# Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

> Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more.

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A02-6915

## Record

- **Collection:** Federal Register
- **Document type:** Proposed Rule
- **Published:** April 3, 2002
- **Citation:** 67 FR 15856

## Text

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH70
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Revised proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for 61 of the 70 species known historically from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe that are listed under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.

We propose critical habitat designations for 61 species within 13 critical habitat units totaling approximately 51,208 hectares (ha) (126,531 acres (ac)) on the island of Maui, and within 2 critical habitat units totaling approximately 714 ha (1,763 ac) on the island of Kahoolawe.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations. We may revise or further refine this rule, including critical habitat boundaries, prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the revised proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES:

We will accept comments until June 3, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by May 20, 2002.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by writing to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see
ADDRESSES
section) (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 70 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe (Table 1). Seventeen of these species are endemic to the islands of Maui and/or Kahoolawe, while 53 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Maui and/or Kahoolawe.

We originally determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for 37 plants from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe on December 18, 2000 (65 FR 7919). In a previous proposal, published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for 11 plants that are reported from Maui and Kahoolawe as well as from Kauai and Niihau. In addition, at the time we listed
Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp.
hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
humilis,
and
Kanaloa kahoolawensis,
on September 3, 1999 (64 FR 48307), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for these six taxa from Maui and Kahoolawe. No change is made to these 54 prudency determinations in this revised proposal, and they are hereby incorporated by reference (64 FR 48307; 65 FR 66808; 65 FR 79192).

In the December 18, 2000 proposed rule, we determined that critical habitat was not prudent for
Acaena exigua,
a species known only from Kauai and Maui, because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species was known to exist. No change is made here to the December 18, 2000, prudency determination for this species and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192).

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 70 species From Maui and Kahoolawe

Species (common name)
Island distribution
Kauai
Oahu
Molokai
Lanai
Maui
Hawaii
NW Isles, kahoolawe Niihau

Acaena exigua
(liliwai)

H

H

Adenophorus periens

C
C
C
R
H
C

Alectryon macrococcus
(mahoe)

C
C
C

C

Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum
(ahinahina)

C

Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
(NCN*)

C
C

Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
(kookoolau)

H
C

Bonamia menziesii
(NCN)

C
C
H
C
C
C

Brighamia rockii
(pua ala)

C
H
H

Cenchrus agrimonioides
(kamanomano)

C

H
C
R
NW Isles (H).

Centaurium sebaeoides
(awiwi)

C
C
C
C
C

Clermontia lindseyana
(oha wai)

C
C

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
(oha wai)

C
C

Clermontia peleana
(oha wai)

H
C

Clermontia samuelii
(oha wai)

C

Colubrina oppositifolia
(kauila)

C

C
C

Ctenitis squamigera
(pauoa)

H
C
C
C
C
H

Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis
(haha)

C

Cyanea glabra
(haha)

C

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
(haha)

C
C
C
C

Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp.
hamatiflora
(haha)

C

Cyanea lobata
(haha)

H
C

Cyanea mceldowneyi
(haha)

C

Cyrtandra munroi
(haiwale)

C
C

Delissea undulata
(NCN)

C

H
C
Ni (H).

Diellia erecta
(Asplenium-leaved diellia)

H
H
C
H
C
C

Diplazium molokaiense
(NCN)

H
H
H
H
C

Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
humilis
(naenae)

C

Flueggea neowawraea
(mehamehame)

C
C
H

C
C

Geranium arboreum
(nohoanu)

C

Geranium multiflorum
(nohoanu)

C

Gouania vitifolia
(NCN)

C

H
C

Hedyotis coriacea
(kioele)

H

C
C

Hedyotis mannii
(pilo)

C
C
C

Hesperomannia arborescens
(NCN)

C
C
H
C

Hesperomannia arbuscula
(NCN)

C

C

Hibiscus brackenridgei
(mao hau hele)

H
C
H
C
C
C
Ka (R).

Ischaemum byrone
(Hilo ischaemum)

C
H
C

C
C

Isodendrion pyrifolium
(wahine noho kula)

H
H
H
H
C
Ni (H).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis
(kohe malama malama o Kanaloa)

Ka (C).

Lipochaeta kamolensis
(nehe)

C

Lysimachia lydgatei
(NCN)

H

C

Mariscus pennatiformis
(NCN)

H
H

C
H
NW Isles (C).

Melicope adscendens
(alani)

C

Melicope balloui
(alani)

C

Melicope knudsenii
(alani)

C

C

Melicope mucronulata
(alani)

C

C

Melicope ovalis
(alani)

C

Neraudia sericea
(NCN)

C
H
C

Ka (H).

Nototrichium humile
(kului)

C

H

Peucedanum sandwicense
(makou)

C
C
C

C

Phlegmariurus mannii
(wawaeiole)

H

C
C

Phyllostegia mannii
(NCN)

C

H

Phyllostegia mollis
(NCN)

C
H

C

Phyllostegia parviflora
(NCN)

C

H
H

Plantago princeps
(Laukahi kuahiwi)

C
C
C

C
H

Platanthera holochila
(NCN)

C
H
C

C

Pteris lidgatei
(NCN)

C
H

C

Remya mauiensis
(NCN)

C

Sanicula purpurea
(NCN)

C

C

Schiedea haleakalensis
(NCN)

C

Schiedea hookeri
(NCN)

C

H

Schiedea nuttallii
(NCN)

C
C
C

R

Sesbania tomentosa
(ohai)

C
C
C
H
C
C
Ni (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C).

Solanum incompletum
(popolo ku mai)

H

H
H
H
C

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
(NCN)

C
C
C
C
C
C

Tetramolopium arenarium
(NCN)

H
C

Tetramolopium capillare
(pamakani)

C

Tetramolopium remyi
(NCN)

C
H

Vigna o-wahuensis
(NCN)

H
C
C
C
C
Ni (H), Ka (C).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(ae)

C

C
H
C
C

KEY

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years
H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years
R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations
* NCN—no common name

In the December 18, 2000, proposal we proposed designation of critical habitat for 50 plants from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. These species are:
Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera,
Cyanea
copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp.
hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.

humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, Vigna o-wahuensis,
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
In this proposal we have revised the proposed designations for the 50 plants based on new information received during the comment periods. In addition, we incorporate new information, and address comments and new information received during the comment periods on the December 18, 2000, proposal.

In the December 18, 2000, we did not propose critical habitat for four species (
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
and
Schiedea haleakalensis
) found only in Waikamoi Preserve and Haleakala National Park, on Maui. We determined that these lands did not meet the definition of critical habitat in the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531
et seq.
). Due to new information received during the comment periods regarding management considerations or protection at Haleakala National Park, we have reconsidered our earlier finding regarding Haleakala National Park lands and propose designation of critical habitat for
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis,
and
Schiedea haleakalensis
within Haleakala National Park.

In the December 18, 2000, proposal we did not propose designation of critical habitat for 14 species that no longer occur on Maui and Kahoolawe but are reported from one or more other islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent for eight of these species (
Adenophorus periens, Brighamia rockii, Delissea undulata, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum incompletum,
and
Tetramolopium remyi
) in other proposed rules published on November 7, 2000 (Kauai), December 27, 2000 (Lanai), December 29, 2000 (Molokai), and January 28, 2002 (Kauai revised proposal). No change is made to these prudency determinations for these eight species in this proposal, and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808; 65 FR 82086; 65 FR 83158; and 67 FR 3940). In this proposal, we propose designation of critical habitat for
Brighamia rockii, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii,
and
Tetramolopium remyi
on the island of Maui, based on new information and information received during the comment periods on the December 18, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for
Adenophorus periens, Delissea undulata, Schiedea nuttallii,
and
Solanum incompletum
on the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe because we have not identified habitat essential to their conservation on these islands.

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for six other species (
Clermontia peleana, Gouania vitifolia, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea hookeri,
and
Tetramolopium arenarium
) for which prudency determinations have not been made previously, and that no longer occur on Maui but are reported from one or more other islands. These six plants were listed as endangered species under the Act between 1994 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. We determine that designation of critical habitat is prudent for these six species because we believe that such designation would be beneficial to these species. Critical habitat is proposed at this time for
Gouania vitifolia
and
Nototrichium humile
on Maui based on new information and information received during the comment periods on the December 18, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for
Clermontia peleana, Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea hookeri,
and
Tetramolopium arenarium
on the island of Maui because we have not identified habitat essential to their conservation on this island.

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for
Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare,
a species recently rediscovered on Maui and for which a prudency determination has not been made previously. Critical habitat is proposed at this time for
Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
on Maui based on new information and information received during the comment periods on the December 18, 2000, proposal.

Critical habitat for 61 of the 70 species from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe is proposed at this time. Critical habitat is not proposed for 8 of the 70 species (
Adenophorus periens, Clermontia peleana, Delissea undulata, Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum incompletum,
and
Tetramolopium arenarium
) that no longer occur on the islands of Maui or Kahoolawe, and for which we have not identified habitat essential to their conservation on the islands of Maui or Kahoolawe. However, proposed critical habitat designations, or nondesignations, for these species will be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (see Table 2).

Table 2.—List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Designations or Nondesignations Will Be Made for Eight Species for Which We Are Unable To Determine Habitat That Is Essential for Their Conservation on the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe.

Species
Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made

Adenophorus periens

Kauai; Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu.

Clermontia peleana

Hawaii.

Delissea undulata

Hawaii.

Phyllostegia parviflora

Oahu.

Schiedea hookeri

Oahu.

Schiedea nuttallii

Kauai; Oahu; Molokai.

