# Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations and Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 42 Plant Species From the Island of Molokai, HI

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A03-5239

## Record

- **Collection:** Federal Register
- **Document type:** Rule
- **Published:** March 18, 2003
- **Citation:** 68 FR 12982

## Text

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH08
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations and Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 42 Plant Species From the Island of Molokai, HI

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Final rule.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate critical habitat pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), for 41 of 51 listed species known historically from the Hawaiian island of Molokai. A total of approximately 9,843 hectares (24,333 acres) of land on Molokai fall within the boundaries of the 88 critical habitat units designated for these 41 species. This critical habitat designation requires the Service to consult under section 7 of the Act with regard to actions carried out, funded, or authorized by a Federal agency. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts when specifying any particular area as critical habitat. This rule also determines that designating critical habitat would not be prudent for one species,
Pritchardia munroi.
We solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the designation.

DATES:

This rule becomes effective on April 17, 2003.

ADDRESSES:

Comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation, used in the preparation of this final rule will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office at the above address (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the List of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 51 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Molokai (Table 1).

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 51 Species From Molokai

Species (common name)
Island distribution
Kauai
Oahu
Molokai
Lanai
Maui
Hawaii

N.W. Isles,
Kahoolawe, Niihau

Adenophorus periens
(pendant kihi fern)

C
H
C
R
R
C

Alectryon macrococcus
(mahoe)

C
C
C

C

Bidens wiebkei
(kookoolau)

C

Bonamia menziesii
(No common name)

C
C
H
C
C
C

Brighamia rockii
(pua ala)

C
H
H

Canavalia molokaiensis
(awikiwiki)

C

Centaurium sebaeoides
(awiwi)

C
C
C
C
C

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes
(oha wai)

C

Ctenitis squamigera
(pauoa)

H
C
C
C
C
H

Cyanea dunbarii
(haha)

C

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
(haha)

C
C
C
C

Cyanea mannii
(haha)

C

Cyanea procera
(haha)

C

Cyperus trachysanthos
(puukaa)

C
C
H
H

Ni (C)

Diellia erecta
(asplenium-leaved diellia)

C
C
C
H
C
C

Diplazium molokaiense
(No common name)

H
H
H
H
C

Eugenia koolauensis
(nioi)

C
H

Flueggea neowawraea
(mehamehame)

C
C
H

C
C

Hedyotis mannii
(pilo)

C
C
C

Hesperomannia arborescens
(No common name)

C
C
H
C

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus
(kokio keokeo)

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei
(mao hau hele)

H
C
H
C
C
C
Ka (R)

Ischaemum byrone
Hilo ischaemum)

R

C

C

Isodendrion pyrifolium
(wahine noho kula)

H
H
H
H
H
C
Ni (H)

Labordia triflora
(kamakahala)

C

Lysimachia maxima
(No common name)

C

Mariscus fauriei
(No common name)

C
H

C

Marsilea villosa
(ihi ihi)

C
C

Ni (H)

Melicope mucronulata
(alani)

C

C

Melicope munroi
(alani)

H
C

Melicope reflexa
(alani)

C

Neraudia sericea
(No common name)

C
H
C

Ka (H)

Peucedanum sandwicense
(makou)

C
C
C

C

Phyllostegia mannii
(No common name)

C

H

Phyllostegia mollis
(No common name)

C
H

C

Plantago princeps
(laukahi kuahiwi)

C
C
C

C
H

Platanthera holochila
(No common name)

C
H
C

C

Pritchardia munroi
(loulu)

C

Pteris lidgatei
(No common name)

C
H

C

Schiedea lydgatei
(No common name)

C

Schiedea nuttallii
(No common name)

C
C
C

R

Schiedea sarmentosa
(No common name)

C

Sesbania, tomentosa
(ohai)

C
C
C
H
C
C
Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C)

Silene alexandri
(No common name)

H

Silene lanceolata
(No common name)

H
C
C
H

C

Solanum incompletum
(popolo ku mai)

H

H

H
H
C

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
(No common name)

C
C
C
C
C
C

Stenogyne bifida
(No common name)

C

Tetramolopium rockii
(No common name)

C

Vigna o-wahuensis
(No common name)

H
C
C
C
C
Ni (H), Ka (C)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(ae)

C

C
H
C
C

KEY: C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.

Sixteen of these species are endemic to the island of Molokai, while 35 species are reported from Molokai and one or more other Hawaiian islands. Each of these species is described in more detail below in the section “Discussion of Plant Taxa.” Although we considered designating critical habitat on Molokai for each of the 51 plant species, for the reasons described below, the final designation includes critical habitat for 41 of 51 plant species. Species that also occur on other Hawaiian islands may have critical habitat designated on those other islands in subsequent rulemakings.

The Island of Molokai

The island of Molokai, the fifth largest in the Hawaiian Islands chain, is approximately 61 kilometers (km) (38 miles (mi)) long, up to 17 km (10 mi) wide, and encompasses an area of about 688 square (sq) km (266 sq mi). Three shield volcanoes make up most of the land mass of Molokai: West Molokai Mountain, East Molokai Mountain, and a volcano that formed Kalaupapa Peninsula.

The taller and larger East Molokai Mountain rises 1,813 meters (m) (4,970 feet (ft)) above sea level and comprises roughly 50 percent of the island's area. Topographically, the windward (north) side of East Molokai differs from the leeward (south) side. Precipitous cliffs line the windward coast and deep valleys dissect the coastal area. The annual rainfall on the windward side is 200 to over 375 centimeters (cm) (75 to over 150 inches (in)), distributed throughout the year. The soils are poorly drained and high in organic matter. The gulches and valleys are usually very steep, but sometimes gently sloping. Much of the native vegetation on windward East Molokai is intact because of its relative inaccessibility to humans and animals, although destructive ungulates have begun to enter the area in recent years.

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Molokai

Bidens wiebkei
(kookoolau)

Bidens wiebkei,
a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a short-lived perennial herb, which is somewhat woody at the base and grows from 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall with opposite, pinnately compound leaves. This plant is distinguished from other
Bidens
species that grow on Molokai by its erect habit and the curved or twisted, winged achenes (Ganders and Nagata 1999, 57 FR 46325).

This species has been observed in flower during May. Little else is known about the life history of
Bidens wiebkei.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000, United States Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) 1996a).

Historically,
Bidens wiebkei
was known from Pelekunu and the easternmost section of Molokai at Halawa. It is found currently in Halawaiki Gulch, Lamaloa Gulch, and below Puu Kolekole on private lands. There are a total of 5 occurrences containing more than 200 individuals (Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

The currently known populations of
Bidens wiebkei
are scattered along slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha
(ohia) dominated mesic shrublands or dry or mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Leptechophylla tameiameiae
(pukiawe) lowland shrubland between 8 and 1,205 m (26 and 3,952 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant species include
Antidesma platyphyllum
(hame),
Dodonaea viscosa
(aalii),
Lysimachia
sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi),
Nestegis sandwicensis
(olopua),
Phyllanthus distichus
(pamakani mahu),
Pisonia
sp. (papala kepau),
Psydrax odorata
(alahee), or
Scaevola gaudichaudii
(naupaka kuahiwi) (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, Ganders and Nagata 1999, HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to
Bidens wiebkei
include habitat degradation and possible predation by axis deer (
Axis axis
) and feral goats (
Capra hircus
); competition with nonnative plants, such as
Melinus minutiflora
(molasses grass) and
Schinus terebinthifolius
(Christmas berry); fire; and damage by humans of those plants found along trails (HINHP Database 2000, 57 FR 46325).

Canavalia molokaiensis
(awikiwiki)

Canavalia molokaiensis,
a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a short-lived perennial climbing herb with twining branches and leaves made up of three lance-shaped or sometimes oval leaflets. The only species of this genus found on Molokai, this plant can be distinguished from others in the genus by its more narrow leaflets and its larger, rose-purple flowers (Wagner and Herbst 1999, 57 FR 46325).

This species has been observed in flower during May and December. Fruits and flowers were observed in March. Little else is known about the life history of
Canavalia molokaiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

Historically,
Canavalia molokaiensis
was known from East Molokai at Kalaupapa, Pelekunu, and farther south in Kahuaawi Gulch, and in the region of Manawai. It now has a more restricted range, from Kalaupapa to Waialeia, Kaunakakai, Pelekunu, and Kamakou. There are a total of 7 occurrences containing more than 50 plants on State lands, including lands managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park, and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

Canavalia molokaiensis
typically grows in exposed sites, both dry and mesic, on steep slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa
lowland shrubland and mesic shrublands between 271 and 1,140 m (889 and 3,739 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Artemisia
sp. (hinahina),
Chamaesyce
sp. (akoko),
Coprosma
sp. (pilo),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae,
or
Wikstroemia
sp. (akia) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species include habitat degradation by feral ungulates, such as feral goats and pigs (
Sus scrofa
), possible predation by feral goats, and competition with nonnative plants, such as
Melinis minutiflora
(Service 1996a).

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes
(oha wai)

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes,
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived perennial shrub or tree that reaches a height of 2 to 7 m (6.6 to 23 ft). This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the structure of its calyx and corolla, as well as by the lengths of the flower, the floral lobes, and the green hypanthium (base of flower). This subspecies differs from others of the species by the shape and length of its leaves, leaf stalks, and flower stalks (Lammers 1988, 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes
is known from five individuals on the privately owned land of the Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Pelekunu Preserve. The historical range of this subspecies is not known (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; Joel Lau, HINHP,
in litt.
2000).

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes
occurs in shallow soil on gulch slopes in the wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated forests between 776 and 1,508 m (2,545 and 4,946 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Broussaisia arguta
(kanawao),
Cheirodendron trigynum
(olapa),
Cibotium
spp. (hapuu),
Hedyotis terminalis
(manono), or
Melicope
sp. (alani) (HINHP Database 2000; Joel Lau, HINHP,
in litt.
2000).

