# Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Lanai, HI

> Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more.

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A02-4335

## Record

- **Collection:** Federal Register
- **Document type:** Proposed Rule
- **Published:** March 4, 2002
- **Citation:** 67 FR 9806

## Text

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
RIN 1018-AH10
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Lanai, HI

AGENCY:

Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:

Revised proposed rule and notice of determinations of whether designations of critical habitat is prudent.

SUMMARY:

We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose critical habitat for 32 of the 37 species listed under the Endangered Species Act, known historically from the island of Lanai within 8 critical habitat units totaling approximately 7,853 hectares (ha) (19,405 acres (ac)) on the island of Lanai.

If this proposal is made final, section 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that actions they carry out, fund, or authorize do not destroy or adversely modify critical habitat to the extent that the action appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat for the survival and recovery of the species. Section 4 of the Act requires us to consider economic and other relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.

We solicit data and comments from the public on all aspects of this proposal, including data on the economic and other impacts of the designations. We may revise or further refine this rule, including critical habitat boundaries, prior to final designation based on habitat and plant surveys, public comment on the revised proposed critical habitat rule, and new scientific and commercial information.

DATES:

We will accept comments until May 3, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by April 18, 2002.

ADDRESSES:

If you wish to comment, you may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposal by any one of several methods:

You may submit written comments and information to the Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3-122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850-0001.

You may hand-deliver written comments to our Pacific Islands Office at the address given above.

You may view comments and materials received, as well as supporting documentation used in the preparation of this proposed rule, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Paul Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Office (see
ADDRESSES
section) (telephone 808/541-3441; facsimile 808/541-3470).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

The 32 species for which we propose critical habitat are
Abutilon eremitopetalum, Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Neraudia sericea, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis,
and
Viola lanaiensis.
Critical habitat is not proposed for 4 (
Mariscus fauriei, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
) of the 37 species which no longer occur on the island of Lanai, and for which we are unable to identify any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the island of Lanai. Prudency determinations for these species were contained in previous proposals published in the
Federal Register
on November 7, 2000, December 18, 2000, December 27, 2000, December 29, 2000, and January 28, 2002. Critical habitat is not proposed for
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis,
for which we determined that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it has not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species is known.

Background

In the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there are 37 plant species that, at the time of listing, were reported from the island of Lanai (Table 1). Seven of these species are endemic to the island of Lanai, while 30 species are reported from one or more other islands, as well as Lanai. Each of these species is described in more detail below in the section, “Discussion of Plant Taxa.”

Table 1.—Summary of Island Distribution of 37 Species From Lanai

Species
Island Distribution
Kauai
Oahu
Molokai
Lanai
Maui
Hawaii
NW. Isles, Kahoolawe Niihau

Abutilon eremitopetalum
(NCN*)

C

Adenophorus periens
(pendant kihi fern)

C
H
C
R
R
C

Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
(kookoolau)

H
C

Bonamia menziesii
(NCN)

C
C
H
C
C
C

Brighamia rockii
(pua ala)

C
H
H

Cenchrus agrimonioides
(kamanomano, sandbur, agrimony)

C

H
C
R
NW Isles (H)

Centaurium sebaeoides
(awiwi)

C
C
C
C
C

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
(oha wai)

C
C

Ctenitis squamigera
(pauoa)

H
C
C
C
C
H

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
(haha)

C
C
C
C

Cyanea lobata
(haha)

H
C

Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii
(NCN)

C

Cyperus trachysanthos
(puukaa)

C
C
H
H

Ni (C)

Cyrtandra munroi
(haiwale)

C
C

Diellia erecta
(NCN)

C
C
C
H
C
C

Diplazium molokaiense
(asplenium-leaved asplenium)

H
H
H
H
C

Gahnia lanaiensis
(NCN)

C

Hedyotis mannii
(pilo)

C
C
C

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
(kopa)

C

Hesperomannia arborescens
(NCN)

C
C
H
C

Hibiscus brackenridgei
(mao hau hele)

H
C
H
C
C
C
Ka (R)

Isodendrion pyrifolium
(wahine noho kula)

H
H
H
H
C
Ni (H)

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
(kamakahala)

C

Mariscus fauriei
(NCN)

C
H

C

Melicope munroi
(alani)

H
C

Neraudia sericea
(NCN)

C
H
C

Ka (H)

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
(NCN)

H

Portulaca sclerocarpa
(poe)

C

C

Sesbania tomentosa
(ohai)

C
C
C
H
C
C
Ni (H), ka (C), NW Isles (C)

Silene lanceolata
(NCN)

H
C
C
H

C

Solanum incompletum
(popolo ku mai)

H

H
H
H
C

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
(NCN)

C
C
C
C
C
C

Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
(NCN)

C

H

Tetramolopium remyi
(NCN)

C
H

Vigna o-wahuensis
(NCN)

H
C
C
C
C
Ni (H), Ka (C)

Viola lanaiensis
(NCN)

C

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(ae)

C

C
H
C
C

KEY:

C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years.
H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years.
R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations.
* NCN—No Common Name.

We determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for six plants from the island of Lanai on December 27, 2000 (65 FR 82086). These species are:
Abutilon eremitopetalum, Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii, Gahnia lanaiensis, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Tetramolopium remyi,
and
Viola lanaiensis.
In proposals published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), and December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for ten plants that are reported from Lanai as well as from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, or Kahoolawe. These ten plants are:
Bonamia menziesii, Centarium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana, Cyrtandra munroi, Hedyotis mannii, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Spermolepis hawaiiensis,
and
Vigna o-wahuensis.
In addition, at the time we listed
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi, Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis,
and
Melicope munroi,
on September 3, 1999 (64 FR 48307), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for these three taxa from Lanai. No change is made to these 19 prudency determinations in this revised proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (64 FR 48307, 65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192).

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that critical habitat was not prudent for
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis,
a species known only from Lanai, because it had not been seen in the wild on Lanai since 1914 and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. Therefore, such designation would not be beneficial to this species. No change is made here to the December 27, 2000, not prudent determination for
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086).

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we proposed designation of critical habitat for 18 plants from the island of Lanai. These species are:
Abutilon eremitopetalum, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis,

Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii, Cyrtandra munroi, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi,
and
Viola lanaiensis.
In this proposal we have revised the proposed designations for these 18 plants based on new information and to address comments received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal.

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we did not propose designation of critical habitat for 17 species that no longer occur on Lanai but are reported from one or more other islands. We determined that critical habitat was prudent for 16 of these species (
Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea lobata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Mariscus faurei, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum,
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
) in other proposed rules published on November 7, 2000 (Kauai), December 18, 2000 (Maui and Kahoolawe), December 29, 2000 (Molokai), and January 28, 2002 (Kauai revised proposal). No change is made to these prudency determinations for these 16 species in this proposal and they are hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808, 65 FR 79192, 65 FR 83158, and 67 FR 3940). In this proposal, we propose designation of critical habitat

for
Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Cyanea lobata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Neraudia sericea, Sesbania tomentosa,
and
Solanum incompletum
on the island of Lanai, based on new information, including information received during the comment periods on the December 27, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not proposed for
Mariscus faurei, Silene lanceolata,
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
on the island of Lanai because these plants no longer occur on Lanai and we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to their conservation on this island. However, proposed critical habitat designations for these species may be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2).

Table 2.—List of Proposed Rules in Which Critical Habitat Decisions Will Be Made for Four Species for Which We Are Unable To Determine Habitat Which Is Essential for Their Conservation on the Island of Lanai

Species
Proposed rules in which critical habitat designations will be made

Mariscus fauriei

Molokai, Hawaii.

Silene lanceolata

Molokai, Hawaii, and Oahu.

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum

Oahu.

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii.

In this proposal, we determine that critical habitat is prudent for one species (
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
) for which a prudency determination has not been made previously, and that no longer occurs on Lanai but is reported from one other island (Oahu). This plant was listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) in 1991. At the time this plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to this species and would not benefit the plant. We determine that designation of critical habitat is prudent for
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
because we now believe that such designation would be beneficial to this species. Critical habitat is not proposed at this time for
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
on the island of Lanai because the species no longer occurs on Lanai and we are unable to determine habitat which is essential to its conservation on this island. However, proposed critical habitat designation, or non-designation, for this species will be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2).

