 4(c)(6)(A) and (B) b. Section 4(c)(1) c. Discussion of Comments on Sections 4(c)(6) and 4(c)(1) d. Section 4(c)(2) e. Section 4(c)(3) 2. CEA Section 4(c) Determinations—SPP Final Order a. Commission Jurisdiction b. Consistent With the Public Interest and Purposes of the CEA c. CEA Section 4(a) Should Not Apply to the Transactions or Entities Eligible for the Exemption d. Appropriate Persons e. Effect on the Commission's or Any Contract Market's Ability To Discharge Its Regulatory or Self-Regulatory Duties Under the CEA 3. CEA Section 4(c) Determinations—Amended RTO-ISO Order a. Consistent With the Public Interest and Purposes of the CEA b. Other Section 4(c) Determinations B. Additional Limitations and Provisions—SPP Final Order V. Related Matters A. Regulatory Flexibility Act 1. Introduction 2. SPP Final Order 3. Amended RTO-ISO Order B. Paperwork Reduction Act 1. Introduction 2. SPP Final Order 3. Amended RTO-ISO Order C. Cost-Benefit Considerations 1. Introduction 2. SPP Final Order a. Background b. SPP Proposed Order and Request for Comment on the Commission's Proposed Consideration of Costs and Benefits c. Summary of the SPP Final Order d. Baseline e. Benefits f. Costs g. Consideration of Alternatives h. Consideration of CEA Section 15(a) Factors 3. Amended RTO-ISO Order a. Background b. RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment and Request for Comment on the Commission's Proposed Consideration of Costs and Benefits c. Summary of the Amended RTO-ISO Order d. Baseline e. Benefits f. Costs g. Consideration of Alternatives h. Consideration of CEA Section 15(a) Factors VI. SPP Final Order VII. Amended RTO-ISO Order I. Relevant Dodd-Frank Provisions 11 11 For a fuller discussion, see RTO-ISO Order at 19881-82. On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”). 12 Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act amended the CEA and altered the scope of the Commission's exclusive jurisdiction. 13 In particular, it expanded the Commission's exclusive jurisdiction, which had included futures traded, executed, and cleared on CFTC-regulated exchanges and clearinghouses, to also cover swaps traded, executed, or cleared on CFTC-regulated exchanges or clearinghouses. 14 As a result, the Commission's exclusive jurisdiction now includes swaps as well as futures. 12 See Dodd-Frank Act, Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010). The text of the Dodd-Frank Act may be accessed at http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@swaps/documents/file/hr4173_enrolledbill.pdf. 13 Section 722(e) of the Dodd-Frank Act. 14 See 7 U.S.C. 2(a)(1)(A). The Dodd-Frank Act also added section 2(h)(1)(A), which requires swaps to be cleared if required to be cleared and not subject to a clearing exception or exemption. See 7 U.S.C. 2(h)(1)(A). The Dodd-Frank Act also added a savings clause that addresses the roles of the Commission, FERC, and state regulatory authorities as they relate to certain agreements, contracts, or transactions traded pursuant to the tariff or rate schedule of an RTO or ISO that has been approved by FERC or the state regulatory authority. 15 That savings clause, paragraph (I)(i) of CEA section 2(a)(1), preserves the statutory authority of FERC and state regulatory authorities over agreements, contracts, or transactions entered into pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule approved by FERC or a State regulatory authority, that are (I) not executed, traded, or cleared on an entity or trading facility subject to registration, or (II) executed, traded, or cleared on a registered entity or trading facility owned or operated by an RTO or ISO. 16 However, paragraph (I)(ii) of CEA section 2(a)(1) also preserves the Commission's statutory authority over such agreements, contracts, or transactions. 17 15 See 7 U.S.C. 2(a)(1)(I). 16 7 U.S.C. 2(a)(1)(I)(i). 17 See 7 U.S.C. 2(a)(1)(I)(ii). The Dodd-Frank Act granted the Commission specific powers to exempt certain contracts, agreements, or transactions from duties otherwise required by statute or Commission regulation by adding, as relevant here, new section 4(c)(6) to the CEA. Section 4(c)(6) provides that the Commission shall, if certain conditions are met, issue exemptions from the “requirements” of the CEA for certain transactions entered into pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule approved or permitted to take effect by FERC or a state regulatory authority. 18 18 See 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(6). CEA section 4(c)(6) provides that the Commission shall issue an exemption only if the Commission determines that the exemption would be consistent with the public interest and the purposes of this Act. Moreover, the Commission must act in accordance with 4(c)(1) and 4(c)(2) when issuing an exemption under section 4(c)(6). The Commission must act “in accordance with” sections 4(c)(1) and (2) of the CEA when issuing an exemption under section 4(c)(6). 19 Section 4(c)(1) grants the Commission the authority to exempt any agreement, contract, or transaction or class of transactions, including swaps, from certain provisions of the CEA, in order to promote responsible economic or financial innovation and fair competition. 20 Section 4(c)(2) 21 of the Act further provides that the Commission may not grant exemptive relief unless it determines that: (1) The exemption would be consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the CEA; (2) the transaction will be entered into solely between “appropriate persons” as that term is defined in section 4(c); 22 and (3) the exemption will not have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Commission or any contract market to discharge its regulatory or self-regulatory responsibilities under the CEA. 23 In enacting section 4(c), Congress noted that the purpose of the provision is to give the Commission a means of providing certainty and stability to existing and emerging markets so that financial innovation and market development can proceed in an effective and competitive manner. 24 19 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(6). 20 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(1). 21 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(2). 22 Section 4(c)(3) of the CEA further outlines who may constitute an appropriate person for the purpose of a particular 4(c) exemption and includes, as relevant to the SPP Final Order: (a) Any person that qualifies for one of ten defined categories of appropriate persons; or (b) such other persons that the Commission determines to be appropriate in light of their financial or other qualifications, or the applicability of appropriate regulatory protections. 23 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(2). 24 H.R. Rep. No. 102-978, 102d Cong. 2d Sess., 1992 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3179, 3213 (1992). II. Background A. RTO-ISO Order On March 28, 2013, the Commission issued the RTO-ISO Order, which exempts specified transactions of particular RTOs and ISOs 25 from certain provisions of the CEA and Commission regulations. The scope of the RTO-ISO Order includes transactions that fall within the definitions of “Financial Transmission Rights,” “Energy Transactions,” “Forward Capacity Transactions,” or “Reserve or Regulation Transactions” 26 (collectively, the “RTO-ISO Covered Transactions”) and that are offered or sold in a market administered by one of the petitioning RTOs or ISOs pursuant to a tariff, rate schedule, or protocol that has been approved or permitted to take effect by FERC or PUCT. 27 In addition, to be eligible for the exemption in the RTO-ISO Order, all parties to the agreements, contracts, or transactions that are covered by the RTO-ISO Order must be: (1) “appropriate persons,” as defined in section 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) of the CEA; (2) “eligible contract participants,” as defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the CEA and in Commission regulation 1.3(m); or (3) in the business of (i) generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy, or (ii) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system. 28 To be eligible for the exemption in the RTO-ISO Order, the transactions must comply with all other enumerated terms and conditions in the RTO-ISO Order. 29 The relief granted in, and the conditions imposed by, the SPP Proposed Order are consistent with the analogous provisions of the RTO-ISO Order. 25 Six entities (the “Requesting Parties”) jointly filed a petition requesting the exemption provided in the RTO-ISO Order: Midwest Independent Transmission System Operator, Inc. (“MISO”), ISO New England, Inc. (“ISO NE”), and PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. (“PJM”) are RTOs subject to regulation by FERC; California Independent System Operator Corporation (“CAISO”) and New York Independent System Operator, Inc. (“NYISO”) are ISOs subject to regulation by FERC; and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc. (“ERCOT”) performs the role of an ISO and is subject to regulation by the Public Utility Commission of Texas (“PUCT”). See RTO-ISO Order at 19882. 26 See id. at 19912-13. 27 See id. at 19913. The exemption in the RTO-ISO Order also applies to “any person or class of persons offering, entering into, rendering advice, or rendering other services with respect” to any of the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions. See id. at 19912. These entities, including the six Requesting Parties ( see supra note 25) are hereinafter referred to collectively as the “RTO-ISO Covered Entities.” 28 See id. at 19913-14. 29 See id. at 19912-15. In the RTO-ISO Order, the Commission excepted from the exemption the Commission's general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under CEA sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13 of the Act, and any implementing regulations promulgated under these sections including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4, and part 180. 30 The RTO-ISO Order did not discuss CEA section 22. 30 See id. at 19912. B. SPP Exemption Application On October 17, 2013, SPP filed an Exemption Application 31 with the Commission requesting that the Commission exercise its authority under section 4(c)(6) of the CEA 32 and section 712(f) of the Dodd-Frank Act 33 to exempt certain contracts, agreements, and transactions for the purchase or sale of specified electric energy products, that are offered pursuant to a FERC-approved Tariff, from most provisions of the Act. 34 SPP is an RTO subject to regulation by FERC. As described in greater detail below, FERC encouraged the formation of RTOs to administer the electric energy transmission grid on a regional basis. 35 31 SPP filed an amended Exemption Application on August 1, 2014. Citations herein to “Exemption Application” are to the amended Exemption Application. 32 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(6). 33 See section 712(f) of the Dodd-Frank Act. 34 See Exemption Application at 1. 35 See id. at 2 n.7. SPP specifically requested that the Commission exempt from most provisions of the CEA certain “transmission congestion rights,” “energy transactions,” and “operating reserve transactions,” as those terms are defined in the Exemption Application, if such transactions are offered or entered into pursuant to a Tariff under which SPP operates that has been approved by FERC, as well as any persons (including SPP, its members and its market participants) offering, entering into, rendering advice, or rendering other services with respect to such transactions. 36 SPP asserted that each of the transactions for which an exemption is requested is: (a) Subject to a long-standing, comprehensive regulatory framework for the offer and sale of such transactions established by FERC, and (b) part of, and inextricably linked to, SPP's delivery of electric energy and the organized wholesale electric energy markets that are subject to regulation and oversight by FERC. 37 SPP expressly excluded from the Exemption Application any request for relief from the Commission's general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13 of the Act, and any implementing regulations promulgated under these sections including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4 and part 180, 38 and such provisions explicitly have been carved out of the SPP Proposed Order. SPP asserted that it is seeking the requested exemption in order to provide greater legal certainty with respect to the regulatory requirements that apply to the transactions that are the subject of the Exemption Application. 39 36 See i d. at 11-15. 37 See id. at 17. 38 See id. at 1. 39 See id. at 11. As discussed above, 40 the relief that SPP requested is substantially similar to the relief the Commission granted in the RTO-ISO Order. 40 See supra section II.A. C. SPP Proposed Order On May 18, 2015, the Commission issued the SPP Proposed Order. 41 The exemptive relief proposed in the SPP Proposed Order was substantially similar to the exemptive relief granted by the Commission in the RTO-ISO Order. 41 80 FR 29490 (May 21, 2015). 1. Transactions Proposed To Be Exempted In the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission proposed to exempt the purchase and sale of three types of SPP Covered Transactions: (1) Transmission Congestion Rights (“TCRs”), (2) Energy Transactions, and (3) Operating Reserve Transactions, each as defined below, pursuant to section 4(c)(6) of the CEA. 42 42 Id. at 29493-94, 29516-17. As set forth in the SPP Proposed Order, SPP represents that the terms “Transmission Congestion Rights,” “Energy Transactions,” and “Operating Reserve Transactions” are SPP's equivalent of the following terms set forth in the RTO-ISO Order: “Financial Transmission Right,” “Energy Transactions,” and “Reserve or Regulation Transactions,” respectively. SPP also avers that its transactions are defined in a manner consistent with the terms set forth in the RTO-ISO Order. Id. at 29493 n.51. A TCR 43 was proposed to be defined as “a transaction, however named, that entitles one party to receive, and obligates another party to pay, an amount based solely on the difference between the price for electric energy, established on an electric energy market administered by SPP, at a specified source ( i.e., where electric energy is deemed injected into SPP's grid) and a specified sink ( i.e., where electric energy is deemed withdrawn from SPP's grid).” 