The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation by feral pigs; possible predation on the fruit or plant parts by rats (
Rattus rattus
), as evidence on related species suggests; and random naturally occurring events that may cause the extinction of the entire species due to the very small number of individuals (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Cyanea dunbarii
(haha)

Cyanea dunbarii,
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived perennial, branched shrub 1.5 to 2 m (4.9 to 6.6 ft) tall with oval to broadly elliptic leaves that have irregularly lobed or cleft margins. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the lack of prickles on the stems and the irregularly lobed and cleft leaf margins (Lammers 1999).

Cyanea dunbarii
has been observed in flower, with immature fruit, in September. Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea dunbarii.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1998a).

Cyanea dunbarii
was collected in 1918 at Waihanau and Waialae Valleys, and was not observed again until 1992, when Joel Lau of HINHP found it in Mokomoko Gulch on State-owned land within Molokai Forest Reserve. Currently it is known from one occurrence of approximately 30 mature plants at an elevation of 671 m (2,200 ft) (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; 61 FR 53130; Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG),
in litt.
2000).

Cyanea dunbarii
occurs on a streambank in a mesic to wet
Dicranopteris linearis
(uluhe)-
Metrosideros polymorpha
lowland forest on moderate to steep slopes between 191 and 1,248 m (626 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated species include
Charpentiera obovata
(papala),
Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia kakeana
(ohawai),
Diplazium sandwichianum
(hoio),
Freycinetia arborea
(ieie),
Perrottetia sandwicensisr
(olomea), or
Pipturus albidus
(mamaki) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1998a).

The major threats to
Cyanea dunbarii
on Molokai are competition with the non-native plants
Buddleia asiatica
(butterfly bush),
Commelina diffusa
(honohono),
Erigeron karvinskianus
(daisy fleabane),
Kalanchoe pinnata
(air plant), or
Rubus rosifolius
(thimbleberry); catastrophic extinction by naturally occurring events, such as landslides or flooding; reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals; predation by rats as rats are known to be in the area and are known to eat stems and fruits of other species of
Cyanea;
and habitat degradation and predation by axis deer and pigs (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Service 1998a).

Cyanea mannii
(haha)

Cyanea mannii,
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a branched, short-lived perennial shrub 1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft) tall with narrowly elliptic or lance-shaped leaves. This species is distinguished from the seven other species of the genus on Molokai by a combination of the following characteristics: a branched, woody habit; leaves with small, hardened, marginal teeth; and a purplish corolla (Lammers 1999, 57 FR 46325).

Cyanea mannii
has been observed in flower during July. Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea mannii.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

Historically,
Cyanea mannii
was known only from Kalae on East Molokai. In 1984, a single plant was discovered by Joan Aidem on privately owned land west of Puu Kolekole on East Molokai. Since then, seven additional occurrences have been discovered in the east and west forks of Kawela Gulch on privately owned land on East Molokai and within the State's Molokai Forest Reserve. These 8 occurrences contain approximately 200 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; Service 1996a; Ken Wood, NTBG,
in litt.
2000).

This species typically grows on the sides of deep gulches in
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated montane mesic forests between 191 and 1,248 m (626 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Dicranopteris linearis, Vaccinium
sp. (ohelo), or
Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000, Lammers 1999, Service 1996a).

Threats to
Cyanea mannii
are habitat degradation by feral pigs; predation by rats, which may feed on the fruit or other parts of the plant, as suggested by

evidence from related species; and catastrophic extinction through naturally occurring events due to this species few occurrences and small number of individuals (Service 1996a).

Cyanea procera
(haha)

Cyanea procera,
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like, short-lived perennial tree 3 to 9 m (10 to 30 ft) tall. It has stalkless, lance-shaped leaves 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) long and 10 to 17 cm (3.9 to 6.7 in) wide with tiny hardened teeth along the margins. This species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by its growth habit, its stalkless leaves, and the single-lipped appearance of the corolla (Lammers 1999, 57 FR 46325).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea procera.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically,
Cyanea procera
was known only from an unspecified site in the Kamalo region of East Molokai. Currently, this species is found on private land and the State's Puu Alii Natural Area Reserve (NAR) with a total of 5 occurrences containing at least 10 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

Cyanea procera
is found on the walls of steep gulches in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated lowland mixed forests between 277 and 1,248 m (909 and 4,093 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Asplenium
spp. (no common name (NCN)),
Brousaissia arguta, Coprosma ochracea
(pilo),
Cyanea
spp. (haha),
Cyrtandra macrocalyx
(haiwale),
Dicranopteris linearis, Pipturus albidus, Pisonia
spp.,
Scaevola procera
(naupaka kuahiwi), or
Touchardia latifolia
(olona) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

Threats to
Cyanea procera
are predation by rats (as suggested by evidence on related species) and feral goats, habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs, habitat destruction through erosion, and catastrophic extinction from naturally occurring events due to the vulnerability of a few occurrences with a small number of individuals (57 FR 46325).

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus
(kokio keokeo)

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus,
a member of the hibiscus family (Malvaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree up to 3 m (10 ft) tall with alternate, oval, toothed leaves measuring 5 to 7 cm (2 to 2.8 in) long and 4 to 6.5 cm (1.6 to 2.6 in) wide. This subspecies is distinguished from other native Hawaiian members of the genus by its white petals and white staminal column (Bates 1999, 57 FR 46325).

This species was observed in flower during July. Little else is known about the life history of
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus
once ranged from Waihanau Valley east to Papalaua Valley on East Molokai. Currently this species is found west of Papalaua Valley on privately owned land and in the State's Olokui NAR above Waiehu. There are a total of 3 occurrences containing between 20 and 30 individuals (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus
individuals are scattered along steep sea cliffs in mesic forests between 8 and 1,014 m (26 and 3,326 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include
Athyrium
spp. (akolea),
Cyanea grimesiana
(haha),
Antidesma platyphyllum, Boehmeria grandis
(akolea),
Diospyros sandwicensis
(lama),
Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus
spp. (mamaki),
Psydrax odorata,
or
Urera glabra
(opuhe) (Bates 1999, HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to
Hibiscus arnottianus
spp.
immaculatus
are habitat destruction by feral goats and catastrophic extinction by naturally occurring events due to the vulnerability of the three occurrences and few individuals (Service 1996a).

Labordia triflora
(kamakahala)

Labordia triflora,
a short-lived perennial member of the logan family (Loganiaceae), is similar to
L. tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis,
except in the following characteristics: The stems of
L. triflora
are climbing; the leaf stalks are only 1 to 3 millimeters (mm) (0.04 to 0.1 in) long; inflorescence stalks are 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2 in) long; and each flower stalk is 10 to 25 mm (0.4 to 1 in) long (Motley 1995).

The flowers of this species are functionally unisexual. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Motley 1995, HINHP Database 2000).

Until 1990,
Labordia triflora
was known only from the type collection at Mapulehu and was believed to be extinct. In 1990, Joel Lau rediscovered the species in Kua Gulch on Molokai. Currently, only 10 individuals are known from one occurrence on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Motley 1995).

This species occurs on gulch slopes in mixed mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
forest, between 191 and 1,143 m (626 and 3,749 ft) in elevation. Associated species include
Coprosma
sp.,
Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea lau nui),
Nephrolepis exaltata
(sword fern),
Pouteria sandwicensis
(alaa),
Sadleria cyatheoides
(amau), or
Tetraplasandra hawaiensis
(ohe ohe) (Motley 1995; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

The threats to
Labordia triflora
include habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs and goats; predation by rats that eat seeds; competition with the non-native plant species
Schinus terebinthifolius;
catastrophic extinction through environmental events; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the species' few occurrences and small number of individuals (Motley 1995, 64 FR 48307).

Lysimachia Maxima
(NCN)

Lysimachia maxima
, a member of the primrose family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, short-lived perennial shrub with reddish-brown bark. This species is differentiated from others in this genus by the leaves borne in groups of 3, the broadest portion of the leaf located above the middle, and rusty hairs that disappear with maturity (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Flowers, buds, and immature fruit of
Lysimachia maxima
have been observed in late May through July. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a, 61 FR 53130).

Lysimachia maxima
is only known from one occurrence containing between 45 and 50 individuals on the rim of Pelekunu Valley near Ohialele, on the privately owned land of TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

This species occurs in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
montane wet forest between 446 and 1,329 m (1,463 and 4,359 ft) in elevation. Associated species include
Dubautia
sp. (naenae),
Hedyotis
sp. (NCN),
Ilex anomala
(kawau),
Psychotria
sp. (kopiko), or
Vaccinium
sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to
Lysimachia maxima
are catastrophic extinction from random environmental events (
e.g.
, landslides); reduced reproductive vigor

due to the small number of individuals in the only known occurrence; and habitat degradation and/or predation by feral pigs and goats that are known from adjacent areas (Service 1998a).

Melicope reflexa
(alani)

Melicope reflexa
, a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 10 ft) tall with short, yellowish-brown, short-lived hairs on new growth. Opposite leaves with leaf stalks usually over 1 cm (0.4 in) long, larger leaves and fruit, and partially fused sections of the capsule (fruit) separate it from other species of the genus (Stone
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically,
Melicope reflexa
occurred from a ridge between Hanalilolilo and Pepeopae to as far east as Halawa on East Molokai. The 3 remaining occurrences of fewer than a total of 1,000 individuals are on State and private lands in Honomuni, the Wailau-Mapulehu summit area, and Kukuinui Ridge in Wailau Valley (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

Melicope reflexa
typically grows in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated forest with native trees, such as
Cheirodendron
sp. (olapa), at elevations between 319 and 1,508 m (1,046 and 4,946 ft). Associated native plant species include
Antidesma platyphyllum
,
Alyxia oliviformis
(maile),
Cheirodendron trigynum
,
Cibotium
spp.,
Dicranopteris linearis
,
Freycinetia arborea
, or
Syzygium sandwicensis
(ohia ha) (Stone
et al.
1999; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Major threats to
Melicope reflexa
include habitat degradation and predation by ungulates (axis deer and feral pigs); competition with the non-native plant
Clidemia hirta
(Koster's curse); and catastrophic extinction from environmental events due to this species' few occurrences and small number of individuals (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Pritchardia munroi
(loulu)

Pritchardia munroi
, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree about 4 to 5 m (13 to 16 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply divided into segments with long, drooping tips. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its relatively smooth leaves; the grayish-brown hair on the inflorescence stalks, which are shorter than the petioles (leaf stalks); and the small size of the fruits (Read and Hodel 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically and currently,
Pritchardia munroi
is found in leeward East Molokai, above Kamalo, near Kapuaokoolau Gulch. The only known wild individual is found on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000, Read and Hodel 1999).