Solanum incompletum

Hawaii.

Tetramolopium arenarium

Hawaii.

Critical habitat is not proposed for
Acaena exigua
for which we determined, on December 18, 2000, that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it has not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. No change is made to this prudency determination here, and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192).

The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe

Maui, the second largest island in Hawaii at 1,888 square kilometers (km
2
) (729 square miles (mi
2
)) in area, was formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the older west Maui volcano (1.3 million years) on the west and the larger, but much younger, Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream erosion has cut deep valleys and ridges into the originally shield-shaped West Maui volcano. The highest point on West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters (m) (5,787 feet (ft)) elevation, which has

an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters (cm) (400 inches (in)) per year, making it the second wettest spot in Hawaii (Department of Geography 1998). Having erupted just 200 years ago, East Maui's Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has retained its classic shield shape and lacks the diverse vegetation typical of the older and more eroded West Maui mountain. Rainfall on the slopes of Haleakala is about 89 cm (35 in) per year, with its windward (northeastern) slope receiving the most precipitation. However, Haleakala's crater is a dry cinder desert because it is above the level at which precipitation develops, and is sheltered from moisture-laden winds (Gagne and Cuddihy 1999).

The island of Kahoolawe measures about 17.7 kilometers (km) (11 miles (mi)) long by 11.3 km (7 mi) wide, comprising some 11,655 ha (28,800 ac). Located in the lee of Haleakala, the island lies approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) from East Maui. The highest point is the rim of an extinct volcano at 450 m (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated annual precipitation is approximately 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in), with most of it falling from November through March. In addition to the low precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon
et al.
1992).

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Maui and/or Kahoolawe

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (ahinahina)

Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum,
a long-lived perennial and a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is called the Haleakala silversword. It is a distinctive, globe-shaped rosette plant with a dense covering of silver hairs. This subspecies is distinguished from
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
sandwicense
by the shape and ratio of the dimensions of the inflorescence (flowering part of plant), the number of ray florets per head, and the combination of its longer, three-angled leaves; its silvery leaf hairs, which completely hide the leaf surface; and its longer achenes (Carr 1985, 1999a).

This monocarpic (flowers only once, at the end of its lifetime) plant matures from seed to its final stage in approximately 15-50 years. The plant remains a compact rosette until it sends up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets seed, and dies. Flowering occurs from June to September, with annual numbers of flowering plants varying dramatically from year to year. Reliable counts of flowering plants were made in 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 (815 flowered). Numbers recorded flowering in recent years have ranged from zero in 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The environmental stimulus for synchronous flowering is as yet unknown. An apparent relationship of the 1991 mass flowering event to stratospheric alteration by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines has been considered. Investigations are underway by R. Pharis of the University of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore whether enhanced flowering is related to increased UV-B radiation due to temporary reduction of stratospheric ozone. Flying insects, especially native bees, moths, flies, bugs, and wasps, many of which are pollinators, are attracted in large numbers to the giant, aromatic inflorescences. It has been demonstrated that
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum
cannot fertilize itself and is reliant on insect pollinators for reproduction. Rarely, hybrids between
A. sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum
and
Dubautia menziesii
(naenae) have been observed. Primarily found within Haleakala Crater, especially on Puu o Pele and Puu o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid individuals flower for several years before dying (Loope and Crivellone 1986; Loope and Medeiros, in press; Service 1997; Carr 1985; 57 FR 20772).

Currently,
Argyroxiphium sandwicense
ssp.
macrocephalum
occupies all of its historic range, a 1,000 ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100-3,000 m (6,890-9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala Volcano, within Haleakala National Park, and The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve. There are a total of four populations on Federal and privately owned land, with a total of 39,025 to 44,025 individual plants (Loope and Crivellone 1986; TNC 1998; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2001; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of this species consists primarily of lava flows and otherwise barren, unstable slopes of recent (less than several thousand years old) volcanic cinder cones and in
Deschampsia nubigena
(hair grass) grasslands at elevations between 1,511 and 3,053 m (4,957 and 10,016 ft). Mean annual precipitation is approximately 75 to 250 cm (29.6 to 98.4 in). The substrate has almost no soil development and is subject to frequent formation of ice at night and extreme heating during cloudless days. This species is found in alpine dry shrubland with native species, including
Agrostis sandwicensis
(bent grass),
Dubautia menziesii,

Silene struthioloides
(catchfly),
Styphelia tameiameiae
(pukiawe),
Tetramolopium humile
(pamakani), or
Trisetum glomeratum
(pili uka) (Robert Hobdy, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW),
et al
., pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The threats to this species are loss of pollinators due to the Argentine ant (
Iridomyrmex humilis
) and alien yellow jackets (
Vespula pennsylvanica
); native seed-eating and herbivorous insects such as the tephritid fly (
Trupanea cratericola
); limited natural range which makes it vulnerable to extinction due to catastrophic events, such as a natural disaster; competition from the alien plant species
Verbascum thapsus
(mullein); and human impacts (trampling and site degradation). Although goats (
Capra hircus
) and cattle (
Bos taurus
) have been removed from the park, they remain a potential threat (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia samuelii (oha wai)

Clermontia samuelii
, a short-lived perennial in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a terrestrial shrub with elliptical leaves which are sometimes broader at the tips.
Clermontia samuelii
ssp.
hanaensis
is differentiated from
C. samuelii
ssp.
samuelii
by the greenish white to white flowers; longer, narrower leaves with the broadest point near the base of the leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. This species is separated from other members of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flowers and the hypanthium (Lammers 1999; Service 2001).

Little is known about the life history of
Clermontia samuelii
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,
Clermontia samuelii
has been reported from Haleakala and from Keanae Valley on the windward side to Manawainui on the more leeward (southeastern) side of Haleakala. Currently,
Clermontia samuelii
is known from Papanalahoa Point, Kuhiwa Valley, the ridge north of Palike Stream, Kawaipapa Gulch, and Mokulehua Gulch. There is a total of four populations with 309 individual plants on State and Federal lands within Haleakala National Park, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), the Hana Forest Reserve, and within the East Maui Watershed Partnership (Medeiros and Loope 1989; Warshauer 1998; 64 FR

48307; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Robert Hobdy, DOFAW,
in litt
. 2000; Ken Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG)
in litt
. 2000; Service 2001).

Clermontia samuelii
is found at elevations between 723 and 2,244 m (2,372 and 7,362 ft).
Clermontia samuelii
ssp.
hanaensis
is found in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
(ohia) and
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
(uluhe) forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Adenophorus tamariscinus
(pendant fern),
Broussaisia arguta
(kanawao),
Carex alligata
(NCN),
Cheirodendron trigynum
(olapa),
Cibotium
spp. (hapuu),
Diplazium sandwichianum
(hoio),
Dubautia
spp. (naenae),
Hedyotis hillebrandii
(manono),
Hedyotis terminalis
(manono),
Melicope clusiifolia
(kolokolo mokihana),
Melicope
spp. (alani),
Peperomia obovatilimba
(ala ala wai nui),
Psychotria mariniana
(kopiko),
Tetraplasandra oahuensis
(ohe ohe), or
Vaccinium
spp. (ohelo).
Clermontia samuelii
ssp.
samuelii
is found in wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
and
M. polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum
forest and containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Hedyotis hillebrandii
,
Hedyotis
spp. (NCN),
Cibotium
spp.,
Broussaisia arguta
,
Dubautia
spp.,
Diplazium sandwichianum
,
Rubus hawaiiensis
(akala),
Clermontia arborescens
ssp.
waihiae
(oha wai),
Clermontia
spp. (oha wai),
Vaccinium
spp.,
Carex alligata
, or
Melicope
spp. (Service 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
2000; HINHP Database 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

Threats to
Clermontia samuelii
ssp.
hanaensis
include habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs (
Sus scrofa
) and competition with alien plant species such as
Tibouchina herbacea
(glorybush),
Paspalum urvillei
(vasey grass),
Paspalum conjugatum
(Hilo grass),
Juncus
spp. (NCN),
Hedychium coronarium
(white ginger), or
Hedychium gardnerianum
(Kahili ginger). In addition, two extremely invasive alien plant species,
Miconia calvescens
(velvet tree) and
Clidemia hirta
(Koster's curse), are found in nearby areas and may invade this habitat if not controlled. The habitat of
C. samuelii
ssp.
samuelii
was extensively damaged by pigs in the past, and pigs are still a major threat to the populations on State owned lands. The population within the National Park has been fenced and pigs have been eradicated. However, due to the large populations of pigs in adjacent areas, the park populations must constantly be monitored to prevent further ingress. Competition with alien plant species such as
Holcus lanatus
(velvet grass) and
Juncus planifolius
(NCN) is a major threat to this subspecies. In addition, rats (mainly black rats (
Rattus rattus
)) and slugs (mainly
Milax gagetes
) are known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of other members of this genus, and therefore are a potential threat to both subspecies (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; K. Wood
in litt.
2000).

Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (haha)

Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis
, a short-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a vine-like shrub with sprawling stems and tan latex (sap). This subspecies is differentiated from the other subspecies by its shorter elliptical leaves. The species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the vine-like stems and the yellowish flowers that appear red due to the covering of hairs (Service 2001; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,
Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis
was reported from the windward side of Haleakala and from Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley. Currently, this taxon is known from three populations with a total of 204 individuals on Federal, State, and privately owned land within the East Maui Watershed Partnership in Haiku Uka, the ridge above Kuhiwa Valley, and Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala National Park and Hanawi NAR (Lammers 1999; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

Cyanea copelandii
ssp.
haleakalaensis
is found on stream banks or wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at the base of a cliff) slopes or forest understory in montane wet or mesic forests dominated by
Acacia koa
(koa) and
Metrosideros polymorpha
at elevations between 616 and 1,411 m (2,021 and 4,630 ft). Associated species include
Broussaisia arguta
,
Cibotium
spp.,
Hedyotis acuminata
(au),
Perrottetia sandwicensis
(olomea), and
Psychotria hawaiiensis
(kopiko ula) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species are habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; competition with several alien plant species; rats; slugs; human activities; and potential extinction due to random environmental events due to small population sizes (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea glabra (haha)

Cyanea glabra
, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, perennial shrub, with the leaves of juvenile plants deeply pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plants are more or less entire and elliptical. This species is differentiated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of the flower and the pinnately-lobed juvenile leaves (Service 2001; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea glabra.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,
Cyanea glabra
has been reported from West Maui and on Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, this species is known from a single population of 12 individual plants on privately owned land in Kauaula Valley (64 FR 48307; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Cyanea glabra
is found on soil and rock stream banks in wet lowland forests dominated by
Acacia koa
and
Metrosideros polymorpha,
at elevations between 413 and 1,572 m (1,355 and 5,156 ft). Associated native plants include
Xylosma hawaiiense
(maua),
Dodonaea viscosa
(aalii),
Psychotria
spp. (kopiko),
Pipturus albidus
(mamaki),
Touchardia latifolia
(olona),
Boehmeria grandis
(akolea),
Clermontia kakeana
(ohai wai),
Cyanea elliptica
(haha),
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Coprosma
spp. (pilo),
Cibotium
spp.,
Dubautia plantaginea
(naenae),
Cheirodendron trigynum, Thelypteris cyatheoides
(palapalaia),
Diplazium
spp. (NCN), and
Sadleria
spp. (amau) (HINHP Database 2001; Joel Lau, Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species are slugs; habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; flooding; competition with several alien plant species; rats; the two-spotted leafhopper (
Saphonia rufofascia
); and extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small number individuals in the only remaining population (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (haha)

Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp.
hamatiflora,
a short-lived perennial and member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree with tan colored latex. This subspecies is differentiated from the other listed subspecies (
C. hamatiflora
ssp.
carlsonii
) by its longer calyx lobes and shorter individual flower stalks. This species is separated from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by fewer flowers per inflorescence and narrower leaves (Service 2001; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp.
hamatiflora.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Historically,
Cyanea hamatiflora
ssp.
hamatiflora
was known from the windward side of Haleakala, stretching from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui. Currently, this taxon is known from seven populations with a total of 12 individuals within the East Maui Watershed Partnership in Honomanu, Wailuaiki, Kipahulu Valley, Koukouai, and Puu Ahulili on State (Koolau and Kipahulu Forest Reserves), Federal (Haleakala National Park), and privately owned lands (Service 2001; Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Typical habitat for this taxon is montane wet forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha,
with a
Cibotium
spp. and/or native shrub understory or closed
Acacia koa-M. polymorpha
wet forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea aculeatiflora
(haha),
Cyanea kunthiana
(haha),
Vaccinium
spp.,
Melicope
spp.,
Athyrium microphyllum
(akolea),
Diplazium sandwichianum,
and
Myrsine
spp. (kolea) at elevations between 767 and 1,553 m (2,515 and 5,095 ft) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and destruction by feral pigs; landslides; competition with the alien plant
Ageratina adenophora
(Maui pamakani); rats; and slugs (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha)

Cyanea mceldowneyi,
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a short-lived, unbranched perennial shrub with rough to prickly stems. This species is distinguished from other species of
Cyanea
by the combination of a densely armed trunk; long (40 mm (1.6 in)), white-colored corollas; and leaf blade size and shape (Service 2001; Lammers 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyanea mceldowneyi.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (57 FR 20772; Service 1997).

Historically,
Cyanea mceldowneyi
was known from rainforest west of Waikamoi to Honomanu on northwestern Haleakala. Currently, this species is known from six populations with a total of 36 individuals on State (Makawao Forest Reserve and Hanawi NAR) and privately owned lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership at Kahakapao Gulch, Opana Gulch, Waikamoi, Puohokamoa, Makapipi, and the flats above Kuhiwa Valley (Lammers 1999; Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of this species is montane wet and mesic forest with mixed
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Melicope clusiifolia, Hedyotis
spp.,
Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium
spp.,
Cyrtandra
spp. (haiwale),
Dicranopteris linearis,
or
Cheirodendron trigynum
at elevations between 779 and 1,357 m (2,555 and 4,453 ft) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species are habitat degradation and physical destruction by feral pigs; small number of populations and individuals; human activities; and competition with alien plant species, especially
Setaria palmifolia
(palmgrass) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (naenae)

Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
humilis,
a short-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than 80 cm (30 in) tall with hairless or strigillose (bulbous-based hairs, all pointing in the same direction) stems. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the number of nerves in the leaves and by the close resemblance of the leaves to the genus
Plantago.
The subspecies
humilis
differs from the other two subspecies (
D. plantaginea
ssp.
magnifolia
and
Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
plantaginea
) by having fewer heads per inflorescence, but more florets per head (Service 2001; Carr 1985; Carr 1999b).

Little is known about the life history of
Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
humilis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
humilis
has only been reported from Iao Valley, on West Maui. This population with 60 to 65 individuals occurs on privately owned land (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

The typical habitat of the species is wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown cliffs containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus albidus, Eragrostis variabilis
(kawelu),
Carex
spp. (NCN),
Hedyotis formosa
(NCN),
Lysimachia remyi
(kolokolo kuahiwi),
Bidens
spp. (kookoolau),
Pritchardia
spp. (loulu), or
Plantago princeps
(laukahi kuahiwi) and elevations between 266 and 1,593 m (873 and 5,226 ft) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

Threats to
Dubautia plantaginea
ssp.
humilis
include landslides and competition from alien plant species. Random environmental events, such as landslides, are a threat because of the limited number of individuals and populations and their narrow distribution (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Geranium arboreum (nohoanu)

Geranium arboreum,
a long-lived perennial and a member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is a many branched, spreading, woody shrub about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other
Geranium
species by its red petals with the upper three petals erect and the lower two reflexed, causing the flower to appear curved (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Geranium arboreum
is the only species in its genus that appears to be adapted to bird-pollination. Native honeycreepers appear to be a major pollination vector.
Geranium arboreum
from the southwest area of Haleakala in the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds that are larger and fuller than seeds from the northwest extension of its distribution. Native honeycreepers are reasonably abundant in both areas. Little else is known about the life history of
Geranium arboreum.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Funk 1982; 1988; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The original range and abundance of the species is unknown, but late 19th and early 20th century collections indicate that it once grew on the southern slopes of Haleakala and that its distribution on the northern slopes extended beyond its presently known range. Currently, there are seven populations totaling 158 individuals, within the East Maui Watershed Partnership on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves), private and federally owned or leased (Haleakala National Park) lands. These populations are found in Kahua, Kanahau, Waiohuli, Kaipoioi Gulch, Hapapa Gulch, Keauaiwi Gulch, Kalialinui, and south of Puu Luau and east of Puu Nianiau (Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Geranium arboreum
grows in steep, damp, and shaded narrow canyons and gulches, steep banks, and intermittent streams in
Sophora chrysophylla
(mamane) subalpine dry shrubland or
Metrosideros polymorpha
montane forest and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Vaccinium reticulatum
(ohelo ai),
Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia tameiameiae, Rubus hawaiiensis,
or
Dryopteris wallichiana
(io nui) and elevations between 1,451 and 2,184 m (4,760 and 7,164 ft) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The greatest immediate threat to the survival of this species is the encroachment and competition from naturalized, exotic vegetation, chiefly grasses and trees. Soil disturbance, caused by trampling cattle and rooting by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it destroys plants and facilitates the encroachment of competing species of naturalized plants. Other less important threats include browsing by cattle; fires; and pollen from exotic pine trees, which at times of the year completely cover the stigmas of the geraniums, precluding any fertilization by its own species. The small number of individual plants increases the potential for extinction from random environmental events, and the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor (Funk 1982, 1988; 57 FR 20772; Service 1997).

Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu)

Geranium multiflorum,
a long-lived member of the geranium family (Geraniaceae), is a perennial many-branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall. Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long with purple veins or bases. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its white, regularly symmetrical flowers and by the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf margins (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Geranium multiflorum.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Geranium multiflorum
was known from Ukulele, Waieleele, and Waianapanapa on East Maui. This species is now known from Federal (Haleakala National Park), State (Hanawi NAR and Koolau Forest Reserve), and private lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership in Haiku Ula, Kalialinui, Koolau Gap, Koolau Gap near Haiku Ula, between East Waiuaki and Kopiliula Streams, near Puu Alaea along Kalapawili Ridge, Kipahulu Valley, Waiakekeehia, and Haleakala Crater. The eight known populations extend over a distance of about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi). Due to the inaccessibility of the populations, and the difficulty in determining the number of individuals (due to the plant's multi-branched form), the total number of individuals of this species is not known; however, it probably does not exceed 3,000 plants (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

Geranium multiflorum
is found in wet or mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
montane forest or alpine mesic forest,
Styphelia tameiameiae
shrubland,
Sophora chrysophylla
subalpine dry forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or montane grasslands containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Coprosma montana
(pilo),
Dryopteris glabra
(hohui),
Dryopteris wallichiana, Rubus hawaiiensis, Vaccinium
spp.,
Hedyotis spp.,
or
Sadleria cyatheoides
(amau) at elevations between 1,499 and 2,710 m (4,918 and 8,890 ft) (Wagner
et al.
1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The major threat to
Geranium multiflorum
is competition with encroaching alien plant species, particularly
Rubus argutus
(prickly Florida blackberry). A potential threat is habitat destruction by feral pigs and goats in unfenced areas (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis
(kohe malama malama o kanaloa)

Kanaloa kahoolawensis,
a short-lived perennial and a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are divided into three pairs of leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectar-bearing gland) at the joint between each pair of leaflets. One to three inflorescences are found in the leaf axils (joint between leaf and stem), developing with the flush of new leaves. The inflorescence is a globose head with 20 to 54 white flowers. Up to four fruits develop in each flowering head. The fruit is egg-shaped to subcircular, compressed, hairy at the base, and open along two sides. One heart-shaped, brown seed, 1.0 to 1.4 by 1.1 to 1.6 cm (0.4 to 0.5 by 0.4 to 0.6 in), is found in each fruit. There is no other species of legume in Hawaii that bears any resemblance to this species, which is the only one in this genus (Service 2001; Lorence and Wood 1994).