Critical habitat for 32 of the 37 species from the island of Lanai is proposed at this time. These species are:
Abutilon eremitopetalum, Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii, Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis, Melicope munroi, Neraudia sericea, Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis,
and
Viola lanaiensis.
Critical habitat is not proposed for four of the 37 species (
Mariscus fauriei, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum,
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
) which no longer occur on the island of Lanai, and for which we are unable to determine any habitat that is essential to their conservation on the island of Lanai. However, proposed critical habitat designations for these species may be included in other future Hawaiian plants proposed critical habitat rules (Table 2). Critical habitat is not proposed for
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
for which we determined, on December 27, 2000, that critical habitat designation is not prudent because it had not been seen recently in the wild, and no viable genetic material of this species is known to exist. No change is made to this prudency determination here, and it is hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR 82086).

The Island of Lanai

Lanai is a small island totaling about 360 square kilometers (sq km) (139 square miles (sq mi)) in area. Hidden from the trade winds in the lee or rain shadow of the more massive West Maui Mountains, Lanai was formed from a single shield volcano built by eruptions at its summit and along three rift zones. The principal rift zone runs in a northwesterly direction and forms a broad ridge whose highest point, Lanaihale, has an elevation of 1,027 meters (m) (3,370 feet (ft)). The entire ridge is commonly called Lanaihale, after its highest point. Annual rainfall on the summit of Lanaihale is 760 to 1,015 millimeters (mm) (30 to 40 inches (in)), but is considerably less, 250 to 500 mm (10 to 20 in), over much of the rest of the island (Department of Geography 1998).

Geologically, Lanai is part of the four island complex comprising Maui, Molokai, Lanai, and Kahoolawe, known collectively as Maui Nui (Greater Maui). During the last Ice Age about 12,000 years ago when sea levels were about 160 m (525 ft) less than their present level, these four islands were connected by a broad lowland plain. This land bridge allowed the movement and interaction of each island's flora and fauna and contributed to the present close relationships of their biota (Department of Geography 1998).

Changes in Lanai's ecosystem began with the arrival of the first Polynesians about 1,500 years ago. In the 1800s, goats (
Capra hircus
) and sheep (
Ovis aries
) were first introduced to the island. Native vegetation was soon decimated by these non-native ungulates, and erosion from wind and rain caused further damage to the native forests. Formal ranching was begun in 1902, and by 1910, the Territory forester helped to revegetate the island. By 1911, a ranch manager from New Zealand, George Munro, instituted a forest management practice to recover the native forests and bird species which included fencing and eradication of sheep and goats from the mountains. By the 1920s, Castle and Cooke had acquired more than 98 percent of the island and established a 6,500 ha (16,000 ac) pineapple plantation

surrounding its company town, Lanai City. In the early 1990s, the pineapple plantation closed, and luxury hotels were developed by the private landowner, sustaining the island's economy today (Hobdy 1993).

There are no military installations on the island of Lanai.

Discussion of Plant Taxa

Species Endemic to Lanai

Abutilon eremitopetalum (NCN)

Abutilon eremitopetalum
is a long-lived shrub in the mallow family (Malvaceae) with grayish-green, densely hairy, and heart-shaped leaves. It is the only
Abutilon
on Lanai whose flowers have green petals hidden within the calyx (the outside leaf-like part of the flower) (Bates 1999).

Abutilon eremitopetalum
is known to flower during February. Little else is known about the life history of
Abutilon eremitopetalum.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Historically,
Abutilon eremitopetalum
was found in small, widely scattered colonies in the ahupuaa (geographical areas) of Kalulu, Mahana, Maunalei, Mamaki, and Paawili on the northern, northeastern, and eastern parts of Lanai. Currently, about seven individuals are known from a single population on privately owned land in Kahea Gulch on the northeastern part of the island (Caum 1933; Hawaii Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) Database 2000; Service 1995; Geographic Decision Systems International (GDSI) 2000).

Abutilon eremitopetalum
is found in lowland dry forest at elevations between 108 and 660 m (354 and 2,165 ft), on a moderately steep north-facing slope on red sandy soil and rock.
Erythrina sandwicensis
(wili wili) and
Diospyros sandwichensis
(lama) are the dominant trees in open forest of the area. Other associated native species include
Psydrax odoratum
(alahee),
Dodonaea viscosa
(aalii),
Nesoluma polynesicum
(keahi),
Rauvolfia sandwicensis
(hao),
Sida fallax
(ilima), and
Wikstroemia
sp. (akia) (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to
Abutilon eremitopetalum
are habitat degradation and competition by encroaching alien plant species such as
Lantana camara
(lantana),
Leucaena leucocephala
(koa haole), and
Pluchea carolinensis
(sourbush); browsing by axis deer (
Axis axis
); soil erosion caused by feral ungulate grazing on grasses and forbs; and the small number of extant individuals, as the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or a single natural or man-caused environmental disturbance could destroy the only known existing population. Fire is another potential threat because the area is dry much of the year (HINHP Database 2000; 56 FR 47686; Service 1995).

Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii (NCN)

Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii,
a long-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a palm-like tree 1 to 7 m (3 to 23 ft) tall with elliptic or oblong leaves that have fine hairs covering the lower surface. The following combination of characters separates this taxon from the other members of the genus on Lanai: calyx lobes are oblong, narrowly oblong, or ovate in shape; and the calyx and corolla (petals of a flower) are both more than 0.5 centimeters (cm) (0.2 in) wide (Lammers 1999; 56 FR 47686).

Limited observations suggest
Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii
flowers during the month of July. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii
has been is documented from the summit of Lanaihale and the upper parts of Mahana, Kaiholena, and Maunalei Valleys of Lanai. There are currently only two populations containing 74 individuals. One population is located north of Lanaihale and the second population is north of Puu aalii on privately owned land (Lammers 1999; 56 FR 47686; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of
Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii
is lowland wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
(ohia) forest or
Diplopterygium pinnatum
(uluhe lau nui)-
Metrosideros polymorpha
shrubland between elevations of 738 and 1,032 m (2,421 and 3,385 ft). It has been observed to grow on flat to moderate or steep slopes, usually on lower gulch slopes or gulch bottoms, often at edges of streambanks, probably due to vulnerability to ungulate damage at more accessible locations. Associated vegetation includes
Dicranopteris linearis
(uluhe),
Perrottetia sandwicensis
(olomea),
Scaevola chamissoniana
(naupaka kuahiwi),
Pipturus albidus
(mamaki),
Antidesma platyphyllum
(hame),
Cheirodendron trigynum
(olapa),
Freycinetia arborea
(ieie),
Psychotria
sp. (kopiko),
Cyrtandra
sp. (haiwale),
Broussaisia arguta
(kanawao),
Clermontia
sp. (oha wai),
Dubautia
sp. (naenae),
Hedyotis
sp. (NCN),
Ilex anomala
(kawau),
Labordia
sp. (kamakahala),
Melicope
sp. (alani),
Pneumatopteris sandwicensis
(NCN), and
Sadleria
sp. (amau) (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000; Joel Lau, Hawaii Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to
Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii
are browsing by deer; competition with the alien plant
Hedychium gardnerianum
(kahili ginger); and the small number of extant individuals, as the limited gene pool may depress reproductive vigor, or any natural or man-caused environmental disturbance could destroy the existing populations (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Gahnia lanaiensis (NCN)

Gahnia lanaiensis,
a short-lived perennial and a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a tall (1.5 to 3 m (5 to 10 ft)), tufted, grass-like plant. This sedge may be distinguished from grasses and other genera of sedges on Lanai by its spirally arranged flowers, its solid stems, and its numerous, three-ranked leaves.
Gahnia lanaiensis
differs from the other members of the genus on the island by its achenes (seed-like fruits), which are 0.36 to 0.46 cm (0.14 to 0.18 in) long and purplish-black when mature (Koyama 1999).

July has been described as the “end of the flowering season” for
Gahnia lanaiensis.
Plants of this species have been observed with fruit in October. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Degener
et al.,
1964; 56 FR 47686).