The only known wild individual grows near the base of a small ravine in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
-
Dodonaea viscosa-Leptechophylla tameiameiae
shrubland at elevations between 189 and 1,205 m (619 and 3,952 ft). Associated plant species include
Bidens menziesii
(kookoolau),
Coprosma
sp.,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Dubautia linearis
(naenae),
Pleomele auwahiensis
(hala pepe),
Pseudognaphalium sandwicensium
(enaena),
Sida fallax
(ilima), or
Wikstroemia
sp. (Read and Hodel 1999; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Threats to the only known wild individual of
Pritchardia munroi
include habitat degradation by ungulates (axis deer, goats, or pigs) around its fenced exclosure, which prevents the establishment of seedlings; predation of seeds by rats; and catastrophic extinction by random environmental events (
e.g.
, fire) due to its extreme rarity (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Schiedea lydgatei
(NCN)

Schiedea lydgatei
, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a low, hairless short-lived perennial with branched stems 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 in) long that are woody at the base. The opposite, thin, three-veined leaves with petioles and the smooth, open flower clusters with relatively larger, green sepals separate this species from other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus (Wagner
et al.
1999).

This species has been observed with flowers and fruit in June. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

Historically,
Schiedea lydgatei
was found in Kalae, Poholua, Makolelau, and Ohia Gulch on East Molokai. This species is now known from 4 occurrences in a more restricted area in Makakupaia, Kawela, and Makolelau. The 4 occurrences total more than 1,000 individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found along ridges in dry to mesic grassland, shrubland, and forest with scattered native trees. It ranges in elevation between 458 and 1,047 m (1,502 and 3,434 ft). Associated plant species include
Dicranopteris linearis
,
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
, or
Metrosideros polymorpha
(Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, HINHP Database 2000, Wagner
et al.
1999).

The major threats to
Schiedea lydgatei
are habitat degradation by feral ungulates; competition with the non-native plant species
Melinus minutiflora
; and catastrophic extinction due to random environmental events, primarily fire, because in this species' dry, windswept habitat a single fire could potentially destroy a large part of the occurrence (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Schiedea sarmentosa
(NCN)

Schiedea sarmentosa
, a short-lived perennial herb of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a many-branched shrub. The opposite leaves are slender, threadlike, and covered with dense, glandular hairs. The flowers are female on some plants and bisexual on others. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its densely bushy habit, leaf width, hairiness, and staminode (false stamen) length (Wagner
et al.
1999).

The population in Makolelau Gulch has a frequency of 31 percent female plants. Based on analyses of pollen-ovule ratios, pollen size, inflorescence structure, and comparison to other
Schiedea
species tested in a wind tunnel,
Schiedea sarmentosa
could be wind-pollinated. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Schiedea sarmentosa
has been found in Kawela Gulch, Makolelau, and Onini Gulch. Currently, only five occurrences are known to be extant on private lands. Estimates of the total number of individuals have ranged to over 1,000. An accurate count is difficult because this species grows interspersed with
Schiedea lydgatei
(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1998a).

Schiedea sarmentosa
is typically found on steep or gentle to moderate slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha
-
Dodonaea viscosa
lowland dry or mesic shrubland, or dry to mesic forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha
and/or
Diospyros sandwicensis
, at elevations between 316 and 1,072 m (1,036 and 3,516 ft). Associated species include
Alyxia oliviformis
,
Bidens menziesii
,
Carex meyenii
(NCN),

Chamaesyce
sp.,
Chenopodium oahuense
(aheahea),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
,
Lipochaeta rockii
(nehe),
Nestegis sandwicensis
,
Nothocestrum latifolium
(aiea),
Pleomele auwahiensis
,
Sida fallax
, or
Sophora chrysophylla
(mamane) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Major threats to
Schiedea sarmentosa
include habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs, competition by the non-native plants
Melinis minutiflora
and
Ricinus communis
(castor bean), and fire. The species is also threatened by a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events due to the low number of occurrences (Service 1998a, 61 FR 53130).

Silene alexandri
(NCN)

Silene alexandri
, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an erect, short-lived perennial herb, 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) tall, and woody at the base. The narrow, elliptic leaves are hairless except for a fringe along the margins. Flowers are arranged in open clusters on stalks. The hairless stems, flowering stalks, and sepals and the larger flowers with white petals separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically,
Silene alexandri
was known from Makolelau and Kamalo on East Molokai. Recently, the single known occurrence, comprised of fewer than 10 individuals, was reported to be extirpated in the wild. However, individuals remain in cultivation (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Steve Perlman, NTBG, pers. comm., 2001).

The only known occurrence was found on moderate to steep slopes or cliffs in dry forest at an elevation between 316 and 1,073 m (1,036 and 3,519 ft). Associated plant species include
Bidens menziesii
,
Carex wahuensis
(NCN),
Diospyros sandwicensis
,
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
, or
Schiedea
spp. (J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Threats to
Silene alexandri
include habitat degradation by feral goats, possible predation by goats and cattle (
Bos taurus
), and catastrophic extinction through random environmental events, of which the most serious is fire (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Stenogyne bifida
(NCN)

Stenogyne bifida
, a nonaromatic member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing, short-lived perennial herb, with smooth or slightly hairy, four-angled stems. The long, narrow calyx teeth and the deep lobe in the upper lip of the yellow corolla separate this species from others of the genus (Weller and Sakai 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically,
Stenogyne bifida
was known from scattered occurrences from Waianui in central Molokai to Pukoo Ridge on East Molokai. This species is now known from only 5 East Molokai occurrences totaling fewer than 10 individuals on Manawai-Kahananui Ridge on private lands; on Kolo Ridge, at Kamoku Flats; and on the east fork of Kawela Gulch on the privately owned land of TNCH's Pelekunu Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

Stenogyne bifida
typically grows on gulch slopes in
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated montane mesic to wet forest with native species such as
Broussaisia arguta
,
Cheirodendron trigynum
,
Cibotium
sp.,
Cyanea
sp.,
Dicranopteris linearis
,
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Hedyotis hillebrandii
(manono),
Hedyotis
sp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
,
Pipturus albidus
,
Pouteria sandwicensis
,
Psychotria
sp.,
Vaccinium
sp., or
Wikstroemia
sp. at elevations between 336 and 1,300 m (1,102 and 4,264 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996a; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

The most pervasive threat to this species is habitat degradation by ungulates (axis deer, goats, and pigs) (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Tetramolopium rockii
(NCN)

Tetramolopium rockii
, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a glandular, hairy, prostrate short-lived perennial shrub that forms complexly branching mats. The species has been divided into two varieties in the most recent treatment of this genus in Hawaii. Leaves of
T. rockii
var.
calcisabulorum
have slightly inrolled edges and are whitish due to the long silky hairs on their surfaces, whereas var.
rockii
has smaller, less hairy, flat, yellowish-green leaves. This species differs from others of the genus by its growth habit, its hairy and glandular surfaces, its spatulate leaf shape, and its yellow disk florets (Lowrey 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Of the two recognized varieties of
Tetramolopium rockii
, var.
rockii
was first discovered at Moomomi about 80 years ago and is still extant in that area.
Tetramolopium rockii
var.
rockii
is found in four areas from Kalawao to Kahinaakalani, Keieho Point to Kapalauoa, and Moomomi to Kahinaakalani.
Tetramolopium rockii
var.
calcisabulorum
is only reported from Keieho Point to Kapalauoa, intergrading with var.
rockii
where their ranges overlap. The total number of individuals of both varieties in the 4 occurrences is estimated to be 174,000; they are located on State lands, including land managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park, and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

Tetramolopium rockii
is restricted to hardened calcareous sand dunes or ash-covered basalt in the coastal spray zone or coastal dry shrubland and grassland between sea level and 199 m (0 and 653 ft) in elevation. Native plant species associated with this species include
Diospyros sandwicensis
,
Fimbristylis cymosa
(mauu akiaki),
Heliotropium anomalum
(hinahina),
Melanthera integrifolia
,
Metrosideros polymorpha
,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
(ulei),
Pouteria sandwicensis
,
Psydrax odorata
,
Scaevola
sp. (naupaka),
Sida fallax
, or
Sporobolus virginicus
(akiaki) (HINHP Database 2000, Lowrey 1999, Service 1996a).

The major threats to
Tetramolopium rockii
are habitat degradation by ungulate (axis deer and cattle) activity and human recreation, competition with the non-native plant
Prosopis pallida
(kiawe), and catastrophic extinction due to fire (57 FR 46325).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens
(pendant kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens
, a short-lived perennial member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground) fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (leaflet) margins, by the pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori (a cluster of spore cases) on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989, Service 1999a).

Little is known about the life history of
Adenophorus periens
, which seems to grow only in dense closed-canopy forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores (minute, reproductive dispersal unit of ferns) are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or

insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate that their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989, Service 1999a).

Historically,
Adenophorus periens
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, East Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is found in a single occurrence containing seven individuals on private land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Adenophorus periens
is an epiphyte usually growing on
Metrosideros polymorpha
trunks, and is found in
Metrosideros polymorpha
-
Myrsine lessertiana
forest at elevations between 811 and 1,508 m (2,660 and 4,946 ft). It is found in habitats of well-developed, closed canopy providing deep shade and high humidity. Associated native species include
Anoectochilus sandvicensis
(jewel orchid),
Broussaisia arguta
,
Cheirodendron trigynum
,
Cibotium glaucum
(hapuu),
Coprosma ochracea
,
Cyanea
sp.,
Cyrtandra
sp. (haiwale),
Dicranopteris linearis
,
Freycinetia arborea
,
Hedyotis terminalis
,
Ilex anomala
,
Labordia hirtella
(NCN),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
,
Machaerina angustifolia
(uki),
Melicope
sp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Stenogyne kamehamehae
(NCN),
Syzygium sandwicensis
,
Vaccinium calycinum
(ohelo), or
Viola chamissoniana
ssp.
robusta
(pamakani) (HINHP Database 2000, Linney 1989, Service 1999a).