Little is known about the life history of
Kanaloa kahoolawensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Kanaloa kahoolawensis
was unknown to science until its discovery by Steve Perlman and Ken Wood of NTBG in 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast of Kahoolawe. The only known location of
Kanaloa kahoolawensis
is this rocky stack on the southern coast of the island of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the State of Hawaii. While there are no previous records of the plant, pollen core studies on the island of Oahu revealed a legume pollen that could not be identified but is most likely this species. The pollen cores indicate that this previously unidentified species was a codominant with D
odonaea viscosa
and
Pritchardia
spp. from before 1210 B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point
K. kahoolawensis
disappeared from the pollen record and
D. viscosa
and
Pritchardia
spp. declined dramatically. Only one population with two living individuals is known (Athens
et al.
1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence and Wood 1994; Paul Higashino, Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission (KIRC), pers. comm., 2000; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

The only known habitat is steep rocky talus slopes in mixed coastal shrubland at elevations between 45 to 60 m (150 to 200 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Sida fallax
(ilima),
Senna gaudichaudii
(kolomona),
Bidens mauiensis
(kookoolau),
Lipochaeta lavarum
(nehe),
Portulaca molokiniensis
(ihi), or
Capparis sandwichiana
(maiapilo) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Kanaloa kahoolawensis
are landslides and competition with the alien plant species
Emilia fosbergii
(pualele),
Chloris barbata
(swollen finger grass), or
Nicotiana glauca
(tobacco tree). Goats played a major role in the destruction of vegetation on Kahoolawe before they were removed, and K. kahoolawensis probably survived only because the rocky stack is almost completely separated from the island and inaccessible to goats. Rats are a potential threat to
K. kahoolawensis,
because the species has seeds similar in appearance and presentation to the seeds of the federally endangered
Caesalpinia kavaiensis
(uhiuhi), which are eaten by rats. Rats may have been the cause of the decline of this species 800 years ago. Trampling and habitat degradation from introduced cats and native seabirds are also potential threats. Random environmental events and reduced reproductive vigor are also threats to this species, because only two individuals are known (P. Higashino, pers. comm., 2000; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Lorence and Wood 1994; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307).

Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe)

Lipochaeta kamolensis,
a short-lived perennial herb of the aster family (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing stems that are woody at the base and reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). This species is distinguished from others of the genus by the simple leaves which are pinnately lobed or cut and by the size of the flower heads (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Lipochaeta kamolensis
has been observed flowering from December through February, as well as in April. The growing season coincides with the wet season between November and April to May. Plants are deciduous and appear to be metabolically inactive during the dry season. Little else is known about the life history of
Lipochaeta kamolensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Lipochaeta kamolensis
was known from Kamole Gulch, west of Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) southeast of Ulupalakua Ranch Office. This species still occurs in Kamole Gulch, on State owned (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) land. The only known population, which extends over an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is estimated to contain less than 500 individuals (Wagner
et al.
1999; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Lipochaeta kamolensis
typically grows in gulches or on gentle slopes outside gulches in dry shrubland at elevations between 40 and 602 m (132 and 1,974 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Dodonaea viscosa, Plumbago zeylanica
(iliee), or
Ipomoea indica
(koali awa) (Wagner
et al.
1999; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Lipochaeta kamolensis
are habitat destruction and predation by cattle and goats, competition with alien plants such as
Lantana camara
(lantana), fire, and the one population subject to extinction by random environmental events (57 FR 20772; Service 1997).

Melicope adscendens (alani)

Melicope adscendens,
a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub with long, slender branches covered with gray hairs when young, which become hairless when older.
M. adscendens
is distinguished from other species of the genus by its growth habit, the distinct follicles of its fruit, and the persistent (remaining attached) sepals and petals (Stone
et al.
1999).

Melicope adscendens
fruits have been collected in March and July. Little else is known about the life history of
Melicope adscendens.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope adscendens
has been found only on the southwestern slope of Haleakala; two plants, separated by an unspecified distance, were found by Forbes in 1920. Today, there are two known populations with a total of 16 individuals on State (Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands at Puu Ouli and on the border of the Hana and Makawao Districts (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

This species typically grows on aa lava (a particular type of lava flow with very sharp edges) with pockets of soil in
Nestegis sandwicensis
(olopua)-
Pleomele auwahiensis
(hala pepe)-
Dodonaea viscosa
lowland mesic forest or open dry forest and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
(ulei),
Alphitonia ponderosa
(kauila),
Chamaesyce celastroides
var.
lorifolia
(akoko),
Santalum ellipticum
(iliahialoe),
Pouteria sandwicensis
(alaa),
Styphelia tameiameiae,
or
Xylosma hawaiiensis
(maua) at elevations between 761 and 1,209 m (2,497 and 3,967 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats are habitat damage and trampling by cattle; competition with alien plant species, including
Lantana camara, Bocconia frutescens
(NCN), and
Pennisetum clandestinum
(kikuyu grass), and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of individuals and narrow distribution. Potential threats include habitat degradation and damage to plants by axis deer (
Axis axis
), feral goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, and ranch activities (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope balloui (alani)

Melicope balloui,
a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has yellowish brown woolly hairs and waxy scales; plant parts later become nearly hairless.
Melicope balloui
is distinguished from other species of the genus by the partially fused carpels of its four-lobed capsule and usually persistent sepals and petals (Stone
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of Melicope balloui. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope balloui
has been found only on the northern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There are two known populations with a total of approximately 50 individuals on private and federally owned (Haleakala National Park) lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership at Puu O Kakae and Palikea Stream (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope balloui
typically grows in mesic to wet forest between 781 and 1,596 m (2,561 and 5,235 ft), containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Acacia koa, Cibotium chamissoi
(hapuu),
Cibotium glaucum
(hapuu),
Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope clusiifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha,
or
Sadleria pallida
(amau) (HINHP Database 2001; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Major threats are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and axis deer and reduced reproductive vigor or extinction caused by random environmental events due to the small

number of existing populations and individuals. Potential threats include competition with alien plant species such as
Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Paspalum urvillei, Andropogon virginicus
(broomsedge), and
Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava); susceptibility to black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus); and predation by rats (59 FR 62346; Service 1997; HINHP Database 2001).

Melicope ovalis (alani)

Melicope ovalis,
a long-lived perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. New growth has fine, short, brownish hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves are opposite, leathery, and broadly elliptic. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are hairless, and bruised foliage has an anise odor similar to that of
M. anisata
(mokihana). Each flower cluster is on a main stalk and comprises three to seven flowers on individual stalks. Further details of the flowers are unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has carpels that are fused along almost their entire length. Each fertile carpel contains one or two glossy black seeds. The exocarp and endocarp are both hairless.
M. ovalis
is distinguished from other species of the genus by the almost entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its well-developed petioles (Stone
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Melicope ovalis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

Melicope ovalis
has been found only on the eastern and southeastern slopes of Haleakala. There is one known population with approximately 200 individuals, found on federally owned land along the Palikea Stream in Haleakala National Park within the East Maui Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346).

This species typically grows in
Acacia koa
and
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated montane wet forests along streams at elevations between 753 and 1,537 m (2,469 and 5,042 ft). Associated plant species include
Dicranopteris linearis, Machaerina angustifolia
(uki),
Labordia hedyosmifolia
(NCN),
Wikstroemia oahuensis
(akia),
Dubautia plantaginea, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron trigynum,
or
Perrottetia sandwicensis
(Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

Major threats to the only known population are habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral pigs and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction due to random environmental events. Competition with introduced plants such as
Paspalum conjugatum, Clidemia hirta, Rubus rosifolius
(thimbleberry), and
Psidium cattleianum;
seed predation by rats; and susceptibility to black twig borer are also threats to this species. Habitat degradation and damage to plants by feral goats and axis deer are potential threats if the integrity of the fence currently surrounding the population is compromised (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999).

Remya mauiensis (NCN)

Remya mauiensis
is a short-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae). The genus
Remya
is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is a small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling, or scandent to weakly erect branches, covered with a fine tan fuzz near their tips. The leaves are narrow, up to about 15 cm (6 in) long, and are bunched at the ends of the branches. The coarsely toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer than wide, has a long-attenuate base, and a petiole of less than 1 cm (0.4 in) long. The leaves are green on the upper surface and covered with a dense mat of fine white hairs on the lower surface. The flowers are small, about 0.7 cm (0.3 in) in diameter, dark yellow, and densely clustered at the ends of their stems (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Remya mauiensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).

