# National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Secondary Aluminum Production > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2015-21031 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Rule - **Published:** September 18, 2015 - **Citation:** 80 FR 56700 ## Text ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 63 [EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0544; FRL-9932-44-OAR] RIN 2060-AQ40 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Secondary Aluminum Production AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: This action finalizes the residual risk and technology review (RTR), and the rule review, we conducted for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category regulated under national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP). In this action, we are finalizing several amendments to the NESHAP based on the rule review. These final amendments include a requirement to report performance testing through the Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT); provisions allowing owners and operators to change furnace classifications; requirements to account for unmeasured emissions during compliance testing for group 1 furnaces that do not have add-on control devices; alternative compliance options for the operating and monitoring requirements for sweat furnaces; compliance provisions for hydrogen fluoride; provisions addressing emissions during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM); and other corrections and clarifications to the applicability, definitions, operating, monitoring and performance testing requirements. These amendments will improve the monitoring, compliance and implementation of the rule. DATES: Effective date: This final action is effective on September 18, 2015. Compliance dates: The compliance date for the final amendments listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(b) for existing secondary aluminum production affected sources is March 16, 2016. The compliance date for the final amendments listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(c) for existing affected sources is September 18, 2017. The owner or operator of a new affected source that commences construction or reconstruction after February 14, 2012, must comply with all of the requirements listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(b) and (c) by September 18, 2015 or upon startup, whichever is later. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of September 18, 2015. ADDRESSES: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a docket for this action under Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0544. All documents in the docket are listed on the www.regulations.gov Web site. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., confidential business information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically through http://www.regulations.gov , or in hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, EPA WJC West Building, Room Number 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room hours of operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the Air Docket is (202) 566-1742. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this final action, contact Ms. Rochelle Boyd, Sector Policies and Programs Division (D243-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-1390; fax number: (919) 541-3207; and email address: boyd.rochelle@epa.gov. For specific information regarding the risk modeling methodology, contact James Hirtz, Health and Environmental Impacts Division (C539-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-0881; fax number: (919) 541-0840; and email address: hirtz.james@epa.gov. For information about the applicability of the NESHAP to a particular entity, contact Scott Throwe, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA WJC West Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (202) 564-7013; and email address: throwe.scott@epa.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations. We use multiple acronyms and terms in this preamble. While this list may not be exhaustive, to ease the reading of this preamble and for reference purposes, the EPA defines the following terms and acronyms here: ACGIH American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists AEGL acute exposure guideline levels AERMOD air dispersion model used by the HEM-3 model APCD air pollution control device AMOS ample margin of safety ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BACT best available control technology CAA Clean Air Act CalEPA California Environmental Protection Agency CBI confidential business information CDX Central Data Exchange CFR Code of Federal Regulations D/F dioxins and furans Dscf dry standard cubic feet Dscm dry standard cubic meters EJ environmental justice EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guidelines ERT Electronic Reporting Tool g grams gr grains HAP  hazardous air pollutants HCl hydrogen chloride HEM-3 Human Exposure Model, Version 3 HF hydrogen fluoride HI hazard index HQ hazard quotient ICR information collection request IRIS Integrated Risk Information System km kilometer lb pounds lbs/yr pounds per year LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level MACT maximum achievable control technology MIR maximum individual risk NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NAICS North American Industry Classification System NAS National Academy of Sciences NATA National Air Toxics Assessment NEI National Emissions Inventory NESHAP National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NOAEL no observed adverse effects level NRC National Research Council NTTAA National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act O&M operation and maintenance OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards OECA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance OMB Office of Management and Budget OM&M operation, maintenance and monitoring PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PB-HAP hazardous air pollutants known to be persistent and bio-accumulative in the environment PEL probable effect levels PM particulate matter POM polycyclic organic matter REL reference exposure level RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act RfC reference concentration RfD reference dose RTR Risk and Technology Review SAB Science Advisory Board SAPU secondary aluminum processing unit SBA Small Business Administration SOP standard operating procedures SSM startup, shutdown, and malfunction TEQ toxicity equivalents THC total hydrocarbons TOSHI target organ-specific hazard index tpy tons per year TRIM.FaTE Total Risk Integrated Methodology Fate, Transport and Ecological Exposure model TTN Technology Transfer Network UBC used beverage containers UF uncertainty factor μ/m3 microgram per cubic meter UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act UPL upper prediction limit URE unit risk estimate Background Information. On February 14, 2012, and December 8, 2014, the EPA proposed decisions based on the RTR and proposed revisions to the Secondary Aluminum Production NESHAP based on review of the rule. In this action, we are finalizing decisions and revisions to the rule. We summarize major comments we timely received regarding the proposed rule and provide responses in this preamble. A summary of all other public comments on the proposal and the EPA's responses to those comments is available in the document, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Secondary Aluminum Production. Summary of Public Comments and Responses on Proposed Rule (77 FR 8576, February 14, 2012) and Supplemental Proposal (79 FR 72874, December 8, 2014), Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0544. A “track changes” version of the regulatory language that shows the regulatory changes in this action is also available in the docket for the convenience of the reader. Organization of this Document. The information in this preamble is organized as follows: I. General Information A. Does this action apply to me? B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related information? C. Judicial Review and Administrative Reconsideration II. Background A. What is the statutory authority for this action? B. What is the Secondary Aluminum Production source category and how does the NESHAP regulate HAP emissions from the source category? C. What changes did we propose for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category in our February 14, 2012, and December 8, 2014, proposals? III. What is included in this final rule? A. What are the final rule amendments based on the risk review for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? B. What are the final rule amendments based on the technology review for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? C. What are the final rule amendments addressing emissions during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? D. What other changes have been made to the NESHAP? E. What are the effective and compliance dates of the standards? F. What are the requirements for submission of performance test data to the EPA? G. What materials are being incorporated by reference? IV. What is the rationale for our final decisions and amendments for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? A. Residual Risk Review for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category B. Technology Review for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category C. Testing of Group 1 Furnaces That Do Not Have Add-on Pollution Control Devices D. Changing Furnace Classification E. Flow Rate Measurements and Annual Inspections of Capture/Collection Systems F. Compliance Dates V. Summary of Cost, Environmental and Economic Impacts and Additional Analyses Conducted A. What are the affected sources? B. What are the air quality impacts? C. What are the cost impacts? D. What are the economic impacts? E. What are the benefits? F. What analysis of environmental justice did we conduct? G. What analysis of children's environmental health did we conduct? VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews A. Executive Orders 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review B. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) C. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks H. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution or Use I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR Part 51 J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations K. Congressional Review Act (CRA) I. General Information A. Does this action apply to me? Regulated Entities. Categories and entities potentially regulated by this action are shown in Table 1 of this preamble. Table 1—Industrial Source Categories Affected by This Final Action Source category NAICS code a Primary Aluminum Production Facilities 331312 Secondary Aluminum Production Facilities 331314 Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing Facilities 331315 Aluminum Extruded Product Manufacturing Facilities 331316 Other Aluminum Rolling and Drawing Facilities 331319 Aluminum Die Casting Facilities 331521 Aluminum Foundry Facilities 331524 a North American Industry Classification System. Table 1 of this preamble is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to provide a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by the final action for the secondary aluminum production source category. To determine whether your facility is affected, you should examine the applicability criteria in the appropriate NESHAP. If you have any questions regarding the applicability of any aspect of this NESHAP, please contact the appropriate person listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this preamble. B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related information? In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of this final action will be available on the Internet through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN) Web site, a forum for information and technology exchange in various areas of air pollution control. Following signature by the EPA Administrator, the EPA will post a copy of this final action at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/alum2nd/alum2pg.html. Following publication in the Federal Register , the EPA will post the Federal Register version at this same Web site. Additional information is available on the (RTR) Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. This information includes an overview of the RTR program, and links to project Web sites for the RTR source categories. C. Judicial Review and Administrative Reconsideration Under Clean Air Act (CAA) section 307(b)(1), judicial review of this final action is available only by filing a petition for review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit by November 17, 2015. Under CAA section 307(b)(2), the requirements established by this final rule may not be challenged separately in any civil or criminal proceedings brought by the EPA to enforce the requirements. Section 307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA further provides that “[o]nly an objection to a rule or procedure which was raised with reasonable specificity during the period for public comment (including any public hearing) may be raised during judicial review.” This section also provides a mechanism for the EPA to reconsider the rule “[i]f the person raising an objection can demonstrate to the Administrator that it was impracticable to raise such objection within [the period for public comment] or if the grounds for such objection arose after the period for public comment (but within the time specified for judicial review) and if such objection is of central relevance to the outcome of the rule.” Any person seeking to make such a demonstration should submit a Petition for Reconsideration to the Office of the Administrator, U.S. EPA, Room 3000, EPA WJC West Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460, with a copy to both the person(s) listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section, and the Associate General Counsel for the Air and Radiation Law Office, Office of General Counsel (Mail Code 2344A), U.S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460. II. Background A. What is the statutory authority for this action? Section 112 of the CAA establishes a two-stage regulatory process to address emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from stationary sources. In the first stage, we must identify categories of sources emitting one or more of the HAP listed in CAA section 112(b) and then promulgate technology-based NESHAP for those sources. “Major sources” are those that emit, or have the potential to emit, any single HAP at a rate of 10 tons per year (tpy) or more, or 25 tpy or more of any combination of HAP. For major sources, these