The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with the non-native plant
Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

Alectryon macrococcus
(mahoe)

Alectryon macrococcus
, a long-lived perennial member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties,
macrococcus
and
auwahiensis
, both of which are trees with reddish-brown branches and leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs only when young in
A. macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
and whether young or mature (persistent) in
A. macrococcus
var.
auwahiensis
(only found on East Maui). The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.3 cm (0.9 in) or more in diameter (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Alectryon macrococcus
is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows in xeric (dry) to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997).

Historically and currently,
Alectryon macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Molokai. On Molokai, it is found on private land, along the Puu Kolekole jeep road, Kaunakakai Gulch, and Kamiloloa Gulch in a total of six occurrences containing nine individuals on State and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Alectryon macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
typically grows on talus slopes or in gulches within dry or mesic lowland forest between elevations of 534 and 1,120 m (1,751 and 3,674 ft). Associated native plants include
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Lipochaeta
sp. (nehe),
Myrsine
sp. (kolea),
Nestegis sandwicensis
,
Nothocestrum
sp. (aiea),
Pleomele
sp. (halapepe),
Psychotria
sp., or
Streblus pendulina
(aiai) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1997, Wagner
et al.
1999).

The threats to
Alectryon macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
on Molokai include habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs; competition from non-native plant species, such as
Melinus minutiflora
,
Pennisetum clandestinum
(kikuyu grass),
Psidium cattleianum
, or
Schinus terebinthifolius
; damage from the black twig borer (
Xylosandrus compactus
); seed predation by rats, mice (
Mus domesticus
), and insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran (small caterpillar)
Prays
cf.
fulvocanella
); loss of pollinators; and catastrophic extinction through a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance (
e.g.
, fire) due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution on Molokai (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1997, 57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii
(NCN)

Bonamia menziesii,
a member of the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Bonamia menziesii.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Bonamia menziesii
was known from Kauai, the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1918 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Bonamia menziesii
on Molokai.

Nothing is known of the threats to
Bonamia menziesii
on Molokai.

Brighamia rockii
(pua ala)

Brighamia rockii,
a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched plant with a succulent stem that is bulbous at the bottom and tapers toward the top, ending in a compact rosette of fleshy leaves. This species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx (sepal) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).

Observations of
Brighamia rockii
by Gemmill (1996) have provided the following information: The reproductive system is protandrous, meaning male flower parts are produced before female parts, in this case, separated by several days; only five percent of the flowers produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants have been known to flower at nine months of age. This species has been observed in flower during August. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

Historically,
Brighamia rockii
ranged along the northern coast of East Molokai from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may possibly have grown on Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is only extant on Molokai in a total of 5 occurrences with between 121 and 131 individual plants occurring on State and privately owned lands. It occurs on steep, inaccessible sea cliffs along East Molokai's northern coastline from Anapuhi Beach to Wailau Valley on private lands, and on the relatively inaccessible State-owned sea stack of Huelo, east of Anapuhi Beach (GDSI

2000; HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; K. Wood,
in litt.
2000).

On Molokai,
Brighamia rockii
is found in rock crevices on steep basalt sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, in coastal dry or mesic forest,
Eragrostis variabilis
(kawelu) mixed coastal cliff communities or shrubland, or
Pritchardia
sp. (loulu) coastal mesic forest between sea level and 671 m (0 and 2,201 ft) in elevation. Associated native species include
Artemisia
sp.,
Bidens
sp. (kookoolau),
Carex wahuensis
ssp.
wahuensis
(NCN),
Chamaesyce celastroides
var.
amplectans
(akoko),
Cocculus orbiculatus
(huehue),
Cyperus phleoides
ssp.
phleoides
(NCN),
Cyrtomium falcatum
(ahina kuahiwi),
Dianella sandwicensis
(ukiuki),
Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis littoralis
(NCN),
Lepidium bidentatum
var.
o-waihiense
(anaunau),
Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Pandanus tectorius
(hala),
Peucedanum sandwicensis
(makou),
Phymatosorus grossus
(lauae),
Pittosporum halophilum
(hoawa),
Pritchardia hillebrandii
(loulu),
Psydrax odorata, Reynoldsia sandwicensis
(ohe),
Scaevola sericea
(naupaka kahakai),
Schiedea globosa
(NCN),
Senna gaudichaudii
(kolomona),
Tetramolopium
spp., or
Wikstroemia uva-ursi
(akia) (HINHP Database 2000; Lammers 1999; K. Wood,
in litt.
2000).

The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation (and possibly predation) by axis deer and goats; competition with the non-native plants
Cyperus gracilis
(McCoy grass),
Digitaria ciliaris
(Henry's crabgrass),
Digitaria insularis
(sourgrass),
Ficus microcarpa
(Chinese banyan),
Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara
(lantana),
Oxalis corniculata
(yellow wood sorrel),
Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush),
Portulaca oleracea
(pigweed), and
Solanum seaforthianum
(NCN); seed predation by rats; and lack of pollinators (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Centaurium sebaeoides
(awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides,
a member of the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from
Centaurium erythraea
(bitter herb), which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides
has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Occurrences are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains. This species appears to be an annual; triggered by declining photo-period, the plant produces seeds and dies. Medeiros
et al.
(1999) noted that in the wild, seedlings first appeared in March and April; flowers first appeared in April and May; mature capsules were observed beginning in May and continuing through June; and by the first week of July, most plants were dead. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995a).

Historically and currently,
Centaurium sebaeoides
is known from scattered localities on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently on Molokai, there are a total of two occurences containing thousands of individuals, near Mokio Point on privately owned land and in Kalaupapa National Historical Park on State-owned land managed by the National Park Service (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wagner
et al.
1999; Chuck Chimera, U.S. Geological Survey, pers. comm., 2000).

On Molokai,
Centaurium sebaeoides
grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in arid coastal areas at elevations between sea level and 409 m (0 and 1,341 ft). Associated species include
Artemisia
sp.,
Bidens
sp.,
Chamaesyce celastroides
(akoko),
Cyperus phleoides
(NCN),
Dodonaea viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, Heteropogon contortus
(pili grass),
Jacquemontia ovalifolia
(pauohiiaka),
Lipochaeta heterophylla
(nehe),
Lipochaeta succulenta
(nehe),
Lycium sandwicense
(ohelo kai),
Lysimachia mauritiana
(kolokolo kuahiwi),
Melanthera integrifolia, Panicum fauriei
(NCN),
Panicum torridum
(kakonakona),
Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax,
or
Wikstroemia uva-ursi
(Medeiros
et al.
1999, Wagner
et al.
1999, 56 FR 55770).

The major threats to this species on Molokai are displacement by non-native, woody species, such as
Casuarina equisetifolia
(paina),
Casuarina glauca
(saltmarsh),
Leucaena leucocephala
(koa haole),
Prosopis pallida, Schinus terebinthifolius, Syzygium cumini
(Java plum), and
Tournefortia argentea
(tree heliotrope); trampling and habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; and damage caused by off-road vehicles (Medeiros
et al.
1999).

Ctenitis squamigera
(pauoa)

Ctenitis squamigera
is a short-lived perennial in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk.
Ctenitis squamigera
can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of
Ctenitis
by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its fronds (Degener and Degener 1957, Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b).

Historically,
Ctenitis squamigera
was recorded from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. It is currently found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. There is currently a single occurrence with 20 individuals on the island of Molokai in Wawaia Gulch on privately owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau,
in litt.
2000).

On Molokai,
Ctenitis squamigera
is found in mesic forest and gulch slopes between elevations of 757 and 1,133 m (2,483 and 3,716 ft). Associated native plant taxa include
Carex meyenii, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dryopteris unidentata
(NCN),
Metrosideros polymorpha, Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Pouteria sandwicensis,
or
Xylosma hawaiiense
(maua) (Service 1998b; 59 FR 49025; J. Lau,
in litt.
2000).

The primary threats to
Ctenitis squamigera
are habitat degradation by goats and competition with the non-native plants
Melinis minutiflora
and
Schinus terebinthifolius
(Service 1998b; 59 FR 49025; J. Lau,
in litt.
2000).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
(haha)

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana,
a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. On Molokai, flowering plants have been observed in July and August. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically and currently,
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Molokai, it is found in a total of two occurrences containing seven individuals in Wailau, Puu Kahea and Olokui NAR on State-owned lands

(GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).

On Molokai,
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha
or
M. polymorpha
and
Acacia koa
(koa), or on cliffs, at elevations between 93 and 1,354 m (305 and 4,441 ft). Associated plants include
Antidesma
sp. (hame),
Bobea
sp. (ahakea),
Cibotium
sp.,
Cyrtandra
sp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Doodia
sp. (okupukupu lauii),
Freycinetia arborea, Nephrolepis
sp. (kupukupu),
Psychotria
sp.,
Syzygium sandwicensis,
or
Xylosma
sp. (maua) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Molokai are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by axis deer, feral goats, and pigs; competition with various non-native plants, such as
Clidemia hirta;
catastrophic extinction by randomly naturally occurring events (
e.g.
, fire, landslides) due to the small number of existing individuals; trampling by hikers; seed predation by rats; and predation by various species of slugs (
Milax
spp.) (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).

Cyperus trachysanthos
(puukaa)

Cyperus trachysanthos,
a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome (underground stem). The culms (aerial stems) are densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes (floral bracts), and the length of the culms (Koyama 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyperus trachysanthos.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Cyperus trachysanthos
was known from Niihau, Kauai, and scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. This species is now extant on Niihau, Kauai, and Oahu. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Maunaloa by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat or native species associated with
Cyperus trachysanthos
on Molokai.