Gahnia lanaiensis
is known from one population containing 47 individuals on privately owned land along the summit of Lanaihale in the Haalelepaakai area and on the eastern edge of Hauola Gulch. The population is found between 915 and 1,030 m (3,000 and 3,380 ft) in elevation. This distribution encompasses the entire known historic range of the species (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of
Gahnia lanaiensis
is lowland wet forest (shrubby rainforest to open scrubby fog belt or degraded lowland mesic forest), wet
Diplopterygium pinnatum-Dicranopteris linearis-Metrosideros polymorpha
shrubland, or wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
shrubland at elevations between 737 and 1,032 m (2,417 and 3,385 ft). It occurs on flat to gentle ridgecrest topography in moist to wet clay or other soil substrate in open areas or in moderate shade. Associated species include native mat ferns,
Doodia
sp.

(okupukupu laulii),
Odontosoria chinensis
(palaa),
Ilex anomala
(kawau),
Hedyotis terminalis
(manono),
Sadleria
spp. (amau),
Coprosma
sp. (pilo),
Lycopodium
sp. (wawaeiole),
Scaevola
sp. (naupaka), and
Styphelia tameiameiae
(pukiawe) (Service 1995).

The primary threats to this species are the small number of plants and their restricted distribution, which increase the potential for extinction from naturally occurring events. In addition,
Gahnia lanaiensis
is threatened by habitat destruction resulting from the planned development of the island, and competition with
Leptospermum scoparium
(manuka), a weedy tree introduced from New Zealand, which is spreading along Lanaihale, but has not yet reached the area where
Gahnia
is found (Service 1995; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi (kopa)

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi,
a short-lived perennial and a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a few-branched subshrub from 60 to 600 cm (24 to 240 in) long, with weakly erect or climbing stems that may be somewhat square, smooth, and glaucous (with a fine waxy coating that imparts a whitish or bluish hue to the stem). The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the distance between leaves and the length of the sprawling or climbing stems, and the variety
remyi
is distinguished from
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
schlechtendahliana
by the leaf shape, presence of narrow flowering stalks, and flower color (Wagner
et al.,
1999).

Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown for
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
(Service 2001).

Historically,
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
was known from five locations on the northwestern portion of Lanaihale. Currently, this species is known from eight individuals in two populations on privately owned land on Kaiholeha-Hulupoe Ridge, Kapohaku drainage, and Waiapaa drainage on Lanaihale (64 FR 48307; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
typically grows on or near ridge crests in mesic windswept shrubland with a mixture of dominant plant species that may include
Metrosideros polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis,
or
Styphelia tameiameiae
at elevations between 558 and 1,032 m (1,830 and 3,385 ft). Associated plant species include
Dodonaea viscosa, Odontosoria chinensis, Sadleria
spp.,
Dubautia
spp., and
Myrsine
sp. (kolea) (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307).

The primary threats to
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
are habitat degradation and destruction by axis deer; competition with alien plant species, such as
Psidium cattleianum
(strawberry guava),
Myrica faya
(firetree),
Leptospermum scoparium,
and
Schinus terebinthifolius
(christmasberry); and random environmental events or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals and populations (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307).

Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis (kamakahala)

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis,
a short-lived perennial in the logan family (Loganiaceae), is an erect shrub or small tree 1.2 to 15 m (4 to 49 ft) tall. The stems branch regularly into two forks of nearly equal size. This subspecies differs from the other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having larger capsules (a dry, generally many seeded fruit) and smaller corollas (petals, whorl of flower parts) (Wagner
et al.,
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001).

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
was historically known from the entire length of the summit ridge of Lanaihale. Currently,
Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
is known from only one population on privately owned land at the southeastern end of the summit ridge of Lanaihale. This population totals 300 to 800 scattered individuals (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 2001).

The typical habitat of
Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
is gulch slopes in lowland mesic forest. Associated native species include
Diospyros sandwicensis, Bobea elatior
(ahakea launui),
Myrsine lessertiana
(kolea),
Pipturus albidus, Pittosporum confertiflorum
(hoawa),
Pleomele fernaldii
(hala pepe),
Sadleria cyatheoides, Scaevola chamissoniana, Xylosma hawaiiense
(maua),
Cyrtandra grayii
(haiwale) and
Cyrtandra grayana
(haiwale),
Diplopterygium pinnatum, Hedyotis acuminata
(au),
Clermontia
spp.,
Alyxia oliviformis
(maile),
Coprosma
spp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Melicope
spp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis
(alaa), and
Psychotria
spp.,
Dicranopteris linearis,
and
Scaevola chamissoniana,
at elevations between 558 and 1,013 m (1,830 and 3,323 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
is threatened by axis deer and several alien plant species. The species is also threatened by random environmental factors because of the small population (64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis (NCN)

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
is a robust, erect to decumbent (reclining, with the end ascending), glabrous, short-lived perennial herb in the mint family (Lamiaceae). Its leaves are thin, narrow, lance-shaped, 8 to 24 cm (3.2 to 9.5 in) long and 1.6 to 2.5 cm (0.63 to 0.98 in) wide, often red-tinged or with red veins, and toothed at the edges. The flowers are in clusters of six to ten per leaf axil, mostly at the ends of branches. The flowers are white, occasionally tinged with purple, and are variable in size, about 1 to 2.5 cm (0.39 to 0.98 in) long. The fruit consists of four small, fleshy nutlets. This variety is very similar to
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
glabra;
it may be difficult to differentiate between the two species without flowers (Wagner
et al.,
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
is known from only two collections from Lanai (one near Kaiholena) and was last collected in 1914 (two fertile specimens). A report of this plant from the early 1980s probably was erroneous and should be referred to as
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
glabra
(Robert Hobdy, DOFAW, pers. comm., 1992; Service 1995).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
on the island of Lanai (Service 1995).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
on the island of Lanai (Service 1995).

Viola lanaiensis (NCN)

Viola lanaiensis,
a short-lived perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, erect, unbranched or little-branched subshrub. The leaves, which are clustered toward the upper part of the stem, are lance-shaped with a pair of narrow,

membranous stipules (leaf-like appendages arising from the base of a leaf) below each leaf axis. The flowers are small and white with purple tinged or purple veins, and occur singly or up to four per upper leaf axil. The fruit is a capsule, about 1.0 to 1.3 cm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long. It is the only member of the genus on Lanai (Wagner
et al.,
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Viola lanaiensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Viola lanaiensis
was known historically from scattered sites on the summit, ridges, and upper slopes of Lanaihale (from near the head of Kaiolena and Hookio Gulches to the vicinity of Haalelepaakai, a distance of about 4 km (2.5 mi), at elevations of approximately 850 to 975 m (2,790 to 3,200 ft). An occurrence of
V. lanaiensis
was known in the late 1970s along the summit road near the head of Waialala Gulch where a population of approximately 20 individuals flourished. That population has since disappeared due to habitat disturbance. Two populations are currently known from privately owned land on southern Lanai: in Kunoa Gulch; between Kunoa and Waialala Gulches; in the upper end of the northernmost drainage of Awehi Gulch; in Hauola Gulch; and along Hauola Trail. It is estimated that the populations total less than 500 plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of
Viola lanaiensis
is
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
lowland wet forest or lowland mesic shrubland. It has been observed on moderate to steep slopes from lower gulches to ridgetops, at elevations between 639 and 1,032 m (2,096 and 3,385 ft), with a soil and decomposed rock substrate in open to shaded areas. It was once observed growing from crevices in drier soil on a mostly open rock area near a recent landslide. Associated vegetation includes ferns and short windswept shrubs or other diverse mesic community members, such as
Scaevola chamissoniana, Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis centranthoides
(NCN),
Styphelia tameiameiae, Carex
sp. (NCN),
Ilex anomala, Psychotria
spp.,
Antidesma
spp. (hame),
Coprosma
spp.,
Freycinetia arborea, Myrsine
spp.,
Nestegis
sp. (olopua),
Psychotria
spp., and Xylosma sp. (maua) (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

The main threats to
Viola lanaiensis
include browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; encroaching alien plant species, such as
Leptospermum
sp. (NCN); depressed reproductive vigor due to a limited local gene pool; the probable loss of appropriate pollinators; and predation by slugs (Midax gigetes) (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Multi-Island Species

Adenophorus periens (pendent kihi fern)

Adenophorus periens,
a member of the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae), is a small, pendant, epiphytic (not rooted on the ground), and short-lived perennial fern. This species differs from other species in this endemic Hawaiian genus by having hairs along the pinna (a leaflet) margins, pinnae at right angles to the midrib axis, placement of the sori on the pinnae, and by the degree of dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989).