44 As set forth in the SPP Proposed Order, TCRs would be exempt only where each TCR is linked to, and the aggregate volume of TCRs for any period of time is limited by, the physical capability (after accounting for counterflow) of SPP's electric energy transmission system for such period; SPP serves as the market administrator for the market on which the TCRs are transacted; each party to the transaction is a market participant of SPP (or is SPP itself) and the transaction is executed on a market administered by SPP; and the transaction does not require any party to make or take physical delivery of electric energy. 45 43 As set forth in the SPP Proposed Order, SPP's markets will also include Auction Revenue Rights (“ARRs”). ARRs are allocated to transmission customers based on historical network load or transmission service reservations (or equivalent service taken under a grandfathered agreement between an SPP transmission owner and a customer). ARRs are granted exclusively to transmission service customers ( i.e., not to other market participants or speculators) based on their transmission service (or grandfathered service) and are subject to SPP's simultaneous feasibility analysis of the capability of the SPP Transmission System. ARRs are not traded in SPP's market; instead, ARRs entitle the holder to a share of revenues from SPP-administered transmission congestion right auctions or may be “self-converted” at the customer's election into a transmission congestion right. Id. at 29493 n.52. 44 Id. at 29493; see also id. at 29517. The proposed definition of TCR is similar to the definition of financial transmission right (“FTR”) in the RTO-ISO Order. However, the proposed definition of TCR does not include TCR options, whereas the RTO-ISO Order's definition of FTR includes such rights in the form of options. Id. at 29493 n.53; cf. RTO-ISO Order at 19913 (defining the term FTR to include FTRs and FTRs in the form of options). 45 80 FR at 29493. “Energy Transactions” were proposed to be defined as transactions in the SPP “Day-Ahead Market” 46 or “Real-Time Balancing Market,” 47 as those terms are defined in the SPP Proposed Order, for the purchase or sale of a specified quantity of electric energy at a specified location (including virtual bids and offers) where the price of electric energy is established at the time the transaction is executed. 48 Performance occurs in the Real-Time Balancing Market by either the physical delivery or receipt of the specified electric energy or a cash payment or receipt at the price established in the Day-Ahead Market or Real-Time Balancing Market; and the aggregate cleared volume of both physical and cash-settled energy transactions for any period of time is limited by the physical capability of the electric energy transmission system operated by SPP for that period of time. 49 46 “Day-Ahead Market” was defined in the SPP Proposed Order as “an electric energy market administered by SPP on which the price of electric energy at a specified location is determined, in accordance with SPP's Tariff, for specified time periods, none of which is later than the second operating day following the day on which the Day Ahead Market clears.” Id. at 29517. 47 “Real-Time Balancing Market” was defined in the SPP Proposed Order as “an electric energy market administered by SPP on which the price of electric energy at a specified location is determined, in accordance with SPP's Tariff, for specified time periods within the same 24-hour period.” Id. 48 Id. at 29493; see also id. at 29517. The definition of Energy Transactions is similar to the definition used by the Commission in the RTO-ISO Order. See RTO-ISO Order at 19913. 49 80 FR at 29493; see also id. at 29517. “Operating Reserve Transactions” were proposed to be defined as transactions: (1) In which SPP, for the benefit of load-serving entities and resources, purchases, through auction, the right, during a period of time as specified in SPP's Tariff, to require the seller of such right to operate electric energy facilities in a physical state such that the facilities can increase or decrease the rate of injection or withdrawal of a specified quantity of electric energy into or from the electric energy transmission system operated by SPP with: (a) Physical performance by the seller's facilities within a response time interval specified in SPP's Tariff (Reserve Transaction); or (b) prompt physical performance by the seller's facilities (Area Control Error Regulation Transaction); (2) For which the seller receives, in consideration, one or more of the following: (a) Payment at the price established in SPP's Day-Ahead or Real-Time Balancing Market, as those terms are defined in the SPP Proposed Order, price for electric energy applicable whenever SPP exercises its right that electric energy be delivered (including “Demand Response,” as defined in the SPP Proposed Order); (b) Compensation for the opportunity cost of not supplying or consuming electric energy or other services during any period during which SPP requires that the seller not supply energy or other services; (c) An upfront payment determined through the auction administered by SPP for this service; (d) An additional amount indexed to the frequency, duration, or other attributes of physical performance as specified in SPP's Tariff; and (3) In which the value, quantity, and specifications of such transactions for SPP for any period of time shall be limited to the physical capability of the electric energy transmission system operated by SPP for that period of time. 50 50 Id. at 29517; see also id. at 29493-94. Finally, in the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission clarified that financial transactions that are not tied to the allocation of the physical capabilities of an electric energy transmission grid would not be suitable for exemption, and were therefore not covered by the SPP Proposed Order, because such activity would not be inextricably linked to the physical delivery of electric energy. 51 51 See id. at 29494. 2. Conditions to the SPP Proposed Order In the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission proposed four conditions, each of which is consistent with the RTO-ISO Order. First, the Commission proposed that all parties to the agreements, contracts, or transactions that are covered by the SPP Proposed Order must be “appropriate persons,” as such term is defined in sections 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) of the Act, “eligible contract participants,” as such term is defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the Act and in Commission regulation 1.3(m), 52 or persons who are in the business of: (i) Generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy, or (ii) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system. 53 52 Id. Consistent with the RTO-ISO Order, the Commission proposed to use its authority pursuant to CEA section 4(c)(3)(K) to include eligible contract participants as appropriate persons for the purposes of this SPP Final Order. See RTO-ISO Order at 19896, 19913; see also 7 U.S.C. 1a(18)(A) and Further Definition of “Swap Dealer,” “Security-Based Swap Dealer,” “Major Swap Participant,” “Major Security-Based Swap Participant” and “Eligible Contract Participant,” 77 FR 30596, May 23, 2012. 53 80 FR at 29494. Consistent with the RTO-ISO Order, the Commission also proposed to use its authority pursuant to CEA section 4(c)(3)(K) to include persons who are in the business of: (i) Generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy, or (ii) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system. See RTO-ISO Order at 19899, 19913, 19914. Second, the Commission proposed that the agreements, contracts, or transactions that are covered by the SPP Proposed Order must be offered or sold pursuant to SPP's Tariff, which has been approved or permitted to take effect by FERC. 54 54 80 FR at 29494. Third, the Commission proposed that neither SPP's Tariff nor other governing documents may include any requirement that SPP notify a member prior to providing information to the Commission in response to a subpoena or other request for information or documentation. 55 55 Id. Finally, the Commission proposed that information-sharing arrangements that are satisfactory to the Commission between the Commission and FERC must remain in full force and effect. 56 The Commission proposed that this condition also requires that SPP comply with the Commission's requests on an as-needed basis for related transactional and positional market data. 57 56 Id. The CFTC and FERC signed a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) Regarding Information Sharing and Treatment of Proprietary Trading and Other Information on January 2, 2014 (“CFTC-FERC Information Sharing MOU”), which addresses the sharing of information in connection with market surveillance and investigations into potential market manipulation, fraud, or abuse. The MOU is available at http://www.cftc.gov/ucm/groups/public/@newsroom/documents/file/cftcfercismou2014.pdf. 57 80 FR at 29494. 3. Additional Limitations In the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission expressly noted that the proposed exemption was based upon the representations made in the Exemption Application and in the supporting materials provided by SPP and its counsel, and that any material change or omission in the facts and circumstances that alter the grounds for the SPP Proposed Order might require the Commission to reconsider its finding that the exemption contained therein is appropriate and/or in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of the CEA. 58 The Commission highlighted several of SPP's representations as being of particular importance, including: (1) The exemption sought by SPP relates to the transactions described in the SPP Proposed Order, which are primarily entered into by commercial participants that are in the business of generating, transmitting, and distributing electric energy; 59 (2) SPP was established for the purpose of providing affordable, reliable electric energy to consumers within its geographic region; 60 (3) the transactions described in the SPP Proposed Order are an essential means, designed by FERC as an integral part of its statutory responsibilities, to enable the reliable delivery of affordable electric energy; 61 (4) each of the transactions defined in the SPP Proposed Order taking place on SPP's markets is monitored by both a market administrator (SPP) and an independent market monitor (“SPP Market Monitor”) responsible to FERC; 62 and (5) each transaction defined in the SPP Proposed Order is directly tied to the physical capabilities of SPP's electric energy grid. 63 58 See id.; see also id. at 29518. These limitations are consistent with the RTO-ISO Order. See RTO-ISO Order at 19914-15. 59 See 80 FR at 29494; see also Exemption Application at 17. 60 See 80 FR at 29494; see also Exemption Application at 2, 17. 61 See 80 FR at 29494; see also generally FERC Order No. 888; FERC Order No. 2000; 18 CFR 35.34(k)(2); Exemption Application at 17. 62 See 80 FR at 29494; see also Exemption Application at 17. 63 See 80 FR at 29494; see also Exemption Application at 12-15. In the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission explicitly reserved the authority to, in its discretion, revisit any of the terms of the relief provided by the SPP Proposed Order, including, but not limited to, making a determination that certain entities and transactions should be subject to the Commission's jurisdiction. 64 The Commission also explicitly reserved the authority to, in its discretion, suspend, terminate, or otherwise modify or restrict the exemption granted in the SPP Proposed Order. 65 Finally, the Commission announced its intention to exclude from the exemptive relief its general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under the CEA over SPP and the transactions defined in the SPP Proposed Order, including sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13 of the CEA and any implementing regulations promulgated thereunder including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4, and part 180. 66 64 See 80 FR at 29518. 65 See id. 66 See id. at 29515, 29516. The Commission explained in the SPP Proposed Order that neither the proposed nor the final RTO-ISO Order discussed, referred to, or mentioned CEA section 22, which provides for private rights of action for damages against persons who violate the CEA, or persons who willfully aid, abet, counsel, induce, or procure the commission of a violation of the Act. 67 The Commission explained that by enacting CEA section 22, Congress provided private rights of action as a means for addressing violations of the Act as an alternative or supplement to Commission enforcement action. 68 The Commission observed that it would be highly unusual for the Commission to reserve to itself the power to pursue claims for fraud and manipulation—a power that includes the option of seeking restitution for persons who have sustained losses from such violations or a disgorgement of gains received in connection with such violations—while at the same time, without explanation, denying private rights of action and damages remedies for the same violations. 