Nothing is known of the threats to
Cyperus trachysanthos
on Molokai.

Diellia erecta
(asplenium-leaved diellia)

Diellia erecta,
a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having larger brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate sori along both margins of the pinna, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950, Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Diellia erecta
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, it is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Molokai, it is known from a total of 4 occurrences containing at least 10 individuals in Halawa Valley, Kahuaawi Gulch, Makolelau, and Onini Gulch on privately owned lands (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999a; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999).

On Molokai,
Diellia erecta
is found in mixed mesic forest and mesic
Diospyros sandwicensis
forest between elevations of 716 and 1,133 m (2,348 and 3,716 ft). Associated native plant species include
Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea
sp.,
Coprosma foliosa
(pilo),
Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Dubautia linearis
ssp.
opposita
(naenae),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine
sp.,
Ochrosia compta
(holei),
Pleomele auwahiensis, Psychotria
sp.,
Sophora chrysophylla, Syzygium sandwicensis,
or
Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999).

The major threats to
Diellia erecta
on Molokai are habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with the non-native plant species
Blechnum occidentale
(NCN),
Fraxinus uhdei
(tropical ash),
Melinus minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum,
and
Ricinus communis;
catastrophic extinction due to random naturally occurring events; and reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1999a; 59 FR 56333).

Diplazium molokaiense
(NCN)

Diplazium molokaiense,
a short-lived fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome, and green or straw colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of
Diplazium
on the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characters, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of
Diplazium molokaiense.
Reproductive cycles, dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors for
Diplazium molokaiense
are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,
Diplazium molokaiense
was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species is known only from Maui. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Kaluaaha Valley by C. N. Forbes (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Diplazium molokaiense
was found on steep, rocky, wooded gulch walls in wet forests between elevations of 97 and 1,349 m (318 and 4,425 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

There is no information on threats that may affect
Diplazium molokaiense
on Molokai (Service 1998a).

Eugenia koolauensis
(nioi)

Eugenia koolauensis,
a member of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is a long-lived perennial tree or shrub between 2 and 7 m (7 and 23 ft) tall with branch tips covered with dense brown hairs.
Eugenia koolauensis
differs from the other species in the genus in having leaves that are densely hairy on the lower surface and leaf margins that curve under the leaves (Wagner
et al.
1999).

This species has been observed in flower from February to December in various years. No other information exists on its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1998b).

Historically,
Eugenia koolauensis
was known from Maunaloa on western Molokai and from Oahu. Currently, this species is extant on Oahu. It was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from the west end of the island by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Eugenia koolauensis
was found in rocky gulches or on gentle slopes with deep soil between 475 and 992 m (1,558 and 3,254 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis
(wiliwili),
Nesoluma polynesicum, Nestegis sandwicensis, Nototrichium sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis,
or
Xylosma hawaiiense
(J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Information on threats that may affect
Eugenia koolauensis
on Molokai is unknown.

Flueggea neowawraea
(mehamehame)

Flueggea neowawraea,
a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 2 m (7 ft) in diameter with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is usually dioecious (having separate male and female plants) and is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii. It can be distinguished from other Hawaiian species in the family by its hairless whitish lower leaf surfaces and round fruits (Hayden 1999, Service 1999).

Individual trees of
Flueggea neowawraea
bear only male or female flowers and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Hayden 1999, Service 1999a).

Historically,
Flueggea neowawraea
was known from Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is found on Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1931 from Waihii by G. W. Russ (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Flueggea neowawraea
occurred in gulches in mesic forest between 450 and 840 m (1,476 and 2,755 ft) in elevation (J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Information on threats that may affect
Flueggea neowawraea
on Molokai is unknown.

Hedyotis mannii
(pilo)

Hedyotis mannii,
a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a short-lived perennial with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or -winged. This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems; the shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically and currently,
Hedyotis mannii
is found on Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai. After an absence of 50 years, this species was rediscovered on Molokai in 1987 by Steve Perlman on private land in Kawela Gulch in TNCH's Kamakou Preserve. Only one occurrence of five plants is known to exist in this area (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Hedyotis mannii
grows on dark, narrow, rocky gulch walls in mesic and perhaps wet forests at 593 to 1,212 m (1,945 to 3,975 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Cibotium
sp.,
Cyanea
sp.,
Pipturus
sp.,
Psychotria
sp., or
Scaevola
sp. (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a, Wagner
et al.
1999).

The threats to
Hedyotis mannii
on Molokai are habitat degradation by feral pigs; competition with the non-native plant
Melinis minutiflora;
and catastrophic extinction through random environmental events to which the limited number of individuals are extremely vulnerable (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Hesperomannia arborescens
(NCN)

Hesperomannia arborescens,
a long-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other
Hesperomannia
species in having the following combination of characters: Erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner
et al.
1999).

This species has been observed in flower from April through June and in fruit during March and June. No other information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors (Service 1998c).

Hesperomannia arborescens
was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Molokai, one occurrence of three individuals is known from private land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Hesperomannia arborescens
is found on slopes or ridges in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
lowland forest or mesic
Diospyros sandwicensis-M. polymorpha
lowland forest transition zones between 175 and 959 m (574 and 3,146 ft) in elevation. Associated native species include
Antidesma
sp.,
Boehmeria grandis, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron
sp.,
Cibotium glaucum, Clermontia pallida
(oha wai),
Coprosma
sp.,
Cyrtandra
sp.,
Diplopterygium pinnatum
(uluhe lau nui),
Elaphoglossum
sp. (ekaha),
Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis
sp.,
Ilex anomala, Myrsine
sp.,
Nephrolepis exaltata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus
sp.,
Psychotria mauiensis
(kopiko),
Smilax melastomifolia
(hoi kuahiwi),
Thelypteris
sp. (palapalaia),
Urera glabra,
or
Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to
Hesperomannia arborescens
on Molokai are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and humans; competition with non-native plants, such as
Clidemia hirta, Kalanchoe pinnata,
and
Rubus rosifolius;
and catastrophic extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor resulting from this species' limited numbers (HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 14482).

Hibiscus brackenridgei
(mao hau hele)

Hibiscus brackenridgei,
a short-lived perennial member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: Yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules (leaf bracts) that fall off, leaving an elliptical scar. Three subspecies of
Hibiscus brackenridgei
are now recognized: ssp.
brackenridgei, molokaiana,
and
mokuleianus.
Subspecies
molokaiana
was found on the island of Molokai. At the time when we listed this species in 1994, only two subspecies,
brackenridgei
and
mokuleianus,
were recognized. Subsequent to the final rule listing this species in 1994, we became aware of Wilson's (1993) taxonomic treatment of this group, in which
Hibiscus brackenridgei
var.
molokaiana
was changed to subspecies status and recognized as distinct from
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
brackenridgei.
Wilson's (1993) treatment is cited in the supplement in the revised edition of the “Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii” as the basis for recognizing
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
molokaiana.
We will address this name change in a future
Federal Register
document (Bates 1999, HINHP Database 2000, Wagner
et al.
1999, Wilson 1993).

Hibiscus brackenridgei
is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
molokaiana
was known from Molokai and is currently found on Oahu. This subspecies was last collected on Molokai in 1920 from Laau

Point by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
molokaiana
occurred on slopes in lowland dry forest and shrubland from 11 to 467 m (36 to 1,531 ft) in elevation (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Information on threats that may affect
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
molokaiana
on Molokai is unknown (Service 1999a).

Ischaemum byrone
(Hilo ischaemum)

Ischaemum byrone,
a member of the grass family (Poaceae), is a short-lived perennial species with creeping underground and erect stems.
Ischaemum byrone
can be distinguished from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic flower units, which are awned and two-flowered, and a two-or three-tiered inflorescence (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b).

Ischaemum byrone
was historically distributed on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. Currently, this species is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. On Molokai, there are a total of 2 occurrences containing between 100 and 1,000 individuals located in Wailau Valley and the eastern edge of Kikipua on privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 10305).

On Molokai,
Ischaemum byrone
is found in coastal dry shrubland or
Artemisia
sp. cliff communities, near the ocean, among rocks or on basalt cliffs or talus slopes, at elevations between sea level and 238 m (0 and 781 ft). Associated taxa include
Bidens molokaiensis
(NCN),
Fimbristylis cymosa, Hedyotis littoralis, Lysimachia mauritiana,
or
Pandanus tectorius
(hala) (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999, HINHP Database 2000, O'Connor 1999).

The threats to
Ischaemum byrone
on Molokai are competition by non-native grasses, particularly
Digitaria ciliaris;
predation by goats and axis deer; and elimination and degradation of habitat through fire and residential development (Service 1996b).

Isodendrion pyrifolium
(wahine noho kula)

Isodendrion pyrifolium,
a short-lived perennial member of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub. It is distinguished from other taxa in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner
et al.
1999).

During periods of drought, this species drops all but the newest leaves. After sufficient rain, the plants produce flowers with seeds ripening one to two months later. No further information is available on flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (Service 1996c).

Isodendrion pyrifolium
was known historically from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, Niihau, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently, this species is only extant on the island of Hawaii. It was last collected on Molokai in the 1800s (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Isodendrion pyrifolium
was found in dry shrublands at low elevations between 69 and 422 m (226 and 1,384 ft). Associated native plant species included
Bidens menziesii, Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon contortus,
or
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
(HINHP Database 2000; Wagner
et al.
1999; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Information on threats that may have affected
Isodendrion pyrifolium
on Molokai is unknown (Service 1996a).

Mariscus fauriei
(NCN)

Mariscus fauriei,
a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) tall. This species differs from others in the genus in Hawaii by its smaller size and its narrower, flattened, and more spreading spikelets (flower clusters) (Koyama 1999, 59 FR 56333).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b).

Historically,
Mariscus fauriei
was found on east Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii Island. This species is no longer extant on Lanai. Currently on Molokai, there is one occurrence with 20 to 30 plants above Kamiloloa on State-owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Mariscus fauriei
typically grows in
Diospyros sandwicensis
-dominated lowland dry forests, often on a lava substrate, at elevations between 436 and 1,120 m (1,430 and 3,673 ft). Associated species include
Peperomia
sp. (ala ala wai nui),
Psydrax odorata,
or
Rauvolfia sandwicensis
(hao) (HINHP Database 2000, Koyama 1999).