Little is known about the life history of
Adenophorus periens,
which seems to grow only in closed canopy dense forest with high humidity. Its breeding system is unknown, but outbreeding is very likely to be the predominant mode of reproduction. Spores may be dispersed by wind, water, or perhaps on the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack a thick resistant coat, which may indicate their longevity is brief, probably measured in days at most. Due to the weak differences between the seasons, there seems to be no evidence of seasonality in growth or reproduction. Additional information on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors is not known (Linney 1989; Service 1999).

Historically,
Adenophorus periens
was known from Kauai, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii, with undocumented reports from Lanai and Maui. Currently, it is known from several locations on Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. On Lanai, it was last seen in the 1860s (59 FR 56333; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

This species, an epiphyte (a plant that derives moisture and nutrients from the air and rain) usually growing on
Metrosideros polymorpha
trunks, is found in riparian banks of stream systems in well-developed, closed canopy that provides deep shade or high humidity in
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Diplopterygium pinnatum
wet forests, open
Metrosideros polymorpha
montane wet forest, or
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
lowland wet forest at elevations between 763 and 1,032 m (2,503 and 3,385 ft). Associated native plant species include
Machaerina angustifolia
(uki),
Cheirodendron trigynum, Sadleria
spp.,
Clermontia
spp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Melicope
spp.,
Freycinetia arborea, Broussaisia arguta, Syzygium sandwicensis
(ohia ha), and
Hedyotis terminalis
(59 FR 56333; Linney 1989; Kennith Wood, National Tropical Botanical Garden, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1999).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Adenophorus periens
on the island of Lanai because the species was last seen there in the 1860s.

Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau)

Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha,
a short-lived member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. This subspecies can be distinguished from other subspecies by the shape of the seeds, the density of the flower clusters, the numbers of ray and disk florets per head, differences in leaf surfaces, and other characteristics (57 FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999).

Bidens micrantha
is known to hybridize with other native
Bidens,
such as
B. mauiensis
and
B. menziesii,
and possibly
B. conjuncta.
Little else is known about the life history of
Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and specific environmental requirements are unknown (Ganders and Nagata 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
was known from Lanai and Maui. Currently, this taxon remains only on East Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in the 1960s (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of
Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
is gulch slopes in dry
Dodonaea viscosa
shrubland at elevations between 409 and 771 m (1,342 and 2,529 ft) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Lanai included habitat destruction by feral goats, pigs, and deer; competition from a variety of alien plant species; and fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Bonamia menziesii (NCN)

Bonamia menziesii,
a short-lived perennial and a member of the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae), is a vine with twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member of the genus that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and differs from other genera in the family by its two styles (narrowed top of ovary), longer stems and petioles (a stalk that supports a leaf), and rounder leaves (Austin 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Bonamia menziesii.
Its flowering

cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,
Bonamia menziesii
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, West Maui, and Hawaii. Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Hawaii, and Lanai. On Lanai, the three populations, containing a total of 14 individual plants, are found on privately owned land in the Ahakea and Kanepuu Units of Kanepuu Preserve, and on Puhielelu Ridge (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Bonamia menziesii
is found in dry
Nestegis sandwicensis-Diospyros
sp. (lama) forest and dry
Dodonea viscosa
shrubland at elevations between 315 and 885 m (1,033 and 2,903 ft). Associated species include
Bobea
sp. (ahakea),
Nesoluma polynesicum, Erythrina sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Psydrax odoratum, Dienella sandwicensis
(uki uki),
Diospyros sandwicensis
(lama),
Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope
sp.,
Myoporum sandwicense
(naio),
Nestegis sandwicensis
(olopua),
Pisonia
sp. (papala kepau),
Pittosporum
sp. (hoawa),
Pouteria sandwicensis,
and
Sapindus oahuensis
(lonomea) (HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333).

The primary threats to this species on Lanai are habitat degradation and possible predation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with a variety of alien plant species, such as
Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala
and
Schinus terebinthifolius;
and an alien beetle (
Physomerus grossipes
) (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Brighamia rockii (pua ala)

Brighamia rockii,
a long-lived perennial member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), grows as an unbranched stem succulent with a thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a unique endemic Hawaiian genus with only one other species, found on Kauai, from which it differs by the color of its petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) lobes, and its shorter flower stalks (Lammers 1999).

Observations of
Brighamia rockii
have provided the following information: the reproductive system is protandrous, meaning there is a temporal separation between the production of male and female gametes, in this case a separation of several days; only 5 percent of the flowers produce pollen; very few fruits are produced per inflorescence; there are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and plants in cultivation have been known to flower at nine months. This species was observed in flower during August. Little else is known about the life history of
Brighamia rockii.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Historically,
Brighamia rockii
ranged along the northern coast of East Molokai from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may possibly have grown on Maui, and it was last seen on Lanai in 1911 (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood,
in litt.
2000; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325). Currently, it is extant only on Molokai.

On Lanai,
Brighamia rockii
occurred on sparsely vegetated ledges of steep, rocky, dry cliffs, at elevations between 119 and 756 m (390 and 2,480 ft) with native grasses, sedges, herbs and shrubs (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325).

Threats to
Brighamia rockii
on the island of Lanai included habitat destruction from deer and goats, and competition with alien plants (Service 1996b).

Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano (= sandbur, agrimony))

Cenchrus agrimonioides
is a short-lived perennial member of the grass family (Poaceae) with leaf blades that are flat or folded and have a prominent midrib. There are two varieties,
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
laysanensis
and
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides.
They differ from each other in that var.
agrimonioides
has smaller burs, shorter stems, and narrower leaves. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped bur and the arrangement and position of the bristles (O'Connor 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cenchrus agrimonioides.
Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown. This species has been observed to produce fruit year round (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Historically,
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
was known from Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and an undocumented report from the Island of Hawaii. Historically,
C. agrimonioides
var.
laysanensis
was known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, all within the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This variety has not been seen since 1973. Currently,
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
is known from Oahu and Maui. On Lanai it was last seen in 1915 (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000).

Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
was found on slopes in mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
forest and shrubland at elevations between 583 and 878 m (1,912 and 2,880 ft) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy
et al.,
pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Cenchrus agrimonioides
var.
agrimonioides
on Lanai included competition with alien plant species, and browsing and habitat degradation by goats and cattle (
Bos taurus
) (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108).

Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi)

Centaurium sebaeoides
, a member of the gentian family (Gentianaceae), is an annual herb with fleshy leaves and stalkless flowers. This species is distinguished from
Centaurium erythraea
, which is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy leaves and the unbranched arrangement of the flower cluster (Wagner
et al
., 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides
has been observed flowering in April. Flowering may be induced by heavy rainfall. Populations are found in dry areas, and plants are more likely to be found following heavy rains. Little else is known about the life history of
Centaurium sebaeoides
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Centaurium sebaeoides
was historically and is currently known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. On Lanai, there is one population containing between 20 and 30 individual plants in Maunalei Valley on privately owned land (HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found on dry ledges at elevations between 39 and 331 m (128 and 1,086 ft). Associated species include
Hibiscus brackenridgei
(HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to this species on Lanai are competition from alien plant species, depressed reproductive vigor, and natural or human-caused environmental disturbance that could easily be catastrophic to the only known population due to the small number of remaining individuals and the limited and scattered distribution of the species (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai)

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
, a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf stalks (petioles).
Clermontia oblongifolia
is distinguished from other members of the genus by its calyx and corolla, which are similar in color and are each fused into a curved tube that falls off as the flower ages. The species is also distinguished by the leaf shape, the male floral parts, the shape of the flower buds, and the lengths of the leaf and flower stalks, the flower, and the smooth green basal portion of the flower (the hypanthium).
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
is reported from Maui and Lanai, while
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
oblongifolia
is only known from Oahu, and
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
brevipes
is only known from Molokai (Lammers 1988, 1999; 57 FR 20772).

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
is known to flower from November to July. Little else is known about the life history of
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1997; Rock 1919).

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
was historically and is currently known from Lanai and Maui. On Lanai, an unknown number of individuals are reported from Kaiholena Gulch on privately owned land (Lammers 1999; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000).

This plant typically grows in gulch bottoms in mesic forests at elevations between 700 and 1,032 m (2,296 and 3,385 ft) (HINHP Database 2000).

The threats to this species on Lanai are its vulnerability to extinction from a single natural or human-caused environmental disturbance; depressed reproductive vigor; and habitat degradation by feral pigs (57 FR 20772; Service 1997).

Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa)

Ctenitis squamigera
is a short-lived perennial and a member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome (horizontal stem), creeping above the ground and densely covered with scales similar to those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. It can be readily distinguished from other Hawaiian species of
Ctenitis
by the dense covering of tan-colored scales on its frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of
Ctenitis squamigera.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,
Ctenitis squamigera
was recorded from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is found on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Molokai. On Lanai, there are two populations totaling 42 individual plants on privately owned land in the Waiapaa-Kapohaku area on the leeward side of the island, and in the Lopa and Waiopa Gulches on the windward side (59 FR 49025; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found in the forest understory at elevations between 640 and 944 m (2,099 and 3,096 ft) in diverse mesic forest and scrubby mixed mesic forest (HINHP Database 2000). Associated native plant species include
Nestegis sandwicensis, Coprosma
spp.,
Sadleria
spp.,
Selaginella
sp. (lepelepe a moa),
Carex meyenii
(NCN),
Blechnum occidentale
(NCN),
Pipturus
spp.,
Melicope
spp.,
Pneumatopteris sandwicensis, Pittosporum
spp.,
Alyxia oliviformis, Freycinetia arborea, Antidesma
spp.,
Cyrtandra
spp.,
Peperomia
sp. (ala ala wai nui),
Myrsine
spp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Metrosideros polymorpha, Syzygium sandwicensis, Wikstroemia
spp.,
Microlepia
sp. (NCN),
Doodia
spp.,
Boehmeria grandis
(akolea),
Nephrolepis
sp. (kupukupu),
Perrotettia sandwicensis
, and
Xylosma
sp. (HINHP Database 2000, 59 FR 49025).

The primary threats to this species on Lanai are habitat degradation by feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; competition with alien plant species, especially Psidium cattleianum and
Schinus terebinthifolius;
fire; decreased reproductive vigor; and extinction from naturally occurring events due to the small number of existing populations and individuals (Service 1998a; Culliney 1988; HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 49025).

Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha)

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
, a short-lived perennial and a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a shrub with pinnately divided leaves. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and the width of the leaf blades. This subspecies is distinguished from the other two subspecies by the shape and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at the base (Lammers 1999).

On Molokai, flowering plants have been reported in July and August. Little else is known about the life history of
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
was historically and is currently known from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, on Lanai there are two populations with at least three individuals on privately owned land in Kaiholena Gulch and Waiakeakua Gulch (61 FR 53108; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is typically found in mesic forest often dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha
or
Metrosideros polymorpha
and
Acacia koa
(koa), or on rocky or steep slopes of stream banks, at elevations between 667 and 1,032 m (2,188 and 3,385 ft). Associated plants include
Antidesma
spp.,
Bobea
spp.,
Myrsine
spp.,
Nestegis sandwicensis, Psychotria
spp., and
Xylosma
sp. (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

The threats to this species on Lanai are habitat degradation and/or destruction caused by feral axis deer, goats, and pigs; competition with various alien plants; randomly naturally occurring events causing extinction due to the small number of existing individuals; fire; landslides; and predation by rats (Rattus rattus) and various slugs (59 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Cyanea lobata (haha)

Cyanea lobata,
a short-lived member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly branched perennial shrub with smooth to somewhat rough stems and oblong, irregularly lobed leaves. This species is distinguished from other species of
Cyanea
by the size of the flower and the irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Lammers 1990).

Cyanea lobata
is known to flower from August to February, even in individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in) in height. Little else is known about the life history of
Cyanea lobata
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Rock 1919; Degener 1936; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Historically,
Cyanea lobata
was known from Lanai and West Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1934 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

This species occurs in gulches in mesic to wet forest and shrubland at elevations between 664 and 1,032 m (2,178 and 3,385 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Freycinetia arborea, Touchardia latifolia
(olona),
Morinda trimera
(noni kuahiwi),
Metrosideros polymorpha, Clermontia kakeana
(oha wai),
Cyrtandra
spp.,
Xylosma
spp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Antidesma
spp.,
Pipturus albidus, Peperomia
spp.,
Pleomele
spp. (halapepe), and
Athyrium
spp. (akolea) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy
et al
., pers. comm., 2001).

The threats to this species on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral pigs (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

Cyperus trachysanthos (puukaa)

Cyperus trachysanthos
, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial grass-like plant with a short rhizome. The culms are densely tufted, obtusely triangular in cross section, tall, sticky, and leafy at the base. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the short rhizome, the leaf sheath with partitions at the nodes, the shape of the glumes, and the length of the culms (Koyama 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Cyperus trachysanthos.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,
Cyperus trachysanthos
was known on Niihau and Kauai, and from scattered locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Lanai. Currently it is found on Kauai, Niihau and Oahu. It was last observed on Lanai in 1919 (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Cyperus trachysanthos
is usually found in seasonally wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff seeps) on seepy flats or talus slopes in
Heteropogon contortus
(pili) grassland at elevations between 0 and 46 m (0 and 151 ft).
Hibiscus tiliaceus
(hau) is often found in association with this species (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; 61 FR 53108; Koyama 1999; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

On Lanai, the threats to this species included the loss of wetlands (61 FR 53108; Service 1999).

Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale)

Cyrtandra munroi
is a short-lived perennial and a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae). It is a shrub with opposite, elliptic to almost circular leaves that are sparsely to moderately hairy on the upper surface and covered with velvety, rust-colored hairs underneath. This species is distinguished from other species of the genus by the broad opposite leaves, the length of the flower cluster stalks, the size of the flowers, and the amount of hair on various parts of the plant (Wagner
et
al., 1999).

Some work has been done on the reproductive biology of some species of
Cyrtandra
, but not on
Cyrtandra munroi
specifically. These studies of other members of the genus suggest that a specific pollinator may be necessary for successful pollination. Seed dispersal may be via birds, which eat the fruits. Flowering time, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1995).

Cyrtandra munroi
was historically and is currently known from Lanai and Maui. Currently, on Lanai there are a total of two populations containing 17 individuals on privately owned land in the Kapohaku/Waiapaa area, and in the gulch between Kunoa and Waialala gulches (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

The habitat of this species is diverse mesic forest, wet
Metrosideros polymorpha
forest, and mixed mesic
Metrosideros polymorpha
forest, typically on rich, moderately steep gulch slopes at elevations between 667 and 1,016 m (2,188 and 3,332 ft). It occurs on soil and rock substrates on slopes from watercourses in gulch bottoms and up the sides of gulch slopes to near ridgetops. Associated native species include,
Diospyros sandwicensis, Bobea elatior, Myrsine lessertiana, Pipturus albidus, Pittosporum confertiflorum, Pleomele fernaldii, Sadleria cyatheoides, Scaevola chamissoniana, Xylosma hawaiiense, Cyrtandra grayii, Cyrtandra grayana Diplopterygium pinnatum, Hedyotis acuminata
(au),
Clermontia
spp.,
Alyxia oliviformis, Coprosma
spp.,
Dicranopteris linearis, Freycinetia arborea, Melicope
spp.,
Perrottetia sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis
, and
Psychotria
spp. (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1995).

The threats to this species on Lanai are browsing and habitat disturbance by axis deer; competition with the alien plant species
Psidium cattleianum, Myrica faya, Leptospermum scoparium, Pluchea symphytifolia
(sourbush),
Melinis minutiflora
(molasses grass),
Rubus rosifolius
(thimbleberry), and
Paspalum conjugatum
(Hilo grass); depressed reproductive vigor; and loss of appropriate pollinators (Service 1995; 57 FR 20772).

Diellia erecta (NCN)

Diellia erecta
, a short-lived perennial fern in the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from a rhizome covered with brown to dark gray scales. This species differs from other members of the genus in having large brown or dark gray scales, fused or separate sori along both margins, shiny black midribs that have a hardened surface, and veins that do not usually encircle the sori (Degener and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952).

Little is known about the life history of
Diellia erecta
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,
Diellia erecta
was known on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it is known from Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and the island of Hawaii and was recently rediscovered on Kauai. On Lanai it was last seen in 1929 (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000).