Remya mauiensis
was collected twice by William Hillebrand on West Maui between 1851 and 1871, and again in 1920 by Charles Forbes, also on West Maui. It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1971 by L.E. Bishop, W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the slopes of Manawainui Gulch, West Maui. Currently,
R. mauiensis
is known from three small populations on State owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Paupau, Kokuula, Kanaulaiki, and Maunawainui Gulch in the Panaewa section of the West Maui NAR, the West Maui Forest Reserve, and the Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. Because of the sprawling habit of this species, and the often dense growth of the surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to determine the exact number of individuals in a population; however, there is an estimate of 21 individuals (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1997; 56 FR 1450).

Remya mauiensis
grows chiefly on steep, north or northeast-facing slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or
Metrosideros polymorpha
montane wet forests and containing one or more of the following associated native species:
Diospyros sandwicensis
(lama),
Xylosma hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea lau nui),
Wikstroemia
spp. (akia),
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Diplazium sandwichianum
,
Lysimachia remyi
,
Microlepia strigosa
(palapalai),
Melicope
spp.,
Alyxia oliviformis
(maile),
Pleomele auwahiensis, Psychotria mariniana,
or
Styphelia tameiameiae
at elevations between 400 and 1,228 m (1,312 and 4,029 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 56 FR 1450; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

This species is threatened by extinction due to random catastrophic environmental events by virtue of the extremely small size of the populations coupled with a limited distribution of the remaining populations. The limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single environmental disturbance could destroy a significant percentage of the known individuals. However, the primary threat to this species is the loss and degradation of its habitat due to the introduction of alien plants, such as
Rubus rosifolius, Schinus terebinthifolius
(Christmas berry),
Adiantum hispidulum
(rough maidenhair fern), or
Tibouchina herbacea
; human activities; and feral goats and pigs (56 FR 1450; Service 1997).

Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN)

Schiedea haleakalensis
, a short-lived perennial of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, with slightly fleshy, narrow leaves and a single vein. Flowers are arranged in clusters at the ends of the branches. The flower has five green, oval sepals; no petals; five nectaries; and ten stamens. Capsules contain grayish to reddish brown seeds. This species differs from other species of the genus on East Maui by its crowded, hairless inflorescence composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Schiedea haleakalensis
is gynodioecious (individuals either have only female flowers or only perfect flowers) and so likely needs cross pollination by small insects. Small, short-flighted flies and moths have been observed visiting flowers. Fruits and seeds have been observed from August

through September. Little else is known about the life history of
Schiedea haleakalensis
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Due to the lack of early collections or sightings, the historical range of
Schiedea haleakalensis
is unknown. This species is known only from Leleiwi Pali and Kaupo Gap in Haleakala National Park within the East Maui Watershed Partnership. The two populations are estimated to contain a total of 100 to 200 individuals, which together extend over a total area of 11 ha (28 ac) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Schiedea haleakalensis
typically grows in rock cracks on sheer cliffs adjacent to barren lava and subalpine shrublands and grasslands with cinder, weathered volcanic ash, or bare lava substrate with little or no soil development and periodic freezing temperatures and containing one or more of the following associated plant species:
Artemisia mauiensis
(hinahina),
Bidens micrantha
(kookoolau),
Dubautia menziesii
,
Styphelia tameiameiae
,
Vaccinium reticulatum
, or
Viola chamissoniana
(pamakani) at elevations between 1,678 and 2,434 m (5,505 and 7,986 ft) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The greatest threats to
Schiedea haleakalensis
are fire and other catastrophic events that could severely impact the species due the small number and restricted distribution of remaining individuals and populations (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani)

Tetramolopium capillare
, a short-lived perennial of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with stems measuring 50 to 80 cm (20 to 31 in) long and covered with many glands when young. The very firm, stalkless leaves are involute (edges rolled under). Flower heads are situated singly at the ends of stalks. Located beneath each flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged in a structure 3 to 4 mm (about 0.1 in) high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in) in diameter. In each flower head, 30 to 50 white, male ray florets are surround by 15 to 25 greenish yellow tinged with red, functionally female florets. The achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are topped by a white pappus comprising a single series of bristles.
Tetramolopium capillare
differs from other species of the genus by its very firm leaves with edges rolled under, its solitary flower heads, the color of its disk florets, and its shorter pappus. It differs from
T. remyi
, with which it sometimes grows, by its more sprawling habit and the shorter stalks of its smaller flower heads (Lowrey 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Tetramolopium capillare
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Lowrey 1999).

Historically,
Tetramolopium capillare
is known from Lahaina Luna to Wailuku on West Maui. Currently, four known populations with a total of 166 individuals are known from State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership, south of Kanaha Stream, Kauaula, Ulaula, and Koia (Lowrey 1999; GDSI 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 49860).

Tetramolopium capillare
typically grows on rocky substrates in
Heteropogon contortus
(pili grass) lowland dry forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Dodonaea viscosa
or
Myoporum sandwicense
(naio); or in
Metrosideros polymorpha
-
Styphelia tameiameiae
montane mesic or wet shrubland and wet cliff faces and containing one or more of the following associated plant species:
Metrosideros polymorpha
,
Styphelia tameiameiae
, or
Dodonaea viscosa
at elevations between 131 and 1,432 m (430 and 4,698 ft) (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Tetramolopium capillare
are fires; competition from alien plant species, particularly
Lantana camara
,
Leucaena leucocephala
(koa haole), or
Melinis repens
(natal redtop); and reduced reproductive vigor and/or extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860).

Multi-Island Species

Acaena exigua (liliwai)

Acaena exigua is a small perennial rosette herb in the rose family (Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, divided leaves and slender flowering stalks 5-15 cm (2-5.9 in) long. It is easily hidden among the other low, tufted bog plants with which it grows. The narrow, oblong leaves are usually 10-25 mm (0.4-1.0 in) long with 6-17 leaflets 1-4 mm (0.04-0.16 in) long and 1-2 mm (0.04-0.08 in) wide. The leaflet on the end is wider (to 3 mm (0.12 in)). The upper surface of the leaves is glossy with conspicuous veins; the lower surface is whitish. The flowers lack petals and are arranged in short, dense spikes 5-10 mm (0.2-0.4 in) long held on slender, sparsely leafy stalks 5-15 cm (2-6 in) tall. The base of the flower is urn-shaped, sometimes with very short spines or bristles, and encloses a single cone-shaped dry fruit (achene) 1 mm (0.04 in) long (Wagner
et al
. 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Acaena exigua
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Acaena exigua
was known from Puu Kukui on West Maui and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On Maui,
Acaena exigua
was last seen by Hank Oppenheimer and Steve Perlman in 1999 within the Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area. It has not been seen in the wild since March 2000 (Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple Company Limited, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Acaena exigua
is known only from montane bogs characterized by a thick peat substrate overlying an impervious clay substrate, with hummocks of sedges and grasses, stunted trees, and shrubs at elevations between 1,178 and 1,764 m (3,865 and 5,787 ft). Associated native species include the sedges and grasses
Carex montis-eeke
(NCN),
Deschampsia nubigena
,
Dichanthelium cynodon
(NCN),
Dichanthelium hillebrandianum
(NCN),
Dichanthelium isachnoides
(NCN),
Oreobolus furcatus
(NCN), or
Rhynchospora chinensis
(kuolohia), and the shrubs
Metrosideros polymorpha
,
Viola maviensis
(pamakani),
Myrsine
spp.,
Lagenifera maviensis
(NCN), or
Vaccinium
spp. (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The reason for the disappearance of this species is not known. The main current threats to
Acaena exigua
, if it exists, are believed to include small population size; human impacts (collecting and site degradation); potentially consumption of vegetative or floral parts of this species by non-native slugs and/or rats; predation and habitat disturbance by feral pigs; and non-native plant species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens
, a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a small, pendant, epiphytic fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna margins, by the

pinnae being at right angles to the midrib axis, by the placement of the sori on the pinnae, and the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of
Adenophorus periens
, which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989).

Historically,
Adenophorus periens
was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Maui, it has not been seen in the wild since 1929 (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2001).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Adenophorus periens
on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Adenophorus periens
on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe)

Alectryon macrococcus
, a long-lived perennial and a member of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), consists of two varieties,
macrococcus
and
auwahiensis
, both trees with reddish-brown branches and net-veined paper- or leather-like leaves with one to five pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg-shaped leaflets. The underside of the leaf has dense brown hairs, only when young in
A. macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
, and persistent in
A. macrococcus
var.
auwahiensis
. The only member of its genus found in Hawaii, this species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of its family by being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 in) or more in diameter (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999).