standards are commonly referred to as maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards and must reflect the maximum degree of emission reductions of HAP achievable (after considering cost, energy requirements, and non-air quality health and environmental impacts). In developing MACT standards, CAA section 112(d)(2) directs the EPA to consider the application of measures, processes, methods, systems, or techniques, including but not limited to those that reduce the volume of or eliminate HAP emissions through process changes, substitution of materials, or other modifications; enclose systems or processes to eliminate emissions; collect, capture, or treat HAP when released from a process, stack, storage, or fugitive emissions point; are design, equipment, work practice, or operational standards; or any combination of the above. For these MACT standards, the statute specifies certain minimum stringency requirements, which are referred to as MACT floor requirements, and which may not be based on cost considerations. See CAA section 112(d)(3). For new sources, the MACT floor cannot be less stringent than the emission control achieved in practice by the best-controlled similar source. The MACT standards for existing sources can be less stringent than floors for new sources, but they cannot be less stringent than the average emission limitation achieved by the best-performing 12 percent of existing sources in the category or subcategory (or the best-performing five sources for categories or subcategories with fewer than 30 sources). In developing MACT standards, we must also consider control options that are more stringent than the floor, under CAA section 112(d)(2). We may establish standards more stringent than the floor, based on the consideration of the cost of achieving the emissions reductions, any non-air quality health and environmental impacts, and energy requirements. In the second stage of the regulatory process, the CAA requires the EPA to undertake two different analyses, which we refer to as the technology review and the residual risk review. Under the technology review, we must review the technology-based standards and revise them “as necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes, and control technologies)” no less frequently than every 8 years, pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6). Under the residual risk review, we must evaluate the risk to public health remaining after application of the technology-based standards and revise the standards, if necessary, to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, and other relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect. The residual risk review is required within 8 years after promulgation of the technology-based standards, pursuant to CAA section 112(f). In conducting the residual risk review, if the EPA determines that the current standards provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health, it is not necessary to revise the MACT standards pursuant to CAA section 112(f). 1 For more information on the statutory authority for this rule, see 77 FR 8576 and 79 FR 72874. 1 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has affirmed this approach of implementing CAA section 112(f)(2)(A). NRC v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (“If EPA determines that the existing technology-based standards provide an `ample margin of safety,' then the Agency is free to readopt those standards during the residual risk rulemaking.”). B. What is the Secondary Aluminum Production source category and how does the NESHAP regulate HAP emissions from the source category? The EPA initially promulgated the Secondary Aluminum Production NESHAP on March 23, 2000 (65 FR 15690). The rule was amended on December 30, 2002 (67 FR 79808), September 3, 2004 (69 FR 53980), October 3, 2005 (70 FR 57513), and December 19, 2005 (70 FR 75320). The standards are codified at 40 CFR part 63, subpart RRR. The existing Subpart RRR NESHAP regulates HAP emissions from secondary aluminum production facilities that are major sources of HAP and that operate aluminum scrap shredders, thermal chip dryers, scrap dryers/delacquering kilns/decoating kilns, group 1 furnaces, group 2 furnaces, sweat furnaces, dross only furnaces, rotary dross coolers, and secondary aluminum processing units (SAPUs). The SAPUs include group 1 furnaces and in-line fluxers. The Subpart RRR NESHAP regulates HAP emissions from secondary aluminum production facilities that are area sources of HAP only with respect to emissions of dioxins/furans (D/F) from thermal chip dryers, scrap dryers/delacquering kilns/decoating kilns, group 1 furnaces, sweat furnaces, and SAPUs. The secondary aluminum industry consists of approximately 161 secondary aluminum production facilities, of which the EPA estimates 53 to be major sources of HAP. Several of the secondary aluminum facilities are co-located with primary aluminum, coil coating, and possibly other source category facilities. Natural gas boilers or process heaters may also be co-located at a few secondary aluminum facilities. The standards promulgated in 2000 established emission limits for particulate matter (PM) as a surrogate for metal HAP, total hydrocarbons (THC) as a surrogate for organic HAP other than D/F, D/F expressed as toxicity equivalents (TEQ), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) as a surrogate for acid gases including hydrogen fluoride (HF), chlorine, and fluorine. HAP are emitted from the following affected sources: Aluminum scrap shredders (subject to PM standards), thermal chip dryers (subject to standards for THC and D/F), scrap dryers/delacquering kilns/decoating kilns (subject to standards for PM, D/F, HCl, and THC), sweat furnaces (subject to D/F standards), dross-only furnaces (subject to PM standards), rotary dross coolers (subject to PM standards), group 1 furnaces (subject to standards for PM, HCl, and D/F), and in-line fluxers (subject to standards for PM and HCl). Group 2 furnaces and certain in-line fluxers are subject to work practice standards. For a more detailed description of the industry, processes, and the key requirements of the MACT rule, see the 2014 supplemental proposal (79 FR 72879, December 8, 2014). C. What changes did we propose for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category in our February 14, 2012, and December 8, 2014, proposals? On February 14, 2012, the EPA published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (77 FR 8576) for the Secondary Aluminum Production NESHAP, 40 CFR part 63, subpart RRR, that took into consideration the RTR analyses and other reviews of the MACT rule. We proposed that no amendments to Subpart RRR were necessary as a result of the RTR analyses. However, we proposed several amendments to correct and clarify existing requirements based on other reviews of the rule, including: • Proposed criteria and procedures for changing furnace classification ( i.e., operating mode) and a limit on frequency of switching furnace classification of once per 6-month period, with an exception for control device maintenance requiring shutdown; • Proposed amendments to clarify that performance tests under multiple scenarios may be required in order to reflect the emissions ranges for each regulated pollutant; • Proposed compliance alternatives for testing of furnaces that do not have add-on air pollution control devices (also referred to as “uncontrolled furnaces”), i.e., either temporary installation of American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) hooding or, for existing uncontrolled furnaces, use of an assumption of 67-percent capture efficiency for furnace exhaust. If the source fails to demonstrate compliance using the 67-percent capture efficiency assumption, the source would have to retest within 90 days using hooding that meets ACGIH guidelines or submit a petition that such hoods are impractical and propose alternative testing procedures that will minimize unmeasured fugitive emissions; • With regard to annual inspections of capture/collection systems, proposed codification of our existing interpretation that annual hood inspections include flow rate measurements using EPA Reference Methods 1 and 2; • Proposed removal of exemptions from the requirement to comply with 40 CFR part 63, subpart RRR emission standards during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM), clarification of related provisions, and an alternative method for demonstrating compliance with certain emission limits during startup and shutdown; • Proposed requirement for electronic submission of test results to increase the ease and efficiency of data submittal and improve data accessibility; and • Proposed compliance date for existing affected sources to comply with the proposed amendments within 90 days after publication of the final rule. In the 2012 proposal, we also proposed several other corrections and clarifications of the rule on the following topics based on recommendations and suggestions from individual representatives from state regulatory agencies and industry, as well as based on EPA experience, to correct errors in the rule and to help clarify the intent and implementation of the rule: • ACGIH Guidelines; • Testing worst-case scenarios; • Lime injection rate; • Flux monitoring; • Cover flux; • Capture and collection system definition; • Bale breakers; • Bag Leak Detection Systems (BLDS); • Sidewell furnaces; • Testing representative units; • Initial performance tests; • Scrap dryer/delacquering/decoating kiln and scrap shredder definitions; • Group 2 furnace definition; • HF emissions compliance; • SAPU definition; • Clean charge definition; • Residence time definition; • SAPU feed/charge rate; • Dross-only versus dross/scrap furnaces; • Applicability of rule to area sources; • Altering parameters during testing with new scrap streams; • Controlled furnaces that are temporarily idled for 24 hours or longer; and • Annual compliance certification for area sources. In the December 8, 2014, supplemental proposal (79 FR 72874), we presented a revised risk review and a revised technology review. Similar to the 2012 proposal, we found risks due to emissions of air toxics to be acceptable from this source category and we identified no cost-effective controls under the updated AMOS analysis or the technology review to achieve further emissions reductions. We proposed no revisions to the emission standards based on the revised risk and technology review. However, in the 2014 supplemental proposal, we supplemented and modified several of the proposed technical corrections and rule clarifications from the 2012 proposal, including the following: • Revised proposed limit on the total number of furnace operating mode changes ( i.e., frequency) of four times in any 6-month period, with the ability of sources to apply to the appropriate authority for additional furnace operating mode changes; • Revised wording in proposed 40 CFR 63.1511(b)(1) related to worst-case scenario testing clarifying under what conditions the performance tests are to be conducted; • Revised proposed compliance requirements for performance testing of uncontrolled furnaces, such that if a source: (1) Chooses to use an assumption of 67-percent 2 capture/collection efficiency, instead of installing temporary hooding according to ACGIH guidelines, and (2) fails to demonstrate compliance using the 67-percent efficiency assumption, then the source must either retest using ACGIH hooding within 180 days (rather than the 90 days specified in the 2012 proposal) or petition the appropriate authority within 180 days that installing ACGIH hooding is impractical and propose alternative testing procedures that will minimize unmeasured emissions; 2 The capture efficiency of 66.67 percent was rounded to 67 percent. • Revised proposed requirement that emission sources comply with the emissions limits at all times, including periods of SSM. Proposed definitions of startup and shutdown as well as an additional alternative method for demonstrating compliance with certain emission limits during startup and shutdown; • Revised proposed requirements for annual inspection of capture/collection systems to allow additional compliance options; • Revised proposed compliance dates of 180 days for certain requirements and 2 years for other requirements; and • Revised operating and monitoring requirements for sweat furnaces to allow an additional compliance option. In addition, we withdrew our 2012 proposal to include provisions establishing an affirmative defense in light of a recent court decision vacating an affirmative defense in one of the EPA's CAA section 112(d) regulations. NRDC v. EPA, 749 F.3d 1055 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (vacating affirmative defense provisions in CAA section 112(d) rule establishing emission standards for Portland cement kilns). III. What is included in this final rule? This action finalizes the EPA's determinations pursuant to the RTR provisions of CAA section 112 for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category. This action also finalizes changes to the NESHAP, including technical corrections and rule clarifications as well as alternative compliance options. A. What are the final rule amendments based on the risk review for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? There are no rule amendments based on the risk review for this source category. B. What are the final rule amendments based on the technology review for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? There are no rule amendments based on the technology review for this source category. C. What are the final rule amendments addressing emissions during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction? In its 2008 decision in Sierra Club v. EPA , 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated portions of two provisions in the EPA's CAA section 112 regulations governing the emissions of HAP during periods SSM. Specifically, the Court vacated the SSM exemption contained in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1), holding that under section 302(k) of the CAA, emissions standards or limitations must be continuous in nature and that the SSM exemption violates the CAA's requirement that some section 112 standards apply continuously. We have eliminated the SSM exemption in this rule. Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA , the EPA has established standards in this rule that apply at all times. We have also revised Appendix A to Subpart RRR of part 63 (the General Provisions applicability table) in several respects as is explained in more detail below. For example, we have eliminated the incorporation of the General Provisions' requirement that the source develop an SSM plan. We have also eliminated and revised certain recordkeeping and reporting that is related to the SSM exemption as described in detail in the proposed rule and summarized again here. In establishing the standards in this rule, the EPA has taken into account startup and shutdown periods and, for the reasons explained below, has not established alternate emission standards for those periods. We are finalizing amendments to eliminate provisions that exempt sources from the requirement to comply with the otherwise applicable CAA section 112(d) emission standards during periods of SSM. As explained in the 2012 proposal and 2014 supplemental proposal, because the scrap processed at secondary aluminum production facilities is the source of emissions, we expect emissions during startup and shutdown would be no higher, and most likely significantly lower, than emissions during normal operations since no scrap is processed during those periods. The final amendments include alternative methods for demonstrating compliance with applicable emission limits that are expressed in units of pounds per ton of feed/charge, or microgram (μg) TEQ or nanogram (ng) TEQ per megagram (Mg) of feed/charge, based on emissions during startup and shutdown and, alternatively, demonstrating compliance by keeping records that show that during startup and shutdown, the feed/charge rate was zero, the flux rate was zero, and the affected source or emission unit was heated with electricity, propane, or natural gas as the sole sources of heat or was not heated. See 40 CFR 63.1513(f). We are also finalizing definitions for the periods of startup and shutdown to account for the fact that many furnaces are batch operations and are often in a standby condition that, under the proposed definitions, might have been considered to be shutdown. The final definition of shutdown recognizes that shutdown begins when the addition of feed/charge is halted, the heat sources are removed, and product is removed from the equipment to the greatest extent practicable, and ends when the equipment cools to near ambient temperature. The final definition recognizes that, after tapping, most furnaces (tilting furnaces are an exception) retain a molten metal heel and are not emptied completely. In the final amendments, startup is defined as beginning with equipment warming from a shutdown and ending at the point that feed/charge or flux is introduced. Other SSM-related changes include: • Revising 40 CFR 63.1510(s)(2)(iv), 63.1515(b)(10), 63.1516(a), 63.1516(b)(1)(v), and 63.1517(b)(16)(i) to reflect the revised requirements related to periods of SSM; • Revising 40 CFR 63.1506(a)(5) to incorporate the general duty from 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) to minimize emissions; and • Adding 40 CFR 63.1516(d), and 40 CFR 63.1517(b)(18) and (19) to require reporting and recordkeeping associated with periods of SSM. Periods of startup, normal operations, and shutdown are all predictable and routine aspects of a source's operations. Malfunctions, in contrast, are neither predictable nor routine. Instead, they are, by definition, sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failures of emissions control, process, or monitoring equipment (40 CFR 63.2) (Definition of malfunction). The EPA interprets CAA section 112 as not requiring emissions that occur during periods of malfunction to be factored into development of CAA section 112 standards. Under CAA section 112, emissions standards for new sources must be no less stringent than the level “achieved” by the best controlled similar source and for existing sources generally must be no less stringent than the average emission limitation “achieved” by the best performing 12 percent of sources in the category. There is nothing in section 112 that directs the Agency to consider malfunctions in determining the level “achieved” by the best performing sources when setting emission standards. As the D.C. Circuit has recognized, the phrase “average emissions limitation achieved by the best performing 12 percent of” sources “says nothing about how the performance of the best units is to be calculated.” Nat'l Ass'n of Clean Water Agencies v. EPA , 734 F.3d 1115, 1141 (D.C. Cir. 2013). While the EPA accounts for variability in setting emissions standards, nothing in CAA section 112 requires the Agency to consider malfunctions as part of that analysis. A malfunction should not be treated in the same manner as the type of variation in performance that occurs during routine operations of a source. A malfunction is a failure of the source to perform in a “normal or usual manner” and no statutory language compels the EPA to consider such events in setting CAA section 112 standards. Further, accounting for malfunctions in setting emission standards would be difficult, if not impossible, given the myriad different types of malfunctions that can occur across all sources in the category and given the difficulties associated with predicting or accounting for the frequency, degree, and duration of various malfunctions that might occur. As such, the performance of units that are malfunctioning is not “reasonably” foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra Club v. EPA , 167 F.3d 658, 662 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“The EPA typically has wide latitude in determining the extent of data-gathering necessary to solve a problem. We generally defer to an agency's decision to proceed on the basis of imperfect scientific information, rather than to ‘invest the resources to conduct the perfect study.' ”) See also Weyerhaeuser v. Costle , 590 F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (“In the nature of things, no general limit, individual permit, or even any upset provision can anticipate all upset situations. After a certain point, the transgression of regulatory limits caused by `uncontrollable acts of third parties,' such as strikes, sabotage, operator intoxication or insanity, and a variety of other eventualities, must be a matter for the administrative exercise of case-by-case enforcement discretion, not for specification in advance by regulation.”). In addition, emissions during a malfunction event can be significantly higher than emissions at any other time of source operation. For example, if an air pollution control device with 99-percent removal goes off-line as a result of a malfunction (as might happen if, for example, the bags in a baghouse catch fire) and the emission unit is a steady state type unit that would take days to shutdown, the source would go from 99-percent control to zero control until the control device was repaired. The source's emissions during the malfunction would be 100 times higher than during normal operations. As such, the emissions over a 4-day malfunction period would exceed the annual emissions of the source during normal operations. As this example illustrates, accounting for malfunctions could lead to standards that are not reflective of (and significantly less stringent than) levels that are achieved by a well-performing non-malfunctioning source. It is reasonable to interpret CAA section 112 to avoid such a result. The EPA's approach to malfunctions is consistent with CAA section 112 and is a reasonable interpretation of the statute. In the event that a source fails to comply with the applicable CAA section 112(d) standards as a result of a malfunction event, the EPA would determine an appropriate response based on, among other things, the good faith efforts of the source to minimize emissions during malfunction periods, including preventative and corrective actions, as well as root cause analyses to ascertain and rectify excess emissions. The EPA would also consider whether the source's failure to comply with the CAA section 112(d) standard was, in fact, sudden, infrequent, not reasonably preventable, and not caused in part by poor maintenance or careless operation. 40 CFR 63.2 (Definition of malfunction). If the EPA determines in a particular case that an enforcement action against a source for violation of an emission standard is warranted, the source can raise any and all defenses in that enforcement action and the federal district court will determine what, if any, relief is appropriate. The same is true for citizen enforcement actions. Similarly, the presiding officer in an administrative proceeding can consider any defense raised and determine whether administrative penalties are appropriate. In summary, the EPA interpretation of the CAA and, in particular, CAA section 112 is reasonable and encourages practices that will avoid malfunctions. Administrative and judicial procedures for addressing exceedances of the standards fully recognize that violations may occur despite good faith efforts to comply and can accommodate those situations. In the 2012 proposed rule, the EPA proposed to include an affirmative defense to civil penalties for violations caused by malfunctions. Although the EPA recognized that its case-by-case enforcement discretion provides sufficient flexibility, it proposed to include the affirmative defense to provide a more formalized approach and more regulatory clarity. See Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Costle , 590 F.2d 1011, 1057-58 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (holding that an informal case-by-case enforcement discretion approach is adequate); but see Marathon Oil Co. v. EPA , 564 F.2d 1253, 1272-73 (9th Cir. 1977) (requiring a more formalized approach to consideration of “upsets beyond the control of the permit holder.”). Under the proposed regulatory affirmative defense provisions, if a source could demonstrate in a judicial or administrative proceeding that it had met the requirements of the affirmative defense in the regulation, civil penalties would not be assessed. After the 2012 proposal, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated an affirmative defense in one of the EPA's CAA section 112 regulations. NRDC v. EPA , 749 F.3d 1055 (D.C. Cir., 2014) (vacating affirmative defense provisions in CAA section 112 rule establishing emission standards for Portland cement kilns). The Court found that the EPA lacked authority to establish an affirmative defense for private civil suits and held that under the CAA, the authority to determine civil penalty amounts in such cases lies exclusively with the courts, not the EPA. Specifically, the Court found: “As the language of the statute makes clear, the courts determine, on a case-by-case basis, whether civil penalties are `appropriate.' ” See NRDC at 1063 (“[U]nder this statute, deciding whether penalties are `appropriate' in a given private civil suit is a job for the courts, not EPA.”). 3 In light of NRDC , the EPA in the 2014 supplemental proposal withdrew the proposed affirmative defense and is not including a regulatory affirmative defense provision in the final rule. As explained above, if a source is unable to comply with emissions standards as a result of a malfunction, the EPA may use its case-by-case enforcement discretion to provide flexibility, as appropriate. Further, as the D.C. Circuit recognized, in an EPA or citizen enforcement action, the court has the discretion to consider any defense raised and determine whether penalties are appropriate. Cf. NRDC at 1064 (arguments that violation were caused by unavoidable technology failure can be made to the courts in future civil cases when the issue arises). The same is true for the presiding officer in EPA administrative enforcement actions. 4 3 The Court's reasoning in NRDC focuses on civil judicial actions. The Court noted that “EPA's ability to determine whether penalties should be assessed for Clean Air Act violations extends only to administrative penalties, not to civil penalties imposed by a court.” Id. 4 Although the NRDC case does not address the EPA's authority to establish an affirmative defense to penalties that is available in administrative enforcement actions, the EPA is not including such an affirmative defense in the final rule. As explained above, such an affirmative defense is not necessary, and in the 2014 supplemental proposal, we withdrew the proposed affirmative defense. Moreover, assessment of penalties for violatiing caused by malfunctions in administrative proceedings and judicial proceedings should be consistent, Cf. CAA section 113(e) (requiring both the Administrator and the Court to take specified criteria into account when assessing penalties). We are revising the General Provisions table (Appendix A to Subpart RRR of 40 CFR part 63) entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Section 63.6(e)(1)(i) describes the general duty to minimize emissions. Some of the language in that section is no longer necessary or appropriate in light of the elimination of the SSM exemption. We have instead added general duty regulatory text at 40 CFR 63.1506(a)(5) that reflects the general duty to minimize emissions while eliminating the reference to periods covered by an SSM exemption. The current language in 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) characterizes what the general duty entails during periods of SSM. With the elimination of the SSM exemption, there is no need to differentiate between normal operations, startup and shutdown, and malfunction events in describing the general duty. Therefore, the language the EPA is promulgating for Subpart RRR does not include that language from 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1). We are also revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(ii) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Section 63.6(e)(1)(ii) imposes requirements that are not necessary with the elimination of the SSM exemption or are redundant with the general duty requirement being added at 40 CFR 63.1506(a)(5). We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(3) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Generally, these paragraphs require development of an SSM plan and specify SSM recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the SSM plan. As noted, the EPA is removing the SSM exemptions. Therefore, affected units will be subject to an emission standard during such events. The applicability of a standard during such events will ensure that sources have ample incentive to plan for and achieve compliance and, thus, the SSM plan requirements are no longer necessary. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” The current language of 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) exempts sources from non-opacity standards during periods of SSM. As discussed above, the Court in Sierra Club vacated the exemptions contained in this provision and held that the CAA requires that some section 112 standards apply continuously. Consistent with Sierra Club , the EPA is revising standards in this rule to apply at all times. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” The current language of 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1) exempts sources from opacity standards during periods of SSM. As discussed above, the Court in Sierra Club vacated the exemptions contained in this provision and held that the CAA requires that some section 112 standards apply continuously. Consistent with Sierra Club , the EPA is revising standards in this rule to apply at all times. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Section 63.7(e)(1) describes performance testing requirements. The EPA is instead adding a performance testing requirement at 40 CFR 63.1513(f). The performance testing requirements we are adding differ from the General Provisions performance testing provisions in several respects. The regulatory text does not include the language in 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1) that restated the SSM exemption and language that precluded startup and shutdown periods from being considered “representative” for purposes of performance testing. The revised performance testing provisions include alternative methods for demonstrating compliance with emission limits that are expressed in units of pounds per ton of feed/charge, or μg TEQ or ng TEQ per Mg of feed/charge. Compliance with such limits during startup and shutdown can be demonstrated using the emissions measured during startup and shutdown along with the measured feed/charge rate from the most recent performance test associated with a production rate greater than zero, or the rated capacity of the affected source if no prior performance test data are available. Alternatively, compliance can be demonstrated by keeping records that show that during startup and shutdown, the feed/charge rate was zero, the flux rate was zero, and the affected source or emission unit either was heated with electricity, propane, or natural gas as the sole sources of heat or was not heated. As in 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1), we are requiring in 40 CFR 63.1511(b) that performance tests conducted under this subpart not be conducted during malfunctions because conditions during malfunctions are often not representative of normal operating conditions. The EPA is adding language in 40 CFR 63.1517(b)(19) that requires the owner or operator to record the process information that is necessary to document operating conditions during the test and include in such record an explanation to support that such conditions are representative of startup and shutdown operations. Section 63.7(e) requires that the owner or operator make available to the Administrator such records “as may be necessary to determine the condition of the performance test” available to the Administrator upon request, but does not specifically require the information to be recorded. The regulatory text the EPA is adding to this provision builds on that requirement and makes explicit the requirement to record the information. We are revising the General Provisions table (Appendix A to Subpart RRR of 40 CFR part 63) entry for 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” The cross-references to the general duty and SSM plan requirements in those subparagraphs are not necessary in light of other requirements of 40 CFR 63.8 that require good air pollution control practices (40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)) and that set out the requirements of a quality control program for monitoring equipment (40 CFR 63.8(d)). We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.8((d)(3) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “Yes, except for last sentence which refers to an SSM plan. SSM plans are not required.” The final sentence in 40 CFR 63.8((d)(3) refers to the General Provisions' SSM plan requirement which is no longer applicable. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Section 63.10(b)(2)(i) describes the recordkeeping requirements during startup and shutdown. These recording provisions are no longer necessary because the EPA is promulgating that recordkeeping and reporting applicable to normal operations will apply to startup and shutdown. In the absence of special provisions applicable to startup and shutdown, such as a startup and shutdown plan, there is no reason to retain additional records for startup and shutdown periods. However, we are adding an additional recordkeeping provision at 40 CFR 63.1517(b)(18) for owners and operators that wish to demonstrate compliance with emission limits that are expressed in units of pounds per ton of feed/charge, or μg TEQ or ng TEQ per Mg of feed/charge, during startup and shutdown by keeping records that show that during startup and shutdown no feed/charge or flux was added, only clean fuel was used, or no fuel was used. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(ii) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Section 63.10(b)(2)(ii) describes the recordkeeping requirements during a malfunction. The EPA is adding such requirements to 40 CFR 63.1517. The regulatory text we are adding differs from the General Provisions it is replacing in that the General Provisions require the creation and retention of a record of the occurrence and duration of each malfunction of process, air pollution control, and monitoring equipment. The EPA is applying the recordkeeping requirement to any failure to meet an applicable standard and is requiring that the source record the date, time, and duration of the failure rather than the “occurrence.” We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv) by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” When applicable, the provision requires sources to record actions taken during SSM events when actions were inconsistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer appropriate because SSM plans will no longer be required. The requirement previously applicable under 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv)(B) to record actions to minimize emissions and record corrective actions is now applicable by reference to 40 CFR 63.1517. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(v) by changing the “yes” to “no.” When applicable, the provision requires sources to record actions taken during SSM events to show that actions taken were consistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer appropriate because SSM plans will no longer be required. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) by changing the “yes” to “no.” When applicable, the provision allows an owner or operator to use the affected source's SSM plan or records kept to satisfy the recordkeeping requirements of the SSM plan, specified in 40 CFR 63.6(e), to also satisfy the requirements of 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10) through (12). The EPA is eliminating this requirement because SSM plans will no longer be required, and, therefore, 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) no longer serves any useful purpose. We are revising the General Provisions table entry for 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5), including (5)(i) and (ii), by changing the “yes” in column “Applies to RRR” to “no.” Section 63.10(d)(5) describes the reporting requirements for SSM. We will no longer require owners or operators to determine whether actions taken to correct a malfunction are consistent with an SSM plan or report when actions taken during a startup, shutdown, or malfunction were not consistent with an SSM plan, because SSM plans will no longer be required. To replace the General Provisions reporting requirement, the EPA is adding reporting requirements to 40 CFR 63.1516(d). The replacement language differs from the General Provisions requirement in that it eliminates periodic SSM reports as a stand-alone report. We are requiring sources that fail to meet an applicable standard at any time to report the information concerning such events in the semi-annual excess emission report already required under 40 CFR part 63, subpart RRR. The report must contain the emission unit ID, monitor ID, pollutant or parameter monitored, beginning date and time of event, end date and time of the event, cause of the deviation or exceedance, corrective action taken, a list of the affected source or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used to estimate the emissions. Examples of such methods would include product-loss calculations, mass balance calculations, measurements when available, or engineering judgment based on known process parameters. The EPA is promulgating this requirement to ensure that there is adequate information to determine compliance, to allow the EPA to determine the severity of the failure to meet an applicable standard, and to provide data that may document how the source met the general duty to minimize emissions during a failure to meet an applicable standard. D. What other changes have been made to the NESHAP? This section provides a summary of other changes to the NESHAP. More details and further explanation of these changes are provided in section IV of this preamble and/or in the response to comments document, which is available in the docket for this action. These other changes include the following: 1. Clarification of applicability of rule provisions to area sources. We are finalizing revisions to clarify which operating, monitoring, performance testing, and annual compliance certification requirements apply to area sources. 2. Addition or revision of definitions. We added definitions for bale breaker, capture and collection system, HF, round top furnace, startup, shutdown, tap, and total reactive fluoride flux injection rate. We revised the definitions for aluminum scrap shredder, clean charge, cover flux, group 2 furnace, HCl, residence time, scrap dryer/delacquering/decoating kiln, and SAPU. 3. Revision of provisions to include HF. We have revised 40 CFR 63.1503, 63.1505, 63.1506, 63.1510, 63.1511, 63.1512, 63.1513, 63.1516, and Table 1 of the rule to address HF in the emission standards and in the performance testing, monitoring, and compliance demonstration provisions for group 1 furnaces. 4. Addition of criteria for changing furnace classifications and an allowed frequency of such changes of four times in any 6-month period. We are finalizing requirements for changing furnace classifications in 40 CFR 63.1510, 63.1514, and 63.1517 of the final rule. 5. Revisions to operating requirements. We are finalizing revisions to operating requirements with respect to the following: • Provisions for controlled group 1 furnaces that will be idled for at least 24 hours in 40 CFR 63.1506(m)(7) and Table 2; • A requirement for lime injection rate verification in 40 CFR 63.1506(m), 63.1510(i)(4), 63.1512, and Table 3; and • Alternative compliance options for sweat furnaces in lieu of following the ACGIH Guidelines. 6. Revisions to monitoring requirements. We are finalizing revisions to monitoring requirements with regard to: • Annual inspections of capture/collection systems in 40 CFR 63.1510(d)(2); • Flux monitoring in 40 CFR 63.1510(j)(4) and in Table 3 of the rule; • Bag leak detection system maintenance in 40 CFR 63.1510(f)(1)(ii) and in Table 3; • Monitoring of sidewell group 1 furnaces in 40 CFR 63.1510(n)(1); • SAPU compliance with emission factors in 40 CFR 63.1510(t); and • Compliance options for sweat furnaces in 40 CFR 63.1510(d)(3) as an alternative to the monitoring requirements to conduct annual flow rate measurements using EPA Methods 1 and 2. As a result of comments on the 2012 proposal, we are not finalizing an amendment to require a 60-day approval period for operation, maintenance and monitoring (OM&M) plans. 7. Revisions to requirements for performance testing/compliance demonstration. We are finalizing revisions with respect to the following performance testing requirements: • References to ACGIH guidelines in 40 CFR 63.1502 and 63.1506 and Tables 2 Table 3 for capture and collection systems; • Section 63.1511(b)(1) and 63.1511(b)(6) to clarify the conditions under which performance tests must be conducted in order to be representative of testing for a “worst case” scenario and that multiple tests may be required to characterize all regulated pollutants; • Section 63.1511(b)(3) to clarify testing requirements for batch processes; • Section 63.1511(f)(6) to clarify that testing for representative units means that all performance tests must be conducted on the same affected source or emission unit; • Section 63.1511(b) to allow 180 days to conduct initial performance testing; • Section 63.1511(g)(5) with respect to altering parameters during performance testing with new feed/charge types; and • Paragraphs in 40 CFR 63.1512(e) to clarify the requirement to account for unmeasured emissions during performance testing of uncontrolled group 1 furnaces, including: ○ Requirements for installation of temporary hooding for performance testing on uncontrolled group 1 furnaces or, for existing uncontrolled furnaces, use of 80-percent capture efficiency assumption; ○ testing requirements for new uncontrolled furnaces; ○ conditions where installation of temporary hooding that meets ACGIH guidelines is impractical; and ○ procedures to minimize unmeasured emissions during performance testing of uncontrolled furnaces. 