The threats to
Mariscus fauriei
on Molokai include predation and habitat degradation by feral goats and axis deer. Because there is only one known occurrence on Molokai, the species is also threatened by the risk of extinction through random environmental events and through reduced reproductive vigor (Service 1996b, 59 FR 56333).

Marsilea villosa
(ihiihi)

Marsilea villosa,
a member of the marsilea family (Marsileaceae), is a short-lived perennial aquatic to semi-aquatic fern, similar in appearance to a four-leaved clover. The leaves are borne in pairs along a thin rhizome. A hard sporocarp (hard-walled case containing male and female spores) is borne at the base of a leaf pair. The plant occurs either in scattered clumps or as a dense interwoven mat, depending on the competition with other species for limited habitat resources. The species is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii and is closely related to
Marsilea vestita
(NCN) of the western coast of the United States (Service 1996c).

Marsilea villosa
requires periodic flooding for spore release and fertilization, then a decrease in water level for the young plants to establish, and finally dry soil for sporocarps to mature. Shading reduces the vigor of
Marsilea villosa.
No other life history information is known for this species (Service 1996c).

Marsilea villosa
was known historically from Oahu, Molokai, and Niihau. Currently, it is found only on Oahu and Molokai. On Molokai, there are four occurrences with an unspecified number of individuals located at Kamaka ipo, Ilio Point, Kaiehu Point, and from Kaeo to Mokio on State- and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Marsilea villosa
typically occurs in shallow depressions in clay soil or lithified sand dunes overlain with alluvial clay. All reported populations occur at elevations between 125 and 172 m (410 and 564 ft). While
Marsilea villosa
can withstand minimal shading, it appears most vigorous growing in open areas. The associated native vegetation with
Marsilea villosa
on Molokai includes
Centaurium sebaeoides, Heteropogon contortus, Schiedea globosa, Sida fallax, Tetramolopium sylvae
(pamakani), or
Waltheria indica
(uhaloa) (Service 1996c).

The threats to
Marsilea villosa
on Molokai are the destruction of natural hydrology; encroachment and competition from naturalized, non-native plants such as
Cenchrus ciliaris
(buffelgrass),
Chamaecrista nictitans

(partridge pea),
Digitaria insularis, Lantana camara,
and
Prosopis pallida;
damage by off-road vehicles or by grazing cattle and axis deer; habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation through development, fire, and trampling by humans and introduced mammals; and catastrophic extinction from random environmental events and from reduced reproductive vigor due to few occurrences and small occurrence sizes (Service 1996c, 57 FR 27863).

Melicope mucronulata
(alani)

Melicope mucronulata,
a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small tree up to 13 ft (4 m) tall with oval to elliptic-oval leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the growth habit, the number of flowers in each flower cluster, the size and shape of the fruit, and the degree of hairiness of the leaves and fruit walls (Stone
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997).

First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, East Maui,
Melicope mucronulata
was not relocated until 1983. On Molokai, two occurrences of three individuals were found two years later in Kupaia on the privately owned Kamakou Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Stone
et al.
1999).

On Molokai,
Melicope mucronulata
occurs on steep, west- or north-facing slopes in mesic
Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha
forest,
M. polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa
shrubland, or
M. polymorpha-Leptechophylla tameiameiae
shrubland between elevations of 199 and 1,143 m (653 and 3,749 ft). Associated native species include
Alyxia oliviformis, Alphitonia ponderosa
(kauila),
Coprosma foliosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope hawaiensis
(alani),
Myrsine lanaiensis
(kolea),
Nestegis sandwicensis, Ochrosia compta, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Phyllanthus
sp. (NCN),
Pleomele auwahiensis, Pittosporum
sp., or
Psychotria mariniana
(kopiko) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

On Molokai, the major threat to the continued existence of this species is catastrophic extinction from random environmental events due to the few extant occurrences and small number of individuals. Habitat degradation by goats and pigs, predation by goats, and competition with non-native plants, particularly
Melinis minutiflora
, also pose immediate threats to this species (Service 1997, 57 FR 20772).

Melicope munroi
(alani)

Melicope munroi
, a long lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth of this species has minute hairs. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus in the shape of the leaf and the length of the inflorescence (flower cluster) stalk (Stone
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Melicope munroi
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001).

Historically, this species was known from the Lanaihale summit ridge of Lanai and above Kamalo on Molokai. Currently,
Melicope munroi
is only known from Lanai. This species was last collected on Molokai in 1910 by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plants associated with
Melicope munroi
on Molokai.

Nothing is known of the threats to
Melicope munroi
on Molokai.

Neraudia sericea
(NCN)

Neraudia sericea
, a short-lived perennial and a member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The lower leaf surface is densely covered with irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins.
Neraudia sericea
differs from the other four species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Neraudia sericea
was known historically from Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is found only on Maui and Molokai. On Molokai, one occurrence of 50 to 100 individuals is known from Makolelau on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Neraudia sericea
generally occurs on gulch slopes and gulch bottoms in lowland dry to mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa-Leptechophylla tameiameiae
shrubland or forest between 691 and 1,043 m (2,266 and 3,421 ft) in elevation. Other associated plant species include
Alyxia oliviformis, Coprosma
sp.,
Hedyotis
sp., or
Pleomele auwahiensis
(HINHP Database 2000; Wagner
et al.
1999; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

The primary threats to
Neraudia sericea
on Molokai are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with the non-native plant
Melinus minutiflora
; and catastrophic extinction through random environmental events due to the vulnerability of a single population (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

Peucedanum sandwicense
(makou)

Peucedanum sandwicense
, a short-lived perennial member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a parsley-scented, sprawling herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, vertical stem with several fleshy roots. This species is the only member of the genus in the Hawaiian Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995b).

Historically and currently,
Peucedanum sandwicense
is known from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. In 1990, it was discovered on Oahu. On Molokai, five occurrences are known from private and State-owned lands in Pelekunu Valley, on Huelo Islet and Mokapu Islet, and State-owned lands managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park. The 5 occurrences total approximately 50 individuals (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995b; K. Wood,
in litt.
2000).

On Molokai,
Peucedanum sandwicense
grows in cliff habitats in brown soil and talus in
Chamaesyce celastroides
var.
amplectans-Chenopodium oahuense
coastal dry shrubland or
Diospyros sandwicensis
forest from sea level to above 840 m (0 to 2,755 ft) in elevation.
Peucedanum sandwicense
is associated with native species such as
Artemisia australis
(ahinahina),
Dianella sandwicensis, Eragrostis
sp. (kawelu),
Lepidium bidentatum
var.
o-waihiense, Melathera integrifolia
,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Peperomia remyi
(NCN),
Pittosporum halophilum, Plectranthus parviflorus
(ala ala wai nui),
Plumbago zeylanica
(iliee),
Portulaca lutea
(ihi),
Pritchardia hillebrandii, Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Santalum ellipticum
(iliahialoe),
Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, Senna gaudichaudii
, or
Sida fallax
(Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP

Database 2000; Service 1995b; K. Wood,
in litt.
2000).

Major threats to
Peucedanum sandwicense
on Molokai are seed predation by rats and competition with the non-native plant species
Ageratum conyzoides
(maile hohono),
Coronopus didymus
(swinecress),
Kalanchoe pinnata, Lantana camara, Malvastrum coromandelianum
ssp.
coromandelianum
(false mallow),
Morinda citrifolia
(noni),
Plantago lanceolata
(English plantain),
Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush),
Portulaca oleracea, Pseudoelephantopus spicatus
(NCN),
Schinus terebinthifolius
, and
Sonchus oleraceus
(pualele) (Service 1995b; 59 FR 9304; K. Wood,
in litt
. 2000).

Phyllostegia mannii
(NCN)

Phyllostegia mannii
, a short-lived perennial and nonaromatic member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a climbing vine with many-branched, four-sided, hairy stems. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its hairiness; its thin, narrow leaves, which are not pinnately divided; and the usually six flowers per false whorl in a terminal inflorescence (Wagner
et al.
1999).

This species has been observed in fruit in July. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically,
Phyllostegia mannii
was found from Hanalilolilo to Ohialele on East Molokai and at Ukulele on East Maui. It has not been seen on Maui for over 70 years and is apparently extirpated on that island. On Molokai, this species is now known from only one occurrence on Puu Alii on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

On Molokai,
Phyllostegia mannii
grows in shaded sites in sometimes foggy and windswept, wet, open
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated montane forest with a native shrub and
Cibotium
sp. understory between 590 and 1,508 m (1,935 and 4,946 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Asplenium
sp.,
Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma ochracea, Cyanea
sp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Pipturus albidus, Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
sp.,
Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium
sp., or
Wikstroemia
sp. (HINHP Database 2000, Service 1996a).

The only known occurrence of
Phyllostegia mannii
is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation by feral pigs. A single natural or human-caused environmental event could extirpate the species (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Phyllostegia mollis
(NCN)

Phyllostegia mollis
, a short-lived member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, non-aromatic, perennial herb. A suite of technical characteristics concerning the kind and amount of hair, the number of flowers in a cluster, and details of the various plant parts separate this species from other members of the genus (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Individual
Phyllostegia mollis
plants live for approximately five years. The species is known to flower in late winter and spring. Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b).

Historically,
Phyllostegia mollis
was known from Oahu, Molokai, and East Maui. Currently, this species is found only on Oahu and Maui. It was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from Kamakou Preserve by J. F. Rock (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Phyllostegia mollis
typically grew in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
forests between 551 and 1,216 m (1,807 and 3,988 ft) in elevation (J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Nothing is known of the threats that may have affected
Phyllostegia mollis
on Molokai.

Plantago princeps
(laukahi kuahiwi)

Plantago princeps
, a short-lived member of the plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or robust perennial herb. This species differs from other native members of the genus in Hawaii by its large branched stems, flowers at nearly right angles to the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits that break open at a point two-thirds from the base. The four varieties, vars.
anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata
, and
princeps
, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; the size, pubescence, and venation of the leaves; the density of the inflorescence; and the orientation of the flowers (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. However, individuals have been observed in fruit from April through September (Service 1999a).