69 The Commission stated that if it intended to take such a differentiated approach ( i.e., to limit the rights of private persons to bring such claims while reserving to itself the right to bring the same claims), the RTO-ISO Order would have included a discussion or analysis of the reasons therefore. 70 The Commission therefore stated that, in the Commission's view, the RTO-ISO Order does not prevent private claims for fraud or manipulation under the CEA. 71 The Commission further stated that this view would apply equally to the SPP Proposed Order. 72 67 Id. at 29493. 68 Id. 69 Id. 70 Id. 71 Id. 72 Id. D. Aspire v. GDF Suez In February 2015, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas dismissed a private lawsuit on the ground that the CEA section 22 private right of action was not available to the plaintiffs under the RTO-ISO Order. 73 The lawsuit alleged that certain electricity generators in ERCOT's market manipulated the market price of electricity by, among other things, intentionally withholding electricity generation during times of tight supply. 74 The suit further alleged that this conduct created artificial and unpredictable prices in the secondary futures markets. 75 The claim thus alleged that defendants were manipulating contract prices in the derivatives commodities market in violation of the Act. 76 The District Court dismissed the claim, finding that under the RTO-ISO Order, the private right of action in CEA section 22 was “unavailable to [p]laintiffs.” 77 In February 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the District Court's ruling. 78 73 Aspire Commodities, L.P. v. GDF Suez Energy N. Am., Inc., No. H-14-1111, 2015 WL 500482 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 3, 2015). 74 Id. at *1-*2. 75 Id. at *2. 76 See id. 77 Id. at *5. 78 See Aspire Commodities, L.P. v. GDF Suez Energy N. Am., Inc., No. 15-20125, 640 F. App'x 358 (5th Cir. Feb. 25, 2016). E. RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment On May 9, 2016, the Commission issued a notice of proposed order and request for comment which proposed to amend the text of the RTO-ISO Order to explicitly provide that the RTO-ISO Order does not exempt the entities covered under the RTO-ISO Order from the private right of action found in section 22 of the CEA 79 with respect to the Excepted Provisions. 80 79 7 U.S.C. 25. 80 81FR 30245. In the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment, the Commission noted that, currently, Paragraph 1 of the RTO-ISO Order states that the Commission: Exempts, subject to the conditions and limitations specified herein, the execution of the electric energy-related agreements, contracts, and transactions that are specified in paragraph 2 of this Order and any person or class of persons offering, entering into, rendering advice, or rendering other services with respect thereto, from all provisions of the CEA, except, in each case, the Commission's general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under CEA sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13, and any implementing regulations promulgated under these sections including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4, and part 180. 81 81 81 FR at 30247; see also RTO-ISO Order at 19912. The RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment stated that, under the RTO-ISO Order, for those CEA requirements from which the RTOs and ISOs are exempt, there can be no claim under CEA section 22 with respect to those requirements. 82 The Commission further stated RTO-ISO Order did not specifically note that the exemption contained therein did not apply to actions pursuant to CEA section 22 with respect to the Excepted Provisions. 83 82 81 FR 30247. 83 Id. In light of the Aspire court ruling discussed above, 84 in the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment, the Commission proposed to amend the text of the RTO-ISO Order to clarify that the RTO-ISO Covered Entities are not exempt from the private right of action in CEA section 22 with respect to the Excepted Provisions. Specifically, the Commission proposed to amend Paragraph 1 of the RTO-ISO Order to read as follows (the additional language is italicized): 84 See supra section II.D. Exempts, subject to the conditions and limitations specified herein, the execution of the electric energy-related agreements, contracts, and transactions that are specified in paragraph 2 of this Order and any person or class of persons offering, entering into, rendering advice, or rendering other services with respect thereto, from all provisions of the CEA, except, in each case, the Commission's general anti-fraud and anti-manipulation authority, and scienter-based prohibitions, under CEA sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13, and any implementing regulations promulgated under these sections including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4, and part 180. This exemption also does not apply to actions pursuant to CEA section 22 with respect to the foregoing enumerated provisions. 85 85 81 FR 30248. The RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment did not alter any of the other terms or conditions of the RTO-ISO Order. The Commission proposed the foregoing amendment to the RTO-ISO Order in order to ensure clarity. 86 In addition, the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment gave the following additional reasons for proposing the amendment: (1) Amending the RTO-ISO Order to explicitly preserve the private right of action with respect to fraud and manipulation would not cause regulatory uncertainty or duplicative or inconsistent regulation; (2) conflicting judicial interpretations regarding the nature of the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions would not affect the jurisdiction of FERC or any relevant state regulatory authority; (3) the private right of action in the CEA is instrumental in protecting the American public, deterring bad actors, and maintaining the credibility of the markets subject to the Commission's jurisdiction; (4) the private right of action under CEA section 22 was established by Congress as an integral part of the CEA's enforcement and remedial scheme; and (5) the Commission's preservation of section 22 liability with respect to the Excepted Provisions is consistent with the Commission's actions in prior 4(c) orders. 87 86 Id. 87 See id. at 30248-49. III. Summary of Comments A. Overview of Comments The Commission requested public comments on both the SPP Proposed Order and the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment. The public comment period on the SPP Proposed Order ended on June 22, 2015. The Commission received thirteen (13) comment letters on the SPP Proposed Order from twelve (12) commenters, 88 the majority of which provided general support for the proposed exemption. 89 The comment letters on the SPP Proposed Order addressed the following issues: preservation of the private right of action found in section 22 of the CEA; the Commission's jurisdiction; and the use of the term “member” in the SPP Proposed Order. In determining the scope and content of the SPP Final Order, the Commission has taken into account the issues raised by commenters. 88 All comment letters are available through the Commission's Web site at: http://comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/CommentList.aspx?id=1586. Comments addressing the SPP Proposed Order were received from: Aspire Commodities, LP (“Aspire (1)”); Association of Electric Companies of Texas, Inc. (“AECT”); Coalition of Physical Energy Companies (“COPE”); Staff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC Staff (1)”); First Principles Economics, LLC (“First Principles”); GDF Suez Energy North America, Inc. (“GSENA (1)”); International Energy Credit Association (“IECA (1)”); Joint Trade Associations (collectively referring to the American Public Power Association, Edison Electric Institute, Electric Power Supply Association, and the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association); Public Utility Commission of Texas (“PUCT (1)”); RTO-ISO Commenters (collectively referring to PJM Interconnection, L.L.C., Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc., and the California Independent System Operator Corporation); SPP; and Texas Competitive Power Advocates (“TCPA”). COPE submitted an original comment letter on June 22, 2015 and submitted a second comment letter on June 23, 2015. The second comment letter, which was dated June 22, 2015, contained a correction to the version of COPE's comment letter that was originally submitted, and therefore superseded COPE's original comment letter. The corrected version of COPE's comment letter is herein referred to as “COPE (1).” COPE submitted a third comment letter after the expiration of the comment period, on June 25, 2015. 89 See, e.g., Aspire at 1; AECT at 1; COPE (1) at 2; First Principles at 1; GSENA (1) at 2; IECA at 3; Joint Trade Associations at 2; PUCT (1) at 2; SPP at 1; and TCPA at 2. The public comment period on the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment ended on June 15, 2016. The Commission received forty-eight (48) comment letters on the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment from forty-six (46) commenters, 90 all of which addressed the proposed preservation of the private right of action found in section 22 of the CEA. In determining the scope and content of the Amended RTO-ISO Order, and the scope and content of the portions of the SPP Final Order related to the private right of action, the Commission has taken into account the issues raised by commenters. 90 All comment letters are available through the Commission's Web site at: http://comments.cftc.gov/PublicComments/CommentList.aspx?id=1697. Comments addressing the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment were received from: AKCSC; American Electric Power Company, Inc. (“AEP”); American Gas Association (“AGA”); Arizona Electric Power Cooperative, Inc.; Aspire Commodities, LP (“Aspire (2)”) Basin Electric Power Cooperative (“Basin”); Better Markets; Catherine Corn; bilmem ne; Coalition of Physical Energy Companies (“COPE (2)”); Commercial Energy Working Group (“CEWG”); Delaware Division of the Public Advocate, Indiana Office of Utility Consumer Counselor, Maryland Office of People's Counsel, Office of People's Counsel for the District of Columbia, New Jersey Division of Rates Council, Pennsylvania Office of Consumer Advocate, Consumer Advocate Division of the Public Service Commission of West Virginia (“PJM JCA”); East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Inc.; East Texas Electric Cooperative, Inc.; Edison Electric Institute (“EEI”); Electric Power Supply Association (“EPSA”); Exelon Generation Company (“Exelon”); Staff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Staff (“FERC Staff (2)”); GDF Suez Energy North America, Inc. (“GSENA (2)”); Golden Spread Electric Cooperative (“Golden Spread”); Hoosier Energy Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc.; International Energy Credit Association (“IECA (2)”); ISO/RTO Council (“IRC”); ITC Great Plains, LLC (“ITC”); Kansas City Power & Light Company (“KCP&L”); Large Public Power Council (“LPPC”); Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc.; MISO Transmission Owners; Missouri Joint Municipal Electric Utility Commission (“MJMEUC”); National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (“NARUC”); National Rural Electric Cooperative Association and American Public Power Association (collectively, the “NFP Electric Associations”); North Carolina Electric Membership Corporation; Oklahoma Municipal Power Authority (“OMPA”); Old Dominion Electric Cooperative; Omaha Public Power District (“OPPD”); Prairie Power, Inc.; PSEG Companies (“PSEG”); Public Utility Commission of Texas (“PUCT (2)”); Raiden Commodities (“Raiden”); Southern Illinois Power Cooperative; Sunflower Electric Power Corporation; Tenaska Energy, Inc. (“Tenaska”); Texas Industrial Energy Consumers (“TIEC”); Westar Energy, Inc. (“Westar”); Western Farmers Electric Cooperative; and Xcel Energy Services Inc. (“Xcel”). Both Exelon and Golden Spread submitted two duplicate comments; any reference to either commenter below refers to the letter attachment on the Commission's Web site at the above link. In addition, twelve electric cooperatives submitted substantively identical comment letters: Arizona Electric Power Cooperative, Inc., East Kentucky Power Cooperative, Inc., East Texas Electric Cooperative, Inc., Golden Spread Electric Cooperative, Inc., Hoosier Energy Rural Electric Cooperative, Inc., Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc., North Carolina Electric Membership Corporation, Old Dominion Electric Cooperative, Prairie Power, Inc., Southern Illinois Power Cooperative, Sunflower Electric Power Corporation, and Western Farmers Electric Cooperative. These twelve commenters are collectively referred to in the discussion that follows as the “Electric Cooperative Commenters,” and any citations to such commenters are to the letter of the Arizona Electric Power Cooperative. B. Private Right of Action Under CEA Section 22 1. Summary of Comments In response to the SPP Proposed Order, a number of commenters objected to the inclusion in the SPP Proposed Order of language proposing to preserve, in the RTO-ISO Order, private rights of action under CEA section 22 with respect to the Excepted Provisions, and these commenters asked that such language not be included in the SPP Final Order. 