This species is found in brown granular soil with leaf litter and occasional terrestrial moss on north facing slopes in deep shade on steep slopes or gulch bottoms in
Pisonia
spp. forest at elevations between 651 and 955 m (2,135 and 3,132 ft). Associated native plant species include native grasses and ferns (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Diellia erecta
on Lanai included habitat degradation by pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Diplazium molokaiense (asplenium-leaved asplenium)

Diplazium molokaiense
, a short-lived perennial member of the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), has a short prostrate rhizome and green or straw-colored leaf stalks with thin-textured fronds. This species can be distinguished from other species of
Diplazium
in the Hawaiian Islands by a combination of characteristics, including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond shape, and the degree of dissection of the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992).

Little is known about the life history of
Diplazium molokaiense
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998a).

Historically,
Diplazium molokaiense
was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Currently, this species is known only from Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1914 (HINHP Database 2000).

This species occurs in shady, damp places in wet forests at elevations between 737 and 1,032 m (2,417 and 3,385 ft) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

The primary threats to
Diplazium molokaiense
on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral goats and pigs and competition with alien plant species (59 FR 49025; Service 1998a; HINHP Database 2000).

Hedyotis mannii (pilo)

Hedyotis mannii
is a short-lived perennial and a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae). It has smooth, usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft) long, which are woody at the base and four-angled or -winged. This species' growth habit; its quadrangular or winged stems; the shape, size, and texture of its leaves; and its dry capsule, which opens when mature, separate it from other species of the genus (Wagner
et al.
, 1999).

Little is known about the life history of this plant. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996b).

Hedyotis mannii
was once widely scattered on Lanai, West Maui, and Molokai. After a hiatus of 50 years, this species was rediscovered in 1987 by Steve Perlman on Molokai. In addition, a population was discovered on Maui and two populations, now numbering between 35 and 40 individual plants, were discovered on Lanai in 1991 on privately owned land in Maunalei and Hauola gulches (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b).

Hedyotis mannii
typically grows on dark, narrow, rocky gulch walls and on steep stream banks in wet forests between 711 and 1,032 m (2,332 and 3,385 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Thelypteris sandwicensis, Sadleria
spp.,
Cyrtandra grayii, Scaevola chamissoniana, Freycinetia arborea
, and
Carex meyenii
(J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1996b).

The limited number of individuals of
Hedyotis mannii
makes it extremely vulnerable to extinction from random environmental events. Feral pigs and alien plants, such as
Melinis minutiflora, Psidium cattleianum
, and
Rubus rosifolius
, degrade the habitat of this species and contribute to its vulnerability (57 FR 46325).

Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN)

Hesperomannia arborescens
, a long-lived perennial of the aster family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. This member of an endemic Hawaiian genus differs from other
Hesperomannia
species in having the following combination of characteristics: erect to ascending flower heads, thick flower head stalks, and usually hairless and relatively narrow leaves (Wagner
et al.
, 1999).

This species has been observed in flower from April through June and fruit during March and June. Little else is known about the life history of
Hesperomannia arborescens
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens
was formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, and Oahu. This species is now known from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1940 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482).

Hesperomannia arborescens
is found on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or wet forest at elevations between 737 and 1,032 m (2,417 and 3,385 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine sandwicensis
(kolea),
Isachne distichophylla, Pipturus
spp.,
Antidesma
spp.,
Psychotria
spp.,
Clermontia
spp.,
Cibotium
spp. (hapuu),
Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea
spp.,
Coprosma
spp.,
Sadleria
spp.,
Melicope
spp.,
Machaerina
spp. (uki),
Cheirodendron
spp. (olapa), or
Freycinetia arborea
(HINHP Database 2000; Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

The major threats to
Hesperomannia arborescens
on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482; HINHP Database 2000).

Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele)

Hibiscus brackenridgei
, a short-lived perennial and a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to erect shrub or small tree. This species differs from other members of the genus in having the following combination of characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx consisting of triangular lobes with raised veins and a single midrib, bracts attached below the calyx, and thin stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic scar.

Two subspecies are currently recognized,
H. brackenridgei
ssp.
brackenridgei
and
H. brackenridgei
ssp.
mokuleianus
(Bates 1999).

Hibiscus brackenridgei
is known to flower continuously from early February through late May, and intermittently at other times of year. Intermittent flowering may possibly be tied to day length. Little else is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,
Hibiscus brackenridgei
was known from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, and the island of Hawaii.
Hibiscus brackenridgei
was collected from an undocumented site on Kahoolawe, though the subspecies has never been determined. Currently,
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
mokuleianus
is only known from Oahu.
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
brackenridgei
is currently known from Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Lanai, there are two populations containing an unknown number of individuals on privately owned land; one population is known from Keamuku Road, one from a fenced area on the dry plains of Kaena Point. Outplanted individuals that were initially planted in Kanepuu Preserve now appear to be reproducing naturally (Service 1999; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Wesley Wong, Jr., formerly of Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife,
in litt
. 1998).

Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
brackenridgei
occurs in lowland dry to mesic forest and shrubland between 0 and 645 m (0 and 2,116 ft) in elevation. Associated plant species include
Dodonea viscosa, Psydrax odoratum, Eurya sandwicensis
(anini),
Isachne distichophylla
, and
Sida fallax
(HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

The primary threats to
Hibiscus brackenridgei
ssp.
brackenridgei
on Lanai are habitat degradation; possible predation by pigs, goats, axis deer, and rats (
Rattus rattus
); competition with alien plant species; fire; and susceptibility to extinction caused by naturally occurring events or reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula)

Isodendrion pyrifolium
, a short-lived perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. The papery-textured blade is moderately hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and stalked. The petiole (stalk) is subtended

by oval, hairy stipules. Fragrant, bilaterally symmetrical flowers are solitary. The flower stalk is white-hairy, and subtended by two bracts. Bracts arise at the tip of the main flower stalk. The five sepals are lance-shaped, membranous-edged and fringed with white hairs. Five green-yellow petals are somewhat unequal, and lobed, the upper being the shortest and the lower the longest. The fruit is a three-lobed, oval capsule, which splits to release olive-colored seeds.
Isodendrion pyrifolium
is distinguished from other species in the genus by its smaller, green-yellow flowers, and hairy stipules and leaf veins (Wagner
et al.
, 1999).

During periods of drought, this species will drop all but the newest leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants produce flowers with seeds ripening one to two months later. Little else is known about the life history of
Isodendrion pyrifolium
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305).

Isodendrion pyrifolium
was historically found on six of the Hawaiian Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently it is found only on the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1870 (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

On Lanai,
Isodendrion pyrifolium
occured in dry shrubland at elevations between 132 and 574 m (433 and 1,883 ft) with one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Dodonaea viscosa, Lipochaeta
spp. (nehe),
Heteropogon contortus
, and
Wikstroemia oahuensis
(akia) (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy
et al.
, pers. comm., 2001).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Isodendrion pyrifolium
on the island of Lanai because the species was last seen there in 1870.

Mariscus fauriei (NCN)

Mariscus fauriei
, a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae), is a short-lived perennial plant with somewhat enlarged underground stems and three-angled, single or grouped aerial stems 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in) tall. It has leaves shorter than or the same length as the stems and 1 to 3.5 mm (0.04 to 0.1 in) wide. This species differs from others in the genus in Hawaii by its smaller size and its more narrow, flattened, and more spreading spikelets (Koyama 1990; 59 FR 10305).

Little is known about the life history of
Mariscus fauriei
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1996a).

Historically,
Mariscus fauriei
was found on Molokai, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. It currently occurs on Molokai and the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1929 (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1996a).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Mariscus fauriei
on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Mariscus fauriei
on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

Melicope munroi (alani)

Melicope munroi
, a long-lived perennial of the rue (citrus) family (Rutaceae), is a sprawling shrub up to 3 m (10 ft) tall. The new growth of this species is minutely hairy. This species differs from other Hawaiian members of the genus in the shape of the leaf and the length of the inflorescence (a flower cluster) stalk (Stone
et al.
, 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Melicope munroi
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 2001).

Historically, this species was known from the Lanaihale summit ridge of Lanai and above Kamalo on Molokai. Currently,
Melicope munroi
is known only from the Lanaihale summit ridge on Lanai. There are two populations totaling an estimated 300 to 800 individuals on privately owned land on the Lanaihale summit, head of Hauola gulch, Waialala gulch, and the ridge of Waialala gulch (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; GDSI 2000; Service 2001).

