# Current Good Manufacturing Practice and Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2014-22445 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Proposed Rule - **Published:** September 29, 2014 - **Citation:** 79 FR 58476 ## Text DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Food and Drug Administration 21 CFR Parts 16, 117, and 507 [Docket No. FDA-2011-N-0922] RIN 0910-AG10 Current Good Manufacturing Practice and Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS. ACTION: Proposed rule; supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking. SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or we) is proposing to amend our 2013 proposed rule for Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) and Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals. In that 2013 proposed rule, we proposed to add CGMP requirements for animal food and to add requirements for certain domestic and foreign facilities to establish and implement hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls for food for animals. We are taking this action because the input we have received from public comments has led to significant changes in our current thinking on certain key provisions of this proposed rule. We are reopening the comment period only with respect to specific issues identified in this proposed rule. DATES: Submit either electronic or written comments on the proposed rule by December 15, 2014. Submit comments on information collection issues under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 by December 15, 2014 (see the “Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995” section of this document). ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods, except that comments on information collection issues under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 must be submitted to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (see the “Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995” section of this document). Electronic Submissions Submit electronic comments in the following way: • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Written Submissions Submit written submissions in the following ways: • Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for paper submissions): Division of Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. Instructions: All submissions received must include the Docket No 2011-N-0922 for this rulemaking. All comments received may be posted without change to http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided. For additional information on submitting comments, see the “Comments” heading of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this document. Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or comments received, go to http://www.regulations.gov and insert the docket number, found in brackets in the heading of this document, into the “Search” box and follow the prompts and/or go to the Division of Dockets Management, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kim Young, Center for Veterinary Medicine (HFV-230), Food and Drug Administration, 7519 Standish Pl., Rockville, MD 20855, 240-276-9207, email: kim.young@fda.hhs.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents Executive Summary Purpose and Coverage of the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Summary of the Major Provisions of the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Costs and Benefits I. Background A. Introduction B. 2013 Proposed Rule for Preventive Controls for Food for Animals II. Public Comments A. Opportunities for Public Comment B. Overview of Public Comments on the 2013 Proposed Rule for Preventive Controls C. Our Decision To Issue a Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Public Comment III. Scope of the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Our Request for Public Comment IV. Legal and Regulatory Framework Under Sections 415 and 418 of the FD&C Act and Regulations Implementing Section 415 of the FD&C Act V. The “Farm” Definition A. 2013 Proposed Definitions of “Farm,” “Harvesting,” “Holding,” and “Packing” B. Proposed Revisions to the Proposed Definitions of “Farm,” “Harvesting,” “Holding,” and “Packing” C. One General Physical Location D. Feed Mills Associated With Contract and Fully Vertically Integrated Farming VI. Definitions of “Holding” and “Packing” A. 2013 Proposed Definition of “Holding” B. 2013 Proposed Exemptions Relevant to the Definition of “Holding” C. Comments on the 2013 Proposed Exemption for a Facility Solely Engaged in the Storage of RACs (Other Than Fruits and Vegetables) Intended for Further Distribution or Processing D. Comments on the 2013 Proposed Exemption for a Facility Solely Engaged in the Storage of Packaged Food That Is Not Exposed to the Environment E. Proposed Revisions to the Definition of “Holding” F. Proposed Revisions to the Definition of “Packing” VII. Impact of the Proposed Revisions to the Farm-Related Definitions on the Classification of On-Farm Activities A. Comments on the 2013 Organizing Principles for Classifying Activities Conducted on Farms and on Farm Mixed-Type Facilities B. Updated Organizing Principles That Would Apply to the “Farm” Definition C. Changes to Classification of On-Farm Activities VIII. Proposed Exemptions for On-Farm Low-Risk Activity/Animal Food Combinations A. The 2013 Proposed Exemptions B. Comments on the 2013 Proposed Exemptions for On-Farm Low-Risk Activity/Animal Food Combinations C. Impact of the Proposed Revisions to the Definitions for “Farm,” “Harvesting,” Holding,” and “Packing” on the 2013 Proposed Exemptions for On-Farm Low-Risk Activity/Animal Food Combinations IX. Proposed Applicability of Part 507 to the Holding and Distribution of Human Food By-Products for Use in Animal Food X. Proposed Revisions to Subpart B—Current Good Manufacturing Practice XI. Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls A. 2013 Proposed Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls B. Comments on the “Reasonably Likely To Occur” Construct Within the 2013 Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls C. Proposed Revisions to the Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls XII. Potential Requirements for Product Testing and Environmental Monitoring A. Our Request for Comment on Including Requirements for Product Testing and Environmental Monitoring in a Final Rule B. Product Testing C. Environmental Monitoring XIII. Potential Requirements for a Supplier Program A. Our Request for Comment on When and How Supplier Verification Activities Are an Appropriate Means of Implementing the Statutory Framework of Section 418 of the FD&C Act B. Comments on When and How Supplier Verification Activities Are an Appropriate Means of Implementing the Statutory Framework of Section 418 of the FD&C Act C. Potential Requirements for a Supplier Program D. Request for Additional Comment on Requirements To Address Conflicts of Interest for Persons Conducting Verification Activities XIV. Potential Requirements for the Hazard Analysis To Address Economically Motivated Adulteration A. Our Request for Comment on Whether the Final Rule Should Address Economically Motivated Adulteration B. Comments on Economically Motivated Adulteration C. Potential Requirements To Address Economically Motivated Adulteration XV. Provisions for Withdrawal of an Exemption for a Qualified Facility A. 2013 Proposed Provisions for Withdrawal of an Exemption for a Qualified Facility B. Proposed Clarification of What FDA Will Do Before Issuing an Order and Proposed Mechanism for Re-Instating an Exemption C. Proposed Revisions to the Content of an Order To Withdraw an Exemption D. Proposed Revisions to the Timeframes for a Facility To Comply With, or Appeal, an Order XVI. Definition of Very Small Business A. The 2013 Proposed Options for Definition of Very Small Business B. Comments on the 2013 Proposed Options for Definition of Very Small Business C. Proposed Revisions to the Definition of Very Small Business XVII. Other New and Revised Proposed Provisions A. Proposed New Definitions B. Proposed Revisions to Definitions C. Proposed Editorial Changes D. Proposed Conforming Change to Proposed Part 117 XVIII. Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis A. Overview B. Regulatory Flexibility Act C. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 XIX. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 XX. Analysis of Environmental Impact XXI. Comments XXII. References Executive Summary Purpose and Coverage of the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking We previously proposed to add requirements for certain domestic and foreign facilities to establish and implement hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls for food for animals, as required by the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA). The proposed requirements would apply to establishments that are required to register with us as an animal food “facility.” In this document we are proposing to revise several previously proposed requirements, taking into account the comments we have reviewed so far for the proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals and the proposed rule for preventive controls for human food, because the extensive input we have received from public comments has led to significant changes in our current thinking on certain key provisions. In the 2013 proposed rule, we asked for comment on when and how three provisions (i.e., product testing programs, environmental monitoring programs, and supplier programs) are an appropriate means of implementing the statutory directives of FSMA. We also requested comment on whether a facility should be required to address potential hazards that may be intentionally introduced for economic reasons. Some comments received to the 2013 proposed rule assert that additional public comment is warranted before consideration is given to whether a final rule includes or does not include provisions that were discussed in the 2013 proposal but for which we had not included regulatory text in the 2013 proposal. In this document we are providing an opportunity for such public comment on potential requirements for product testing programs, environmental monitoring programs, and supplier programs, and hazards that may be intentionally introduced for purposes of economic gain, which take into account the comments we have reviewed so far. We are seeking comment on whether such requirements should be included in a final rule and, if so, what (if any) modifications to the proposed regulatory text would be appropriate. In the 2013 proposed rule, we requested comment on three options for classifying a facility as a “very small business,” with consequences for facilities in terms of eligibility for exemptions and the timeframe to comply with this rule. In this document we are proposing a definition for “very small business” (i.e., a business that has less than $2,500,000 in total annual sales of animal food adjusted for inflation). We are proposing a revised version of the 2013 proposed current good manufacturing practice regulations. In addition, we added a section to the proposed current good manufacturing practice regulations for holding and distribution of human food by-products for food for animals. This would apply to human food facilities that hold and distribute by-products from the human food production that are used for food for animals. Summary of the Major Provisions of the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking The previously proposed (2013) current good manufacturing practice requirements (CGMPs) were based, in general, on FDA's existing human food CGMP regulations. The revised proposed CGMPs for food for animals would establish baseline standards for producing safe animal food that are more applicable to the animal food industry and that provide flexibility for the wide diversity in types of animal food facilities. Human food processors already complying with FDA human food safety requirements would not need to implement additional preventive controls or Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations when supplying a by-product, except those proposed for the holding and distribution of certain human food by-products for food for animals (e.g., ensuring by-product is not co-mingled with garbage). Under the revised proposal, all other requirements of part 507, including the hazard analysis and preventive controls requirements, would not apply to these by-products of human food production. The previously proposed requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls applied a construct previously used in our Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) regulations for seafood and juice—i.e., whether a known or reasonably foreseeable hazard was “reasonably likely to occur.” In general, our HACCP regulations for seafood and juice focus on critical control points to control hazards that are “reasonably likely to occur.” We are proposing to eliminate the term “hazard reasonably likely to occur” throughout the proposed requirements to reduce the potential for a misinterpretation that all necessary preventive controls must be established at critical control points (CCPs). The revised regulations would use a new term (“significant hazard”) in its place. The defined term “significant hazard” would be linked to the facility's hazard analysis, which addresses risk (i.e., both the severity of a potential hazard and the probability that the hazard will occur). Thus, this term would reflect the risk-based nature of the requirements. In addition, the revised regulations would provide additional flexibility relative to the previous proposal by providing that a facility can take into account the nature of a preventive control in determining when and how to establish and implement appropriate preventive control management components, including monitoring, corrections or corrective actions, verification, and records. Table 6 in the document provides examples of flexibility provided by the rule, including flexibility provided for a facility to take into account the nature of the preventive control when determining the appropriate preventive control management components. The potential product testing provisions would, if included in a final rule, require that a facility conduct product testing as an activity for verification of implementation and effectiveness as appropriate to the facility, the animal food, and the nature of the preventive control. The facility would be required to have written procedures for product testing, corrective action procedures to address the presence of a pathogen or appropriate indicator organism in finished animal food detected as a result of product testing, and records of product testing. The potential