Alectryon macrococcus
is a relatively slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to periodic drought. Little else is known about the life history of
A. macrococcus
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically and currently,
Alectryon macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, three populations with a total of 22 individuals is found along the Honokowai Ditch Trail, Launiupoko Valley, and Iao Valley on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership. Currently,
A. macrococcus
var.
auwahiensis
is known from two populations with 22 individuals on leeward East Maui in Auwahi in the Hana District and on the ridge east of Pahihi Gulch on private and State owned (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) lands (Medeiros
et al.
1986; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of
Alectryon macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
is mesic forests with
Pouteria sandwicensis
,
Nestegis sandwicensis
,
Xylosma
spp. (maua),
Antidesma platyphylla
(hame),
Antidesma pulvinatum
(hame),
Bobea sandwicensis
(ahakea),
Pittosporum confertiflorum
(hoawa), or
Pittosporum glabrum
(hoawa) at elevations between 1,017 and 3,562 m (1,168 and 3,337 ft). The habitat of
A. macrococcus
var.
auwahiensis
is mesic to wetter mesic and upper dryland forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Diospyros sandwicensis
,
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
,
Alphitonia ponderosa
,
Santalum ellipticum
,
Xylosma hawaiiensis
,
Streblus pendulinus
(aiai),
Pouteria sandwicensis
, or
Pleomele auwahiensis
at elevations between 333 and 1,210 m (1,092 and 3,969 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt
. 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to
Alectryon macrococcus
var.
macrococcus
on Maui include feral goats and pigs; alien plant species, such as
Melinus minutiflora
(molasses grass),
Pennisetum clandestinum
,
Schinus terebinthifolius
, or
Psidium cattleianum
; damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice (
Mus musculus
); fire; seed predation by insects (probably the endemic microlepidopteran
Prays
cf.
fulvocanella
); loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic. The threats to
A. macrococcus
var.
auwahiensis
on Maui are damage from the black twig borer; seed predation by rats and mice; habitat degradation by feral pigs, deer, and escaped cattle; seed predation by insects (probably
Prays
cf.
fulvocanella
); alien plant species; loss of pollinators; depressed reproductive vigor; and due to the very small remaining number of individuals and their limited distribution, a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance could easily be catastrophic (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN)

Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
, a short-lived perennial and a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a fern with a short sub-erect stem with a dull gray or brown main axis with two greenish ridges. This Hawaiian fern species is most similar to
Asplenium macraei
. The two can be distinguished by the size and shape of the pinnae and the number of sori per pinna (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little life history information is available for
Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. Researchers have collected information on species composition, extent of cover, and age-class structure in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa Training Area in order to describe the populations. No gametophytes (gamete-producing life stage) were found, and the age-class structure of the sub-populations sampled was determined to be 100 percent reproductive adults because all the sporophytes (spore-producing life stage) had sori (spore-bearing structures) on some fronds (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
was known historically and currently from East Maui and on the island of Hawaii. Currently, on Maui there is one population with 18 individuals found in Kalialinui within the East Maui Watershed Partnership on private and federally (Haleakala National Park) owned lands (GDSI 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

On Maui,
Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
is found in streamside hollows and grottos in gulches that occur in mesic to dry subalpine shrubland dominated by
Styphelia tameiameiae
and
Sadleria cyatheoides
, with scattered
Metrosideros polymorpha
between 1,682 and 2,407 m (5,518 and 7,896 ft). Associated native plant species include
Grammitis hookeri
(makue lau lii), and
Dryopteris wallichiana
(Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threat to
Asplenium fragile
var.
insulare
on the island of Maui is the risk of extinction due to random naturally occurring events due

to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; Shaw 1992).

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (ko oko olau)

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
, a short-lived member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha
is known to hybridize with other native
Bidens
, such as
B. mauiensis
and
B. menziesii
, and possibly
B. conjuncta
. Little else is known about the life history of
B. micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Ganders and Nagata 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
was known from Lanai, the south slope of Haleakala on East Maui, and from one locality on West Maui. Currently, this taxon remains only on East Maui in Kahua, Nakula, and Haleakala Crater and Kaupo Gap, on State (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) and Federal (Haleakala National Park) lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership. There are a total of three populations with less than a total of 2,000 individuals (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

The habitat of
Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha
is blocky lava flows with little or no soil development, deep pit craters, and sheer rock walls in open canopy
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
forest, montane shrubland,
Sophora chrysophylla
forests or cliff faces containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Styphelia tameiameiae
,
Coprosma montana
(pilo),
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Dubautia platyphylla
(naenae),
Vaccinium reticulatum
, or
Santalum haleakalae
(iliahi) at elevations between 1,317 and 2,565 m (4,321 and 8,414 ft) (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral goats, pigs, and cattle; competition from a variety of invasive plant species; and fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii (NCN)

Bonamia menziesii
, a short-lived perennial member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles, longer stems and petioles, and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Bonamia menziesii
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,
Bonamia menziesii
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four populations containing a total of eight individuals on State (Kanaio NAR) and privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Honokawai, Keokea, Haunauhane, and Kanaio (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt
. 1999; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Bonamia menziesii
is found on aa lava in mixed open dry forest, or
Erythrina sandwicensis
(wiliwili) lowland dry forest, and in mesic mixed
Metrosideros polymorpha
forest and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Nestegis sandwicensis
,
Pleomele auwahiensis
,
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Alyxia oliviformis
,
Diospyros sandwicensis
,
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
,
Alphitonia ponderosa
,
Santalum ellipticum
,
Xylosma hawaiiensis
,
Nothocestrum latifolium
(aiea),
Pouteria sandwicensis
,
Achyranthes splendens
(NCN),
Acacia koaia
(koaia),
Sida fallax
,
Reynoldsia sandwicensis
(ohe),
Sicyos
spp. (anunu),
Lipochaeta rockii
(nehe),
Nototrichium
spp. (kului), or
Myoporum sandwicense
at elevations between 184 and 906 m (604 and 2,971 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt
. 1999; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, axis deer, and cattle; competition with a variety of alien plant species, particularly
Lantana camara
or
Bocconia frutescens
; and an alien beetle (
Physomerus grossipes
) (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Brighamia rockii (pua ala)

Brighamia rockii,
a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), grows as an unbranched stem succulent with a thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).

Observations of
Brighamia rockii
have provided the following information: the reproductive system is protandrous, meaning there is a temporal separation between the production of male and female gametes, in this case a separation of several days; only five percent of the flowers produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants in cultivation have flowers at an age of 9 months. This species was observed in flower during August. Little else is known about the life history of
Brighamia rockii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 4632).).

Historically,
Brighamia rockii
ranged along the northern coast of East Molokai from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may possibly have grown on Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is only extant on Molokai (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt
. 2000; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

On Maui,
Brighamia rockii
occurs in rock crevices on steep sea cliffs, often within the spray zone, in coastal dry to mesic forests and shrublands between 0 and 195 m (0 and 640 ft). Associated plant species include
Psydrax odorata
(alahee),
Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, and Scaevola sericea
(naupaka kahahai) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Brighamia rockii
on the island of Maui (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano)

Cenchrus agrimonioides
is a short-lived perennial member of the grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades which are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties,
C. agrimonioides
var.
laysanensis
and
C. agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides.
They differ from each other in that var.
agrimonioides
has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. This species has been observed to produce fruit year round (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically,
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
was known from the Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii. Historically,
C. agrimonioides
var
laysanensis
was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973. Currently,
C. agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
is known from Oahu and Maui. On Maui, this variety is known from two populations on State owned land (West Maui Forest Reserve within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership and Kanaio NAR) at Ukumehame and Kanaio, East Maui containing an unknown number of individuals (Corn 1980; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001).

Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
is found in mid-elevation dry forest or
Pleomele-Diospyros
forest associated with
Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alyxia oliviformis,
or
Santalum ellipticum
at elevations between 471 and 1,091 m (1,544 and 3,579 ft) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to the only known population of
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
on Maui are competition with alien plant species; browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides
is an annual herb in the gentian family (Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from C. erythraea, which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides
has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains. Other than that, little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental regulations, and limiting factors are generally unknown (Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).

Historically and currently,
Centaurium sebaeoides
is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Maui, there are three populations of this species, with a total of more than 50 individuals, on State and privately owned lands at Kahakuloa Head, Lahoole, and Kupaa Gulch (Wagner
et al.
1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).

This species typically grows in volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in windward coastal areas at elevations between 0 and 194 m (0 and 636 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Panicum torridum
(kakonakona),
Lysimachia mauritiana
(kolokolo kuahiwi),
Schiedea globosa
(NCN),
Lipochaeta integrifolia
(nehe),
Bidens mauiensis, Scaevola sericea,
or
Lycium sandwicense
(ohelo kai) (Service 1999; 56 FR 55770; Wagner
et al.
1999; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats and cattle; competition from the alien plant species
Leucaena leucocephala;
trampling by humans on or near trails; and fire (Service 1999; 56 FR 55770).

Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai)

Clermontia lindseyana,
a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a small, branched tree that grows 2.5 to 6 m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall.
Clermontia lindseyana
is either terrestrial or epiphytic, living on the surface of other plants. The upper surface of the oblong-shaped leaves is dark green while the lower is pale green or purplish and hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5-7 cm (1-2.8 in) long and hairy. Berries are 2.5-4 cm (1-1.6 in) wide, almost round, and orange.
Clermontia lindseyana
is easily separable from the other species within this genus by several characters: much larger leaves and flowers, similar petals and sepals, and spreading floral lobes. Rock (1962) commented on the leaves being conspicuously hairy beneath (Cuddihy
et al.
1983; Lammers 1999).

This species was observed in fruit from June to October, and in flower from February to August. Little else is known about the life history of
Clermontia lindseyana.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2001).

Historically,
Clermontia lindseyana
was known from Maui and the island of Hawaii. The two Maui populations are located in Waiopai and Wailaulau Gulches in the Kahikinui and Kula Forest Reserves on State and private lands, and are estimated to total about 330 individuals (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; Arthur Medeiros, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division,
in litt.
2000; HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001).