8. Revisions to recordkeeping provisions. We are finalizing revisions to 40 CFR 63.1517(b)(4)(ii) with respect to lime injection rates, 40 CFR 63.1517(b)(14) with respect to records related to the annual inspection of capture/collection systems, and 40 CFR 63.1517(b)(19) with respect to records related to startups and shutdowns. E. What are the effective and compliance dates of the standards? The revisions to the MACT standards being promulgated in this action are effective on September 18, 2015. The compliance date for the final amendments listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(d) for existing secondary aluminum production affected sources is March 16, 2016. The compliance date for the final amendments listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(c) for existing affected sources is September 18, 2017. The owner or operator of a new affected source that commences construction or reconstruction after February 14, 2012, must comply with all of the requirements of this subparat by September 18, 2015 or upon startup, whichever is later. In the 2012 proposal, we proposed that existing affected sources comply with the proposed amendments within 90 days of the publication of the final rule in the Federal Register . As described in detail in the 2014 supplemental proposal (79 FR 72906), commenters stated that the proposed 90-day compliance deadline was insufficient for sources to comply with certain provisions of the final rule. These commenters recommended compliance dates of 2 to 3 years due to the need to conduct operational planning, maintenance planning, reprogramming of data acquisition systems, design and installation of hooding equipment, and/or negotiations with permitting authorities to gain performance test plan approvals. The EPA agreed that the proposed 90-day compliance deadline was insufficient. However, we did not agree that sources needed 2 to 3 years to comply with all the requirements. Based on consideration of the comments and further evaluation of the amount of time needed for each of the requirements, the 2014 supplemental proposal included extended compliance periods of 180 days for the revisions listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(d). In this action, we are finalizing compliance deadlines of 180 days after publication of this final rule in the Federal Register for the revisions in 40 CFR 63.1501(d). For the amendments related to HF emissions (40 CFR 63.1505(i)(4) and (k)(2)), testing of existing uncontrolled furnaces (40 CFR 63.1512(e)(4), (e)(5), (e)(6) and (e)(7)), and changing furnace classification (40 CFR 63.1514), the EPA agrees that a longer time to comply is appropriate and proposed a compliance period of 2 years in the 2014 supplemental proposal. In this action, we are finalizing a compliance deadline of 2 years after publication of this final rule in the Federal Register for the provisions listed in 40 CFR 63.1501(e). F. What are the requirements for submission of performance test data to the EPA? As stated in the preamble of the 2012 proposal, the EPA is taking a step to increase the ease and efficiency of data submittal and data accessibility. Specifically, the EPA is requiring owners and operators of secondary aluminum production facilities to submit electronic copies of certain required performance test reports. As mentioned in the preamble of the proposal, data will be collected by direct computer-to-computer electronic transfer using EPA-provided software. As discussed in the proposal, the EPA-provided software is an electronic performance test report tool called the ERT. The ERT will generate an electronic report package which will be submitted to the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface (CEDRI) and then archived to the EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX). A description and instructions for use of the ERT can be found at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ert/index.html , and CEDRI can be accessed through the CDX Web site at www.epa.gov/cdx . The requirement to submit performance test data electronically to the EPA does not create any additional performance testing and will apply only to those performance tests conducted using test methods that are supported by the ERT. A listing of the pollutants and test methods supported by the ERT is available at the ERT Web site. The EPA believes, through this approach, industry will save time in the performance test submittal process. Additionally, this rulemaking benefits industry by cutting back on recordkeeping costs as the performance test reports that are submitted to the EPA using CEDRI are no longer required to be kept in hard copy. As mentioned in the proposed preamble, state, local, and tribal agencies will benefit from more streamlined and accurate review of performance test data that will be available on the EPA WebFIRE database. The public will also benefit. Having these data publicly available enhances transparency and accountability. For a more thorough discussion of electronic reporting of performance tests using direct computer-to-computer electronic transfer and using EPA-provided software, see the discussion in the preamble of the proposal. In summary, in addition to supporting regulation development, control strategy development, and other air pollution control activities, having an electronic database populated with performance test data will save industry, state, local, tribal agencies, and the EPA significant time, money, and effort while improving the quality of emission inventories, air quality regulations, and enhancing the public's access to this important information. G. What materials are being incorporated by reference? In this final rule, the EPA is including regulatory text that includes incorporation by reference. In accordance with requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, the EPA is incorporating by reference the following documents described in the amendments to 40 CFR 63.14: • ASTM D7520-13, Standard Test Method for Determining the Opacity of a Plume in an Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere, approved December 1, 2013. • EPA-625/3-89-016, Interim Procedures for Estimating Risks Associated with Exposures to Mixtures of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and -Dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) and 1989 Update, March 1989, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. • Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice, 23rd Edition, 1998, Chapter 3, “Local Exhaust Hoods” and Chapter 5, “Exhaust System Design Procedure.” American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. • Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice for Design, 27th Edition, 2010, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. In the 2014 supplemental proposal, we identified ASTM D7520-09 as an alternative method for the currently required EPA Method 9. Since then, the method has been updated to incorporate specific requirements that we included as add-ons to our broad alternative test method approval of the 2009 version of the ASTM method. We do not expect any concerns changing to the new version because the additional requirements are handled by the vendors of the digital camera/software systems. The EPA has made, and will continue to make, these documents generally available electronically through www.regulations.gov and/or in hard copy at the appropriate EPA office (see the ADDRESSES section of this preamble for more information). IV. What is the rationale for our final decisions and amendments for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? For each issue, this section provides a description of what we proposed and what we are finalizing for the issue, the EPA's rationale for the final decisions and amendments, and a summary of key comments and responses. For all comments not discussed in this preamble, comment summaries and the EPA's responses can be found in the comment summary and response document, which is available in the docket. A. Residual Risk Review for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category 1. What did we propose pursuant to CAA section 112(f) for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? Pursuant to CAA section 112(f), we conducted a revised residual risk review and presented the results of this review, along with our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability and AMOS, in the December 8, 2014, supplemental proposal (79 FR 72874). The results of the revised risk assessment are presented briefly below in Table 2 and in more detail in the residual risk document, Residual Risk Assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Source Category in Support of the 2015 Risk and Technology Review Final Rule, which is available in the docket for this rulemaking. a. Inhalation Risk Assessment Results. The results of the chronic baseline inhalation cancer risk assessment indicate that, based on estimates of current actual emissions, the maximum individual risk (MIR) posed by the Secondary Aluminum Production source category from major sources and from area sources was less than 1-in-1 million. The estimated cancer incidence was slightly higher for area sources compared to the major sources due to the larger number of area sources nationwide. The total estimated cancer incidence from secondary aluminum production sources from both major and area sources based on actual emission levels was 0.002 excess cancer cases per year, with emissions of D/F, naphthalene, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) contributing 48 percent, 31 percent, and 11 percent, respectively, to this cancer incidence. In addition, we note that there are no excess cancer risks greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million as a result of inhalation exposure to actual emissions from this source category over a lifetime. The maximum modeled chronic non-cancer hazard index (HI) target organ-specific HI (TOSHI) value for the source category for both major and area sources based on actual emissions was estimated to be 0.04, with HCl emissions from group 1 furnaces accounting for 99 percent of the HI. Table 2—Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category Inhalation Risk Assessment Results Number of facilities modeled Maximum individual cancer risk (in 1-million) a Based on actual emissions Based on allowable emissions Estimated annual cancer incidence (cases/yr) d Estimated population at increased risk of cancer ≥ 1-in-1 million d Maximum chronic non-cancer TOSHI b Based on actual emissions level Based on allowable emissions level Worst-case maximum screening acute non-cancer HQ c Major Sources (52) 0.6 4 0.0007 0 0.04 0.1 HQ (REL) = 0.7 (HF). HQ (AEGL1) = 0.4 (HCl). Area Sources (103) 0.3 1 0.001 0 0.0003 0.001 NA. Facility-wide (52 Major Sources) 70 NA 0.05 760,000 1 NA NA. a Estimated maximum individual excess lifetime cancer risk due to HAP emissions from the source category for major sources and D/F emissions from the source category for area sources. b Maximum TOSHI. The target organ with the highest TOSHI for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category for both actual and allowable emissions is the respiratory system. c There is no acute dose-response value for D/F. Thus an acute hazard quotient (HQ) value for area sources was not calculated. The maximum off-site HQ acute value of 0.7 for actuals is driven by emissions of hydrofluoric acid. See section III.A.3 of the 2014 supplemental proposal (79 FR 72885) for explanation of acute dose-response values. Acute assessments are performed based on actual emissions. d These estimates are based upon actual emissions. When considering MACT-allowable emissions, the inhalation cancer MIR was estimated to be up to 4-in-1 million, driven by emissions of D/F compounds, naphthalene, and PAHs from the scrap dryer/delacquering/decoating kiln. The estimated potential cancer incidence considering allowable emissions for both major and area sources was estimated to be 0.014 excess cancer cases per year, or 1 case every 70 years. Approximately 3,400 people were estimated to have cancer risks greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million considering allowable emissions from secondary aluminum production plants. When considering MACT-allowable emissions, the maximum chronic non-cancer TOSHI value was estimated to be 0.1, driven by allowable emissions of HCl from the group 1 furnaces. b. Acute Risk Results. Our screening analysis for worst-case acute impacts based on actual emissions indicates no pollutants exceeding an HQ value of 1 based upon the REL. c. Multipathway Risk Screening Results. Results of the worst-case Tier 1 screening analysis indicated that 36 of the 52 major sources exceeded the persistent and bio-accumulative HAP (PB-HAP) emission cancer screening rates (based on estimates of actual emissions) for D/F, and 3 of the 52 major sources exceeded the Tier 1 screen value for PAHs. Regarding area sources, 60 of the 103 area sources exceeded the PB-HAP emission cancer screening rates (based on estimates of actual emissions) for D/F. For the compounds and facilities that did not screen out at Tier 1, we conducted a Tier 2 screen. The Tier 2 screen replaces some of the assumptions used in Tier 1 with site-specific data, including the location of fishable lakes and local precipitation, wind direction, and speed. The Tier 2 screen continues to rely on high-end assumptions about consumption of local fish and locally grown or raised foods (adult female angler at 99th percentile consumption for fish for the subsistence fisherman scenario and 90th percentile consumption for locally grown or raised foods for the farmer scenario). It is important to note that, even with the inclusion of some site-specific information in the Tier 2 analysis, the multipathway screening analysis is still a very conservative, health-protective assessment ( e.g., upper-bound consumption of local fish and locally grown and/or raised foods). In all likelihood, this analysis will yield results that serve as an upper-bound multipathway risk associated with a facility. While the screening analysis was not designed to produce a quantitative risk result, the factor by which the emissions exceed the threshold serves as a rough gauge of the “upper-limit” risks we would expect from a facility. Thus, for example, if a facility emitted a PB-HAP carcinogen at a level 2 times the screening threshold, we can say with a high degree of confidence that the actual maximum cancer risks will be less than 2-in-1 million. Likewise, if a facility emitted a noncancer PB-HAP at a level 2 times the screening threshold, the maximum noncancer hazard would represent an HQ less than 2. The high degree of confidence comes from the fact that the screens are developed using the very conservative (health-protective) assumptions that we describe above. Based on the Tier 2 cancer screening analysis, 25 of the 52 major sources and 34 of the 103 area sources emitted D/F above the Tier 2 cancer screening thresholds for the subsistence fisher and farmer scenarios. The individual D/F emissions were all scaled based on their toxicity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and reported as TEQ. The subsistence fisher scenario for the highest risk facilities exceeded the D/F cancer threshold by a factor of 80 for the major sources and by a factor of 70 for the area sources. The Tier 2 analysis also identified 23 of the 52 major sources and 26 of the 103 area sources emitting D/F above the Tier 2 cancer screening thresholds for the subsistence farmer scenario. The highest exceedance of the Tier 2 screen value was 40 for the major sources and 20 for the area sources for the farmer scenario. We had only one major source emitting PAHs above the Tier 2 cancer screen value with an exceedance of 2 for the farmer scenario. All PAH emissions were scaled based on their toxicity to benzo(a)pyrene and reported as TEQ. A more refined Tier 3 multipathway screening analysis was conducted for six Tier 2 major source facilities. The six facilities were selected because the Tier 2 cancer screening assessments for these facilities had exceedances greater than or equal to 50 times the screen value for the subsistence fisher scenario. The major sources represented the highest screened cancer risk for multipathway impacts. Therefore, further screening analyses were not performed on the area sources. The Tier 3 screen examined the set of lakes from which the fisher might ingest fish. Any lakes that appeared not to be fishable or not