Melicope munroi
is typically found on slopes in lowland wet shrublands, at elevations of 701 and 1,032 m (2,299 and 3,385 ft). Associated native plant species include
Diplopterygium pinnatum, Dicranopteris linearis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma
spp.,
Broussaisia arguta
, other
Melicope
spp., and
Machaerina angustifolia
(HINHP Database 2000; Service 2001).

The major threats to
Melicope munroi
on Lanai are trampling, browsing, and habitat degradation by axis deer and competition with the alien plant species
Leptospermum scoparium
and
Psidium cattleianum
. Random environmental events also threaten the two remaining populations (HINHP Database 2000; 64 FR 48307; Service 2001).

Neraudia sericea (NCN)

Neraudia sericea
, a short-lived perennial member of the nettle family (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) tall shrub with densely hairy branches. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth margins or slightly toothed margins on young leaves. The upper leaf surface is moderately hairy and the lower leaf surface is densely covered with irregularly curved, silky gray to white hairs along the veins. The male flowers may be stalkless or have short stalks. The female flowers are stalkless and have a densely hairy calyx that is either toothed, collar-like, or divided into narrow unequal segments. The fruits are achenes with the apical section separated from the basal portion by a deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a constriction across the upper half.
N. sericea
differs from the other four closely related species of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, length, color, and posture of the hairs on the lower leaf surface and by its mostly entire leaf margins (Wagner
et al.
, 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Neraudia sericea
. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Neraudia sericea
was historically found on Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe. Currently, this species is extant on Molokai and Maui. It was last seen on Lanai in 1913 (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Neraudia sericea
generally occurs in gulch slopes or gulch bottoms in dry-mesic or mesic forest at elevations between 693 and 869 m (2,273 and 2,850 ft) and containing one or more of the following associated native plant species:
Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis
, and
Dodonaea viscosa
(HINHP Database 2000; 59 FR 56333; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to
Neraudia sericea
on Lanai included habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats, and competition with alien plant species (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333).

Portulaca sclerocarpa (poe)

Portulaca sclerocarpa
of the purslane family (Portulacaceae) is a short-lived perennial herb with a fleshy tuberous taproot, which becomes woody and has stems up to about 20 cm (8 in) long. The stalkless, succulent, grayish-green leaves are almost circular in cross-

section. Dense tufts of hairs are located in each leaf axil (point of divergence between a branch or leaf) and underneath the tight clusters of three to six stalkless flowers grouped at the ends of the stems. Sepals (one of the modified leaves comprising a flower calyx) have membranous edges and the petals are white, pink, or pink with a white base. The hardened capsules open very late or not at all, and contain glossy, dark reddish-brown seeds. This species differs from other native and naturalized species of the genus in Hawaii by its woody taproot, its narrow leaves, and the colors of its petals and seeds. Its closest relative,
P. villosa
, differs mainly in its thinner-walled, opening capsule (Wagner
et al.
, 1999).

This species was observed in flower during March 1977, December 1977, and June 1978. The presence of juveniles indicated that pollination and germination were occurring. Pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Portulaca sclerocarpa
was historically and is currently found on the island of Hawaii, and on an islet (Poopoo Islet) off the south coast of the island of Lanai. The population on privately owned land on Poopoo Islet contains about 10 plants (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; Service 1996a). Poopoo Islet is a small rocky outcrop, 1 ha (2.4 ac) in area and approximately 200 m (600 ft) from the south shoreline of Lanai, and is considered part of the island of Lanai.

This species grows on exposed ledges in thin soil in coastal communities at elevations between 0 and 82 m (0 and 269 ft) (Wagner
et al.,
1999; HINHP Database 2000).

The major threats to
Portulaca sclerocarpa
on Lanai are herbivory (feeding on plants) by the larvae of an introduced sphinx moth (
Hyles lineata
); competition from alien plants; and fire (Frank Howarth, Bishop Museum,
in litt.
2000; 59 FR 10305; Service 1996a).

Sesbania tomentosa (ohai)

Sesbania tomentosa
, a member of the pea family (Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling short-lived perennial shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 oblong to elliptic leaflets, which are usually sparsely to densely covered with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon color tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet or, rarely, pure yellow.
Sesbania tomentosa
is the only endemic Hawaiian species in the genus, differing from the naturalized
S. sesban
by the color of the flowers, the longer petals and calyx, and the number of seeds per pod (Geesink
et al.
, 1999).

The pollination biology of
Sesbania tomentosa
is being studied by David Hopper, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary findings suggest that although many insects visit
Sesbania
flowers, the majority of successful pollination is accomplished by native bees of the genus,
Hylaeus,
and that populations at Kaena Point on Oahu are probably pollinator-limited. Flowering at Kaena Point is highest during the winter-spring rains, and gradually declines throughout the rest of the year. Other aspects of this plant's life history are unknown (Service 1999).

Currently,
Sesbania tomentosa
occurs on six of the eight main Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and Hawaii) and on two islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Nihoa and Necker). Although once found on Niihau and Lanai, it is no longer extant on these islands. It was last seen on Lanai in 1957 (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Sesbania tomentosa
is found on sandy beaches, dunes, or pond margins at elevations between 44 and 221 m (144 and 725 ft). It commonly occurs in coastal dry shrublands or mixed coastal dry cliffs with the associated native plant species
Chamaesyce celastroides
(akoko),
Cuscuta sandwichiana
(kaunaoa),
Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, Nama sandwicensis
(nama),
Scaevola sericea
(naupaka kahakai),
Sida fallax, Sporobolus virginicus
(akiaki),
Vitex rotundifolia
(kolokolo kahakai) or
Waltheria indica
(uhaloa) (Service 1999; HINHP Database 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2001).

The primary threats to
Sesbania tomentosa
on Lanai included habitat degradation caused by competition with various alien plant species; lack of adequate pollination; seed predation by rats, mice (
Mus musculus
) and, potentially, alien insects; and fire (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Silene lanceolata (NCN)

Silene lanceolata
, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is an upright, short-lived perennial plant with stems 15 to 51 cm (6 to 20 in) long, which are woody at the base. The narrow leaves are smooth except for a fringe of hairs near the base. Flowers are arranged in open clusters. The flowers are white with deeply lobed, clawed petals. The capsule opens at the top to release reddish-brown seeds. This species is distinguished from
Silene alexandri
by its smaller flowers and capsules and its stamens, which are shorter than the sepals (Wagner
et al.
, 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Silene lanceolata
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (57 FR 46325; Service 1996b).

The historical range of
Silene lanceolata
includes five Hawaiian Islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Hawaii.
Silene lanceolata
is presently extant on the islands of Molokai, Oahu, and Hawaii. It was last observed on Lanai in 1930 (57 FR 46325; GDSI 2000; Service 1996b).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Silene lanceolata
on the island of Lanai (Service 1996b).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Silene lanceolata
on the island of Lanai (Service 1996b).

Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai)

Solanum incompletum
, a short-lived perennial member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are covered with prominent reddish prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy hairs on young plant parts and lower leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves have prominent veins on the lower surface and lobed leaf margins. Numerous flowers grow in loose branching clusters with each flower on a stalk. This species differs from other native members of the genus by being generally prickly and having loosely clustered white flowers, curved anthers about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter (Symon 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Solanum incompletum
. Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (59 FR 56333; Service 1999).

Historically,
Solanum incompletum
was known on Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. According to David Symon (1999), the known distribution of
Solanum incompletum
also extended to the islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently,
Solanum incompletum
is only known from the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1925 (HINHP Database 2000; Service 1999).

On Lanai,
Solanum incompletum
occurred on broad, gently sloping ridges in dry,
Dodonaea viscosa
shrubland, at elevations between 151 and 372 m (495 and 1,220 ft) with one or more of the

following associated native plant species:
Heteropogon contortus, Lipochaeta
spp., and
Wikstroemia oahuensis
(Service 1999; J. Lau pers comm., 2001).

On Lanai, the threats to
Solanum incompletum
included habitat destruction by goats and competition with various alien plants (Service 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN)

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
, a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance-shaped divisions, are oblong to somewhat oval in outline and grow on stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, compound umbrella-shaped inflorescence arising from the stem, opposite the leaves.
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
is the only member of the genus native to Hawaii. It is distinguished from other native members of the family by being a non-succulent annual with an umbrella-shaped inflorescence (Constance and Affolter 1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
. Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
was known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, and the island of Hawaii. Based on recent collections it is now known to be extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. On Lanai, this species is known from three populations of 570 to 620 individuals on privately owned land: in the southern edge of Kapoho Gulch, Kamiki Ridge, and approximately 274 m (900 ft) downslope of Puu Manu (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2000; R Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999).