Plantago princeps
was historically known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii Island. It no longer occurs on Hawaii Island.
Plantago princeps
var.
anomala
is currently known from Kauai and Oahu; var.
longibracteata
is known from Kauai and Oahu; var.
princeps
is known from Oahu; and var.
laxiflora
is known from Molokai and Maui. On Molokai, there is currently one remaining occurrence of
Plantago princeps
var.
laxiflora
with five individuals in Kawela Gulch on privately owned land (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).

On Molokai,
Plantago princeps
var.
laxiflora
is typically found on streambanks in
Metrosideros polymorpha
lowland mesic forest between 592 and 1,213 m (1,942 and 3,979 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Coprosma
sp.,
Cyanea
sp.,
Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Pipturus albidus
, or
Wikstroemia oahuensis
(akia), (Wagner
et al.
1999; J. Lau,
in litt
. 2001).

The primary threats to
Plantago princeps
var.
laxiflora
on Molokai are predation and habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with various non-native plant species (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

Platanthera holochila
(NCN)

Platanthera holochila
, a short-lived perennial member of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise from underground tubers, the pale green leaves are lance-to egg-shaped, and the greenish-yellow flowers occur in open spikes. It is distinguished by other Hawaiian orchids by its underground tubers that lack roots at the nodes or pseudobulbs, and the shape and length of its dorsal sepal. This is the only species of this genus that occurs in the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Platanthera holochila
was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, and Kauai. Currently,
P. holochila
is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui. On Molokai, one occurrence with less than 10 individuals is reported from Hanalilolilo on the privately owned land of Kamakou Preserve (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Platanthera holochila
is found on slightly sloping ridgetops in

Metrosideros polymorpha-

Cheirodendron trigynum

wet forest or
M. polymorpha
mixed montane bog between 551 and 1,382 m (1,807 and 4,532 ft) in elevation. Associated native plants include
Cibotium
sp.,
Leptecophylla tameiameiae
, or
Oreobolus furcatus
(NCN) (J. Lau,
in litt
. 2001).

The primary threats to
Platanthera holochila
on Molokai are habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs, competition with non-native plants, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining occurrences and individuals. Predation by non-native slugs may also be a potential threat to this species (Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).

Pteris lidgatei
(NCN)

Pteris lidgatei
, a short-lived member of the maidenhair fern family (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall.
Pteris lidgatei
can be distinguished from other species of
Pteris
in the Hawaiian Islands by the texture of its fronds and the tendency of the sori along the leaf margins to be broken into short segments instead of being fused into continuous marginal sori (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,
Pteris lidgatei
was found on Oahu, Molokai, and West Maui. Currently, this species is known from Oahu and Maui. It was last collected on Molokai in 1912 from the slopes of Olokui by C. N. Forbes (HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Pteris lidgatei
grew on steep streambanks between 78 and 1,266 m (256 and 4,152 ft) in elevation in wet forest (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the threats that may have affected
Pteris lidgatei
on Molokai (Service 1998a).

Schiedea nuttallii
(NCN)

Schiedea nuttallii
, a long-lived perennial member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a generally hairless, erect subshrub. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, length of the stem internodes, length of the inflorescence, number of flowers per inflorescence, and smaller leaves, flowers, and seeds (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Based on field and greenhouse observations,
Schiedea nuttallii
is hermaphroditic (flowers contain both male and female parts). Plants on Oahu have been under observation for 10 years, and they appear to be long-lived.
Schiedea nuttallii
appears to be an outcrossing (requires cross-pollination) species. Under greenhouse conditions, plants fail to set seed unless hand-pollinated, suggesting that this species requires insects for pollination. Fruits and flowers are abundant in the wet season but can be found throughout the year. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dipersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a; Weller
et al.
1990; Kapua Kawelo, U.S. Deptartment of Defense, Army Environmental,
in litt.
1999).

Historically,
Schiedea nuttallii
was known from scattered locations on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. Currently, populations occur on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. On Molokai, one occurrence with 22 individuals of
Schiedea nuttallii
is reported on private lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).

On Molokai,
Schiedea nuttallii
typically grows in streamside grottos in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum
forest at elevations between 677 and 1,423 m (2,220 and 4,667 ft). Associated plants include
Asplenium lobulatum
(piipii lau manamana), Asplenium macraei (iwaiwa lau lii),
Asplenium unilaterale
(pamoho)
Cyrtandra hawaiiensis
(haiwale),
Thelypteris sandwicensis
(NCN), or
Vandenboschia davallioides
(palai hihi) (J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

Schiedea nuttallii
on Molokai is seriously threatened by competition with several non-native plants; predation by the black twig borer, slugs, and snails; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (
e.g.
, landslides) and/or from reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals (Service 1999a, 61 FR 53108).

Sesbania tomentosa
(ohai)

Sesbania tomentosa
, a short-lived perennial member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrub but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets, which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon colored tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow.
Sesbania tomentosa
is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized
S. sesban
(Egyptian rattlepod) by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink
et al.
1999).

The pollination biology of
Sesbania tomentosa
has been studied by David Hopper, University of Hawaii. His findings suggest that, although many insects visit
Sesbania
flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus
Hylaeus
and that occurrences at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999a).

Currently,
Sesbania tomentosa
occurs on six of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii Island) and in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker islands). It is no longer found on Niihau and Lanai. On Molokai,
Sesbania tomentosa
is known from 9 occurrences with over 2,000 individuals, occurring from Moomomi to Nenehanaupo and from Kamiloloa to Makolekau on State- and privately owned lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

On Molokai,
Sesbania tomentosa
is found in
Scaevola sericea
coastal dry shrubland on windswept slopes, sea cliffs and weathered basaltic slopes between sea level and 516 m (0 and 1,692 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Dodonaea viscosa, Jacquemontia ovalifolia
ssp.
sandwicensis, Melanthera integrifolia
, or
Sida fallax
(HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).

The primary threats to
Sesbania tomentosa
on Molokai are competition with various non-native plant species, such as
Lantana camara
and grass species; habitat degradation by feral cattle; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice, and potentially non-native insects; and destruction by random environmental events (
e.g.
, fire) and human activities (
e.g.
, off-road vehicles) (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

Silene lanceolata
(NCN)

Silene lanceolata
, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 50 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The flowers are white with deeply-lobed, clawed petals. This species is distinguished from
S. alexandri
, the only other member of the genus found on Molokai, by its smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are

shorter than the sepals (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

The historical range of
Silene lanceolata
includes five Hawaiian Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii.
Silene lanceolata
is presently found on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. On Molokai, one occurrence of approximately 100 individuals was found in 1987 on private land near Puu Kolekole (GDSI 2000; Service 1996a; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999).

On Molokai,
Silene lanceolata
grows on gulch slopes, ridge tops, and cliffs in dry to mesic shrubland between 581 and 1,043 m (1,906 and 3,421 ft) in elevation. Associated native plant species include
Bidens menziesii, Carex wahuensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dubautia linearis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Metrosideros polymorpha
, or
Schiedea
spp. (NCN) (Service 1996a; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999).

Habitat destruction by feral ungulates (goats and pigs), wildfires, and competition by invading non-native plants are immediate threats to
Silene lanceolata
on Molokai (Service 1996a, 57 FR 46325).

Solanum incompletum
(popolo ku mai)

Solanum incompletum
, a short-lived perennial member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces. This species differs from other native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter (Symon 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Solanum incompletum.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 56333).

Historically,
Solanum incompletum
was known from Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known distribution of
Solanum incompletum
also extended to the islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, the species is only known from the island of Hawaii. It is unclear when the last individual was collected on Molokai (HINHP Database 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Solanum incompletum
on the island of Molokai.

Nothing is known of the threats to
Solanum incompletum
on Molokai.

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
(NCN)

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves are dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Spermolepis hawaiiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, there is one known occurrence with approximately 600 individuals on privately owned land in Kamalo (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

On Molokai,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
is known from ridge crests and gulch slopes in dry to mesic shrublands at elevations between 432 and 972 m (1,416 and 3,188 ft). Associated plant species include
Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, or Metrosideros polymorpha
(J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

The primary threats to
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
on Molokai are habitat degradation by feral goats; competition with various non-native plants, such as
Lantana camara, Melinis minutiflora
, and grasses; and habitat destruction and extinction due to natural environmental events, such as erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

Vigna o-wahuensis
(NCN)

Vigna o-wahuensis
, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is a slender twining short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets, which vary in shape from round to linear. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods, which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999a).

Historically,
Vigna o-wahuensis
was known from Niihau, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from the islands of Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, 2 occurrences with approximately 16 individuals occur on privately owned lands at Onini Gulch and Makolelau (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).

On Molokai,
Vigna o-wahuensis
occurs in dry to mesic grassland and shrubland between 516 and 1,041 m (1,692 and 3,414 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Chenopodium oahuense, Cyperus laevigatus
(makaloa),
Dodonaea viscosa, Eragrostis variabilis, Heteropogon contortus, Ipomoea
sp. (morning glory),
Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Scaevola sericea, Sida fallax
, or
Vitex rotundifolia
(pohinahina) (Geesink
et al.
1999, HINHP Database 2000, Service 1999a).

The primary threats to
Vigna o-wahuensis
on Molokai are competition with various non-native plant species and a risk of extinction due to random environmental events (primarily fire) and/or reduced reproductive vigor because of the small number of existing occurrences and individuals (Service 1999a, 59 FR 56333).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(ae)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense,
a long-lived perennial in the rue family (Rutaceae), is a medium-sized tree with pale to dark gray bark and lemon-scented leaves. It is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of this species. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b).

Historically,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
was known from the islands of Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Molokai, the four occurrences with a

total of five individuals are located at Makolelau and Puu Hoi Ridge on private lands (GDSI 2000, HINHP Database 2000).