On Maui,
Clermontia lindseyana
grows in
Acacia koa
mesic forest containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Cyrtandra
spp., native fern species,
Ilex anomala
(kawau),
Coprosma
spp., or
Myrsine
spp. at elevations between 1,142 and 1,870 m (3,747 and 6,134 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to
Clermontia lindseyana
are trampling and grazing by cattle, trampling and browsing by goats, and rooting and trampling by pigs; competition with the alien plant
Pennisetum clandestinum;
and consumption of berries, flowers, and vegetation by black rats (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai)

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
, a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles).
Clermontia oblongifolia
is distinguished from other members of the genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the hypanthium).
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
is reported from Maui and Lanai, while ssp.
oblongifolia
is only known from Oahu and ssp.
brevipes
is only known from Molokai (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1988, 1999).

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
is known to flower from November to July. Little else is known about the life history of
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and

limiting factors are unknown (Rock 1919; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
known from Lanai and from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, it is known from Lanai and Maui. On West Maui, this taxon is currently known from one population with an unknown number of individuals, at Kaulalewelewe on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999).

This plant typically grows on the sides of ridges and ridge tops in
Metrosideros polymorpha
-dominated montane wet forests at elevations between 414 and 1,764 m (1,358 and 5,787 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Dicranopteris linearis, Ilex anomala, Myrsine
spp.,
Cheirodendron
spp. (NCN),
Coprosma
spp.,
Clermontia
spp.,
Hedyotis
spp., or
Melicope
spp. (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The only known population of this species on Maui is vulnerable to extinction from a natural or human-caused environmental disturbance due to its small size; depressed reproductive vigor; competition with the alien plan species
Tibouchina herbacea;
and habitat degradation by feral pigs (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia peleana (oha wai)

Clermontia peleana
, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic shrub or tree that grows on native trees and tree ferns. Two subspecies are recognized:
C. peleana
ssp.
singuliflora
(greenish-white petals) and
C. peleana
ssp.
peleana
(blackish-purple petals). This species can be separated from other Hawaiian members of the genus by its epiphytic growth, small triangular green calyx lobes, and single-lipped flowers (Lammers 1999).

Clermontia peleana
has been observed in flower during June and November, and in fruit during November. Little else is known about the life history of
Clermontia peleana
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2001).

Clermontia peleana
ssp.
singuliflora
was formerly found on the island of Hawaii and on East Maui, but has not been seen in either place since the early 1900s (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner
et al.
1999, L. Perry, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species: associated with
Clermontia peleana
on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Clermontia peleana
on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Colubrina oppositiofolia (kauila)

Colubrina oppositiofolia
, a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a long-lived tree with extremely hard red wood. This species is readily distinguished from the other species in Hawaii by the opposite leaf position, dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins (Wagner
et al.
1999).

This species has been observed in fruit and flower in September and June, and in flower during December and January. Little else is known about the life history of
Colubrina oppositiofolia.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Historically and currently,
Colubrina oppositiofolia
is known from Oahu, Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. Currently on Maui, there are two populations containing one individual each on privately owned land in Honokawai and in Auwahi in the Hana District (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

Habitats of this species are lowland dry and mesic forests dominated by
Diospyros sandwicensis
, at elevations between 192 and 929 m (630 and 3,047 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Canavalia
spp. (awikiwiki),
Wikstroemia
spp.,
Psydrax odorata
,
Pleomele auwahiensis
,
Freycinetia arborea
(ieie),
Metrosideros polymorpha
,
Microlepia strigosa
,
Bidens micrantha
spp.
micrantha
(kookoolau), or
Reynoldsia sandwicensis
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat destruction by feral pigs; competition with the alien plants
Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum,
or
Schinus terebinthifolius;
black twig borer; Chinese rose beetles (
Adoretus sinicus
); fire; and its small population numbers and limited distribution (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)

Ctenitis squamigera
is a short-lived perennial of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) thick, creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. The leaf stalks are densely clothed with tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The sori are tan-colored when mature and are in a single row one-third of the distance from the margin to the midrib of the ultimate segments. The indusium (the membrane enclosing the sori) is whitish before wrinkling, thin, suborbicular with a narrow sinus extending about half way, glabrous except for a circular margin which is ciliolate with simple several-celled glandular and nonglandular hairs arising directly from the margin or from the deltoid base.
Ctenitis squamigera
can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of
Ctenitis
by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of
Ctenitis squamigera.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Historically,
Ctenitis squamigera
was recorded from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, there are currently six populations with 41 individuals on State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and privately owned lands at Honolua, Kahana, Honokawai, Wahikuli, Kapilau Ridge, Paupau, and Hukoula within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; H. Oppenheimer,
in litt.
2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2000; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2000 and
in litt.
2000; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

This species is found in the forest understory, in
Metrosideros polymorpha
montane wet forest or diverse mesic forest at elevations between 74 and 1,593 m (243 and 5,226 ft) and containing one or more of the following native plant species:
Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea, Coprosma
spp.,
Pleomele
spp. (hala pepe),
Sadleria
spp.,
Doodia
spp. (okupukupu lauii),
Pittosporum
spp. (hoawa),
Dryopteris
spp. (NCN),
Bobea
spp. (ahakea),
Antidesma
spp. (hame),
Peperomia
spp. (ala ala wainui),
Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea pubescens
var.
pubescens
(NCN),
Hibiscus kokio
ssp.
kokio

(kokio),
Hedyotis terminalis, Pritchardia
spp.,
Remya mauiensis, Canavalia
spp.,
Myrsine
spp.,
Psychotria
spp., or
Xylosma
spp. (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; HINHP Database 2001; H. Oppenheimer, pers. comm., 2000; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to
Ctenitis squamigera
are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant species, especially
Psidium cattleianum
and
Schinus terebinthifolius;
fire; and extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
(haha)

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana,
a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1990).

On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Little else is known about the life history of
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically and currently,
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
is known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and scattered locations on Maui. Currently on Maui, there are two populations with a total of five individuals on privately owned land in Iao Valley and Kapilau Ridge (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

This species is typically found on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks in wet forest gulch bottoms often dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha
at elevations between 312 and 1,617 m (1,024 and 5,305 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Antidesma
spp.,
Bobea
spp.,
Myrsine
spp.,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria
spp., or
Xylosma
spp. (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events that could cause extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; trampling by hikers; landslides; rats; and slugs (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Cyanea lobata (haha)

Cyanea lobata,
a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of
Cyanea
by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea lobata
is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in) in height. Little else is known about the life history of
Cyanea lobata
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Rock 1919; Degener 1936; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Cyanea lobata
was known from Lanai and West Maui. It is no longer extant on Lanai. On Maui, there are currently four populations with a total of 12 individuals on privately owned land within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership at Kaulalewelewe, Honolowai, Honokohau, and Waikapu (Lammers 1999; GDSI 2001: HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

This species has been seen and collected on steep stream banks in deep shade in wet forest at elevations between 204 and 1,531 m (669 and 5,020 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Touchardia latifolia, Morinda trimera
(noni kuahiwi),
Metrosideros polymorpha, Clermontia kakeana, Cyrtandra
spp.,
Xylosma
spp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Antidesma
spp.,
Pipturus albidus, Peperomia
spp.,
Touchardia latifolia, Freycinetia arborea, Pleomele
spp., or
Athyrium
spp. (akolea) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs; depressed reproductive vigor; and natural or human-caused environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Cyrtandra munroi (ha iwale)

Cyrtandra munroi
, a short-lived perennial and member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to almost circular leaves which are sparsely to moderately hairy on the upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the plant (Wagner
et al
. 1999).

Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species of
Cyrtandra
, but not on that of
C. munroi
specifically. The pollinators of these plants have not been identified, although studies indicate that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be carried out by birds which eat the fruits. Little else is known about the life history of
Cyrtandra munroi
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772).

Historically and currently,
Cyrtandra munroi
is known from Lanai and West Maui. Currently on Maui, there are four populations with a total of approximately 1,000 individuals on private and State (West Maui Forest Reserve) owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership in Kahanaiki Gulch, Pulepule Gulch, Honokahua Gulch, along Makamakaole Stream, and Hahakea (Wagner
et al
. 1999; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772).

The habitat of this species is rich, moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes in lowland wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
forest at elevations between 390 and 1,108 m (1,280 and 3,635 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Diospyros
spp. (lama),
Strongylodon ruber
(nuku iiwi),
Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia
spp.,
Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea
spp.,
Coprosma
spp.,
Freycinetia arborea, Melicope
spp.,
Myrsine
spp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pipturus
spp. (mamaki),
Pittosporum
spp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis, Psychotria
spp.,
Sadleria
spp.,
Scaevola
spp. (naupaka),
Xylosma
spp.,
Sicyos
spp.,
Zanthoxylum kauense
(ae), or other
Cyrtandra
spp. (Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Maui are from competition with the alien

plant species
Psidium cattleianum, Pluchea symphytifolia
(sourbush),
Melinis minutiflora, Rubus rosifolius
, and
Paspalum conjugatum
; loss of appropriate pollinators; a very small number of extant individuals which can cause depressed reproductive vigor; and the effects of random environmental events that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population on Maui (Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772).

Delissea undulata (NCN)

Delissea undulata,
a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is an unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the tips of the stems. One or two knob-like structures often occur on the back of the flower tube. Three subspecies, all but the last of which are considered extinct, may be separated on the basis of leaf shape and margin characters:
D. undulata
var.
kauaiensis
(leaf blades are oval and flat-margined with sharp teeth) (Kauai),
D. undulata
var.
niihauensis
(leaf blades are heart shaped and flat-margined with shallow, rounded teeth) (Niihau) and
D. undulata
var.
undulata
(leaf blades are elliptic to lance-shaped and wavy-margined with small, sharply pointed teeth) (Maui, Hawaii). This species is separated from the other closely related members of the genus by its large flowers and berries and broad leaf bases.
Delissea undulata
ssp.
undulata
is the only subspecies known from Maui (Lammers 1999).