91 Some commenters asserted that the Commission's proposed clarification of the RTO-ISO Order would deprive the RTOs and ISOs of due process and the right to comment on this aspect of the RTO-ISO Order. The Joint Trade Associations, for example, argued that the Commission's preservation of a private right of action under section 22 of the CEA in the proposed exemption would retroactively impose requirements that were not contemplated or discussed in prior proceedings. 92 GSENA likewise stated that the Commission cannot retroactively alter the RTO-ISO Order “by simply reciting its belief or intent.” 93 COPE echoed this objection. 94 A number of commenters asserted that the language regarding the preservation of private rights of action under CEA section 22 would amount to a retroactive alteration of the RTO-ISO Order, so the Commission should have provided notice to market participants and an opportunity to comment on the alteration. 95 Also, commenters argued that the inclusion in the SPP Proposed Order of language stating that the intent of the RTO-ISO Order was to preserve such private rights of action would be contrary to the plain meaning of the RTO-ISO Order. 96 In addition, in response to the SPP Proposed Order, commenters asserted that allowing private rights of action could (1) create a regulatory conflict that would be inconsistent with Congress' directive that the CFTC and FERC coordinate their actions to avoid conflicting or duplicative regulation; 97 (2) give rise to inconsistent rulings among the Commission, FERC, state regulatory agencies and federal district courts regarding the regulatory scheme for transactions in the RTO-ISO markets; 98 (3) adversely affect the ability of the Commission and FERC to determine under the CFTC-FERC jurisdictional MOU 99 how to exercise their respective authorities; 100 (4) result in inconsistent court decisions; 101 (5) be costly; 102 and (6) be inconsistent with other orders issued by the Commission pursuant to the authority in CEA section 4(c). 103 Separately, in response to the SPP Proposed Order, FERC Staff raised concerns about the effect of allowing private rights of action under CEA section 22 on FERC's regulatory authority, and requested that the Commission clarify that its action on SPP's application does not limit or otherwise affect FERC's authority. 104 91 See, e.g., Joint Trade Associations at 5; COPE (1) at 3, 5; GSENA (1) at 3; PUCT (1) at 3. 92 Joint Trade Associations at 5. 93 GSENA (1) at 3. 94 COPE (1) at 5 (“[A] retroactive statement of agency intent” is not sufficient to change the plain meaning of the RTO-ISO Order). 95 Joint Trade Associations at 5-6; COPE (1) at 5; IECA (1) at 2; RTO-ISO Commenters at 3; PUCT (1) at 4. 96 See, e.g., Joint Trade Associations at 5; COPE (1) at 3; PUCT (1) at 3-4. 97 Joint Trade Associations at 7; IECA at 3. 98 RTO-ISO Commenters at 5. 99 Memorandum of Understanding Between the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC-FERC Jurisdictional MOU”), Jan. 2, 2014, available at http://www.cftc.gov/idc/groups/public/@newsroom/documents/file/cftcfercjmou2014.pdf. 100 RTO-ISO Commenters at 5-6; 9-10. 101 Joint Trade Associations at 6; RTO-ISO Commenters at 8-9. 102 COPE (1) at 4; PUCT (1) at 6. 103 RTO-ISO Commenters at 6-7. 104 FERC Staff (1) at 2. In light of the comments received with respect to the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission proposed an amendment to the RTO-ISO Order to address the private right of action issue directly and to solicit further comment from the public on that issue. As noted above, the Commission received comments in response to the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment. Specifically, a number of commenters asserted that the private right of action is not necessary in the context of the RTO-ISO markets given the comprehensive regulatory scheme to which those markets are subject. For example, IRC asserted that the RTO-ISO markets are “comprehensively regulated” by FERC and PUCT, with substantial enforcement tools, resources, and experience. 105 According to several commenters, FERC's broad enforcement authority over the RTO-ISO markets, including the authority to conduct investigations, re-settle markets, grant refunds, order disgorgement, impose civil penalties, and refer cases to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution, renders the private right of action unnecessary in such markets. 106 In addition, FERC Staff noted that section 206 of the Federal Power Act (“FPA”) authorizes FERC to determine, either on its own motion or as a result of a complaint, that an existing rate or market feature is unjust and unreasonable, and to establish prospectively a just and reasonable rate. 107 Similarly, PUCT argued that it has an established complaint process to accommodate claims of fraud and manipulation. 108 More broadly, commenters asserted that both FERC and PUCT have sufficient processes in place for private parties to air their concerns. 109 Commenters also noted that the RTO-ISO markets are subject to an additional layer of oversight by independent market monitors, which are tasked with tracking the behavior of RTO-ISO market participants and reporting suspicious behavior to FERC or PUCT. 110 On the other hand, Aspire, Better Markets, and Raiden asserted that the private right of action protects market participants by deterring fraudulent or manipulative conduct in the RTO-ISO markets, and that private rights of action serve as a vital tool to augment the Commission's limited resources. 111 Aspire and Raiden further argued that market participants are in the best position to observe and take action with respect to market manipulation, and that they are properly incentivized to bring private claims to seek compensation for any damages suffered. 112 105 IRC at 5-6. The IRC also argued that a Commission order should not be amended, expanded, or withdrawn absent a change in the law or the facts underlying the order. Id. at 12. 106 See, e.g., EPSA at 4; GSENA (2) at 3; MISO Transmission Owners at 5; PSEG at 2. 107 FERC Staff (2) at 3. 108 PUCT (2) at 11. 109 See, e.g., AGA at 3; EPSA at 5; GSENA (2) at 3; PUCT (2) at 11. 110 See, e.g., EEI at 10; PJM JCA at 4; MISO Transmission Owners at 5-6; PUCT (2) at 11-12; Xcel at 2. 111 Aspire (2) at 2; Better Markets at 2-3; Raiden at 4. 112 Aspire (2) at 6; Raiden at 6. In addition, several commenters argued that preserving the CEA section 22 private right of action in this context would result in regulatory and/or legal uncertainty. A number of commenters asserted that private rights of action could disrupt the regulatory framework in place over the RTO-ISO markets, 113 undermine the efficiency and effectiveness of the RTO-ISO markets, 114 interfere with FERC's and PUCT's ability to maintain the integrity and efficiency of the RTO-ISO markets, 115 and interfere with FERC's and PUCT's ability to determine how the transactions in the RTO-ISO markets should be regulated so as to produce just and reasonable rates. 116 Several commenters asserted that a judicial determination regarding the nature of the transactions in the RTO-ISO markets ( i.e., whether a particular transaction is a swap) could affect FERC's or PUCT's jurisdiction over such transactions. 117 In response to the Commission's question regarding the effect of the CEA's savings clause on such concerns, several commenters expressed the view that such clause is subject to differing interpretations, and as such, it is not clear how a court would interpret the interaction between the savings clause in CEA section 2(a)(1)(I) and the “exclusive jurisdiction” language in section 2(a)(1)(A). 118 Better Markets and Aspire, on the other hand, argued that allowing private rights of action in the RTO-ISO markets would not blur the boundaries of the Commission's and FERC's jurisdiction over such markets, and that the savings clause in CEA section 2(a)(1)(I) would prevent any judicial interpretations regarding the nature of the transactions in the RTO-ISO markets from affecting FERC's or PUCT's jurisdiction over such transactions. 119 Separately, FERC Staff requested that, if the Commission were to amend the RTO-ISO Order to provide a private right of action under the CEA in the RTO-ISO markets, the Commission reiterate in its final order that the Commission does not have exclusive jurisdiction over transactions covered by the RTO-ISO Order. 120 113 See, e.g., Basin at 1; EEI at 8; ITC at 2; OMPA at 1; TIEC at 1-2. 114 Westar at 2. 115 EPSA at 8. 116 IRC at 8. 117 See, e.g., EEI at 7; IRC at 9; MISO Transmission Owners at 12. 118 See, e.g., MISO Transmission Owners at 12; PUCT at 11. 119 Better Markets at 3-4; Aspire at 7. 120 FERC Staff (2) at 4. Separately, a number of commenters argued that permitting private actions under CEA section 22 against RTO-ISO market participants could result in conflicting or inconsistent court decisions. 121 In addition, commenters claimed that allowing private rights of action in the RTO-ISO markets could provide an opportunity for private plaintiffs to collaterally attack market rules, tariffs, or filed rates that have been approved or permitted to take effect by the relevant regulator. 122 Such a result, commenters argued, could make it difficult for market participants to rely on the established market rules, resulting in a chilling effect on otherwise appropriate market behavior, and could inject uncertainty and instability into the RTO-ISO markets. 123 Several commenters also suggested that private rights of action could create an opportunity for courts to second-guess policy decisions made by FERC and PUCT, 124 or for private litigants to force judicial revision of RTO-ISO market rules with which they disagree. 125 Aspire and Better Markets argued, on the other hand, that the private right of action does not present any increased risk of inconsistent judicial decisions, as the Commission already has the authority to bring actions under the fraud and manipulation provisions that are reserved in the RTO-ISO Order. 126 121 See, e.g., AGA at 3-4; PUCT (2) at 5. 122 See, e.g., AEP at 2; AGA at 3; COPE (2) at 6, 7; EPSA at 7; Exelon at 2; GSENA at 2; IRC at 10; MISO Transmission Owners at 7; OPPD at 5; PUCT (2) at 5; Tenaska at 2; Westar at 3. In response to the Commission's request for comments regarding the filed rate doctrine, the IRC and PUCT noted that courts have identified several exceptions to the filed rate doctrine, so there is no guarantee that a federal judge would grant a motion to dismiss based on such doctrine. IRC at 11; PUCT (2) at 10-11; see also MISO Transmission Owners at 11-12. The IRC further argued that, to the extent the filed rate doctrine would bar the types of private claims brought under CEA section 22, such a fact would undercut the rationale for allowing such private claims. IRC at 11. 123 See, e.g., PUCT (2) at 5; MISO Transmission Owners at 7; COPE (2) at 7; EPSA at 7; GSENA (2) at 2-3; OMPA at 3; OPPD at 5; PSEG at 3; Tenaska at 2-3; TIEC at 3-4; Xcel at 3. 124 AGA at 4; TIEC at 3. 125 EEI at 10. 126 Aspire at 7; Better Markets at 3. Furthermore, a number of commenters argued that allowing private rights of action in the RTO-ISO markets would be contrary to congressional intent. Several commenters pointed out that the FPA expressly prohibits private rights of action; thus, commenters argued that allowing CEA section 22 private actions in the RTO-ISO markets would be contrary to the express intent of Congress. 127 Commenters also urged that allowing private rights of action would create a regulatory conflict that is inconsistent with Congress' directive that the CFTC and FERC coordinate their actions to avoid conflicting or duplicative regulation, 128 and would adversely affect the ability of the Commission and FERC to determine under the CFTC-FERC Jurisdictional MOU 129 how to exercise their respective authorities. 130 On the other hand, Better Markets argued that preserving the private right of action would not be contrary to congressional intent, since Congress specifically included a private right of action in the CEA. 131 127 See, e.g., CEWG at 2; EEI at 8; Exelon at 2; IRC at 6; KCP&L at 7; MISO Transmission Owners at 9; IECA at 4; FERC Staff (2) at 2-3. 128 AGA at 3; CEWG at 5; FERC Staff (2) at 3. 129 See supra note 99. 130 OPPD at 2-3; FERC Staff (2) at 2. 131 Better Markets at 3. Several commenters also claimed that preserving the CEA section 22 private right of action would be inconsistent with prior Commission action. According to EEI, the RTO-ISO Order was consistent with previous orders issued by the Commission in that it did not contain any reference to or discussion of CEA section 22. 132 EEI further pointed to a grant of temporary exemptive relief from provisions of the CEA added or amended by Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act that referenced certain terms that the Commission had not yet defined. 133 That order expressly stated that “[t]o the extent that the Final Order provides [4(c)] exemptive relief [from certain provisions of the CEA], such exemptive relief would, in effect, preclude a person from succeeding in a private right of action under CEA section 22(a) for violation of such provisions.” 134 Both the IRC and EEI noted that the Commission has only expressly preserved the CEA section 22 private right of action in two prior 4(c) orders, both of which were superseded by Congress. 135 The IRC claimed that it is not unusual for the Commission to reserve its own authority to address fraud and manipulation without also reserving private litigants' right to do so. 136 COPE argued that there is no valid policy argument to require all orders issued under CEA section 4(c) to be the same. 137 EPSA echoed this argument, noting that the Commission's actions in prior 4(c) orders should not control its decision on the private right of action here. 138 132 EEI at 6. 133 Effective Date for Swap Regulation, 76 FR 42508, July 19, 2011. 