environmental monitoring provisions would, if included in a final rule, require that a facility conduct environmental monitoring as an activity for verification of implementation and effectiveness as appropriate to the facility, the animal food, and the nature of the preventive control if contamination of finished animal food with an environmental pathogen is a significant hazard. The facility would be required to have written procedures for environmental monitoring, corrective action procedures to address the presence of an environmental pathogen or appropriate indicator organism detected through the environmental monitoring, and records of environmental monitoring. The potential supplier program would, if included in a final rule, require supplier controls when the facility's hazard analysis identifies a significant hazard for a raw material or ingredient, and that hazard is controlled before the facility receives the raw material or ingredient (e.g., if a supplier tests a mineral mix for dioxin that a facility would use to manufacture finished cattle feed). A facility would not need to establish supplier controls if it controls that hazard, or if its customer controls that hazard. The supplier program would be written. With one exception, the receiving facility would have flexibility to determine the appropriate verification activity (e.g., onsite audit; sampling and testing of the raw material or ingredient; review of the supplier's food safety records; or other appropriate verification activity). The exception would be when there is a reasonable probability that exposure to the hazard will result in serious adverse health consequences or death to humans or animals. In this circumstance, the receiving facility would be required to have documentation of an onsite audit of the supplier before using the raw material or ingredient from the supplier and at least annually thereafter, unless the receiving facility determines and documents that other verification activities and/or less frequent onsite auditing of the supplier provide adequate assurance that the hazards are controlled. Instead of an onsite audit, a receiving facility may rely on the results of an inspection of the supplier by FDA or, for a foreign supplier, by FDA or the food safety authority of a country whose food safety system FDA has officially recognized as comparable or has determined to be equivalent to that of the United States, provided that the inspection was conducted within 1 year of the date that the onsite audit would have been required to be conducted. The proposed requirements regarding potential hazards that may be intentionally introduced for economic reasons would, if included in a final rule, require that a facility consider in its hazard analysis hazards that may be intentionally introduced for purposes of economic gain. We seek comment on whether these potential requirements discussed above should be included in a final rule. The previously proposed requirements provided for an exemption for certain facilities defined by FSMA as “qualified facilities.” As required by FSMA, the previously proposed requirements also included an administrative procedure whereby we could withdraw that exemption under certain circumstances. In this document, we are proposing a series of modifications to the proposed withdrawal provisions. These modifications include describing the steps we would take before withdrawing an exemption, including advance notification to the facility; a procedure for re-instatement of a withdrawn exemption; and an additional 60 days for a facility whose exemption is withdrawn to comply with the full requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls. Costs and Benefits We summarize the domestic annualized costs of the proposed regulation with the revised provisions, including the potential requirements for product testing, environmental monitoring, a supplier program, and potential requirements regarding hazards that may be intentionally introduced for economic reasons, using a discount rate of 7 percent and discounted over a 10 year period in the following table. The revised proposed regulation uses a very small business definition of less than $2,500,000 of total annual sales of animal food, adjusted for inflation, and includes potential additional requirements that facilities subject to subpart C institute risk-based environmental monitoring, product testing, and a supplier program as appropriate to the animal food, the facility and the nature of the preventive controls, and controls to help prevent hazards associated with economically motivated adulteration. As described in the updated Preliminary Regulatory Impact Analysis (PRIA), for the final rule we anticipate making several modifications to our estimate of the cost of our proposed rule (Ref. 1) (see section XVIII). As with the original proposal, we lack sufficient data to quantify the potential benefits of this supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking. A summary of the domestic costs and potential benefits of the original and supplemental proposed rules is shown in the following table. Original and Revised Estimated Total Domestic Costs Based on Additional Provisions [Very Small Business Defined as Annual Animal Food Sales < $2.5 million] Total (million) Original Total Annualized Costs without additional provisions $65 Additional costs because of potential new provisions 4 Revised Total Annualized Costs 69 Benefits ( 1 ) 1 Unquantified. If foreign facilities are included, the total annualized cost of this supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking is estimated at $93 million. I. Background A. Introduction The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) (Pub. L. 111-353), signed into law by President Obama on January 4, 2011, enables us to better protect public (human and animal) health by helping to ensure the safety and security of the food supply. FSMA enables us to focus more on preventing food safety problems rather than relying primarily on reacting to problems after they occur. The law also provides us with new enforcement authorities to help achieve higher rates of compliance with risk- based, prevention-oriented safety standards and to better respond to and contain problems when they do occur. In addition, the law gives us important new tools to better ensure the safety of imported foods and encourages us to form partnerships with State, local, tribal, and territorial authorities. Table 1 identifies three additional proposed rules, issued to implement FSMA, that we discuss in this document. Table 1—Published Proposed Rules for Implementation of FSMA Title Abbreviation Publication Current Good Manufacturing Practice and Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals 78 FR 64736, October 29, 2013. Current Good Manufacturing Practice and Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Human Food 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food 78 FR 3646, January 16, 2013. Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing, and Holding of Produce for Human Consumption 2013 proposed rule for produce safety 78 FR 3504, January 16, 2013. Foreign Supplier Verification Programs (FSVP) for Importers of Food for Humans and Animals 2013 proposed rule for FSVP 78 FR 45730, July 29, 2013. B. 2013 Proposed Rule for Preventive Controls for Food for Animals In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we: • Proposed to add, in newly established part 507, regulations for Current Good Manufacturing Practice In Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, and Holding for Food for Animals (CGMPs); • Proposed to add, in newly established part 507, requirements for domestic and foreign facilities that are required to register under section 415 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 350d) to establish and implement hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls for food for animals; • Requested comment on when and how product testing programs, environmental monitoring programs, and supplier approval and verification are an appropriate means of implementing the statutory framework of FSMA; and • Requested comment on whether a final rule should address potential hazards that may be intentionally introduced for economic reasons. We proposed to establish the requirements for CGMPs, for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls, and related requirements in new part 507 as shown in Table 2: Table 2—Proposed Subparts in New Part 507 Subpart Title A General Provisions. B Current Good Manufacturing Practice. C Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls. D Withdrawal of an Exemption Applicable to a Qualified Facility. E Reserved. F Requirements Applying to Records That Must be Established and Maintained. In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we provided background discussing: • The provisions of FSMA most directly applicable to the proposed requirements, particularly the statutory provisions of section 103 of FSMA (established in section 418 of the FD&C Act); • Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Systems; • Food Safety Problems Associated With Manufacturing, Processing, Packing, and Holding Food for Animal Consumption; • The Role of Testing as a Verification Measure in a Food Safety System (including discussions about environmental monitoring as well as testing raw materials, ingredients, and finished product), largely in an Appendix to the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls (the Appendix)); and • The Role of Supplier Approval and Verification Programs in a Food Safety System (largely in the Appendix). We also issued for public comment a “Draft Qualitative Risk Assessment of Risk of Activity/Animal Food Combinations for Activities (Outside the Farm Definition) Conducted in a Facility Co-Located on a Farm” (the draft risk assessment) (78 FR 64428, October 29, 2013). The purpose of the draft risk assessment was to provide a science-based risk analysis of those activity/animal food combinations that would be considered low risk, when conducted in a facility co-located on a farm. We used the tentative conclusions of the draft risk assessment to propose to exempt animal food facilities that are small or very small businesses that are engaged only in specific types of on-farm manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding activities from the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls. II. Public Comments A. Opportunities for Public Comment We requested comments on the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls by February 26, 2014. We extended the comment periods for the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, its information collection provisions, and the draft risk assessment in response to several requests that we do so (see Table 3). Since issuing the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we conducted numerous outreach activities. Three public meetings were held to solicit oral stakeholder and public comments on the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, inform the public about the rulemaking process (including how to submit comments, data, and other information to the rulemaking dockets), and respond to questions about the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls (see Table 3) (Ref. 2, Ref. 3, Ref. 4). Table 3—List of Federal Register Publications Regarding the 2013 Proposed Rule for Preventive Controls Description Publication 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, requesting comments by February 26, 2014 78 FR 64736, October 29, 2013. Notice of availability of the draft risk assessment, requesting comments by February 26, 2014 78 FR 64428 , October 29, 2013. Notice of public meetings (to be held in College Park, MD on November 21, 2013; in Chicago, IL on November 25, 2013; and, in Sacramento, CA on December 6, 2013) on the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls 78 FR 64425, October 29, 2013. Notice extending comment period, until March 31, 2014 , for the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls and its information collections provisions 79 FR 6111, February 3, 2014. Notice extending comment period, until March 31, 2014 , for the draft risk assessment 79 FR 6116 , February 3, 2014. B. Overview of Public Comments on the 2013 Proposed Rule for Preventive Controls We received more than 2100 submissions by the close of the comment period, each containing one or more comments. Submissions were received from diverse members of the public, including in part, human and animal food facilities; trade organizations; consulting firms; law firms; pet owners; consumers; consumer groups; Congress, Federal, State, local and tribal Government Agencies. Some submissions included signatures and statements from multiple individuals. Comments address many provisions of the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, including our requests for comment on including additional provisions that we did not include in the proposed regulatory text. Comments from some pet owners for the most part indicated they were pleased that new requirements were being established for the manufacture of pet food and that these requirements were comparable to the requirements for human food, which were covered by the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food. Some comments questioned whether the proposed requirements reflected the reality of production of food for animals with a particular concern that the proposed risk-based approach focuses too heavily on pathogens and not enough on other potential hazards in food for animals. Some comments assert that additional public comment would be warranted before any consideration on whether a final rule should or should not include provisions discussed in the proposed rule, but for which we had not included proposed regulatory text, such as potential requirements for product testing, environmental monitoring, a supplier approval and verification program, and potential hazards that may be intentionally introduced for economic reasons. The comment period did not close until March 31, 2014; we are still actively reviewing the comments. C. Our Decision To Issue a Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Public Comment In December 2013, we announced that we would propose revised rule language for key provisions of the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food. Because the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals is a companion rule to the proposed rule on human food, in March 2014, we announced our intent to publish revised language for the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals, as well (Ref. 5). Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register , we are issuing a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking to the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food. Many of the proposed provisions of the animal food preventive controls rule match those in the human food rule. Section IX and X discuss our reasons for changes to the proposed current good manufacturing practice regulations. Additional information regarding the basis of this supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking can be found in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food. III. Scope of the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Our Request for Public Comment In this document, we are proposing: • Revisions to several definitions we proposed to apply to the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls, including definitions for “environmental pathogen,” “reasonably foreseeable hazard,” and “very small business”; • New definitions for “significant hazard” “pathogen,” and “you”; • Revisions to subpart B for current good manufacturing practice regulations to make the requirements more applicable for animal food facilities; • To not subject human food by-products used for animal food by human food facilities that are subject to and in compliance with subpart B of proposed part 117 and other applicable human food safety requirements of the FD&C Act (and implementing regulations) for the human food if the by-products are not further processed at the facility to hazard analysis and preventive controls requirements and only require compliance for holding and distributing these by-products; • Revisions to the proposed procedures that would govern withdrawal of an exemption from a “qualified facility,” including clarifications about the steps we would take before issuing an order to withdraw the exemption, an expanded timeframe for a facility to comply with an order withdrawing an exemption, and a mechanism for a withdrawn exemption to be re-instated; • A series of revisions to the proposed requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (proposed subpart C) to: • Emphasize the risk-based nature of the preventive controls and requirements for monitoring, corrective actions, and verification activities; • Reduce the potential for misinterpretation that the rule requires that all necessary preventive controls be established at critical control points (CCPs) for all hazards that a facility addresses in its food safety plan; • Change the wording in the “Monitoring” section to more closely match the language of the statute and the proposed rule for preventive controls for human food; • Increase flexibility for a facility to determine, based on the nature of a preventive control, when requirements for “preventive control management components” (i.e., monitoring, corrective actions, and verification) are appropriate; • Substitute the pronoun “you” for “the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the facility” throughout these proposed requirements; • Substitute the term “adequate” (which is a term we proposed to define) in place of the term “sufficient” (which we did not propose to define); • Improve readability, through rearrangement of some of the proposed regulatory text and editorial revisions (such as increased use of active voice). In this document, we also are providing an opportunity for public comment on potential requirements for product testing, environmental monitoring, a supplier program, and hazards that may be intentionally introduced for purposes of economic gain, including definitions of terms (i.e., “qualified auditor,” “receiving facility,” and “supplier”) that would be used in some of those potential requirements. We are seeking comment on whether such requirements should be included in a final rule and, if so, what (if any) modifications to the proposed regulatory text would be appropriate. We discuss these proposed requirements in sections V through XVI. Because several of the proposed revisions relate to the overall framework in subpart C for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls, we are including the complete regulatory text for proposed subpart C. However, in this document, we are reopening the comment period only with respect to the issues specified in this section III. Importantly, the proposed revisions to the provisions we have included in the regulatory text are based on preliminary review of comments. We will complete our review of comments previously submitted and consider the comments responsive to this Legal and Regulatory Framework Under of proposed rulemaking in developing the final rule. IV. Legal and Regulatory Framework Under Sections 415 and 418 of the FD&C Act and Regulations Implementing Section 415 of the FD&C Act In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food (78 FR 3646), we described the current legal and regulatory framework that governs the determination of when an establishment is required to register as a food facility in accordance with the section 415 registration regulations (21 CFR part 1, subpart H; the section 415 registration regulations). We focused on the framework that governs whether an establishment that grows and harvests crops satisfies the definition of “farm” because the facility registration requirements of section 415 of the FD&C Act do not apply to “farms.” When we implemented the statutory requirements for registration of food facilities, it established a definition for “farm” that first describes a farm as a facility devoted to the growing and harvesting of crops, the raising of animals (including seafood), or both (§ 1.227; 68 FR 58894, October 10, 2003). Although that definition of “farm” then provides that farms also pack or hold food, it limits facilities that fall within the definition of “farm” to those that pack or hold food grown, raised, or consumed on that farm or another farm under the same ownership. Thus, under the current framework an establishment that is devoted to the growing and harvesting of crops, but also packs and holds food not grown or raised on that farm or on another farm under the same ownership, would fall outside the definition of “farm” and be required to register as a food facility. Because an establishment that is required to register as a food facility is subject to the requirements of section 418 of the FD&C Act, under the current framework a determination of whether an establishment devoted to the growing and harvesting of crops is subject to FSMA's requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls depends, in part, on where the food that the establishment packs or holds is grown or raised. Under the current framework, a key factor in whether an establishment falls within the definition of “farm,” even with respect to crops it grows and harvests itself, is whether the activities conducted by the farm fall within definitions of “harvesting,” “packing” or “holding” (which are within the “farm” definition). As discussed in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food, section 103 of FSMA directs FDA to conduct rulemaking to clarify the on-farm manufacturing, processing, packing and holding activities that would trigger a requirement for a farm to register as a food facility and, thus, be subject to the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (78 FR 3646 at 3674). In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food, we explained how the status of a food as a raw agricultural commodity (RAC) or a processed food affects the requirements applicable to a farm under sections 415 and 418 of the FD&C Act. For further discussion see section IV of the preamble in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this Federal Register. In sections V and VI, we discuss the proposed revised definitions for “farm,” “harvesting,” “packing,” and “holding.” V. The “Farm” Definition We are reopening the comment period, in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register, with respect to “Farm,” “Harvesting,” “Holding,” and “Packing”. A. 2013 Proposed Definitions of “Farm,” “Harvesting,” “Holding,” and “Packing” Consistent with the organizing principles regarding classification of activities on-farm and off-farm, in the proposed rule for preventive controls for human food (78 FR 3646), we proposed to define “harvesting,” as a new definition in §§ 1.227 and 1.328, to apply to farms and farm mixed-type facilities and to mean activities that are traditionally performed by farms for the purpose of removing RACs from the place they were grown or raised and preparing them for use as food. We proposed that harvesting be limited to activities performed on the farm on which they were grown or raised, or another farm under the same ownership, and that harvesting does not include activities that transform a RAC into a processed food. The proposed definition included examples of activities that would be harvesting. As a conforming change to the proposed definition of “harvesting,” we proposed, to revise the definition of “farm” in current §§ 1.227(b)(3) and 1.328 to delete examples of harvesting that currently appear in the “farm” definition. We also proposed, in the preventive controls proposed rule for human food, to revise the definition of “holding” in §§ 1.227 and 1.328 so that it would be a two-part definition that would include, for farms and farm mixed-type facilities, activities traditionally performed by farms for the safe or effective storage of RACs grown or raised on the same farm or another farm under the same ownership, but would not include activities that transform a RAC into a processed food. We proposed, in the preventive controls proposed rule for human food, to revise the definition of “packing” in §§ 1.227 and 1.328 so that it would be a two-part definition that would include, for farms and farm mixed-type facilities, activities (which may include packaging) traditionally performed by farms to prepare RACs grown or raised on a farm or another farm under the same ownership for storage and transport, but would not include activities that transform a RAC into a processed food. See section V in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this Federal Register for additional discussion RACs. B. Proposed Revisions to the Proposed Definitions of “Farm,” “Harvesting,” “Holding,” and “Packing” In the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this Federal Register , we are proposing to revise the “farm” definition so that it would no longer limit establishments that fall within the “farm” definition to those that pack or hold food grown, raised, or consumed on that farm or another farm under the same ownership. Under the revised “farm” definition, an establishment devoted to the growing of crops, the raising of animals, or both, would remain within the “farm” definition (and, thus, not be subject to the section 415 registration regulations and the proposed requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls) even if it packs and holds raw agricultural commodities grown on another farm. To limit the potential for confusion related to the term “facility,” we are proposing to substitute the term “establishment” for the term “facility” in the revised definition of “farm.” We also are proposing that the packing activities (which may include packaging) that it had proposed to include in the expanded definition of “packing” for farms and farm mixed-type facilities be included in the “farm” definition rather than in an expanded definition of “packing.” Under the revised “farm” definition, it will be clear that an establishment devoted to the growing of crops, the raising of animals, or both, can remain within the “farm” definition if it packages RACs grown or raised on a farm to prepare them for storage and transport, without additional manufacturing/processing. The proposed revised definition of “harvesting” would also include “field coring” as an example of a harvesting activity to make clear that on farm “field coring” of a RAC (e.g., removing the core of lettuce in the field at the same time the stem is cut and wrapper leaves removed) is a harvesting activity, even though “coring” outside of “field coring” (e.g., during the production of fresh-cut lettuce) is a manufacturing/processing activity. For further discussion, please see section V in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register . C. One General Physical Location We received some comments on the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food stating that that farms throughout the country are now made up of multiple, often non-contiguous fields due to geographic and topographic conditions, local development patterns, and the fact that a single “farm” today often derives from multiple previous farms due to the need to achieve economic efficiencies. Some comments explain that as farm land increasingly is partitioned into smaller and smaller parcels through estate divisions or for other reasons, farmers purchasing land find that they are rarely able to purchase adjacent parcels. These comments ask us to modify or remove the phrase “in one general location” in the “farm” definition. During the rulemaking to establish the “farm” definition in the section 415 registration regulations, we explained that a farm may consist of contiguous parcels of land, ponds located on contiguous parcels of land, or, in the case of netted or penned areas located in large bodies of water, contiguous nets or pens (68 FR 5378 at 5381, February 3, 2003). However, we did not propose to include this explanatory sentence in the regulatory text. Comments addressing “one general physical location” focused on how specifying “in one general physical location” would affect whether the farm would be subject to the section 415 registration regulations. Our response to those comments focused on the nature of the activities being conducted rather than on the contiguous or non-contiguous nature of parcels of land or nets (68 FR 58894 at 58906, October 10, 2003). The definition of “facility” in the section 415 registration regulations likewise specifies that a facility means “any establishment, structure, or structures under one ownership at one general physical location . . .” However, this definition specifically adds an explanatory statement that a facility may consist of one or more contiguous structures (§ 1.227). During the rulemaking to establish this definition of “facility,” we explained that we proposed to include this explanatory sentence in the regulatory text as a result of comments that we received during our early outreach efforts (68 FR 5378 at 5381, February 3, 2003). We are requesting comment on whether we should retain, remove, or modify the phrase “in one general physical location” in the “farm” definition. Elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register , in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, we