publicly accessible were removed from the assessment, and the screening assessment was repeated. After we made the determination the critical lakes were fishable, we analyzed plume rise data for each of the sites. The Tier 3 screen was conducted only on those HAP that exceeded the Tier 2 screening threshold, which for this assessment were D/F and PAHs. Both of these PB-HAP are carcinogenic. The Tier 3 screen resulted in lowering the maximum exceedance of the screen value for the highest site from 80 to 70. Results for the other sites were all less than 70. The highest exceedance of the Tier 2 cancer screen value of 40 for the farmer scenario was also reduced in the Tier 3 screening assessment to a value of 30 for the major sources within this source category. Overall, the refined multipathway screening analysis for D/F and PAHs utilizing the Tier 3 screen predicted a potential lifetime cancer risk of 70-in-1 million or lower to the most exposed individual, with D/F emissions from group 1 furnaces handling other than clean charge driving the risk. Cancer risks due to PAH emissions for the maximum exposed individual were less than 1-in-1 million. The chronic non-cancer HQ was predicted to be below 1 for cadmium compounds and 1 for mercury compounds. For lead, we did not estimate any exceedances of the Primary Lead National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Further details on the refined multipathway screening analysis can be found in Appendix 8 of the Residual Risk Assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category in Support of the 2015 Risk and Technology Review Final Rule, which is available in the docket. d. Environmental Risk Screening Results. We conducted an environmental risk screening assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category for the following seven pollutants: PAHs, mercury (methyl mercury and mercuric chloride), cadmium, lead, D/F, HCl, and HF. Of the seven pollutants included in the environmental risk screen, major sources in this source category emit PAHs, mercuric chloride, cadmium, lead, D/F, HCl, and HF. In the Tier 1 screening analysis for PB-HAP, none of the individual modeled concentrations for any facility in the source category exceeded any of the ecological benchmarks (either the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) or no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL)) for PAHs, mercuric chloride, cadmium, and D/F. For lead, we did not estimate any exceedances of the Secondary Lead NAAQS. For HCl and HF, the average modeled concentration around each facility ( i.e. , the average concentration of all off-site data points in the modeling domain) did not exceed any ecological benchmark. In addition, each individual modeled concentration of HCl and HF ( i.e. , each off-site data point in the modeling domain) was below the ecological benchmarks for all facilities. Of the seven pollutants included in the environmental risk screen, area sources in this source category are regulated only for D/F. In the Tier 1 screening analysis for D/F, none of the individual modeled concentrations for any facility in the source category exceeded any of the ecological benchmarks (either the LOAEL or NOAEL) for D/F. e. Facility-wide Risk Assessment Results. Considering facility-wide emissions at the 52 major sources, the MIR was estimated to be 70-in-1 million driven by arsenic and nickel emissions, and the chronic non-cancer TOSHI value was calculated to be 1, driven by emissions of cadmium compounds. The above risks were driven by emissions from the potline roof vents at the co-located primary aluminum production operations. The Secondary Aluminum Production source category represents less than 1 percent of the inhalation risks from the facility-wide assessment based upon actual emissions. The risks due to primary aluminum production operations are being addressed in a separate RTR rulemaking for the Primary Aluminum Production source category that EPA plans to finalize later this year. f. What demographic groups might benefit from this regulation? We conducted a proximity analysis during the development of the proposed rule, and that analysis is also being used in support of this final rule. We conclude that this rule will not have disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority or low-income populations because it does not affect the level of protection provided to human health or the environment. However, the final rule will provide additional benefits to these demographic groups by improving the compliance, monitoring and implementation of the NESHAP. The detailed results of the proximity analyses can be found in the EJ Screening Report for Secondary Aluminum Area Sources and the EJ Screening Report for Secondary Aluminum Major Sources, which are available in the docket for this rulemaking. 2. How did the risk review change for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? No new information was received that would alter the results of the revised risk review presented in support of the 2014 supplemental proposal, so no changes were made. 3. What key comments did we receive on the risk review, and what are our responses? Several comments were received regarding the revised risk assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category. The following is a summary of some key comments and our responses to those comments. Other comments received and our responses to those comments can be found in the document titled, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Secondary Aluminum Production Summary of Public Comments and Responses on Proposed Rule (77 FR 8576, February 14, 2012) and Supplemental Proposal (79 FR 72874, December 8, 2014), which is available in the docket for this action. Comment: One commenter 5 stated that the EPA should reconsider its finding of acceptable risk and instead find risks unacceptable for the following reasons. 5 In summarizing the key comments, we have indicated when a comment was submitted on the 2014 supplemental proposal. Unless otherwise noted, the remaining comments were submitted on the 2012 proposed rule. The multipathway risk from D/F emissions: i.e. , a lifetime cancer risk of up to 70-in-1 million for the most-exposed individual to emissions via a fish (“fisher”) route of exposure, and an additional cancer risk of up to 30-in-1 million for the most-exposed individual to such emissions from a farm (“farmer”) route of exposure. These exposures add up to 100-in-1 million. The EPA has a policy of adding cancer risks to determine the most-exposed individual's maximum risk. The EPA estimates cancer risks “as the sum of the risks for each of the carcinogenic HAP” because “[s]umming the risks of these individual compounds to obtain the cumulative cancer risks is an approach that was recommended by the EPA's SAB in their 2002 peer review of the EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment.” 79 FR 72886 and n.7 (citing National Air Toxic Assessment (NATA)—Evaluating the National-scale Air Toxics Assessment 1996 Data—a Science Advisory Board (SAB) Advisory). The Agency has given no valid justification for not recognizing that the maximum cancer risk from multipathway exposure could be as high as 100-in-1 million, sufficient for the EPA to find risk unacceptable. Furthermore, the EPA has recognized that the inhalation-based cancer risk could be as high as 4 (based on allowable emissions), or 0.6 (based on so-called “actual” emissions). Adding this risk (whether 0.6 or 4) to 100-in-1 million would exceed the EPA's benchmark of 100-in-1 million. The EPA has provided no valid basis for not adding inhalation and multipathway cancer risks. The EPA should look at the whole picture of cancer risk, in view of its additive policy for cancer. Thus, together these data points show that the EPA should find total cancer risk from this source category to be unacceptable. Moreover, the EPA's multipathway risk does not evaluate all persistent and/or bioaccumulative pollutants, and, thus, its multipathway risk assessment is likely underestimating these risks. The EPA should evaluate all persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxics (PBTs) emitted by the secondary aluminum source category, including all HAP metals emitted (such as arsenic and nickel). In addition, if inhalation-based cancer risk is more than 3 times as high from allowable emissions (as from so-called “actual” emissions), then multipathway-based cancer risk, which the EPA has not evaluated based on allowable emissions, is also likely to be more than 3 times as high, or at least higher than the numbers the EPA found. Thus, the fish-based risk could be as high as 210-in-1 million, and the farm-based risk could be as high as 90-in-1 million; together, the maximum multipathway cancer risk the EPA should be considering for the most-exposed individual is 300-in-1 million. The EPA has given no valid justification for not considering allowable emissions-based risk from multipathway exposure. Doing so would lead the Agency to find cancer risk from multipathway exposure to be well above 100-in-1 million. The commenter stated that the above analysis shows why, based on cancer risk alone, the EPA should find secondary aluminum plants' current risk is unacceptable and, thus, set standards to reduce these plants' D/F and other cancer-causing emissions. The commenter stated that the EPA also found other health risks, including chronic non-cancer and acute risks, which only add more evidence of the harm the most-exposed individual faces from this source category. The commenter stated that, for example, the acute HQ from HF is 0.7, and from HCl is 0.4, which, added together, to consider the maximum acute risk, would be 1.1, above the level at which the EPA recognizes harm can occur. The commenter stated that the EPA has not added these risks, nor given any valid justification for not doing so, even though if there is an acute spike in emissions, it is just as likely that the most-exposed person would breathe various pollutants that may spike together— i.e. , HCl, HF, and other pollutants, not just each pollutant individually. The commenter stated that the EPA's acute HQ is likely too low. The commenter stated that it is also unclear whether the EPA has used the most current, most protective D/F reference doses and concentrations, including the 2012 D/F value of 7 × 10 −10 milligram (mg)/kilogram (kg)-day, for chronic oral exposure; the EPA should confirm that it has used the best available scientific information on reference values. The commenter stated that the EPA should follow the best available scientific approach to risk assessment, as shown in California's risk assessment guidance manual and supporting scientific documents. Response: We disagree with the commenter's arguments for finding risks to be unacceptable and have combined risk to the extent that it is appropriate to do so. We explain below and in the Residual Risk Assessment document, which is available in the docket for this rulemaking, why we do not sum the risk results from the fisher and farmer scenarios in our multipathway analysis and why we do not combine the risk values from our inhalation assessment with those of the multipathway analysis. We also explain the scope of our multipathway analysis in terms of the pollutants, the source of their dose-response values, and the emission levels. In addition, we explain below why we do not use a TOSHI approach for acute analyses. (See also the Residual Risk Assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category in Support of the 2015 Risk and Technology Review Final Rule .) In the multipathway screening assessment, we did not sum the risk results of the fisher and farmer scenarios. The modeling approach used for this analysis constructs two different exposure scenarios, which serves as a conservative estimate of potential risks to the most-exposed receptor in each scenario. Based on the information and assumptions in the assessment, it is highly unlikely that the most-exposed farmer is the same person as the most-exposed fisher, therefore, it is not reasonable to add risk results from these two exposure scenarios. (See Appendix 5 and Section 2.5 of the Residual Risk Assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category in Support of the 2015 Risk and Technology Review Final Rule .) We disagree with the commenter's statement that we should combine the results of our inhalation and multipathway assessments for this source category. We determined that it would be inappropriate to do so based on the differences in the design and results of the two types of assessments, as well as the highly conservative nature of the multipathway assessment. First, the screening scenario is a hypothetical scenario, and, due to the theoretical construct of the screening model, exceedances of the thresholds are not directly translatable into, or additive with, estimates of risk or HQ for these facilities. The result of the multipathway screen is number representing an exceedance of a benchmark, which is a ratio, and the results of a cancer risk assessment is a mathematical probability ( i.e., increased risk of cancer due to exposure to the HAP emissions from the source category). It is not mathematically appropriate or consistent to add them together. Second, the multipathway risk assessment was a screening-level assessment and not a full risk assessment. The screening assessment used highly conservative assumptions designed to ensure that facilities with results below the screening threshold values did not have the potential for multipathway impacts of concern. The results of the multipathway screen represent a high-end estimate of what the multipathway risk or hazard may be. For example, an exceedance of 2 for a non-carcinogen can be interpreted to mean that we have high confidence that the hazard would be less than 2. Similarly, an exceedance of 30 for a carcinogen means that we have high confidence that the risk is lower than 30-in-1 million. Our confidence comes from the conservative, health-protective assumptions that are in the multipathway screens: We choose inputs from the upper end of the range of possible values for the influential parameters used in the screens; and we assume that the exposed individual exhibits ingestion behavior that would lead to a high total multipathway exposure. We conclude that it is not appropriate to sum the risk results from the chronic inhalation assessment and the screening multipathway assessment. In addition, it is highly unlikely that the same receptor has the maximum results in both assessments. In other words, it is unlikely that the person with the highest chronic inhalation cancer risk is also the same person with the highest individual multipathway cancer risk because it is unlikely that the same receptor has the maximum exposure and risk in both assessments. We