134 EEI at 6-7. 135 EEI at 7 n.19; IRC at 12 n.32. 136 IRC at 12. 137 COPE (2) at 8. 138 EPSA at 11. A number of commenters addressed the cost implications of allowing private rights of action in the RTO-ISO markets. For instance, several commenters argued that allowing private actions in the RTO-ISO markets would be costly, and that costs will be passed onto electricity consumers. 139 The Electric Cooperative Commenters noted that costs will arise due to private litigation whether or not a private plaintiff can prove that market manipulation occurred. 140 In addition, COPE asserted that private litigants could be motivated in part by monetary gain, whereas FERC, PUCT, and the Commission are motivated by the public interest. 141 A number of commenters further asserted that consumers will bear the indirect costs of increased private litigation in the RTO-ISO markets, claiming that such costs would include indirect costs due to (1) increased regulatory uncertainty; 142 (2) increased risk; 143 (3) decreased liquidity in RTO-ISO products that are used to hedge and manage risk as market participants limit or forego activity in the RTO-ISO markets; 144 and (4) court decisions forcing RTOs and ISOs to change their infrastructure. 145 PUCT also argued that allowing private litigants to bring actions against participants in the RTO-ISO markets would increase the costs associated with operating those markets. 146 On the other hand, Better Markets argued that if the private right of action were available, market participants would not incur any increased costs of compliance because they would already be on notice of, and complying with, the fraud and manipulation provisions in the CEA. 147 139 See, e.g., AGA at 4; CEWG at 4; EPSA at 5-6; Exelon at 3-4; IRC at 10; KCP&L at 4; MISO Transmission Owners at 9; MJMEUC at 3; NFP Electric Associations at 6; PUCT (2) at 5; and TIEC at 4. 140 Electric Cooperative Commenters at 3. The Electric Cooperative Commenters also requested that, if the Commission were to allow private rights of action under CEA section 22 in the RTO-ISO markets, such actions not be allowed (1) against commercial end-user-only entities, or (2) to challenge commercial-end-user-only hedging transactions. Id. 141 COPE (2) at 6; see also AEP at 2-3; EEI at 11; NFP Electric Associations at 5-6; Xcel at 3. 142 AEP at 2. 143 Exelon at 3-4. 144 Id. 145 EPSA at 6. 146 PUCT (2) at 5. 147 Better Markets at 3. Lastly, Xcel and GSENA argued that allowing private rights of action in the RTO-ISO markets would ultimately result in reduced investment in renewable and efficient energy. 148 148 Xcel at 3-4; GSENA (2) at 4. 2. Commission Determination The Commission has determined, in the limited context of the RTO-ISO markets which are the subject of the Amended RTO-ISO Order and the SPP Final Order, to issue a complete exemption from the private right of action in CEA section 22, including with respect to claims based on fraud or manipulation. The Commission is persuaded by several factors raised by the commenters. Considering all of these factors together, rather than any of these factors alone, or any subset of these factors, the Commission concludes that in the limited context of activities within the RTO-ISO markets, there should be a complete exemption from private claims under CEA section 22. Initially, the Commission agrees that the unique nature of the RTO-ISO markets differentiates this issue from other contexts in which a private right of action is essential. The RTO-ISO markets are heavily regulated by FERC and PUCT, with whom the Commission shares jurisdiction. This regulation is “pervasive” and it includes rate monitoring, tariff approval, authorization of market rules and pricing mechanisms, and real-time oversight of markets. 149 As part of an articulated regulatory structure, these markets are also subject to close surveillance not only by the regulators but also by independent market monitors. 150 In addition, FERC and PUCT support their regulation of the electric power markets with an enforcement program that includes the authority to order civil penalties, disgorgement, and to resettle the market. 151 149 FERC Staff (2) at 1-3. 150 E.g., FERC Staff (2) at 2; PJM JCA at 4; PUCT (2) at 11-12. 151 FERC Staff (2) at 2; EPSA at 3-4. Furthermore, the Commission will continue to police these markets for fraud, manipulation and other unfair trading activities and, as contemplated by Congress, it can and will cooperate with these fellow regulators to deter and prevent unlawful trading activities in the RTO-ISO markets. In the same vein, the Commission and FERC both have the authority to take enforcement action, and to seek restitution on behalf of injured market participants that fall in their jurisdiction. 152 152 7 U.S.C. 13a-1(d)(3) (Commission authority to seek restitution); 16 U.S.C. 825h (describing FERC's remedial authority under the FPA); Pub. Util. Comm'n of Cal. v. FERC, 462 F.3d 1027, 1047-48 (9th Cir. 2006) (holding that section 309 of the FPA authorizes FERC to order restitution for profits gained as a result of a statutory or tariff violation); see also Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc. v. FERC, 347 F.3d 964, 967 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (same). Moreover, the Commission is further persuaded to issue an express exemption from the private right of action in the context of the RTO-ISO markets because private rights of action appear in tension with the intent of Congress in this context. In 2005, Congress amended the FPA to give FERC the authority to pursue manipulation of the electricity markets. 153 At that time, Congress focused on whether there should be a private right of action for manipulation of these specific markets. Congress explicitly declined to grant such a right of action. 154 This was a more particularized determination regarding the merits of private enforcement in these unique markets than the legislative judgment reflected in CEA section 22 that there should be a generally applicable private right of action for fraud and manipulation in the Commission's jurisdictional markets. 153 E.g., FERC Staff (2) at 2-3 & n.2. 154 Id. Finally, the Commission is persuaded that there is a potential for private rights of action regarding the entities and transactions in the RTO-ISO markets to interfere with FERC and PUCT oversight of these markets. Based on the totality of these factors, the Commission concludes that in the limited context of activities within these unique markets, there should be a complete exemption from private claims under CEA section 22. The Commission's determination regarding the CEA section 22 private right of action does not in any way affect the Commission's own authority to address fraudulent or manipulative conduct in these markets within the Commission's jurisdiction And, in cooperation with electricity regulators, the Commission will remain vigilant in policing these markets for fraud, manipulation and other illegal activity. In addition, in light of the above, the Commission encourages market participants who observe potential fraud or manipulation in the markets subject to the Commission's jurisdiction to bring their concerns to the Commission. The whistleblower provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act and Commission regulations continue to apply in this context and are available pursuant to their terms. 155 155 The Commission recognizes the arguments of Aspire, Raiden, and Better Markets regarding the fact that the existence of a private right of action would protect market participants by deterring fraudulent or manipulative conduct in the RTO-ISO markets. Aspire (2) at 2; Raiden at 4; Better Markets at 2-3. However, the Commission is of the view that, for all of the reasons stated in this section, such concerns are mitigated. C. Use of the Term “Member” in the SPP Proposed Order With respect to the Commission's use of the term “member” in the SPP Proposed Order, the Joint Trade Associations noted that the Commission used the term “member” throughout the SPP Proposed Order, and that while such term may have a defined meaning within the context of other Commission-regulated markets, such term is not defined for purposes of the SPP Proposed Order in the context of RTO and ISO markets. 156 The Joint Trade Associations urged the Commission to clarify that the term “member,” as used in the context of RTO and ISO markets, refers to a market participant that is bound by the relevant tariff and that also meets the conditions to be considered an “appropriate person” that are set forth in the SPP Proposed Order. 157 The Commission notes that this is consistent with its understanding of the term “member” in this context. 158 156 Joint Trade Associations at 8. 157 Id. 158 This is also intended to address the concerns raised in SPP's comment letter with respect to the use of the terms “member” and “market participant.” SPP at 3-4. IV. Section 4(c) Determinations A. Section 4(c) Analysis 1. Overview of CEA Section 4(c) a. Sections 4(c)(6)(A) and (B) As discussed above in section I., the Dodd-Frank Act amended CEA section 4(c) to add sections 4(c)(6)(A) and (B), which provide authority to exempt certain transactions entered into: (a) Pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule approved or permitted to take effect by FERC, or (b) pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule establishing rates or charges for, or protocols governing, the sale of electric energy approved or permitted to take effect by the regulatory authority of the State or municipality having jurisdiction to regulate rates and charges for the sale of electric energy within the State or municipality. 159 Indeed, section 4(c)(6) provides that if the Commission determines that the exemption would be consistent with the public interest and the purposes of this Act, the Commission shall issue such an exemption. 160 However, any exemption considered under section 4(c)(6)(A) and/or (B) must be done “in accordance with [CEA sections 4(c)(1) and (2)].” 161 159 The exemption language in section 4(c)(6) states that if the Commission determines that the exemption would be consistent with the public interest and the purposes of this Act, the Commission shall, in accordance with paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 4(c), exempt from the requirements of this Act an agreement, contract, or transaction that is entered into (A) pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule approved or permitted to take effect by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; (B) pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule establishing rates or charges for, or protocols governing, the sale of electric energy approved or permitted to take effect by the regulatory authority of the State or municipality having jurisdiction to regulate rates and charges for the sale of electric energy within the State or municipality; or (C) between entities described in section 201(f) of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 824(f)). 160 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(6). 161 CEA section 4(c)(6) explicitly directs the Commission to consider any exemption proposed under 4(c)(6) in accordance with CEA sections 4(c)(1) and (2). b. Section 4(c)(1) As described above in section I., CEA section 4(c)(1) requires that the Commission act “by rule, regulation, or order, after notice and opportunity for hearing.” It also provides that the Commission may act “either unconditionally or on stated terms or conditions or for stated periods and either retroactively or prospectively, or both” and that the Commission may provide an exemption from any provisions of the CEA except subparagraphs (C)(ii) and (D) of section 2(a)(1). c. Discussion of Comments on Sections 4(c)(6) and 4(c)(1) The Commission noted in the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment that, based on the difference in language between CEA sections 4(c)(6) and 4(c)(1), it is not clear that section 4(c)(6) provides the Commission with the authority to exempt from the section 22 private right of action. The Commission further noted that, while section 4(c)(1) authorizes the Commission to grant exemptions from the Act's “requirements” or “from any other provision of this Act,” section 4(c)(6) authorizes the Commission to exempt from the Act's “requirements” only. 162 162 See 81 FR 30249. In response to this discussion, Aspire argued that section 4(c)(6), in authorizing exemptions from the CEA's “requirements” only, does not authorize the Commission to grant an exemption from the section 22 private right of action, since the private right of action is not a “requirement” of the CEA. 163 IRC argued, on the other hand, that the narrower language in section 4(c)(6) does not limit the scope of the exemptions that the Commission may grant under sections 4(c)(1) and 4(c)(2). 164 163 See Aspire (2) at 4. 164 See IRC at 13. As noted above in section IV.A.1.a., in granting an exemption under section 4(c)(6) of the CEA, the Commission must act “in accordance with” section 4(c)(1), which grants the Commission the discretionary authority to exempt from the Act's “requirements” or “from any other provision of this Act” if it makes certain findings. 