are also requesting comment on the phrase “in one general physical location” in the “farm” definition. In responding to our request for comment on this issue, we ask commenters to carefully consider what, if any, impacts removing or modifying this phrase could have on other rules that already include (or have proposed to include) the same definition of “farm” as would be established in the section 415 registration regulations, as well as how such impacts would best be addressed. Please see section V.E in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register for further discussion on this issue. D. Feed Mills Associated With Contract and Fully Vertically Integrated Farming We received some comments requesting clarification of whether all feed mills associated with contract farming or fully vertically integrated farming models would be required to comply with the proposed rule. We are aware that there are a variety of farming models for raising animals. In one model, often referred to as contract farming, one entity owns the feed mill and the animals, but contracts with another entity that owns the establishment devoted to raising the animals. In this model, the feed mill would not be considered part of a farm under the current definition in 21 CFR 1.227 (see 68 FR 58894 at 58907 (Oct. 10, 2003) and 68 FR 5378 at 5382 (Feb. 3, 2003)). The feed mill also would not be considered part of a farm under the proposed revised definition of farm in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register . Therefore, the feed mill would be required to register as a food facility under section 415 of the FD&C Act and would be subject to the proposed rule for preventive controls. In a second model, often referred to as fully vertically integrated farming, one entity owns the feed mill, the animals, and the establishment devoted to raising the animals. In this model, the feed mill would be considered part of a farm under the current definition in 21 CFR 1.227 (68 FR 58894 at 58907), and the proposed revised definition. Therefore, the feed mill would be exempt from registering as a food facility under section 415 of the FD&C Act and would not be subject to the proposed rule for preventive controls rule. Cooperative farming is another model and depending on how the cooperative is structured, it can resemble the contract model or the fully vertically integrated model. How the cooperative is structured determines whether the feed mill is required to register as a food facility under section 415 of the FD&C Act. We have no evidence that the safety of animal food varies depending on whether a feed mill is associated with vertically integrated or contract farming. Therefore, we are asking for comment on whether feed mills associated with fully vertically integrated farming operations, including cooperatives that fit this model, that meet the farm definition (current or proposed revision) should be required to register as a food facility under section 415 of the FD&C Act. If so, how should we revise the farm definition so the feed mills associated with these fully vertically integrated farming operations would not be considered farms, would be required to register under section 415, and thus would be subject to the proposed rule. Registration under section 415 of the FD&C Act would also subject these feed mills to additional statutory requirements under the FD&C Act, for example, recordkeeping requirements under section 414, requirements for the Reportable Food Registry under section 417, and requirements for mandatory recall under section 423. If these fully vertical farming feed mills would be required to register under section 415 of the FD&C Act, we also request comment on whether there should be an exemption from registration under section 415 for some of these feed mills based on size, such as number of animals being fed or the amount of animal food being fed (based on tonnage, monetary value, or some other factor). Under the fully integrated vertical farming operations and certain contract farming operations, there would be no total annual sales figure for the animal food that could be used to determine whether a facility is a qualified facility (and thus exempt from proposed subpart C). With regard to these feed mills, we request comment on how to value the animal food being fed to animals for purposes of determining whether the feed mill would be a qualified facility (proposed § 507.7) and in particular a very small business. Qualified facilities would be exempt from the requirements of subpart C (hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls). VI. Definitions of “Holding” and “Packing” A. 2013 Proposed Definition of “Holding” In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food, we proposed to revise the definition of “holding” in §§ 1.227 and 1.328 (see section V.A). B. 2013 Proposed Exemptions Relevant to the Definition of “Holding” We proposed two exemptions directed to facilities “solely engaged” in the storage (i.e., holding) of certain types of animal food, and explained our reasons for doing so. First, we proposed to exempt facilities that are solely engaged in the storage of RACs (other than fruits and vegetables) intended for further distribution or processing from the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls, and explained our reasons for proposing to do so (proposed § 507.5(g); see discussion at 78 FR 64736 at 64764). We intended this provision to exempt, for example, facilities that only store whole grains (such as corn, wheat, barley, rye, grain sorghum, oats, rice, wild rice, and soybeans) from the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls, provided that such facilities do not conduct other activities subject to FSMA's requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (78 FR 64736 at 64764). Second, we proposed to exempt a “facility solely engaged in the storage of packaged food for animals that is not exposed to the environment” from the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls that would be established in subpart C (proposed § 507.10(a); see discussion at 78 FR 64736 at 64768). We intended this provision to exempt, for example, facilities that store packaged animal food in containers in a warehouse. However, a facility solely engaged in the storage of packaged animal food that is not exposed to the environment and that requires time/temperature control to significantly minimize or prevent the growth of, or toxin production by, pathogens would be subject to modified requirements (see proposed §§ 507.10(b) and 507.51. In this section of this document, we are proposing revisions to the definition of “holding” in addition to the revisions, discussed in section V.B, that would be conforming amendments in light of the revised “farm” definition. In this section of this document, we are reopening the comment period with respect to the revised definition of “holding” (proposed § 507.3). C. Comments on the 2013 Proposed Exemption for a Facility Solely Engaged in the Storage of RACs (Other Than Fruits and Vegetables) Intended for Further Distribution or Processing Some comments support for the proposed exemption for a facility solely engaged in the storage of RACs (other than fruits and vegetables) intended for further distribution or processing. However, some stakeholders expressed concern, during outreach activities such as the public meetings and in written comments, that the proposed definition of “holding” would preclude facilities such as grain elevators from being eligible for the exemption in proposed § 507.5(g) because most such facilities conduct a variety of activities in addition to “storage.” For example, grain elevators typically conduct the following activities that could be characterized as being practical necessities, either for the purposes of safe or effective storage or for meeting customer specifications: • Fumigate grain to control pest infestation during storage; • Clean grain using various mechanisms (sifting, sieving, and screening); • Convey grain throughout the facility; • Dry grain received with high moisture content; and • Blend lots of grain. Some comments recommended that we modify the proposed definition for “holding” to (1) encompass activities performed for the safe or effective storage of RACs (such as drying, screening, conditioning, and fumigating) off-farm and (2) encompass activities performed on RACs as a practical necessity for product distribution (such as blending different lots of the same commodity to meet a customer's quality specifications). D. Comments on the 2013 Proposed Exemption for a Facility Solely Engaged in the Storage of Packaged Food That Is Not Exposed to the Environment Some comments received during the public meetings for the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for animal food and received under the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food support the proposed exemption for a facility “solely engaged in the storage of packaged food that is not exposed to the environment.” These comments note that warehouses typically conduct the following activities that could be characterized as being practical necessities, either for the purposes of storage or for product distribution, including: • Affix tracking labels; • Transport to a storage location in the warehouse; • Hold non-food products, including toys and grooming aids for pets; • Break down pallets of packaged animal food for distribution to the retail level in less-than-pallet quantities; • Assemble “sales kits” for use in fundraising drives; • Assemble variety packs by packing; and • Use packaged food to build store displays. Some of these comments we received recommend that we modify the proposed definition for “holding” to encompass activities that are performed on packaged food that is not exposed to the environment (1) incidental to storage of the animal food (such as transport and storage of non-animal food products); and (2) as a practical necessity for product distribution (such as affixing tracking labels, breaking down pallets, assembling sales kits and variety packs, and building store displays). E. Proposed Revisions to the Definition of “Holding” Taking into account the comments we have reviewed so far for the 2013 proposed rules for preventive controls, we tentatively conclude that we should revise the definition of “holding” to encompass activities performed incidental to storage of animal food (e.g., activities performed for the safe or effective storage of that animal food and activities performed as a practical necessity for the distribution of that animal food). In addition to the activities specifically identified in the comments, we are aware of other activities (Ref. 6) that can be considered incidental to storage of RACs, either for the purposes of safe or effective storage or for meeting customer specifications, including: • Treating stored grain with protectant chemicals and pesticide alternatives (other than by fumigation) to control infestation; • Using modified atmosphere treatments to control pests; • Using biological controls for pests; • Applying chemical preservatives to grain to prevent growth of mycotoxin-producing molds; • Weighing grain; • Sampling and grading grain; and • Aerating grain to control temperature. In this document, we are proposing to revise the definition of holding to: • Clarify that holding also includes activities performed incidental to storage of an animal food (e.g., activities performed for the safe or effective storage of that animal food and activities performed as a practical necessity for the distribution of that animal food (such as blending of the same commodity)); • Broaden “activities . . . performed for the safe or effective storage of raw agricultural commodities” to apply to all animal food, not just RACs; • Broaden “activities . . . performed for the safe or effective storage” to apply to all establishments that hold animal food, not just farms and farm mixed-type activities; • Add “breaking down pallets” to the examples in the revised definition of “holding” so that the examples reflect activities conducted on packaged animal food as well as activities conducted on RACs; and • Specify that holding facilities “could” include the listed types of facilities to clarify that some of these facilities might not meet the definition of a holding facility if they perform other activities not included in the definition of holding (e.g., if a grain elevator mixes different commodities to prepare animal food). As discussed in section V.B, the revised definition of “holding” also would remove limitations on where the food is grown or raised (as a conforming change to the revised definition of “farm” found in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register . The revised definition of “holding” would now be a one-part definition that applies to all facilities that hold animal food, rather than a two-part definition that first specifies activities that are within the definition regardless of the type of establishment and then specifies additional activities that would apply only to establishments that are farms or farm mixed-type facilities. With this revised definition of “holding,” facilities such as grain elevators and silos would, in most cases, satisfy the criteria for the proposed exemption for facilities solely engaged in the storage of RACs (other than fruits and vegetables) intended for further distribution or processing (proposed § 507.5(g)), because the definition would encompass activities performed as a practical necessity for the distribution of RACs. Other facilities that conduct operations similar to those conducted at grain elevators and silos, such as facilities that package and sell seed for crops, but sell the leftover seed for animal food, also may satisfy these criteria for exemption. With this revised definition of “holding,” facilities such as warehouses would, in many cases, satisfy the criteria for the proposed exemption for facilities solely engaged in the storage of packaged animal food that is not exposed to the environment (proposed § 507.10(a)), because the definition would encompass activities that are a practical necessity for product distribution (such as breaking down pallets and affixing tracking labels). We are adding “breaking down pallets” to the examples in the revised definition of “holding” so that the examples reflect activities conducted on packaged animal food as well as activities conducted on RACs. Although we are not adding more examples to reflect activities conducted on packaged animal food, the revised definition of “holding” also would include activities such as assembling sales kits and variety packs, because such activities are similar to breaking down pallets except that the