currently do not have screening values for some PB-HAP, but we disagree that the multipathway assessment is inadequate because it did not include “all HAP metals emitted (such as arsenic and nickel).” We developed the current PB-HAP list considering all available information on persistence and bioaccumulation (see http://www2.epa.gov/fera/air-toxics-risk-assessment-reference-library-volumes-1-3, specifically Volume 1, Appendix D). (The Air Toxics Risk Assessment Reference Library presents the decision process by which the PB-HAP were selected and provides information on the fundamental principles of risk-based assessment for air toxics and how to apply those principles.) In developing the list, we considered HAP identified as PB-HAP by other EPA Program Offices ( e.g., the Great Waters Program), as well as information from the PBT profiler (see http://www.pbtprofiler.net/ ). Considering this list was peer-reviewed by the SAB and found to be acceptable, we believe it to be reasonable for use in risk assessments for the RTR program. Based on these sources and the limited available information on the persistence and bioaccumulation of other HAP, we do not believe that the potential for multipathway risk from other HAP not on the list, such as other metal HAP including arsenic and nickel, rises to the level of the PB-HAP on the list. However, in the future, we may add more pollutants to the multipathway analysis if we determine it is appropriate to do so. Regarding the commenter's assertion that we did not base the multipathway risk assessment on allowable emissions, we believe it is reasonable for the multipathway risk assessment to be based on actual emissions for this source category, and not the allowable level of emissions that facilities are permitted to emit. The uncertainties associated with the multipathway screen along with uncertainties in the allowable emissions estimates, which are highly variable for this source category, would make a multipathway risk assessment based on allowable emissions highly uncertain. Such an assessment would be too uncertain to support a regulatory decision. Many of the best-performing (based on actual emissions) sources have allowable emissions that are orders of magnitude greater than their actual emissions, and those facilities could not reasonably be expected to operate in such a manner that would result in emissions that even approach our estimates of allowable emissions. The commenter also argues for summing acute hazard quotients from different HAP to assess acute non-cancer risk. We do not sum results of the acute noncancer inhalation assessment to create a combined acute risk number that would represent the total acute risk for all pollutants that act in a similar way on the same organ system or systems (analogous to the chronic TOSHI) because the worst-case acute screen is already a conservative scenario. The acute screening scenario assumes worst-case meteorology, peak emissions for all emission points occurring concurrently and an individual being located at the site of maximum concentration for an hour. Thus, as noted in the risk assessment report available in the docket, “because of the conservative nature of the acute inhalation screening and the variable nature of emissions and potential exposures, acute impacts were screened on an individual pollutant basis, not using the TOSHI approach.” The dose-response values used in the risk assessment, including those for D/F, are based on the current peer reviewed Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) values, as well as other similarly peer-reviewed values. Our approach, which uses conservative tools and assumptions, ensures that our decisions are appropriately health protective and environmentally protective. The approach for selecting appropriate health benchmark values, in general, places greater weight on the EPA derived health benchmarks than those from other agencies (see http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/nata1999/99pdfs/healtheffectsinfo.pdf ). This approach has been endorsed by the SAB. The SAB further recommended that the EPA scrutinize values that emerge as drivers of risk assessment results and the Agency has incorporated this recommendation into the risk assessment process. This may result in the EPA determining that it is more appropriate to use a peer-reviewed dose-response value from another agency even if an IRIS value exists. We generally draw no bright lines of acceptability regarding cancer or noncancer risks from source category HAP emissions. It is always important to consider the specific uncertainties of the emissions and health effects information regarding the source category in question when deciding exactly what level of cancer and noncancer risk should be considered acceptable. In addition, the source category-specific decision of what constitutes an acceptable level of risk should be a holistic one; that is, it should simultaneously consider all potential health impacts—chronic and acute, cancer and noncancer, and multipathway—along with their uncertainties, when determining the acceptable level of source category risk. The Benzene NESHAP decision framework of 1989 acknowledged this; such flexibility is imperative, because new information relevant to the question of risk acceptability is being developed all the time, and the accuracy and uncertainty of each piece of information must be considered in a weight-of-evidence approach for each decision. This relevant body of information is growing fast (and will continue to do so), necessitating a flexible weight-of-evidence approach that acknowledges both complexity and uncertainty in the simplest and most transparent way possible. While this challenge is formidable, it is nonetheless the goal of the EPA's RTR decision-making, and it is the goal of the risk assessment to provide the information to support the decision-making process. Comment: One commenter recommended that the EPA consider potential or allowable emissions, rather than actual emissions, as much as possible in evaluating residual risk. The commenter stated that because facility emissions could increase over time for a variety of reasons, and with them the associated impacts, the use of potential or allowable emissions is more appropriate; an analysis based on actual emissions from a single point in time could underestimate the risk. The commenter stated that the major source HAP thresholds are based on maximum potential-to-emit, as opposed to actual emissions, and air agencies issue permits based on potential emissions. The commenter stated that limiting the scope of a risk evaluation to actual emissions would be inconsistent with the applicability section of 40 CFR part 63 rules. The commenter stated that they were pleased that the EPA used allowable emissions in parts of the rulemaking, but were concerned that the EPA continues to use actual emissions in other parts of its assessment. The commenter encouraged the agency to use allowable emissions in the future, including in assessing acute health risks. One commenter agreed that the EPA appropriately concluded that secondary aluminum production does not pose risks warranting standard revision under section 112(f) of the CAA. The commenter noted that under the proposal, the EPA would find that the risks from the emission of HAP from sources in the Secondary Aluminum Production source category are acceptable and that the current MACT standards provide an AMOS to protect public health and prevent an adverse environmental effect. The commenter stated that to determine these findings, the EPA utilized both MACT-allowable and actual emissions data for its risk analysis. The commenter supported the findings of acceptable risk and an AMOS, but noted that the use of MACT-allowable emissions in the risk assessment process is not required for such a finding. The commenter indicated that the use of actual emissions in risk assessments is more accurate than MACT-allowable emissions and is supported by the language of CAA section 112(f). The EPA is required to promulgate emission standards under CAA section 112(f) if “excess cancer risks to the individual most exposed to emissions from a source” are 1 in 1 million or greater. The commenter states that the statute does not use words such as “maximum allowable,” or “potential.” Rather, the statute limits the risk review to consider the risks to the individual most exposed to the emissions from a particular source. The commenter concluded that it is clear from the wording of the statute that Congress intended the EPA to estimate risk based on the actual exposure. The commenter also stated that MACT-allowable emissions represent a hypothetical, worst-case, emissions level to which an individual is unlikely to ever be exposed, especially given the already conservative assumptions inherent in the risk models. The commenter claimed that basing emission standards on worst-case scenarios can lead to imposition of costly and unnecessary controls which do little to reduce actual risk. The commenter claimed that, given that the EPA has actual emissions data from secondary aluminum production facilities, it should base its risk assessments on this best available data. In contrast, another commenter stated that they support the findings of acceptable risk, AMOS; and they also support the EPA's revisions to the allowable emissions calculation method that uses the actual amount of charge; however, the use of MACT-allowable emissions in the risk assessment process is not required for such a finding. The commenter stated that due to process variability, sources cannot emit HAP at MACT-allowable levels at all times and remain in compliance and it is likely that sources may reduce their emissions due to state or local rules, or for reasons other than compliance. The commenter stated that basing emission standards on worst-case scenarios can lead to imposition of costly and unnecessary controls, which do little to reduce actual risk. The commenter stated that the EPA points to two previous actions in which the EPA noted that the use of allowable emissions was reasonable; however, in both of these actions, the EPA used actual emissions because they were the most accurate data available. Because the EPA has actual emissions data from secondary aluminum production facilities, the commenter asserted that it should base its risk assessments on these data. The commenter further stated that, to the extent that the EPA continues to calculate allowable emissions, they support the EPA's use of actual charge rates, which reflect real production rates and should result in more accurate allowable emissions totals than maximum production capacity. Response: Consistent with previous risk assessments, the EPA considers both allowable and actual emissions in assessing chronic exposure and risk under CAA section 112(f)(2). See, e.g., National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries (70 FR 19998-19999, April 15, 2005); proposed and final National Emission Standards for Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (71 FR 34428, June 14, 2006, and 71 FR 76603, December 21, 2006). This approach is both reasonable and consistent with the flexibility inherent in the Benzene NESHAP framework for assessing acceptable risk and AMOS. As a general matter, modeling allowable emission levels is inherently reasonable since this reflects the maximum level sources could emit and still comply with national emission standards. But it is also reasonable to consider actual emissions, where such data are available, in the acceptable risk and AMOS analyses. See National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries, 70 FR 19992, 19998 (April 15, 2005). The risk assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category was conducted using actual and allowable emissions, and all of the results were considered in determining risk acceptability and AMOS. We agree with the commenter that it is appropriate to estimate allowable emissions using production rates that reflect current operations rather than using maximum production capacity. See Residual Risk Assessment for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category in Support of the 2015 Risk and Technology Review Final Rule. One commenter claims that limiting our review to actual emissions would be inconsistent with the applicability section of 40 CFR part 63 rules. As explained above and in the 2014 supplemental proposal, however, we did not limit our review to actual emissions, but rather considered actual emissions and allowable emissions, as appropriate, in particular portions of the risk assessment. The commenter also urges the Agency to rely on allowable emissions for the purpose of our acute screening assessment. We did not rely on allowable emissions for the acute screening assessment due to the conservative assumptions used to gauge worst-case potential acute health effects. The conservative assumptions built into the acute health risk screening analysis include: (1) Use of peak 1-hour emissions that are on average 10 times the annual average 1-hour emission rates; (2) that all emission points experience peak emissions concurrently; (3) worst-case meteorology (from 1 year of local meteorology); and (4) that a person is located downwind at the point of maximum impact during this same 1hour period. Thus, performing an acute screen based on allowable emissions would be overly conservative and, at best, of questionable utility to decision makers. We also note that our use of allowable emission levels in the risk assessments in this rulemaking did not result in revising the previously established standards due to risk concerns. Therefore, our consideration of allowable emissions in the risk assessments did not result in regulatory decisions that affect any facilities. Comment: One commenter on the supplemental proposal stated that at least nine secondary aluminum facilities have co-located primary aluminum operations, and for both source categories the EPA found that the facility-wide MIR is 70-in-1 million, driven by arsenic, nickel, and hexavalent chromium, and that the TOSHI (chronic non-cancer risk) is 1, driven by cadmium. The commenter stated that both numbers appear to consider only inhalation risk and must be viewed in context, as scientists have directed the EPA to do. The commenter stated that, if considered in combination with the high secondary aluminum multipathway risk, and with the high inhalation and multipathway risks for primary aluminum, the facility-wide cancer risk provides additional evidence that risks from both source categories are unacceptable, because the most-exposed person's full amount of risk is the combined amount from the co-located primary and secondary aluminum, not just each source category separately. The commenter stated that it would be unlawful and arbitrary to consider each