165 The policy basis for the Commission's decision to grant an exemption from the CEA section 22 private right of action under section 4(c)(6) applies equally, in the context of the present issue, to a decision to take the same action pursuant to section 4(c)(1), and the Commission has made the findings required under that provision in sections III.B.2., IV.A.2., and IV.A.3. Accordingly, even if the Commission were limited under section 4(c)(6) from granting an exemption from the CEA section 22 private right of action in the present context, the Commission would and does, for the reasons discussed above in section III.B.2., in the alternative exercise its discretion to grant such an exemption pursuant to its authority in section 4(c)(1) of the Act. 165 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(1). The Commission has also considered that CEA section 22 may in fact be interpreted to impose a “requirement.” Section 22 states that certain persons who violate the Act or Commission regulations “shall be liable for actual damages.” 7 U.S.C. 25(a). This could be construed as a “requirement” to compensate the victim. d. Section 4(c)(2) As set forth above in section I., CEA section 4(c)(2) requires the Commission to determine that: To the extent an exemption provides relief from any of the requirements of CEA section 4(a), the requirement should not be applied to the agreement, contract or transaction; the exempted agreement, contract, or transaction will be entered into solely between appropriate persons; 166 and the exemption will not have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Commission or any contract market to discharge its regulatory or self-regulatory duties under the CEA. 167 166 See CEA section 4(c)(2)(B)(i) and the discussion of CEA section 4(c)(3) below. 167 See CEA section 4(c)(2)(B)(ii). CEA section 4(c)(2)(A) also requires that the exemption would be consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the CEA, but that requirement duplicates the requirement of section 4(c)(6). e. Section 4(c)(3) As explained in section I. above, CEA section 4(c)(3) outlines who may constitute an appropriate person for the purpose of a 4(c) exemption, including as relevant to this SPP Final Order: (a) Any person that fits in one of ten defined categories of appropriate persons; or (b) such other persons that the Commission determines to be appropriate in light of their financial or other qualifications, or the applicability of appropriate regulatory protections. 168 168 CEA section 4(c)(3), 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(3), provides that the term “appropriate person” shall be limited to the following persons or classes thereof: (A) A bank or trust company (acting in an individual or fiduciary capacity); (B) A savings association; (C) An insurance company; (D) An investment company subject to regulation under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq. ); (E) A commodity pool formed or operated by a person subject to regulation under this Act; (F) A corporation, partnership, proprietorship, organization, trust, or other business entity with a net worth exceeding $1,000,000 or total assets exceeding $5,000,000, or the obligations of which under the agreement, contract or transaction are guaranteed or otherwise supported by a letter of credit or keepwell, support, or other agreement by any such entity or by an entity referred to in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), (H), (I), or (K) of this paragraph; (G) An employee benefit plan with assets exceeding $1,000,000, or whose investment decisions are made by a bank, trust company, insurance company, investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq. ), or a commodity trading advisor subject to regulation under this Act; (H) Any governmental entity (including the United States, any state, or any foreign government) or political subdivision thereof, or any multinational or supranational entity or any instrumentality, agency, or department of any of the foregoing; (I) A broker-dealer subject to regulation under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq. ) acting on its own behalf or on behalf of another appropriate person; (J) A futures commission merchant, floor broker, or floor trader subject to regulation under this Act acting on its own behalf or on behalf of another appropriate person; (K) Such other persons that the Commission determines to be appropriate in light of their financial or other qualifications, or the applicability of appropriate regulatory protections. 2. CEA Section 4(c) Determinations—SPP Final Order a. Commission Jurisdiction Subject to the limitations set forth in the CEA, sections 4(c)(6)(A) and (B) of the Act grant the Commission the authority to exempt certain electric energy transactions provided that the Commission determines, among other things, that such exemption is consistent with the public interest and purposes of the CEA. 169 The Commission received a comment from FERC in response to the SPP Proposed Order relating to the Commission's interpretation of its jurisdiction pursuant to section 4(c)(6). 170 169 See discussion regarding CEA section 4(c)(6) in section IV.A.1.a. supra. As noted above in section IV.A.1.c., to the extent that the Commission's action on the private right of action issue, with respect to both the SPP Final Order and the Amended RTO-ISO Order, requires further authority under section 4(c)(1), the Commission can and does exercise its discretion to take such action pursuant to such authority. 170 FERC Staff (1) at 2. The Commission received the same comment from FERC Staff in response to the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment. See FERC Staff (2) at 2. The Commission's determination with respect to this comment applies to both the SPP Final Order and the Amended RTO-ISO Order. FERC argued that the Commission should “interpret the [Dodd-Frank Act] as not applying to any contract or instrument traded in an RTO or ISO market pursuant to a FERC-accepted or approved tariff or rate schedule.” 171 Specifically, in its comment letter in response to the SPP Proposed Order, FERC maintained that RTO and ISO markets and transmission services are “tightly integrated” and “regulated to a greater extent than other commodity markets.” 172 FERC thus asserted that interpreting the Dodd-Frank Act to not apply to contracts or instruments traded in an RTO or ISO market pursuant to a FERC-accepted or approved tariff or rate schedule is “the most appropriate application of [the Dodd-Frank Act] to these circumstances.” 173 FERC further asserted that, while it does not take issue with the Commission's retention of anti-manipulation authority in the SPP Proposed Order, FERC also “retains its anti-manipulation authority, as well as its regulatory and oversight responsibilities, with respect to RTO and ISO markets.” 174 FERC accordingly requested that the Commission “clarify that its action on SPP's application, including any statements in this proceeding with respect to private claims for fraud or manipulation under the Commodity Exchange Act, do not limit or otherwise affect FERC's authority.” 175 171 FERC Staff (1) at 2; see also FERC Staff (2) at 2. 172 FERC Staff (1) at 2. 173 Id. 174 Id. 175 Id. In response to FERC's comment, the Commission notes that the interpretation of the Dodd-Frank Act proffered by FERC is contrary to the express language of that statute. The Dodd-Frank Act added a savings clause to the CEA that addresses the roles of the Commission, FERC, and state agencies as they relate to transactions traded pursuant to FERC- or state-approved tariffs or rate schedules. As noted above in section I., section 2(a)(1)(I) of the Act states that nothing in the Act limits or affects the statutory authority of FERC and state regulatory authorities over agreements, contracts, or transactions entered into pursuant to a tariff or rate schedule approved by FERC or a state regulatory authority, and also preserves the Commission's statutory authority over such agreements, contracts, or transactions. Moreover, while section 4(c)(6) of the CEA, added by the Dodd-Frank Act, empowers the Commission to exempt contracts, agreements, or transactions traded pursuant to a Tariff or rate schedule that has been approved or permitted to take effect by FERC or a state regulatory authority, it does not permit the Commission to automatically or mechanically apply the exemption. Instead, section 4(c)(6) mandates that the Commission initially determine that the exemption would be in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of the CEA, that the exemption would be applied only to agreements, contracts, or transactions that are entered into solely between appropriate persons, and that the exemption will not have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Commission or any contract market to discharge its regulatory or self-regulatory duties under the CEA. The Commission further notes, for purposes of clarification and as requested by FERC, that nothing in the SPP Final Order (or in the Amended RTO-ISO Order) limits or otherwise affects FERC's authority. b. Consistent With the Public Interest and the Purposes of the CEA As required by CEA section 4(c)(2)(A), as well as section 4(c)(6), the Commission determines that the SPP Final Order is consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the CEA. Section 3(a) of the CEA provides that transactions subject to the CEA affect the national public interest by providing a means for managing and assuming price risks, discovering prices, or disseminating pricing information through trading in liquid, fair and financially secure trading facilities. 176 Section 3(b) of the CEA identifies the purposes of the CEA as follows: (1) To serve the public interests described in subsection (a) through a system of effective self-regulation of trading facilities, clearing systems, market participants and market professionals under the oversight of the Commission; and (2) to deter and prevent price manipulation or any other disruptions to market integrity; to ensure the financial integrity of all transactions subject to this Act and the avoidance of systemic risk; to protect all market participants from fraudulent or other abusive sales practices and misuses of customer assets; and to promote responsible innovation and fair competition among boards of trade, other markets and market participants. 177 176 7 U.S.C. 5(a). 177 7 U.S.C. 5(b). Consistent with the proposed determinations set forth in the SPP Proposed Order, 178 the Commission finds that: (a) The SPP Covered Transactions have been, and are, subject to a long-standing regulatory framework for the offer and sale of the Transactions established by FERC; and (b) the SPP Covered Transactions administered by SPP are part of, and inextricably linked to, the organized wholesale electric energy markets that are subject to FERC regulation and oversight. For example, FERC Order No. 2000 (which, along with FERC Order No. 888, encouraged the formation of RTOs and ISOs to operate the electronic transmission grid and to create organized wholesale electric energy markets) requires an RTO to demonstrate that it has four minimum characteristics: (1) Independence from any market participant; (2) a scope and regional configuration which enables the RTO to maintain reliability and effectively perform its required functions; (3) operational authority for its activities, including being the security coordinator for the facilities that it controls; and (4) short-term reliability. 179 In addition, SPP stated that an RTO must demonstrate to FERC that it performs certain self-regulatory and/or market monitoring functions. 180 SPP also represented that it is “responsible for ensur[ing] the development and operation of market mechanisms to manage transmission congestion” 181 and for establishing “market mechanisms [that] must accommodate broad participation by all market participants, and must provide all transmission customers with efficient price signals that show the consequences of their transmission usage decisions.” 182 178 See 80 FR at 29495-96. 179 See id. at 29495. 180 See id.; see also id. at 29495 n.81 (explaining that, according to SPP, SPP must employ a transmission pricing system that promotes efficient use and expansion of transmission and generation facilities; develop and implement procedures to address parallel path flow issues within its region and with other regions; serve as a provider of last resort of all ancillary services required by FERC Order No. 888 including ensuring that its transmission customers have access to a Real-Time balancing market; be the single OASIS (Open-Access Same-Time Information System) site administrator for all transmission facilities under its control and independently calculate Total Transmission Capacity and Available Transmission Capability; provide reliable, efficient, and not unduly discriminatory transmission service, it must provide for objective monitoring of markets it operates or administers to identify market design flaws, market power abuses and opportunities for efficiency improvements; be responsible for planning, and for directing or arranging, necessary transmission expansions, additions, and upgrades; and ensure the integration of reliability practices within an interconnection and market interface practices among regions). See Exemption Application at 18. 181 See 80 FR at 29495-96; see also Exemption Application at 18. 182 See 80 FR at 29496; see also Exemption Application at 18-19; 18 CFR 35.34(k)(2). Furthermore, as explained by SPP and discussed in the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission notes that the SPP Covered Transactions are entered into by commercial participants that are in the business of generating, transmitting, and distributing electric energy, 183 and that SPP was established for the purpose of providing affordable, reliable electric energy to consumers within its geographic region. 184 Additionally, the SPP Covered Transactions that take place on SPP's markets are overseen by the SPP Market Monitor, required by FERC to identify manipulation of electric energy on SPP's markets. 185 183 See 80 FR at 29496; see also Exemption Application at 17. 