Delissea undulata
var.
undulata
was observed in fruit and flower during December. Little else is known about the life history of
Delissea undulata
var.
undulata.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124; HINHP Database 2001).

Delissea undulata
var.
undulata
was known from southwestern Maui, western Hawaii and Niiahu. Currently it occurs Kauai and the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Linda Pratt, U.S. Geological Survey-Biological Resources Division,
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood pers comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Delissea undulata
var.
undulata
on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Delissea undulata
var.
undulata
on the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124).

Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved diellia)

Diellia erecta,
a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having brown or dark gray scales usually more than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Smith 1934; Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of
Diellia erecta.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,
Diellia erecta
was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is only known from Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are five known populations with a total of 35 individual plants on State (West Maui Forest Reserve, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) or privately owned lands within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership in Iao Valley, Hanaulaiki, Manawainui Gulch, Near Polipoli in Kamaole and West of Waiopai Gulch (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001).

This species is found in steep slopes or gulch sides in deep shade in
Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha
low-to mid-elevation mesic forests at elevations between 338 and 1,744 m (1,109 and 5,722 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Styphelia tameiameiae, Melicope
spp.,
Coprosma
spp.,
Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata
(NCN),
Myrsine
spp.,
Psychotria
spp., or
Osteomeles anthyllidifolia
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Diellia erecta
on Maui are habitat degradation by pigs, goats, and cattle; competition with alien plant species, including
Blechnum occidentale
(NCN); and random naturally occurring events that could cause extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing individuals (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Diplazium molokaiense (NCN)

Diplazium molokaiense,
a short-lived perennial member of the woodfern family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of
Diplazium
in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of
Diplazium molokaiense.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

Historically,
Diplazium molokaiense
was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko Gulch (East Maui) and Wailuku (Iao) Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on Maui. Currently, this species is only known from Maui. Four populations with a total of 23 individuals are found on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest Reserves) and privately owned lands within the East Maui Watershed Partnership Near Polipoli in Kamaole, between Kahakapao Gulch and Puu O Kakae, Honomanu, and Waiopai Gulch (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025).

This species occurs near water courses often in proximity to waterfalls in lowland or montane mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa
forest at elevations between 273 and 1,917 m (896 and 6,289 ft) (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats on Maui are habitat degradation by feral goats, cattle, pigs, and axis deer; competition with alien plant species; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from randomly occurring natural events due to the small number of populations and individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025; HINHP Database 2001).

Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame)

Flueggea neowawraea,
a long-lived perennial and a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. This species is the only member of the genus found in Hawaii and can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and color of the leaves, flowers clustered along the branches, and the size and shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Hayden 1999).

Individual trees of
Flueggea neowawraea
bear only male or female

flowers, and must be cross-pollinated from a different tree to produce viable seed. Little else is known about the life history of
Flueggea neowawraea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Hayden 1999; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Historically,
Flueggea neowawraea
was known from the islands of Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii. Currently, populations are known from Kauai, Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, there are three populations with a total of five trees on State (Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) and privately owned lands at Auwahi, and above the Lualailua and Alena (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Mahealani Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with) Ulupalakua Ranch,
in litt.
2000; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Flueggea neowawraea
occurs in dry or mesic forest at elevations between 633 and 971 m (2,078 and 3,186 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea timonioides
(ahakea),
Charpentiera
spp. (papala),
Myrsine lanaiensis
(kolea),
Tetraplasandra
spp. (oheohe),
Diplazium sandwichianum, Nesoluma polynesicum
(keahi),
Diospyros
spp.,
Antidesma pulvinatum, Psydrax odorata, Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis
(hao),
Pleomele
spp.,
Pouteria sandwicensis,
or
Pleomele auwahiensis
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to the populations on Maui are the black twig borer; habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, and cattle; competition with alien plant species; depressed reproductive vigor; the risk of extinction from a random environmental event due to the small number of individuals; and predation of the fruit by rats (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2001).

Gouania vitifolia (NCN)

Gouania vitifolia,
a member of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a short-lived perennial, is a climbing shrub with tendriled flowering branches. This species differs from other members of its genus by having flowering branches with a tendril and coarsely crenate (wavy) to serrate-dentate (toothed) leaf margins (Wagner
et al.
1999).

In winter and late spring the main vine of
Gouania vitifolia
produces new young side shoots which soon die. Plants have been observed flowering from late November to January, but flowering probably depends on precipitation. Little else is known about the life history of
Gouania vitifolia.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Historically,
Gouania vitifolia
was known from West Maui, the Kau District of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The species currently occurs on Oahu and on the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; Jon Giffin, DOFAW,
in litt.
2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

On Maui,
Gouania vitifolia
typically grows on the sides of ridges and gulches in dry to mesic forests at elevations between 155 and 1,326 m (509 and 4,350 ft). Associated plant species include
Erythrina sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus
(kokio keokeo),
Pipturus albidus, Urera glabra
(opuhe),
Chamaesyce
spp. (akoko),
Psychotria
spp.,
Hedyotis
spp.,
Melicope
spp.,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens
spp.,
Carex meyenii
(NCN), and
Diospyros sandwicensis
(J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Gouania vitifolia
on the island of Maui (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932).

Hedyotis coriacea (kio ele)

Hedyotis coriacea,
a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, short-lived perennial shrub with leathery leaves which are generally elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually 1.5 to 3 cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This species is distinguished from others of the genus by its small, triangular calyx lobes, which do not enlarge in fruit, and the combination of capsules which are longer than wide and flower buds which are square in cross section (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Hedyotis coriacea.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Hedyotis coriacea
was known from Oahu and the Island of Hawaii. Considered extinct on all islands in recent years, this species was discovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in the State owned Lihau section of the West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Island of Hawaii. Currently, only a single individual is known from West Maui on State owned land withing the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Hedyotis coriacea
is found on steep, rocky, slopes in dry lowland
Dodonaea viscosa
dominated shrublands at elevations between 110 and 937 m (361 and 3,074 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Sida fallax, Gouania hillebrandii
(NCN),
Bidens menziesii
(kookoolau),
Lipochaeta lavarum, Myoporum sandwicense,
or
Schiedea menziesii
(NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The single remaining individual of
Hedyotis coriacea
on Maui is threatened by extinction from a random naturally occurring event (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Hedyotis mannii (pilo)

Hedyotis mannii,
a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or winged. The leaves are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic to sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (leaf-like appendages), which are attached to the slightly winged leaf stalks where they join and clasp the stem, are triangular. Flowers are arranged in loose clusters up to 30 cm (1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and are either bisexual or female. This species' growth habit, its quadrangular or winged stems, the shape, size, and texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Hedyotis mannii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Currently and historically,
Hedyotis mannii
is known from Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai. On Maui, there is a single population of approximately 20 individuals located on private land in Kauaula Valley (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; GDSI 2001; K. Wood
in litt.
2000).

The population on Maui is found on basalt cliffs along stream banks in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
montane wet forest at elevations between 340 and 1,593 m (1,115 and 5,226 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Machaerina
spp. (uki),
Carex meyenii, Phyllostegia
spp. (NCN),
Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra platyphylla
(haiwale),
Cyanea
spp.

(haha),
Psychotria
spp.,
Pipturus albidus, Boehmeria grandis, Urera glabra, Touchardia latifolia, Cyrtandra grayi
(haiwale),
Cyrtandra hawaiensis
(haiwale), or
Isachne distichophylla
(ohe) (K. Wood
in litt.
2000; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

Hedyotis mannii
on Maui is threatened by landslides; competition with the alien plant species
Rubus rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora, Buddleia asiatica
(butterfly bush),
Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush), and
Clidemia hirta;
and the low number of individuals makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction by random naturally occurring events (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood
in litt.
2000).

Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)

Hesperomannia arborescens,
a long-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other
Hesperomannia
species in having the following combination of characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner
et al.
1999).

This species has been observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March and June. Little else is known about the life history of
Hesperomannia arborescens.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens
was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. There are currently two populations with a total of six individuals on State (Kahukuloa section West Maui NAR) and privately-owned lands in Honokohau and Lanilii within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens
is found on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or wet forest at elevations between 346 and 1,335 m (1,135 and 4,380 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis
(kolea),
Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus
spp.,
Antidesma
spp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Clermontia
spp.,
Cibotium
spp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea
spp.,
Coprosma
spp.,
Sadleria
spp.,
Melicope
spp.,
Machaerina
spp.,
Cheirodendron
spp., or
Freycinetia arborea
(HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Hesperomannia arborescens
on Maui are habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plant species; extinction due to random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of individuals in one remaining population; and impact by humans (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2001).

Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN)

Hesperomannia arbuscula,
a long-lived perennial member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the erect flower heads and the leaves, usually hairy beneath, which are one to two times as long as wide (Wagner
et al.
1999).

Hesperomannia arbuscula
usually flowers in the spring depending on precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 weeks and trees live about 10 to 15 years. Little else is known about the life history of
Hesperomannia arbuscula.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Historically and currently,
Hesperomannia arbuscula
is known from Oahu and West Maui. On Maui, this species is found in two populations with a total of 37 individuals, on privately owned land along the Waihee Stream and Nakalaloa within the West Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood,
in litt.
1999; Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770).

Hesperomannia arbuscula
typically grows on steep forested

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A02-6915. Public record. Not legal advice.