order of activities is reversed. F. Proposed Revisions to the Definition of “Packing” Just as there are some activities that are performed incidental to storing food for animals, there are some activities that are performed incidental to packing an animal food. For example, sorting, culling, and grading RACs could be an activity incidental to packing on a farm or farm mixed-type facility, whereas off-farm some sorting or similar activities such as culling or grading may be required to ensure that like items are packed together, or to remove damaged items. As another example, animal food may need to be conveyed (moved) about an establishment for the purpose of packing it, and may need to be weighed to ensure that appropriate amounts are packed. We tentatively conclude that we should revise the definition of “packing” so that it includes activities performed incidental to packing food for animals. In this document, we are proposing to revise the definition of packing to: • Clarify that packing also includes activities performed incidental to packing animal food (e.g., activities performed for the safe or effective packing of that animal food (such as sorting, culling and grading)); • Provide that activities performed incidental to packing an animal food would apply to all establishments that pack animal food, not just to farms and farm mixed-type facilities; and • Delete the provision, in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, that packing would include activities (which may include packaging) traditionally performed on a farm on RACs grown on a farm for storage or transport, because this issue would be addressed in the revised “farm” definition in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this Federal Register . VII. Impact of the Proposed Revisions to the Farm-Related Definitions on the Classification of On-Farm Activities A. Comments on the 2013 Organizing Principles for Classifying Activities Conducted on Farms and on Farm Mixed-Type Facilities See the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this Federal Register , for discussion of comments. B. Updated Organizing Principles That Would Apply to the “Farm” Definition We articulated the 2013 organizing principles for classifying on-farm activities to operate within the framework, already established in the section 415 registration regulations, in which an establishment that packs and holds others' RACs would be outside the “farm” definition and, thus, be required to register as a food facility. Our proposed revisions to the “farm” definition, found in the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this Federal Register , would change that framework and, as a consequence, require that we reconsider those organizing principles. Organizing Principles Nos. 1, 3, and 5 remain consistent with the proposed revisions to the “farm” definition. However, there would be no need to specify, in Organizing Principle No. 2, that activities that farms traditionally do relate only to their own RACs. In addition, Organizing Principle No. 4 would no longer apply, because the revised “farm” definition would no longer classify an activity as within (or outside of) the “farm” definition based, in part, on whether an activity is conducted on a farm's own RACs or on others' RACs. Therefore, we tentatively conclude it is appropriate to delete Organizing Principle No. 4 in light of the proposed revisions to the “farm” definition. Table 4 shows our current thinking regarding the organizing principles applicable to the revised “farm” definition. Table 4—Updated Organizing Principles That Would Apply to the Revised “Farm” Definition No. Organizing principle 1 The basic purpose of farms is to produce RACs, and RACs are the essential products of farms. 2 Activities that involve RACs and that farms traditionally do for the purposes of growing RACs, removing them from the growing areas, and preparing them for use as a food RAC, and for packing, holding and transporting them, should all be within the definition of “farm.” 3 Activities should be classified based in part on whether the food operated on is a RAC or a processed food, and on whether the activity transforms a RAC into a processed food. 4 Manufacturing/processing, packing, or holding food— whether RACs or processed foods, from any source—for consumption on the farm should remain within the farm definition. C. Changes to Classification of On-Farm Activities We reconsidered the classification of specific activities as harvesting, packing, holding, or manufacturing/processing, when conducted on farms or on farm mixed-type facilities. See the Appendix to this document for a comprehensive table comparing the classification of on-farm activities as harvesting, packing, holding, or manufacturing/processing in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls to our current thinking on the classification of these on-farm activities. As can be seen in the Appendix, several on-farm activities can be classified in more than one way, and most of the changes in activity classification merely reflect additional activities (relative to the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls) that could be classified in more than one way. For example, in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we classified “removing stems and husks” as a harvesting activity (e.g., if RACs are husked while they are being removed from the field). In this supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking, we also consider “removing stems and husks” to be a packing activity (e.g., if RACs are husked after the RACs have been removed from the field). See Table 5 in this document for a list of the activity classifications that would change in light of the proposed revisions to the “farm” definition and our reconsideration of activity classification. As shown in Table 5, changes in activity classification as a result of the proposed revisions to the “farm” definition would result in a single circumstance (drying/dehydrating RACs to create a distinct commodity without additional manufacturing/processing) where a farm conducting manufacturing/processing would no longer be required to register as an animal food facility. Importantly, the revised “farm” definition would not result in any new circumstance where a farm would now be required to register as a food facility. Table 5 includes one activity (i.e., using pesticides on RACs as a packing activity) that we did not address in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls and excludes a number of activities (e.g., cooling RACs and coating RACs with wax/oil/resin) that were classified in the appendix of the draft risk assessment (Ref. 7) but are not performed on animal food. Table 5 includes one activity (i.e., drying/dehydrating (incidental to holding)) that we now would classify in fewer ways than we did in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls. In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we classified drying/dehydrating (for purposes of storage or transport, rather than to create a distinct commodity) (e.g., drying alfalfa) as being either a packing activity or a holding activity, depending on when the drying/dehydrating took place. After reconsidering all of the activity classifications, we tentatively conclude that such drying/dehydrating should continue to be classified as “holding,” but does not constitute “packing.” We request comment on this narrowed classification of drying/dehydrating when the drying/dehydrating does not create a distinct commodity. Table 5—Changes in Classification of Activities Conducted on Farms or on Farm Mixed-Type Facilities Based on the Proposed Revisions to the “Farm” Definition Activity Classified in 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls Classified in supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking Why would the re-classification represent a change from the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for animal food? 2 Cooling Harvesting; (§ 507.3); Mfg 1 /Processing (§ 507.3) • Mfg/processing (e.g., cooling of processed animal food) Acknowledge that field cooling of animal food RACs is not done. Drying/dehydrating (incidental to holding) Packing or Holding (Tables 1 and 15 of the draft risk assessment (RA)) (Ref. 7) • Holding (e.g., drying hay or alfalfa) Because we would no longer consider drying/dehydrating to be a packing activity. Drying/dehydrating to create a distinct commodity (transforms a RAC into a processed animal food) Mfg/Processing (Table 15 of the draft RA) (Ref. 7) • Mfg/processing (e.g., drying grapes to create raisins, and drying herbs to create a distinct commodity) (because it transforms a RAC into a processed animal food) (but allowed within the farm definition) Because we are including this specific mfg/processing activity within the “farm” definition, provided that there is no additional manufacturing/processing. Filtering Harvesting (§ 507.3) • Harvesting (e.g., filtering honey) Acknowledge that filtering is not done on animal food RACs. Removing stems and husks Harvesting (§ 507.3) • Harvesting (e.g., in the field). • Packing (e.g., in a packing shed) Acknowledge that removing stems/husks can occur during more than harvesting operations. Sifting Harvesting (§ 507.3) • Harvesting (e.g., in the field). • Packing (e.g., in a packing shed) Acknowledge that sifting can occur during more than harvesting operations. Using pesticides on RACs. Harvesting (Tables 1 and 15 of the draft RA discussed only fumigation ) (Ref. 7 ) • Harvesting (e.g., in the field). • Packing (e.g., in a packing shed) Acknowledge that pesticides may be used at various points in preparation of RACs Washing Harvesting (§ 507.3), and Mfg/Processing (§ 507.3) • Harvesting (e.g., washing in the field was deleted). • Mfg/processing (e.g., during production of an animal food) Acknowledge that field washing of animal RACs does not occur but washing during processing may occur. 1 Mfg = Manufacturing. 2 This table focuses on any change in classification in this document compared to the classification, in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals, for activities conducted on a farm's own RACs. The proposed revisions to the “farm” definition would make the distinction between whether a farm conducted an activity on its own RACs or on others' RACs irrelevant. VIII. Proposed Exemptions for On-Farm Low-Risk Activity/Animal Food Combinations A. The 2013 Proposed Exemptions In the 2013 proposed rule, we described provisions of FSMA that direct us to (1) conduct a science-based risk analysis to cover specific types of on-farm packing, holding, and manufacturing/processing activities that would be outside the “farm” definition and, thus, subject to the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (78 FR 64736 at 64751 and 64752-64754); and (2) consider the results of that science-based risk analysis and exempt facilities that are small or very small businesses from these requirements (or modify these requirements, as we determine appropriate), if such facilities are engaged only in specific types of activities that we determine to be low risk involving specific animal foods that we determine to be low risk. Consistent with this statutory direction, we developed the draft risk assessment and made it available for public comment (Ref. 7 and 78 FR 64428); and proposed three exemptions for on-farm activity/animal food combinations conducted by farm-mixed-type facilities that are small or very small businesses (proposed § 507.5(e), (f)(1), and (f)(2)). B. Comments on the Proposed Exemptions for On-Farm Low-Risk Activity/Animal Food Combinations Some comments received to the proposed rule for preventive controls for human food (78 FR 3646) request clarification on whether an establishment that conducts more than one activity/food combination listed in the proposed exemptions for on-farm low-risk activity/food combinations would be eligible for the exemption. Other comments recommend including additional on-farm packing and holding activity/food combinations, or on-farm manufacturing/processing activity/food combinations, as low-risk activity/food combinations eligible for inclusion in the proposed exemptions. We are confirming that an establishment that conducts more than one activity/animal food combination listed in the proposed exemptions for on-farm low-risk activity/animal food combinations would be eligible for the exemption. The regulatory text is written in the plural (e.g., “if the only packing and holding activities . . . that the business conducts are the following low-risk packing or holding activity/animal food combinations”; and “if the only manufacturing/processing activities . . . that the business conducts are the following”). We have not fully completed our review of comments on the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls and the draft risk assessment. It is possible we may include additional activity/animal food combinations in these exemptions when we issue the final rule. C. Impact of the Proposed Revisions to the Definitions for “Farm,” “Harvesting,” “Holding,” and “Packing” on the 2013 Proposed Exemptions for On-Farm Low-Risk Activity/Animal Food Combinations The proposed revisions to the definitions of “farm,” “harvesting,” “holding,” and “packing,” if finalized, would have three principal effects on the proposed exemptions. • First, the proposed exemption for on-farm packing or holding of animal food by a small or very small business would no longer identify any packing or holding activities for any RACs, because an on-farm establishment would no longer be subject to the requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls when it packs or holds RACs, regardless of whether it is packing and holding its own RACs or others' RACs. The proposed exemption would continue to apply on-farm packing and holding of processed animal foods (e.g., packing and holding of silage when conducted by a farm mixed-type facility). • Second, the proposed exemption for on-farm low-risk manufacturing/ processing activities conducted by a small or very small business would no longer distinguish between manufacturing/processing activities conducted on a farm mixed-type facility's own RACs and manufacturing/processing activities conducted on animal food other than the farm mixed-type facility's own RACs. • Third, the proposed exemption for on-farm low-risk manufacturing/processing activities conducted by a small or very small business would be revised to eliminate activities, conducted on others' RACs, which would no longer be classified as manufacturing/processing and instead would be classified as harvesting, packing, or holding. For example, blending different lots of the same RACs such as whole grains would remain within the “farm” definition, and