184 See id. 185 See id. Moreover, fundamental to the Commission's “public interest” and “purposes of the [Act]” analysis is the fact that the SPP Covered Transactions are inextricably tied to SPP's physical delivery of electric energy. 186 Another important factor is that the SPP Final Order is explicitly limited to SPP Covered Transactions taking place on markets that are monitored by the SPP Market Monitor, SPP, or both, and FERC. In contrast, an exemption for transactions that are not so monitored, or not related to the physical capacity of an electric transmission grid, or not directly linked to the physical generation and transmission of electric energy, or not limited to appropriate persons, 187 is unlikely to be in the public interest or consistent with the purposes of the CEA, taking such transactions outside the scope of the SPP Final Order. 186 See 80 FR at 29496; see also Exemption Application at 12-15, 17 (describing the SPP Covered Transactions and noting that each of them “is part of, and inextricably linked to, the organized wholesale electric energy markets that are subject to FERC's regulation and oversight”). 187 See appropriate persons discussion infra IV.A.2.d. Finally, the extent to which the SPP Final Order is consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the Act can, in major part, be assessed by the extent to which the Tariff and activities of SPP, and supervision by FERC, are congruent with, and sufficiently accomplish, the regulatory objectives of the relevant Core Principles set forth in the CEA for derivatives clearing organizations (“DCOs”) and swap execution facilities (“SEFs”). Specifically, ensuring the financial integrity of the SPP Covered Transactions and the avoidance of systemic risk, as well as protection from the misuse of participant assets, are addressed by the Core Principles for DCOs. Providing a means for managing or assuming price risk and discovering prices, as well as prevention of price manipulation and other disruptions to market integrity, are addressed by the Core Principles for SEFs. Deterrence of price manipulation (or other disruptions to market integrity) and protection of market participants from fraudulent sales practices is achieved by the Commission retaining and exercising its jurisdiction over these matters. Therefore, the Commission has incorporated its DCO and SEF Core Principle analyses, set forth in the SPP Proposed Order, 188 into its consideration of the SPP Final Order's consistency with the public interest and the purposes of the Act. In the same way, the Commission has considered how the public interest and the purposes of the CEA are also addressed by the manner in which SPP complies with FERC's credit reform policy. 189 188 See 80 FR at 29499-515. 189 See section IV.B. infra; 80 FR at 29498-99. The Commission specifically requested comment on (a) whether it used the appropriate standard in making its section 4(c) determination, and (b) whether the SPP Proposed Order is consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the CEA. The Commission received no comments in response to these requests. The Commission therefore determines that it used the appropriate standard in making its public interest and purposes of the CEA determination. The Commission believes that the standards set forth in FERC regulation 35.47 appear to achieve goals similar to the regulatory objectives of the Commission's DCO Core Principles. 190 Moreover, as set forth in the Commission's DCO Core Principle analysis in the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission determines that SPP's policies and procedures appear to be consistent with, and to accomplish sufficiently for purposes of this SPP Final Order, the regulatory objectives of the DCO Core Principles in the context of the SPP Covered Transactions. 191 Also, as set forth in the Commission's SEF Core Principles analysis in the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission has determined that SPP's policies and procedures appear to be consistent with, and to accomplish sufficiently for purposes of this SPP Final Order, the regulatory objectives of the SEF Core Principles in the context of the SPP Covered Transactions. 192 The Commission further determines that, for the reasons set forth in this SPP Final Order, the requested exemptive relief is consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the CEA. 190 Cf. RTO-ISO Order at 19900-01. 191 Cf. id. at 19901. 192 Cf. id. at 19902. c. CEA Section 4(a) Should Not Apply to the Transactions or Entities Eligible for the Exemption CEA section 4(c)(2)(A) requires, in part, that the Commission determine that the SPP Covered Transactions described in the SPP Final Order should not be subject to CEA section 4(a)—generally, the Commission's exchange trading requirement for a contract for the purchase or sale of a commodity for future delivery. As set forth in the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission has examined the SPP Covered Transactions, SPP, and its markets using the CEA Core Principle requirements applicable to a DCO and to a SEF as a framework for its public interest and purposes of the CEA determination. 193 As further support for this determination, the Commission also is relying on the public interest and the purposes of the Act analysis in subsection IV.A.2.b. above. In so doing, the Commission has determined that, due to the FERC regulatory scheme and the RTO market structure applicable to the SPP Covered Transactions, the linkage between the SPP Covered Transactions and that regulatory scheme, and the unique nature of the market participants that would be eligible to rely on the exemption, 194 CEA section 4(a) should not apply to the SPP Covered Transactions under the SPP Final Order. 195 193 See 80 FR at 29499-515. 194 See appropriate persons analysis, section IV.A.2.d. infra; see also 80 FR at 29496-97. 195 The Commission notes that such a determination would be consistent with a similar determination made in the RTO-ISO Order. See RTO-ISO Order at 19895. d. Appropriate Persons Section 4(c)(2)(B)(i) of the CEA 196 requires that the Commission determine that the exemption is restricted to SPP Covered Transactions entered into solely between “appropriate persons,” as that term is defined in section 4(c)(3) of the Act. 197 Section 4(c)(3) defines the term “appropriate person” to include: (1) any person that falls within one of the ten categories of persons delineated in sections 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) of the Act; or (2) such other persons that the Commission determines to be appropriate pursuant to the limited authority provided by section 4(c)(3)(K). 198 The Commission may determine that persons that do not meet the requirements of sections 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) are “appropriate persons” for purposes of section 4(c) only if it determines that such persons are “appropriate in light of their financial or other qualifications, or the applicability of appropriate regulatory protections.” 199 196 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(2)(B)(i). 197 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(3). 198 Id.; see also supra note 168. 199 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(3)(K). Consistent with the RTO-ISO Order, the Commission proposed to limit the exemption to transactions where all parties thereto are “appropriate persons,” as defined in sections 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) of the Act, 200 “eligible contract participants,” as defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the Act 201 and in Commission regulation 1.3(m), 202 or persons who are in the business of: (i) Generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy, or (ii) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system. 203 The Commission did not receive any comments objecting to this proposed limitation. Therefore, pursuant to the authority set forth in section 4(c)(3)(K) of the CEA and consistent with the RTO-ISO Order, the Commission has determined that “eligible contract participants,” as defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the CEA and in Commission regulation 1.3(m), and “persons who are in the business of: (i) Generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy, or (ii) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system,” are appropriate persons for purposes of the SPP Final Order, in light of their financial or other qualifications. Accordingly, this limitation has been incorporated into the SPP Final Order unchanged. 200 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(3)(A)-(J). 201 7 U.S.C. 1a(18)(A). 202 17 CFR 1.3(m). 203 80 FR 29496-97. The Commission notes that the proposed limitation is consistent with the RTO-ISO Order. See RTO-ISO Order at 19913. The Commission believes that this expansion, when combined with the “appropriate persons” definition delineated in sections 4(c)(3)(A) through (J) of the CEA, would appear to strike the appropriate balance because the exemption would apply only to those market participants that can demonstrate the financial wherewithal or the requisite business activities and congruent expertise to qualify as appropriate persons under section 4(c)(3)(K) of the CEA. 204 The Commission has determined that “eligible contract participants,” as defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the CEA and in Commission regulation 1.3(m), are appropriate persons for purposes of the SPP Final Order in light of their financial or other qualifications, or the applicability of regulatory protections. Moreover, the Commission is using the authority provided by section 4(c)(3)(K) of the CEA to determine that a “person who actively participates in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electric energy,” as defined within the SPP Final Order, is an appropriate person for purposes of the exemption provided therein. 205 The SPP Final Order defines a “person who actively participates in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electric energy” as “a person that is in the business of: (1) Generating, transmitting, or distributing electric energy; or (2) providing electric energy services that are necessary to support the reliable operation of the transmission system.” The Commission has determined that the inclusion of transactions entered into by such persons is proper because such persons' active participation in the physical markets provides them with the requisite “qualifications” necessary to be deemed an “appropriate person” under CEA section 4(c)(3)(K) for purposes of the SPP Final Order. 204 Cf. RTO-ISO Order at 19899. 205 Cf. id. at 19897. e. Effect on the Commission's or Any Contract Market's Ability To Discharge Its Regulatory or Self-Regulatory Duties Under the CEA CEA section 4(c)(2)(B)(ii) requires the Commission to make a determination regarding whether exempting the SPP Covered Transactions will have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Commission or any contract markets to perform regulatory or self-regulatory duties. 206 In making this determination, the Commission should consider such regulatory concerns as “market surveillance, financial integrity of participants, protection of customers, and trade practice enforcement.” 207 These considerations are similar to the purposes of the CEA as defined in section 3, initially addressed in the public interest and purposes of the CEA discussion. 206 7 U.S.C. 6(c)(2)(B)(ii). 207 See H.R. Rep. No. 102-978, 102d Cong. 2d Sess., 1992 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3179, 3211 (1992). The Commission proposed to determine that the exemption would not have a material adverse effect on the Commission's or any contract market's ability to discharge its regulatory function. 208 In the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission noted the following assertion by SPP as support for its determination: 208 80 FR 29497-98. Under Section 4(d) of the Act, the Commission will retain authority to conduct investigations to determine whether SPP is in compliance with any exemption granted in response to this request. . . . [T]he requested exemptions would also preserve the Commission's existing enforcement jurisdiction over fraud and manipulation. This is consistent with section 722 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the existing MOU between the FERC and the Commission and other protocols for inter-agency cooperation. SPP will continue to retain records related to the Transactions, consistent with existing obligations under FERC regulations. The regulation of exchange-traded futures contracts and significant price discovery contracts (“SPDCs”) will be unaffected by the requested exemptions. Futures contracts based on electricity prices set in SPP's markets that are traded on a designated contract market and SPDCs will continue to be regulated by and subject to the requirements of the Commission. No current requirement or practice of SPP or of a contract market will be affected by the Commission's granting the requested exemptions. 209 209 Id. at 29497 (quoting Exemption Application at 22). In addition, the Commission stated that the limitation in the SPP Proposed Order to SPP Covered Transactions between certain appropriate persons avoids potential issues regarding financial integrity and customer protection. 210 210 Id. Moreover, the Commission did not propose to exempt SPP from certain CEA provisions, including sections 2(a)(1)(B), 4(d), 4b, 4c(b), 4 o, 4s(h)(1)(A), 4s(h)(4)(A), 6(c), 6(d), 6(e), 6c, 6d, 8, 9, and 13, and any implementing regulations promulgated thereunder including, but not limited to, Commission regulations 23.410(a) and (b), 32.4, and part 180, to the extent that those sections prohibit fraud or manipulation of the price of any swap, contract for the sale of a commodity in interstate commerce, or for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any contract market. 