On Molokai,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
is found on gulch slopes in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
or
Diospyros sandwicensis
forest between 754 and 1,084 m (2,473 and 3,555 ft) in elevation. Associated species include
Alyxia oliviformis, Dodonaea viscosa, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Pleomele auwahiensis,
or
Psychotria
spp. (HINHP Database 2000; Stone
et al.
1999; 59 FR 10305; J. Lau,
in litt.
2001).

The threats to
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
on Molokai include browsing, grazing, and trampling by feral goats; competition with non-native plant species; habitat degradation and destruction by humans; and extinction from naturally occurring events (primarily fire) and/or from reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals and occurrences (Service 1996b, 59 FR 10305).

A summary of occurrences and landownership for the 51 plant species reported from the island of Molokai is given in Table 2.

Table 2.—Summary of Existing Occurrences on Molokai and of Landownership for 51 Species Reported From Molokai

Species
Number of current occurrences
Landownership
Federal
State
Private

Adenophorus periens

1

X

Alectryon macrococcus

6

X
X

Bidens wiebkei

5

X

Bonamia menzeisii

0

Brighamia rockii

5

X
X

Canavalia molokaiensis

7

X*
X

Centaurium sebaeoides

2

X*
X

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes

5

X

Ctenitis squamigera

1

X

Cyanea dunbarii

1

X

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana

2

X

Cyanea mannii

8

X
X

Cyanea procera

5

X
X

Cyperus trachysanthos

0

Diellia erecta

4

X

Diplazium molokaiense

0

Eugenia koolauensis

0

Flueggea neowawraea

0

Hedyotis mannii

1

X

Hesperomannia arborescens

1

X

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus

3

X
X

Hibiscus brackenridgei

0

Ischaemum byrone

2

X

Isodendrion pyrifolium

0

Labordia triflora

1

X

Lysimachia maxima

1

X

Mariscus fauriei

1

X

Marsilea villosa

4

X
X

Melicope mucronulata

2

X

Melicope munroi

0

Melicope reflexa

3

X
X

Neraudia sericea

1

X

Peucedanum sandwicense

5

X*
X

Phyllostegia mannii

1

X

Phyllostegia mollis

0

Plantago princeps

1

X

Platanthera holochila

1

X

Pritchardia munroi

1

X

Pteris lidgatei

0

Schiedea lydgatei

4

X
X

Schiedea nuttallii

1

X

Schiedea sarmentosa

5

X

Sesbania tomentosa

9

X
X

Silene alexandri

0

Silene lanceolata

1

X

Solanum incompletum

0

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

1

X

Stenogyne bifida

5

X

Tetramolopium rockii

4

X*
X

Vigna o-wahuensis

2

X

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

2

X

* Some occurrences are on State land that is managed by the National Park Service at Kalaupapa National Historical Park and/or the U.S. Coast Guard Reservation at Kalaupapa.

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531
et seq.
), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that document,
Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus
(as
A. macrococcum
var.
macrococcum
and
A. mahoe
),
Bidens wiebkei, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Canavalia molokaiensis, Flueggea neowawraea
(as
Drypetes phyllanthoides
),
Hedyotis mannii
(as
H. thyrsoidea
var.
thyrsoidea
),
Hesperomannia arborescens
(as
H. arborescens
var.
bushiana
and var.
swezeyi
),
Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus
(as
H. immaculatus
),
Hibiscus brackenridgei
(as
H. brackenridgei
var.
brackenridgei,
var.
mokuleianus,
and var. “from Hawaii”),
Ischaemum byrone, Marsilea villosa, Melicope reflexa
(as
P. reflexa
),
Neraudia sericea
(as
N. kahoolawensis
),
Peucedanum sandwicense
(as
P. kauaiense
),
Plantago princeps
(as
P. princeps
var.
elata,
var.
laxifolia,
var.
princeps
),
Sesbania tomentosa
(as
S. hobdyi
and
S. tomentosa
var.
tomentosa
),
Silene alexandri, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum
(as
S. haleakalense
and
S. incompletum
var.
glabratum,
var.
incompletum,
and var.
mauiensis
),
Vigna o-wahuensis
(as
V. sandwicensis
var.
heterophylla
and var.
sandwicensis
), and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(as
Z. hawaiiense
var.
citiodora
) were considered endangered;
Diellia erecta
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(as
Z. hawaiiense
var.
hawaiiense
and var.
velutinosum
) were considered threatened; and
Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia triflora, Melicope mucronulata
(as
Pelea mucronulata
),
Melicope munroi
(as
Pelea munroi
),
Plantago princeps
(as
P. princeps
var.
acaulis,
var.
denticulata,
and var.
queleniana
), and
Tetramolopium rockii
were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the
Federal Register
(40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and we gave notice of our intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the
Federal Register
(41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa except
Labordia triflora
and
Melicope munroi.
The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975,
Federal Register
publication (40 FR 27823).

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were summarized in an April 26, 1978,
Federal Register
publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice in the
Federal Register
(44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. We published updated Notices of Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). We listed the 51 species as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can be found in Tables 3(a) and 3(b).

Table 3(a).—Summary of Listing Actions for 51 Plant Species From Molokai

Species
Federal Status
Proposed listing rule
Date

Federal

Register

Final listing rule
Date

Federal

Register

Adenophorus periens

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Alectryon macrococcus

E
05/24/91
56 FR 23842
05/15/92
57 FR 20772

Bidens wiebkei

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Bonamia menzeisii

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Brighamia rockii

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Canavalia molokaiensis

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Centaurium sebaeoides

E
09/28/90
55 FR 39664
10/29/91
56 FR 55770

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Ctenitis squamigera

E
06/24/93
58 FR 34231
09/09/94
59 FR 49025

Cyanea dunbarii

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51436
10/10/96
61 FR 53130

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108

Cyanea mannii

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Cyanea procera

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Cyperus trachysanthos

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108

Diellia erecta

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Diplazium molokaiense

E
12/14/92
57 FR 39066
06/27/94
59 FR 32932

Eugenia koolauensis

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51398
10/10/96
61 FR 53089

Flueggea neowawraea

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Hedyotis mannii

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Hesperomannia arborescens

E
10/14/92
57 FR 47028
03/28/94
59 FR 14482

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Hibiscus brackenridgei

E
09/28/90
55 FR 39664
10/29/91
56 FR 55770

Isodendrion pyrifolium

T
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108

Ischaemum byrone

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305

Labordia triflora

E
05/15/97
62 FR 26757
09/03/99
64 FR 48307

Lysmachia maxima

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51436
10/10/96
61 FR 53130

Mariscus fauriei

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305

Marsilea villosa

E
02/15/91
56 FR 6349
06/22/92
57 FR 27863

Melicope mucronulata

E
05/24/91
56 FR 23842
05/15/92
57 FR 20772

Melicope munroi

E
05/15/97
62 FR 26757
09/03/99
64 FR 48307

Melicope reflexa

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Neraudia sericea

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Peucedanum sandwicense

T
10/30/91
56 FR 55862
02/25/94
59 FR 9304

Phyllostegia mannii

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Phyllostegia mollis

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51398
10/10/96
61 FR 53089

Plantago princeps

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Platanthera holochila

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108

Pritchardia munroi

E
10/08/92
57 FR 46325
09/20/91
56 FR 47718

Pteris lidgatei

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51398
10/10/96
61 FR 53089

Schiedea lydgatei

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Schiedea nuttallii

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108

Schiedea sarmentosa

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51436
10/10/96
61 FR 53130

Sesbania tomentosa

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Silene alexandri

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Silene lanceolata

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Solanum incompletum

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Stenogyne bifida

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Tetramolopium rockii

T
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

Vigna o—wahuensis

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305

Key: E=Endangered T=Threatened.

Table 3(b).—Summary of Listing Actions (Proposed and Final Critical Habitat Determinations) for 51 Plant Species From Molokai

Species
Proposed designation or nondesignation of critical habitat
Date(s)

Federal Register

Designation or nondesignation of critical habitat
Date(s)

Federal Register

Adenophorus periens

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Alectryon macrococcus

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Bidens wiebkei

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Bonamia menzeisii

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Brighamia rockii

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Canavalia molokaiensis

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Centaurium sebaeoides

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Ctenitis squamigera

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Cyanea dunbarii

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Cyanea mannii

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Cyanea procera

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Cyperus trachysanthos

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Diellia erecta

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Diplazium molokaiense

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Eugenia koolauensis

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,
NA
NA

05/28/2002,
67 FR 37108,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Flueggea neowawraea

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Hedyotis mannii

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003
68 FR 1220

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Hesperomannia arborescens

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003
68 FR 1220

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Hibiscus arnottianus
ssp.
immaculatus

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Hibiscus brackenridgei

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Isodendrion pyrifolium

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,
01/09/2003
68 FR 1220

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Ischaemum byrone

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 36968

Labordia triflora

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Lysmachia maxima

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Mariscus fauriei

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Marsilea villosa

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Melicope mucronulata

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
NA
NA

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Melicope munroi

12/27/2000,
65 FR 82086,
01/09/2003
68 FR 1220

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Melicope reflexa

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Neraudia sericea

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
01/09/2003
68 FR 1220

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Peucedanum sandwicense

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Phyllostegia mannii

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Phyllostegia mollis

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
NA
NA

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Plantago princeps

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Platanthera holochila

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Pritchardia munroi

NA
NA
NA
NA

Pteris lidgatei

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
NA
NA

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/28/2002
67 FR 37108

Schiedea lydgatei

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Schiedea nuttallii

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Schiedea sarmentosa

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,
NA
NA

04/05/2002
67 FR 16492

Sesbania tomentosa

11/07/2000,
65 FR 66808,
01/09/2003,
68 FR 1220,

12/18/2000,
65 FR 79192,
02/27/2003
68 FR 9116

12/29/2000,
65 FR 83158,

01/28/2002,
67 FR 3940,

03/04/2002,
67 FR 9806,

04/03/2002,
67 FR 15856,

04/05/2002,
67 FR 16492,

05/14/2002,
67 FR 34522

05/28/2002,
67 FR 36968,

05/28/2002
67 FR

[Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.]

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A03-5239. Public record. Not legal advice.