not be considered manufacturing/processing, regardless of whether the RACs being blended are the farm's own RACs or others' RACs. However, mixing forage to make silage would be considered manufacturing/processing and, thus, would continue to be considered a low-risk manufacturing/processing activity listed within the exemption for on-farm low-risk manufacturing/processing activities conducted by a small or very small business. We will update these proposed exemptions when we issue the final rule, after considering comments, and reaching a decision in light of those comments, on the proposed revisions to the definitions that impact the proposed exemptions for low-risk activity/animal food combinations. IX. Proposed Applicability of Part 507 to the Holding and Distribution of Human Food By-Products for Use in Animal Food Historically, many facilities that manufacture/process or pack human food also provide by-products from that human food production for use as animal food (Ref. 8). These by-products are a significant source of animal food or animal food ingredients. While these by-products may not be nutritious, suitable, or desirable for human consumption, they can be a source of energy and nutrition for certain species of animals, many of which have different digestive systems, physiology, and nutritional requirements than humans (e.g., ruminants such as cattle and sheep). The differences enable these animals to digest and metabolize the by-products in a way humans cannot. Some of the by-products do not undergo further processing (such as drying, grinding, pelleting, etc.) at the human food facility before being used for animal food. Examples of these by-products include culls, peels, trimmings, and pulp from fruit and vegetable manufacturing/processing; chaff, bran, and middlings from grain milling; wet brewers grains from beverage brewing operations; and liquid whey from dairy facilities. Some of the by-products from these facilities are human food products that did not meet quality specifications for human food use. These out-of-specification products may be, for example, the wrong size, shape, or texture for human food, but are safe for use as animal food. Examples of these types of by-products include potato chips, cookies, bread, pastry products and pasta. Facilities may distribute the human food by-products directly for use as livestock food, or may distribute them to another facility for further processing for food for animals. Human food facilities are currently subject to the current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) regulations found in 21 CFR part 110 and would be subject to the proposed preventive controls for human food, found in proposed 21 CFR part 117, subpart C, if finalized. In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals, we addressed human food facilities that also provide food for animals (78 FR 64736 at 64754). Proposed § 507.1(d) would have applied to these facilities and allowed them, for the animal food, the choice of complying with proposed part 507 for food for animals, subparts B and C as applicable, or proposed part 117 for human food, subparts B and C as applicable, so long as the facility addressed any hazards specific to the animal food. In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we also addressed breweries and distilleries that make alcoholic beverages (78 FR 64736 at 64765). Many of these facilities provide the spent grains from the brewing or distilling process for use as animal food. In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food (78 FR 3646), we proposed that subpart C, “Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls,” would not apply to certain alcoholic beverages and a very narrow set of prepackaged other food at alcoholic beverage facilities, based on the our interpretation of section 116 of FSMA. Section 116(b) of FSMA (21 U.S.C. 2206(b)) provides that section 116(a) of FSMA “shall not apply to a facility engaged in the receipt and distribution of any non-alcohol food, except that [section 116(a) of FSMA] shall apply to a facility described in [section 116(a) of FSMA] that receives and distributes non-alcohol food, provided such food is received and distributed: (1) In a prepackaged form that prevents any direct human contact with such food; and (2) in amounts that constitute not more than 5 percent of the overall sales of such facility, as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury.” We stated in the proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals that we were not aware of any animal food at any alcoholic beverage facility that would be exempt from proposed subpart C, “Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls,” for food for animals as the spent grains for animal food is not an alcoholic beverage and is not in a prepackaged form as provided by section 116 of FSMA. We have received comments from our stakeholders at public meetings and through comments to the proposed rule. Some comments stated that the requirements in proposed § 507.1(d) would potentially create a need for two separate food safety plans, one for human food and one for animal food. Some commented that requiring the facility to be subject to human food and animal food regulations would be a cost burden and as a result, some facilities would destroy their by-products, most likely by landfill, instead of complying with the rule for food for animals. Others commented that by-products used for animal food would not be a food safety concern because the human food is manufactured/processed or packed under CGMPs and many of these facilities also would be subject to the proposed rule for preventive controls for human food. Comments also said that the hazards that would be reasonably foreseeable for animal food (e.g., mycotoxins) would also be a hazard reasonably foreseeable for the human food and thus would be controlled by the facility by following CGMPs or implementing a food safety plan for the human food. Based on comments reviewed to date and on comments made during public meetings, we considered other possible approaches to regulating packing and holding of by-products by a human food facility for distribution as animal food. We first conducted a review of the potential biological, chemical (including radiological), and physical hazards for these human food by-products used for animal food. We did not include hazards associated with human food by-products derived from animal products, including poultry and seafood (but did include dairy and egg products). We further limited our review to hazards associated with human food by-products that were not further processed at the facility once separated from the human food because these processes could introduce hazards that would need to be addressed in a food safety plan. We reviewed the FDA Reportable Food Registry, published information about animal food recalls, as well as information from the CVM Feed Contaminants Program (Ref. 9). In addition, we conducted a scientific literature review on these by-products used as animal food (Ref.10). Though there was not a large volume of data on human food by-products used as animal food, we tentatively conclude that while there are biological, chemical, and physical hazards that may be present in the human food by-products, the information reviewed indicates these hazards rarely occur. For example, the reviewed information did not identify any instances of biological hazards in human food by-products (falling under the scope of the memorandum) used as animal food. Protein ingredients derived from meat, offal, poultry, and oil seed meal were found to be the most common source of biological hazards in animal food. Facilities providing by-products from these sources for use as animal food would be subject to proposed part 507, as explained in the discussion of proposed § 507.12 in this section. Chemical hazards such as mycotoxins or pesticides are known to be present in human food ingredients as well as animal food. We have tentatively concluded that these hazards would be controlled by the human food facilities for the human food, either under CGMPs or the proposed preventive controls for human food when finalized. The reviewed information did not identify any instances of chemical hazards from radionuclides in by-products used for animal food. The reviewed information did not identify any instances of physical hazards in human food by-products used as animal food except instances when the by-products were mistaken for trash and trash was added to them. We request comment, including additional data, on the findings of our research on biological, chemical, and physical hazards of human food by-product used as animal food. Biological, chemical, or physical hazards in human food by-products used as animal food, as indicated by the reviewed information, were either hazards that are not known or reasonably foreseeable, are prevented or significantly minimized through the human food facility's compliance with current human food CGMP regulations, or would be prevented or significantly minimized through the human food facility's compliance with the proposed preventive controls regulations for human food, when finalized. The current CGMPs (and the proposed update to these requirements in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food) as well as other applicable FDA human food safety regulations, are either the same as or more stringent than the proposed requirements for animal food. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that a facility's compliance with proposed subpart B of part 117 and all other applicable human food safety requirements of the FD&C Act and implementing regulations are sufficient to help provide animal food safety until the point of separation from the human food. We request comments on this tentative conclusion. The review conducted did not include a search for hazards associated with seafood by-products. We request comment on how these by-products are used for animal food, including without further processing, and if these by-products should be subject to the requirements for animal food under proposed part 507. Once the by-product is separated from the human food and is merely packed and/or held by the human food facility for distribution, the facility would need to take measures to ensure the animal food does not become contaminated. For example, during the time the animal food is held, the facility would need to ensure that the animal food is not treated like trash or garbage. The facility would need to protect the animal food from contamination with physical hazards such as floor sweepings containing glass or metal fragments and from chemical hazards such as equipment oil, cleaning chemicals, or pesticides used in the facility. Any of these could be inadvertently incorporated into the animal food if it was mistaken for trash. As discussed in further detail in section X of this preamble, we are also proposing revisions to the proposed CGMPs for animal food. Particularly, we are proposing a section of CGMPs that would apply to the packing and holding of by-products in a human food facility for distribution as animal food. Once the by-product is separated from the human food, these proposed CGMPs for holding and distribution of the by-product intended for animal food would prevent or significantly minimize the known or reasonably foreseeable chemical and physical hazards that may occur after that separation. We tentatively conclude that biological and certain chemical hazards, such as mycotoxins and radionuclides, would not be known or reasonably foreseeable hazards in the by-products, given how unlikely those are to occur based on the review. We request comment on these conclusions. Based on the above conclusions, we have determined that, except for proposed § 507.28 regarding holding and distribution of human food by-products as animal food, proposed part 507 should not be applicable to these human food by-products used as animal food. Applying all the requirements set out in proposed part 507 for these by-products at human food facilities would not seem to provide any additional animal food safety benefit. Therefore, in this supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking, we are proposing revised requirements for human food facilities and the human food by-products they provide for animal food. Proposed § 507.12 “Applicability of this part to the holding and distribution of human food by-products for use in animal food,” would address the applicability of part 507 to the holding and distribution of human food by-products for animal food. Except as provided in proposed § 507.12(b), the requirements of part 507 would not apply to by-products of human food production that are packed and held by that facility for distribution as animal food if the facility is subject to and in compliance with subpart B of part 117 and all other applicable human food safety requirements of the FD&C Act and implementing regulations and the facility does not further process the by-products intended for use as animal food. Proposed § 507.12(b) would require that once the animal food was separated from the human food, the facility would need to comply with proposed § 507.28 for the holding and distribution of that animal food. A human food facility that further processes the human food by-product for animal food would be subject to proposed part 507 for those by-products. This would include by-products that undergo drying, pelleting, or heat-treatment such as dried brewers' grains, dried whey, or pelleted citrus pulp. These processes could introduce hazards that would need to be addressed in a food safety plan. Proposed § 507.12 would not apply to human food products when contamination or adulteration has occurred that is materially related to food safety. We currently have two compliance policy guides that provide information to facilities that want to divert contaminated or adulterated human food for animal food use (Ref. 11, Ref.12). We handle the diversion requests on an individual basis and may not grant a request after review. Against the backdrop of proposed part 507, we request comment on our compliance policy guides for diversion of adulterated human food products for animal food and whether we should include regulations for these types of requests. Proposed § 507.12(b) would not apply to human food by-products derived from animal products (other than dairy and eggs), such as meat, offal, or poultry. We tentatively conclude that the hazards, particularly biological hazards, potentially associated with by-products from these animal products could be more substantial than those for the by-products addressed in the memorandum. We request comment on this conclusion. Proposed § 117.145 of the supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food, published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register , addresses proposed corrective actions and corrections for human food. If a preventive control was found to be ineffective or was not properly implemented, steps would need to be taken to evaluate the food for safety and prevent affected food from entering into commerce if the facility cannot ensure the food is not adulterated. We request comment on how the facility would address by-products linked to the affected human food, especially if the preventive control problem was not discovered until after the separation of the by-products from the human food and possibly after the by-products have entered into commerce for use as animal food. We are also proposing a conforming change to the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for human food part 117 by adding proposed § 117.95. This proposed section would contain the same requirements as those contained in proposed § 507.28, but would allow the human food processor to reference one part of the Code of Federal Regulations (i.e., part 117, if finalized) to determine the requirements applicable to the human food by-products used for animal food. We request comment on this approach. We also request comment on whether proposed § 507.28 should be removed from part 507, if finalized, if proposed § 117.95 is added to part 117, if finalized. We request comment on these proposed requirements for human food by-products going to animal food use and request comment on any additional information available on the known or reasonably foreseeable hazards in human food by-products packed or held by human facilities for distribution as animal food. We also request comment on whether by-products from human dietary supplement and infant formula production are used for animal food, and if so, how these by-products should be addressed to help ensure safety of the animal food. X. Proposed Revisions to Subpart B—Current Good Manufacturing Practice In this supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking, we are proposing revisions to the requirements for current good manufacturing practice regulations (CGMPs) as proposed in the 2013 preventive controls rule for food for animals. We are proposing these revisions to the CGMPs based on stakeholder input and initial review of some comments received in response to the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls. In the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we discussed several sets of CGMPs that had already been developed by regulatory and animal health organizations, both domestic and international, that we believed could serve as a starting point for our proposed CGMPs for manufacturing, processing, packing, and holding food for animals (78 FR 64736 at 64772). These existing CGMPs included FDA's CGMP regulations for human food and medicated animal feed (21 CFR part 110 and part 225 respectively), the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) model GMPs for feed and feed ingredients, best practices recommended by Codex for the feed industry, and the GMPs recommended in Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 222 (Ref.13, Ref. 14, Ref. 15). We concluded this discussion by saying that because of our experience and expertise with the human food CGMPs, we tentatively concluded that our human food CGMPs were the appropriate starting point for the animal food CGMPs. We then requested comment on whether CGMPs similar to those for human food are appropriate for animal food, and whether CGMP requirements appropriate for some types of animal food might be inappropriate for other types. Specifically, a major concern we wanted to address with the proposed revisions is the difficulty of applying one set of CGMPs to both pet food facilities and livestock feed facilities. Some pet food facilities, depending on the type of product being manufactured, resemble human food facilities in that they use wet cleaning procedures to clean and sanitize food contact surfaces. They also must maintain high sanitation standards so that their finished product, which will be handled by pet owners, is free of pathogenic microorganisms. Livestock feed manufacturers on the other hand avoid the use of water and liquid cleaning compounds because of the need to maintain dry surfaces in facilities that predominantly move dry grains, oilseeds, and other dry ingredients through mixing operations that produce dry finished products. Sanitizing surfaces is thought to be unnecessary in most livestock feed facilities because the environment is much less conducive to microbial growth. We have tentatively concluded that these proposed revised CGMPs are more applicable to the animal food industry, provide flexibility for a wide diversity in types of animal food facilities, and still meet our objectives of establishing enforceable baseline standards for producing safe animal food. We request comment on this conclusion. Proposed § 507.27 “Holding and distribution” originated from § 507.28 “Warehousing and distribution” in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls for food for animals. We have retitled the section “Holding and distribution” to better indicate the requirements would apply to animal food plants in general, not simply warehouses or distributors/distribution centers. The very general requirement previously proposed that animal food be protected against deterioration and biological, chemical, physical, and radiological contamination during storage and transportation was revised to be more specific. Proposed § 507.27(a) would require that animal food held for distribution must be held under conditions that will protect against contamination and minimize deterioration of the animal food. Deterioration of animal food refers to loss of taste, aroma, or nutritive value typically associated with the animal food. For animal foods, taste and aroma are linked to palatability and deterioration in these properties can result in food refusal and wastage. Deterioration of nutritive value refers to loss of nutrients below amounts that the food is typically expected to provide. Both food refusal and consumption of animal food containing fewer nutrients than expected could result in states of undernourishment that may cause poor performance and ill health. Animals are typically fed the same food containing the same ingredients for prolonged periods, making consistent delivery of expected nutrient content important to prevent nutritional deficiencies or imbalances. Contamination of a food can result from biological, chemical, or physical agents with biological and chemical being the agents most likely to contribute to deterioration of palatability, aroma, and nutritive value of animal food. Microorganism contamination can lead to production of a chemical hazard, such as when animal food is contaminated with a mold that subsequently produces a mycotoxin in the animal food. Holding under appropriate conditions that minimize the potential for growth of undesirable microorganisms is particularly important when the animal food is not itself shelf stable or could be subjected to conditions that adversely impact product stability. (e.g., raw or frozen pet food). Proposed paragraph (a)(1) would require that containers used to hold animal food before distribution be designed, constructed of appropriate material, cleaned, and maintained to prevent the contamination of animal food. Proposed paragraph (a)(2) would require that animal food held for distribution be held in a way that would prevent contamination from sources such as trash and garbage. This is particularly important when the animal food is held in bulk containers that could be mistaken for trash bins. Proposed paragraph (a)(3) would require that labeling that identifies the product by the common or usual name be affixed to or accompany the animal food. The common or usual name is one that is readily recognized, for example, oats, corn, corn gluten meal, poultry by-product meal, meat, or dried whey. For byproducts from processing human food, the names in the AAFCO Official Publication are commonly used and recognized by industry and state feed programs, and in Compliance Policy Guide 665.100 “Common or Usual Names for Animal Feed Ingredients,” FDA has generally regarded the AAFCO feed ingredient definitions as establishing common or usual name of ingredients (Ref. 16). We tentatively conclude that this labeling requirement would enable the animal producer to use the animal food appropriately or an establishment receiving the animal food for further manufacture to use it appropriately. We also tentatively conclude that this labeling requirement would help prevent accidental comingling or mix-ups of products at the facility. Proposed § 507.27(b) would require that shipping containers such as totes, drums, and tubs, as well as bulk vehicles, used to distribute animal food be inspected prior to use to ensure the container or vehicle will not contaminate the animal food. The purpose of this proposed paragraph would be to help ensure that such articles for holding and conveying animal food are not a source of contamination of animal food products. Proposed § 507.27(c) would require that animal food returned from distribution be assessed for safety to determine the appropriate disposition of the animal food and be identified and segregated until assessed. The animal food plant or facility would not know how that animal food had been handled prior to return so the animal food could have been exposed to potential hazards, e.g., the growth of mycotoxin producing microorganisms if held in a high humidity area. This returned animal food could contain hazards resulting in contamination that could result in a food safety concern. If redistributed prior to assessment, depending on the nature and severity of the contamination, it could result in injury (or death) to animals. Proposed § 507.27(d) would require that unpackaged or bulk animal food be held in a manner that does not result in cross contamination with other animal food. The purpose of paragraph (d) is to prevent instances of cross contamination such as food for swine that contains mammalian protein (that is prohibited for use in food for ruminants) contaminating food intended for cattle. Revised proposed § 507.28 is now titled “Holding and distribution of human food by-products for use as animal food.” The revised proposed requirements are a subset of those in proposed § 507.27 and would specifically apply to human food processers that have certain by-products (as identified in proposed § 507.12) as a result of manufacturing human food and pack or hold the by-products for distribution for use as animal food. Since the human food would be subject to proposed part 117 subpart B and any other applicable FDA human food safety requirements of the FD&C Act and implementing regulations, we have tentatively concluded that hazards would be adequately controlled by these requirements in conjunction with the requirements of proposed § 507.28. Proposed § 507.28 would contain the CGMPs we tentatively conclude would be necessary for animal food safety once the by-products are separated from human food and become animal food. As discussed in section IX, we are proposing a new § 507.12 for the applicability of part 507 to human food by-products used for animal food. Under proposed § 507.12, part 507 would not apply to by-products of human food production meeting the requirements of proposed § 507.12(a), except as provided in § 507.12(b). Proposed § 507.12(b) would require that the animal food from by-products identified in proposed § 507.12(a), be held and distributed by that facility in accordance with § 507.28 of part 507 and proposed § 117.95 of part 117. The following is a brief summary of the proposed revisions to the CGMPs in proposed subpart B. In making the revisions, we also found it necessary to rearrange and retitle some of the sections, and make wording changes that we felt simplified the requirements and improved clarity. The details of these proposed requirements are in the re-proposed regulatory text for proposed subpart B. • § 507.14—Personnel • Removed paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) pertaining to ill employees and the requirement for employees to report illnesses to their supervisors. This change was made because we are not aware of any evidence of disease being transmitted from ill employees involved in manufacturing animal food to animals through the animal food. • § 507.17—Plant and grounds • Primarily wording changes to consolidate requirements. • § 507.19—Sanitary operations • Changed section title to “Sanitation”; • Divided paragraph (a) into two categories—(a) pertaining to buildings, fixtures, and other physical facilities, and (b) pertaining to utensils and equipment; • Changed the wording in new paragraph (b) to say that utensils and equipment must be cleaned, maintained, and stored as necessary and appropriate to protect against contamination of animal food, animal food-contact surfaces, or animal food-packaging materials; • Consolidated requirements, changed the order to group like requirements, and simplified the wording; and • Eliminated the requirement pertaining to single-service articles, which are not typically used in animal food facilities. • § 507.20—Sanitary facilities and controls • The title was changed to “Water supply and plumbing”; • This section contains only requirements related to the water supply and plumbing. The rubbish (reworded to trash and garbage) requirement was moved to § 507.19 Sanitation; and • Wording changes were made for simplification. • § 507.22—Equipment and utensils • Requirements consolidated; and • Wording changes made for simplification. • § 507.25—Processes and controls • Title changed to “Plant operations”; • Changed paragraph (a)(1) to require that plant operations be conducted in accordance with the CGMPs in subpart B rather than in accordance with adequate sanitation principles; • Added requirements in paragraph (a)(9) that all animal food manufacturing, processing, packing, and holding must be conducted under such conditions and controls as are necessary to minimize the potential for the growth of microorganisms or for the contamination of animal food; • Omitted the requirement in paragraph (b)(2) that raw materials and ingredients must not contain microorganisms injurious to human or animal health, or the raw materials and ingredients must be treated to eliminate them. This change was made because we do not intend that incoming raw materials and ingredients must be tested for pathogens, though the facility may choose to do so; • Requirements pertaining to processes and products used for human food but not animal food, such as heat