211 As such, the Commission proposed to expressly retain authority to pursue fraudulent or manipulative conduct. 212 211 Id. 212 Id. Nor did SPP seek an exemption from these provisions. See id. at 29497 n.107; Exemption Application at 1. In addition, the Commission proposed that granting the SPP Proposed Order for the SPP Covered Transactions would not have a material adverse effect on the ability of any contract market to discharge its self-regulatory duties under the Act. 213 Specifically, with respect to TCRs and Operating Reserve Transactions, the Commission found that the exemption would not have a material adverse effect on any contract market carrying out its self-regulatory function because these transactions did not appear to be used for price discovery or as settlement prices for other transactions in Commission-regulated markets. 214 With respect to Energy Transactions, the Commission proposed that, while these transactions did have a relationship to Commission-regulated markets because they can serve as a source of settlement prices for other transactions within Commission jurisdiction, they should not pose regulatory burdens on a contract market because SPP has market monitoring systems in place to detect and deter manipulation that takes place on its markets. 215 In addition, the Commission noted that, as a condition to the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission would be able to obtain data from FERC with respect to activity on SPP's markets that may impact trading on Commission-regulated markets. 216 213 80 FR at 29497. 214 Id. 215 Id.; see also id. at 29494, 29496. 216 Id. at 29497. Finally, the Commission noted that if the SPP Covered Transactions ever could be used in combination with trading activity or in a position in a designated contract market (“DCM”) contract to conduct market abuse, both the Commission and DCMs have sufficient independent authority over DCM market participants to monitor for such activity. 217 217 Id. at 29497-98. While the Commission did not receive any comments on its proposed determination that the exemption would not have a material adverse effect on the Commission's ability to discharge its regulatory duties, an important caveat should be made. With regard to the SEF Core Principle 3 analysis and general statements regarding the SPP Market Monitor's ability to detect and deter manipulation, the Commission notes that such statements were not meant to be construed as a final and irrevocable approval of the integrity of reference prices derived from SPP's markets. The Commission retains the authority to question and obtain additional information in a timely manner regarding the underlying prices to which TCRs and other electric energy contracts, which are subject to the Commission's jurisdiction, settle. As previously discussed, the Commission maintains the responsibility of ensuring that exchange-traded and cleared financial electric energy contracts are constructed such that the settlement mechanism produces prices that accurately reflect the underlying supply and demand fundamentals of SPP's markets and are not readily susceptible to manipulation. For this reason, as originally proposed, the Commission has conditioned the SPP Final Order upon access to related transactional and positional data from SPP's markets. 218 218 See section IV.B. infra. For the reasons set forth herein and in the SPP Proposed Order, the Commission determines that the exemption for the SPP Covered Transactions in this SPP Final Order would not have a material adverse effect on the Commission's or any contract market's ability to discharge its regulatory function. 3. CEA Section 4(c) Determinations—Amended RTO-ISO Order a. Consistent With the Public Interest and Purposes of the CEA As required by CEA section 4(c)(2)(A), as well as section 4(c)(6), the Commission previously determined that the exemption set forth in the RTO-ISO Order is consistent with the public interest and the purposes of the CEA. 219 The amendment to the RTO-ISO Order does not alter the Commission's prior determinations with respect to the public interest and purposes of the CEA, and the Commission incorporates such prior determinations into the Amended RTO-ISO Order. 219 See RTO-ISO Order at 19894-95, 19900-02. The Commission's prior determination was based on a number of findings, including that (a) the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions have been, and are, subject to a long-standing, regulatory framework for the offer and sale of the Transactions established by FERC or PUCT; (b) the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions administered by the RTOs, ISOs, or ERCOT are part of, and inextricably linked to, the organized wholesale electric energy markets that are subject to FERC and PUCT regulation and oversight; (c) the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions are entered into primarily by commercial participants that are in the business of generating, transmitting, and distributing electric energy; (d) the Requesting Parties were established for the purpose of providing affordable, reliable electric energy to consumers within their geographic region; (e) the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions that take place on the Requesting Parties' markets are overseen by Market Monitoring Units, required by FERC and PUCT to identify manipulation of electric energy on the RTO-ISO Covered Entities' markets; (f) the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions are inextricably tied to the Requesting Parties' physical delivery of electric energy; (g) the RTO-ISO Order is explicitly limited to RTO-ISO Covered Transactions taking place on markets that are monitored by either an independent Market Monitoring Unit, a market administrator (the RTO, ISO, or ERCOT), or both, and a government regulator (FERC or PUCT); (h) the standards set forth in FERC regulation 35.47 appear to achieve goals similar to the regulatory objectives of the Commission's DCO Core Principles, and substantial compliance with such requirements was key to the Commission's determination that the tariffs and activities of the Requesting Parties and supervision by FERC or PUCT are congruent with, and—in the context of the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions—sufficiently accomplish, the regulatory objectives of each DCO Core Principle; (i) the Requesting Parties' policies and procedures appear to be consistent with, and to accomplish sufficiently for purposes of the RTO-ISO Order, the regulatory objectives of the DCO Core Principles in the context of the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions; and (j) the Requesting Parties' policies and procedures appear to be consistent with, and to accomplish sufficiently for purposes of the RTO-ISO Order, the regulatory objectives of the SEF Core Principles in the context of the RTO-ISO Covered Transactions. Id. In addition, the Commission determines that the current amendment to the RTO-ISO Order, which explicitly provides that the exemption set forth therein extends to private actions under CEA section 22, is in the public interest for all of the reasons stated in section III.B.2. 220 220 The Commission received one comment regarding the public interest findings in the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment. EPSA argued that in the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment, the Commission proposed to “automatically or mechanically bypass the required analysis” under CEA sections 4(c)(1) and 4(c)(2), and that the Commission's proposed public interest findings with respect the proposed amendment to explicitly preserve the CEA section 22 private right of action were insufficient. EPSA at 7-8. The Commission is of the view that the public interest analysis in the RTO-ISO Order Proposed Amendment, and that set forth herein, is neither automatic nor mechanical, and that such analyses meet the requirements of sections 4(c)(1) and 4(c)(2). Moreover, given the Commission's determination with respect to the private right of action issue, the Commission is of the view that EPSA's concern is now moot. b. Other Section 4(c) Determinations In the RTO-ISO Order, the Commission made a number of other determinations under CEA section 4(c), including: • The Dodd-Frank Act applies to contracts and instruments traded in RTO or ISO markets pursuant to a FERC- or state-approved tariff or rate schedule, subject to the Commission's authority under CEA section 4(c)(6) to exempt contracts, agreements, or transactions traded pursuant to such a tariff or rate schedule upon determining that the exemption would be in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of the CEA; that the exemption would be applied only to agreements, contracts, or transactions that are entered into solely between appropriate persons; and that the exemption will not have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Commission or any contract market to discharge its regulatory or self-regulatory duties under the CEA. 221 221 See RTO-ISO Order at 19893-94; see also CEA section 4(c)(6). • Due to the FERC or PUCT regulatory scheme and the RTO or ISO market structure already applicable to the SPP Covered Transactions, the linkage between the SPP Covered Transactions and those regulatory schemes, and the unique nature of the market participants that are eligible to rely on the exemption in the RTO-ISO Order, CEA section 4(a) should not apply to the SPP Covered Transactions under the RTO-ISO Order. 222 222 See RTO-ISO Order at 19895; see also CEA section 4(c)(2)(A). • Eligible contract participants, as defined in section 1a(18)(A) of the CEA and in Commission regulation 1.3(m), are appropriate persons for purposes of the RTO-ISO Order in light of their financial or other qualifications, or the applicability of regulatory protections. 223 In addition, a “person who actively participates in the generation, transmission, or distribution of electric energy,” as defined within the RTO-ISO Order, is an appropriate person for purposes of the exemption provided therein. 224 223 See RTO-ISO Order at 19896; see also CEA section 4(c)(2)(B)(i). 224 See RTO-ISO Order at 19897; see also CEA section 4(c)(2)(B)(i). • The exemption in the RTO-ISO Order for the SPP Covered Transactions would not have a material adverse effect on the Commission's or any contract market's ability to discharge its regulatory function. 225 225 See RTO-ISO Order at 19903-04; see also CEA section 4(c)(2)(B)(ii). The amendment to the RTO-ISO Order does not alter the Commission's determination with respect to any of the above 4(c) determinations. Therefore, the Commission hereby incorporates such prior 4(c) determinations, and the findings on which such determinations are based, into the Amended RTO-ISO Order. All transactions that were permitted pursuant to the exemption set forth in the RTO-ISO Order are still permitted under the Amended RTO-ISO Order. The only change made by the amendment to the RTO-ISO Order is that the Amended RTO-ISO Order provides explicitly that the exemption set forth therein also extends to actions pursuant to CEA section 22. B. Additional Limitations and Provisions—SPP Final Order As described in detail above, 226 the Commission expressly noted in the SPP Proposed Order 227 that the proposed exemption was based upon the representations made in the Exemption Application and in the supporting materials provided by SPP and its counsel, 228 and that any material change or omission in the facts and circumstances that alter the grounds for the SPP Proposed Order might require the Commission to reconsider its finding that the exemption contained therein is appropriate and/or in the public interest and consistent with the purposes of the CEA. The Commission did not receive any comments on this proposal. As such, the SPP Final Order is based on the representations made by SPP and its counsel in the Exemption Application, the supplemental information, and supporting materials filed with the Commission. In particular, the Commission notes that the following representations are of particular importance and integral to the Commission's decision to grant the exemption set forth in this SPP Final Order: (1) The exemption requested by SPP relates to SPP Covered Transactions that are primarily entered into by commercial participants that are in the business of generating, transmitting and distributing electric energy; 229 (2) SPP was established for the purpose of providing affordable, reliable electric energy to consumers within its geographic region; 230 (3) the SPP Covered Transactions are an essential means, designed by FERC as an integral part of its statutory responsibilities, to enable the reliable delivery of affordable electric energy; 231 (4) each of the SPP Covered Transactions taking place on SPP's markets is monitored by both a market administrator (SPP) and the SPP Market Monitor; 232 and (5) each SPP Covered Transaction is directly tied to the physical capabilities of SPP's electric energy grid. 233 Therefore, the Commission affirms that any material change or omission in the facts and circumstances that alter the grounds for the SPP Final Order might require the Commission to reconsider its finding that the exemption contained therein is appropriate and consistent with the public interest and purposes of the CEA. The Commission reiterates that the SPP Covered Transactions must be tied to the allocation of the physical capabilities of an electric energy transmission grid in order to be suitable for exemption becaus [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2016-25571. Public record. Not legal advice.