type of risk separately, when people near both sources are exposed to both kinds of risk at the same time, and, thus, face a higher overall amount of risk. The commenter stated that the EPA has offered and can offer no valid justification for not finding risk from both source categories (including primary aluminum prebake, and secondary aluminum) to be unacceptable based on the co-located and combined risks. The commenter stated that the EPA may not lawfully ignore the full picture of risk that its combined rulemakings show is present for people exposed simultaneously to both source categories at the same facility. The commenter further stated that, because the EPA only assessed facility-wide risks based on so-called “actual” emissions, the facility-wide risk number could be at least 1.5 to 3 times higher. The commenter bases this assertion on the EPA's recognition that allowable emissions from primary aluminum are about 1.5 to 1.9 times higher than actual emissions and the fact that allowable emissions from secondary aluminum are at least 3 times higher than actual emissions. The commenter stated that it is important that EPA is evaluating facility-wide risk from sources in multiple categories that are co-located and that EPA needs to consider the results of such facility-wide analyses when determining if stronger standards should be established for these sources. The commenter stated that this rulemaking is an important opportunity for the EPA to recognize the need to act based on data showing significant combined and cumulative risks and impacts at the facility-wide level. The commenter stated that the EPA is also required to do so to meet its CAA section 7412(f)(2) duties. The commenter stated that the EPA also should be evaluating the cumulative risks from all nearby toxics sources in multiple source categories, not looking only at multiple sources in the same category, and different sources at the same facility. The commenter stated that the EPA has said it recognizes the need to put risk in context, but still has not even attempted to evaluate the bigger picture of health risks by looking at all nearby sources (from various source categories, including those collocated and those not collocated). According to the commenter, in doing so would likely lead to recognizing that the individual most-exposed to each of these source categories is also experiencing significant risks from other sources, providing even more evidence as to why the EPA should reduce risks from the primary and secondary aluminum source categories. Response: With regard to facility-wide assessments, we conducted such assessments for all 52 major sources in the source category, including the nine secondary aluminum production facilities co-located with primary aluminum reduction plants. The methods and results of the facility-wide risk assessment, in addition to the inhalation and multipathway analyses for facilities in the source category, are discussed above and in the risk assessment document for the 2014 supplemental proposal, as well as in the risk assessment document for the 2015 final rule. Specifically, we modeled whole-facility inhalation risks for both chronic cancer and non-cancer impacts to understand the risk contribution of the sources within the secondary aluminum source category to facility-wide risks. The individual cancer risks for the source category were aggregated for all carcinogens. In assessing noncancer hazard from chronic exposures for pollutants that have similar modes of action or (where this information is absent) that affect the same target organ, we aggregated the HQ. This process creates, for each target organ, a TOSHI, defined as the sum of hazard quotients for individual HAP that affect the same organ or organ system. All TOSHI calculations presented here were based exclusively on effects occurring at the “critical dose” ( i.e. , the lowest dose that produces adverse health effects). Whole facility risks were estimated based on emissions data obtained from facilities. The commenter stated that the EPA must find the risks unacceptable based on the whole-facility risks from co-located primary and secondary aluminum operations. The EPA does not typically include whole-facility assessments in the CAA section 112(f) acceptability determination for a source category. Reasons for this include the fact that emissions and source characterization data are usually not of the same vintage and quality for all source categories that are on the same site, and thus the results of the whole-facility assessment are generally not appropriate to include in the regulatory decisions regarding acceptability. However, in this rare case, we are developing the risk assessments for primary and secondary aluminum production at the same time. The data are generally of the same vintage and we have actual emissions data and source characterization data for both source categories. In response to the comment, we refer to the facility-wide risk assessment, which included the nine facilities with co-located primary and secondary aluminum operations. As discussed above and shown in Table 2, for the facility with the highest risk from inhalation, the facility-wide MIR for cancer from actual emissions is 70-in-1 million. The facility-wide non-cancer hazard is 1. The highest facility-wide exceedance of the multipathway screen is 70. There was no facility-wide exceedance of a noncancer threshold in the multipathway screen. Considering these facility-wide results as part of the acceptability determination does not change our determination that the risks are acceptable for the secondary aluminum source category. We note that while the incorporation of additional background concentrations from the environment in our risk assessments (including those from mobile sources and other industrial and area sources) could be technically challenging, they are neither mandated nor barred from our analysis. In developing the decision framework in the Benzene NESHAP used for making residual risk decisions, the EPA rejected approaches that would have mandated consideration of background levels of pollution in assessing the acceptability of risk, concluding that comparison of acceptable risk should not be associated with levels in polluted urban air (54 FR 38044, 38061, September 14, 1989). Background levels (including natural background) are not barred from the EPA's AMOS analysis, and the EPA may consider them, as appropriate and as available, along with other factors, such as cost and technical feasibility, in the second step of its CAA section 112(f) analysis. As discussed in the 2014 supplemental proposal, the risk assessment for this source category did not include background contributions (that may reflect emissions that are from outside the source category and from other than co-located sources) because the available data are of insufficient quality upon which to base a meaningful analysis. The commenter is correct that we based our facility-wide risk assessment on actual emission rather than on estimated allowable emissions. Because the facility-wide allowable emissions estimates have not been subjected to the same level of scrutiny, quality assurance, and technical evaluation as the actual emissions estimates from the source category, a facility-wide risk assessment based on allowable emissions estimates would be too uncertain to support a regulatory decision. 4. What is the rationale for our final approach and final decisions for the risk review? As discussed above and in the 2014 supplemental proposal, after considering health risk information and other factors, including uncertainties, we determined that the risks from the Secondary Aluminum Production source category are acceptable and the current standards provide an AMOS to protect public health. In summary, our revised risk assessment indicates cancer risks below the presumptive limit of acceptability and non-cancer results indicating minimal likelihood of adverse health effects, and we identified no control technologies or other measures that would be cost effective in further reducing risks (or potential risks). In particular, we did not identify any cost-effective approaches to further reduce D/F emissions and multipathway risk beyond what is already being achieved by the current NESHAP. B. Technology Review for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category 1. What did we propose pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6) for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? Pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6), we conducted a technology review to identify and evaluate developments in practices, processes and control technologies for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category, as described in the 2012 proposal. Details of the technology review and its findings are available in the memoranda, Draft Technology Review for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category (Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0544-0144) and Draft Technical Support Document for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category (Docket item EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0544-0152). The typical controls used to minimize emissions at secondary aluminum facilities include fabric filters for control of PM from aluminum scrap shredders; afterburners for control of THC and D/F from thermal chip dryers; afterburners plus lime-injected fabric filters for control of PM, HCl, THC and D/F from scrap dryers/delacquering kilns/decoating kilns; afterburners for control of D/F from sweat furnaces; fabric filters for control of PM from dross-only furnaces and rotary dross coolers; lime-injected fabric filters for control of PM and HCl from in-line fluxers; and lime-injected fabric filters for control of PM, HCl and D/F from group 1 furnaces. In our review of technology, we determined that there have been some developments in practices, processes or control technologies, but we did not identify any of the developments as cost-effective. We stated in the 2012 proposal that the technology review did not warrant any amendments to Subpart RRR. Following the 2012 proposal, no public comments were received to alter the conclusions of our technology review for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category. In the 2014 supplemental proposal, we proposed that the technology review findings from the 2012 proposal were still valid and that the EPA was not aware of any changes in technology development since the 2012 proposal. See Supplemental Proposal Technology Review for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category and Supplemental Proposal Technical Support Document for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category, both available in the docket for this rulemaking. Based on our findings, no rule amendments based on the technology review were proposed. 2. How did the technology review change for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category? Following the 2014 supplemental proposal, we received no comments and identified no information to alter our findings and conclusions in the technology review for the Secondary Aluminum Production source category. We did, however, update certain information on capture efficiency and costs. Updated information can be found in Technical Support Document for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category Final Rule, which is available in the docket for this rulemaking. 3. What key comments did we receive on the technology review, and what are our responses? Comment: In a comment on the supplemental proposal, commenter 0301 stated that this source category is listed for regulation under 42 U.S.C. 7412(c)(6) as a result of its dioxin/furan emissions and that EPA has proposed to rely on the Secondary Aluminum standards to meet its section 7412(c)(6) responsibility, in part, for dioxin {Commenter's footnote: EPA, Completion of Requirement to Promulgate Emissions Standards, 79 FR 74,656, 74,664 tbl.1 (Dec. 16, 2014)}. The commenter stated that in this rulemaking, EPA has proposed not to update these emission standards to strengthen protection from dioxins/furans, even though it recognizes that developments in practices, processes, and control technologies have occurred that could reduce HAP emissions, such as activated carbon injection. The commenter stated that as explained in their 2012 comments on primary aluminum, when there are “developments” under section 7412(d)(6), EPA must promulgate revised standards. The commenter stated that revised emission standards—like any other section 7412(d) standards—must satisfy the floor and beyond-the-floor requirements of section 7412(d)(2)-(3), which state that they apply explicitly to “emissions standards promulgated under this subsection,” i.e. , under section 7412(d). The commenter stated that EPA must set revised standards that are at least as stringent as the emission limitation achieved by the relevant best-performing sources under section 7412(d)(3), and must assure the maximum achievable degree of emission reduction at the beyond-the-floor stage, as required by section 7412(d)(2). Response: The original MACT standards for dioxins/furans for the secondary aluminum industry helped to satisfy the EPA's obligations under 42 U.S.C. 7412(c)(6), and the subsequent technology reviews for the source category has no bearing on our 112(c)(6) finding. The commenter is incorrect in stating that there have been developments in practices, processes, and control technologies that would warrant revisions to the standards. As we stated in the preamble to the supplemental proposal (79 FR at 72901), there have been no developments in technology in this industry that warrant any changes to subpart RRR. The commenter's identification of activated carbon as a new control technology for this industry is also not correct as it has been available to the industry since before the 2000 final rule. Furthermore, as part of the technology review contained in the 2014 supplemental proposal (see 79 FR at 72901), we performed an analysis to evaluate lowering the D/F emissions limit from 15 to 10 µg TEQ/Mg for group 1 furnaces processing other than clean charge at all facilities. The analysis performed for the supplemental proposal assumed that furnaces above 10 µg TEQ/mg added activated carbon injection to achieve exactly the 10 ug TEQ/Mg limit. That analysis has been updated and assumes that all furnaces with emissions above 10 µg TEQ/Mg that add activated carbon injection achieve an 85-percent reduction in D/F emissions. The updated analysis is available in Technical Support Document for the Secondary Aluminum Production Source Category Final Rule, which is available in the docket for this rulemaki [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2015-21031. Public record. Not legal advice.