blanching, batters, breading, sauces, and dressings were omitted; and • Requirements consolidated and wording simplified. • § 507.28—Warehousing and distribution • Section renumbered to § 507.27; • Title changed to “Holding and distribution”; • The very general requirement previously proposed that animal food be protected against deterioration and biological, chemical, physical, and radiological contamination during storage and transportation was revised to be more specific. We are now proposing that the following requirements apply to animal food held for distribution: • Animal food held for distribution must be held under conditions (for example, appropriate temperature, relative humidity, appropriate holding time) that minimize the potential for growth of undesirable microorganisms; • Containers used to hold animal food before distribution must be designed, constructed of appropriate material, cleaned, and maintained to prevent the contamination of animal food; • Animal food held for distribution must be held in a way that prevents contamination from sources such as trash and garbage; • Labeling identifying the product by the common or usual name must be affixed to or accompany the animal food; • Shipping containers (e.g., totes, drums, and tubs) and bulk vehicles used to distribute animal food must be inspected prior to use to ensure the container or vehicle will not contaminate the animal food; • Animal food returned from distribution must be assessed for animal food safety to determine the appropriate disposition. Returned animal food must be identified as such and segregated until assessed; and • Unpackaged or bulk animal food must be held in a manner that does not result in cross contamination with other animal food. • § 507.28—Holding and distribution of human food by-products for use as animal food • The following new requirements were added: • Human food by-products held for distribution as animal food must be held under conditions that will protect against contamination, including the following: • Containers used to hold animal food before distribution must be designed, constructed of appropriate material, cleaned, and maintained to prevent the contamination of animal food; • Animal food held for distribution must be held in a way to prevent contamination from sources such as trash and garbage; • Labeling identifying the by-product by the common or usual name must be affixed to or accompany animal food; • Shipping containers (for example, totes, drums, and tubs) and bulk vehicles used to distribute animal food must be inspected prior to use to ensure the container or vehicle will not contaminate the animal food; and We request comments on these proposed revisions to subpart B. XI. Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls A. 2013 Proposed Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls In general, in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls, we proposed that the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility: • Prepare and implement a food safety plan, which would include documentation such as a written hazard analysis and various written procedures; • Conduct a hazard analysis to identify and evaluate known or reasonably foreseeable hazards to determine whether there are hazards that are “reasonably likely to occur”; • Identify and implement preventive controls, including at CCPs, if any, to provide assurances that hazards identified as “reasonably likely to occur” will be significantly minimized or prevented; • Establish a written recall plan for animal food with a hazard identified as “reasonably likely to occur”; • Monitor the preventive controls with adequate frequency to provide assurance that they are consistently performed; • Establish and implement written corrective action procedures that must be taken if preventive controls are not properly implemented; • Take appropriate corrective action in the event of an unanticipated problem if a preventive control is not properly implemented and a specific corrective action procedure has not been established; • Conduct certain verification activities; and • Establish and maintain certain records. These proposed provisions applied a construct we previously used in our Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) regulations for seafood (21 CFR part 123) and juice (21 CFR part 120), i.e., whether a known or reasonably foreseeable hazard was “reasonably likely to occur.” In general, our HACCP regulations for seafood and juice focus on CCPs to control hazards that are “reasonably likely to occur.” B. Comments on the “Reasonably Likely To Occur” Construct Within the 2013 Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls Some stakeholders expressed concern, during outreach activities such as the public meetings and in written comments, about including the “reasonably likely to occur” approach in the 2013 proposed rules for preventive controls for human and animal food. The concern was that using the phrase “reasonably likely to occur” in two different contexts (i.e., within our HACCP regulations as well as in its proposed preventive controls regulations for human and animal food) would be confusing. Some comments received under the proposed rule for preventive controls for human food considered that the “reasonably likely to occur” approach was already so closely linked to our HACCP regulations that the 2013 proposed rules for preventive controls for human and animal food would be interpreted as requiring that all necessary preventive controls be established at CCPs. These comments note that such an interpretation would be inconsistent with FSMA. For example, FSMA requires that the owner, operator, or agent in charge of a facility identify and implement preventive controls, including at critical control points, if any (emphasis added) (section 418(c) of the FD&C Act). In addition, the definition of “preventive controls” in FSMA is broader than CCPs (section 418(o)(3) of the FD&C Act). The comments ask that we more explicitly provide for implementation of a range of preventive controls (not just at CCPs). These comments also express concern that a facility that already had established controls to address hazards—but not at CCPs—would need to revise its food safety plan, re-create any applicable records (e.g., various written procedures) to satisfy the recordkeeping requirements of the rule, which would add costs but no food safety benefits. For further discussion of these comments, please see supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking for preventive controls for human food published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register. C. Proposed Revisions to the Overall Framework for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls The 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls would not have required that all preventive controls be established at CCPs. However, we acknowledge that it could be confusing to use the same phrase “reasonably likely to occur” in both the our HACCP regulations and in the regulations we are proposing to establish to implement FSMA's requirements for hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls, because the phrase “reasonably likely to occur” has been used as the basis for determining hazards that need to be addressed in a HACCP plan at CCPs. Likewise, the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls would not have limited a facility's flexibility to develop and implement a food safety system that was indeed risk-based. However, we acknowledge that some specific changes to the proposed regulatory text could help to clarify the risk-based nature of all provisions of subpart C. We have not used the term “prerequisite program” in the proposed regulatory text because, like “hazard reasonably likely to occur,” it has a connotation with respect to our seafood and juice HACCP programs, that is, it connotes activities that a facility may do that have an impact on product safety but which are outside the scope of the regulatory program. However, comments are not suggesting that prerequisite programs that are essential to ensuring food safety should be outside the scope of this proposed regulatory scheme. In fact, comments asking that we recognize the role of prerequisite programs in the management of hazards point out that preventive controls include control measures that do not include CCPs and that companies would consider many of these to be prerequisite programs. We acknowledge that oftentimes preventive controls, other than those at critical control points, are important parts of a food safety system, and must therefore be included in the food safety plan that would be required by this proposed rule. We attempted to make that clear in the proposed requirement for preventive controls in § 507.36(a) by incorporating reference to “controls, other than those at critical control points, that are necessary for food safety.” We did not intend to require that a facility re-create or duplicate existing records associated with controls; we simply laid out in the 2013 proposed rule for preventive controls the activities for which we expect there to be records and the information we expect to find in those records. Taking into account the comments we have reviewed so far, we are proposing a series of revisions to proposed subpart C and are reopening the comment period specifically with respect to these proposed revisions. These proposed revisions include: • Eliminating the term “hazard reasonably likely to occur” throughout proposed subpart C (and, thus, deleting the definition we had proposed for this term). • Adding a new defined term, “significant hazard,” and, in general, using this new term instead of “hazard reasonably likely to occur” throughout the proposed regulations. “Significant hazard” would mean a known or reasonably foreseeable hazard for which a person knowledgeable about the safe manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of animal food would, based on the outcome of a hazard analysis, establish controls to significantly minimize or prevent the hazard in an animal food, and components to manage those controls (such as monitoring, corrections or corrective actions, verification, and records) as appropriate to the animal food, the facility, and the nature of the control. • Defining “known or reasonably foreseeable hazard” in place of “reasonably foreseeable hazard” and clarifying that the new term means a hazard “that has the potential to be associated with the facility or the food” rather than “a potential . . . hazard that may be associated with the facility or the animal food”; • Providing additional flexibility to address concerns about re-writing existing plans or programs to conform with the requirement of the preventive controls rule by explicitly providing that: • Preventive controls include controls, other than those at critical control points, that knowledgeable persons commonly recognize as appropriate for animal food safety; • The preventive control management components (i.e., monitoring, corrective actions, and verification) depend on the nature of the control; and • The recordkeeping requirements do not require duplication of existing records if those records contain all of the required information and satisfy the recordkeeping requirements of the regulation. Existing records may supplemented as necessary to include all of the required information. In addition, the required information does not need to be kept in one set of records. If existing records contain some of the required information, any new information required by the preventive controls rule may be kept either separately or combined with the existing records. The framework provided by “significant hazard” would reflect a two-part analysis on the part of a facility. First, the facility would narrow “hazards” to those hazards that are known or reasonably foreseeable—i.e., those biological, chemical (including radiological), or physical hazards that have the potential to be associated with the facility or the food. Second, the facility would narrow the known or reasonably foreseeable hazards to those that a person knowledgeable about the safe manufacturing, processing, packing, or holding of food would, based on the outcome of a hazard analysis, establish controls to significantly minimize or prevent the hazard in an animal food, as well as components to manage those controls (such as monitoring, corrections or corrective actions, verification, and records) as appropriate to the animal food, the facility, and the nature of the control. The framework established by “significant hazard” also would incorporate the concept of risk by specifying that “significant hazards” are based on the outcome of a hazard analysis. The hazard analysis would require an evaluation of known or reasonably foreseeable hazards to assess two key aspects of risk—i.e., the severity of the illness or injury to humans or animals if the hazard were to occur and the probability that the hazard will occur in the absence of preventive controls. See the revised regulatory text for the proposed new definition of “significant hazard” (proposed § 507.3). The term “significant hazard” has sometimes been used in the context of HACCP to refer to the hazards to be addressed in a HACCP plan through CCPs. However, this term is not used in the seafood, juice or meat and poultry HACCP regulations, which focus on “hazards reasonably likely to occur.” We request comment on both the proposed name of the term and the proposed meaning of the term. See also the proposed new provision for the use of existing records (proposed § 507.212, which would be established in subpart F). Table 6 provides some examples of the flexibility that a facility would have in complying with the revised requirements that would be established in subpart C. Table 6—Examples of Flexibility for Complying With the Requirements for Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls in the Revised Requirements in Proposed Subpart C Flexibility related to . . . Example Controls other than those at CCPs Dividing a facility into zones based on the risk with respect to contamination of product can be a preventive control, but would not have a CCP. Controls other than those at CCPs Preventive maintenance that inspects and changes pre-conditioner blades for a single screw extruder system at regular intervals may be considered a PC in some instances but would not have a CCP. Circumstances that do not require process controls Supplier controls. Monitoring activity that generally would not require records Monitoring for pieces of ferrous metal with magnets. Corrections that generally would not require records Re-cleanin [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A2014-22445. Public record. Not legal advice.