Spermolepis hawaiiensis
is known from gulch slopes and ridge tops in dry forests dominated by
Diospyros sandwicensis
, or shrublands dominated by
Dodonaea viscosa
at elevations between 402 and 711 m (1,319 and 2,332 ft). Associated native plant species include
Nestegis sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Psydrax odorata,
and
Rauvolfia sandwicensis
(J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; HINHP Database 2000; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999).

The primary threats to
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
on Lanai are habitat degradation by feral goats, competition with various alien plants, such as
Lantana camara
; and erosion, landslides, and rockslides due to natural weathering, which result in the death of individual plants as well as habitat destruction (59 FR 56333; Service 1999; R. Hobdy, pers. comm., 2000; Service 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum (NCN)

Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
, a member of the aster family (Asteraceae), is an erect shrub 12 to 36 cm (4.7 to 14 in) tall, branching near the ends of the stems. Leaves of this taxon are lance-shaped, wider at the leaf tip, and measure 1.0 to 1.8 in (25 to 45 mm) long and 0.04 to 0.3 in (1 to 7 mm) wide. Flower heads are arranged in groups of six to 12. The involucre is bell-shaped and less than 0.2 in (4 mm) high. Florets are either female or bisexual, with both occurring on the same plant. There are 21 to 40 white to pinkish-lavender ray florets 0.04 to 0.08 in (1 to 2 mm) long on the periphery of each head. In the center of each head there are four to eleven maroon to pale salmon disk florets. The fruits are achenes, 0.06 to 0.1 in (1.6 to 2.5 mm) long and 0.02 to 0.03 in (0.5 to 0.8 mm) wide. This taxon can be distinguished from the other extant species on Oahu by its hermaphroditic disk flowers and its inflorescence of six to 12 heads (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
is a short-lived perennial that has been observed producing fruit and flowers from April through July. No further information is available on reproductive cycles, longevity, specific environmental requirements, or limiting factors (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b).

Historically,
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
was known from Oahu and Lanai. It currently occurs only on Oahu. It was last seen on Lanai in 1928 (56 FR 55770; Service 1998b HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000; EDA Database 2001).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
on the island of Lanai (Service 1998b).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum
on the island of Lanai (Service 1998b).

Tetramolopium remyi (NCN)

Tetramolopium remyi,
a short-lived perennial member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a many branched, decumbent (reclining, with the end ascending) or occasionally erect shrub up to about 38 cm (15 in) tall. Its leaves are firm, very narrow, and with the edges rolled inward when the leaf is mature. There is a single flower head per branch. The heads are each comprised of 70 to 100 yellow disk and 150 to 250 white ray florets. The stems, leaves, flower bracts, and fruit are covered with sticky hairs.
Tetramolopium remyi
has the largest flower heads in the genus. Two other species of the genus are known historically from Lanai, but both have purplish rather than yellow disk florets and from 4 to 60 rather than 1 flower head per branch (Lowrey 1999).

Tetramolopium remyi
flowers between April and January. Field observations suggest that the population size of the species can be profoundly affected by variability in annual precipitation; the adult plants may succumb to prolonged drought, but apparently there is a seedbank in the soil that can replenish the population during favorable conditions. Such seed banks are of great importance for arid-dwelling plants to allow populations to persist through adverse conditions. The aridity of the area, possibly coupled with human-induced changes in the habitat and subsequent lack of availability of suitable sites for seedling establishment, may be a factor limiting population growth and expansion. Requirements of this taxon in these areas are not known, but success in greenhouse cultivation of these plants with much higher water availability implies that, although these plants are drought-tolerant, perhaps the dry conditions in which they currently exist are not optimum. Individual plants are probably not long-lived. Pollination is hypothesized to be by butterflies, bees, or flies. Seed dispersal agents, environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown (Lowrey 1986; Service 1995).

Historically, the species was known from Maui and Lanai. Currently,
Tetramolopium remyi
is known only from two populations on Lanai on privately owned land, one near Awalua Road and the other near Awehi Road, with a total of approximately 66 plants (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000).

Tetramolopium remyi
is found in red, sandy, loam soil in dry
Dodonea viscosa-Heteropogon contortus
communities at elevations between 65 and 485 m (213 and 1,591 ft). Commonly associated native species include
Bidens mauiensis
(kookoolau),
Waltheria indica, Wikstroemia oahuensis,
and
Lipochaeta lavarum
(nehe) (HINHP Database 2000).

Browsing by deer and mouflon sheep (
Ovis musimon
) and competition from alien species, primarily
Andropogon viginicus
(broomsedge) and
Panicum maximum
(guinea grass), are the main threats to the species on Lanai. Fire is also a potential threat (Service 1995; 56 FR 47686).

Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN)

Vigna o-wahuensis,
a member of the legume family (Fabaceae), is a slender, twining, short-lived perennial herb with fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of three leaflets, which vary in shape from round to linear, and are sparsely or moderately covered with coarse hairs. Flowers, in clusters of 1 to 4, have thin, translucent, pale yellow or greenish-yellow petals. The two lowermost petals are fused and appear distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits are long slender pods that may or may not be slightly inflated and contain 7 to 15 gray to black seeds. This species differs from others in the genus by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely hairy calyx, and thin pods, which may or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink
et al.,
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Vigna o-wahuensis.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999).

Historically,
Vigna o-wahuensis
was known from Niihau, Oahu, and Maui. Based on recent collections,
Vigna o-wahuensis
is now known to be extant on the islands of Molokai, Maui, Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Hawaii. On Lanai, one population with at least one individual is known from Kanepuu on privately owned land (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau,
in litt.
2000; Service 1999).

On Lanai,
Vigna o-wahuensis
is found in
Nestegis sandwicensis
or
Diospyros sandwicensis
dry forest at elevations between 98 and 622 m (321 and 2,040 ft) (HINHP Database 2000; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; 59 FR 56333).

Threats to
Vigna o-wahuensis
on Lanai include habitat degradation by pigs and axis deer; competition with various alien plant species; fire; and random naturally occurring events causing extinction and or reduced reproductive vigor of the only remaining individual on Lanai (Service 1999).

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae)

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
is a medium-sized tree in the rue (citrus) family (Rutaceae) with pale to dark gray bark, and lemon-scented leaves. Alternate leaves are composed of three small triangular-oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) with surfaces usually without hairs. A long-lived perennial tree,
Z. hawaiiense
is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of similar size, one joint on the lateral leaf stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip (Stone
et al.,
1999).

Little is known about the life history of
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense.
Its flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service 1996a).

Historically,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
was known from five islands: Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Currently,
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
is found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the island of Hawaii. It was last seen on Lanai in 1947 (HINHP Database 2000; GDSI 2000).

Nothing is known of the preferred habitat of or native plant species associated with
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

Nothing is known of the threats to
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
on the island of Lanai (Service 1996a).

A summary of populations and landownership for the 37 plant species reported from the island of Lanai is given in Table 3.

Table 3.—Summary of Existing Populations Occurring on Lanai, and Landownership for 37 Species Reported From Lanai

Species
Number of current populations
Landownership
Federal
State
Private

Abutilon eremitopetalum

1

X

Adenophorus periens

0

Bidens micrantha

0

Bonamia menziesii

3

X

Brighamia rockii

0

Cenchrus agrimonioides

0

Centaurium sebaeoides

1

X

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis

1

X

Ctenitis squamigera

2

X

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana

2

X

Cyanea lobata

0

Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii

2

X

Cyperus trachysanthos

0

Cyrtandra munroi

2

X

Diellia erecta

0

Diplazium molokaiense

0

Gahnia lanaiensis

1

X

Hedyotis mannii

2

X

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi

2

X

Hesperomannia arborescens

0

Hibiscus brackenridgei

2

X

Isodendrion pyrifolium

0

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis

1

X

Mariscus fauriei

0

Melicope munroi

2

X

Neraudia sericea

0

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis

0

Portulaca sclerocarpa

1

X

Sesbania tomentosa

0

Silene lanceolata

0

Solanum incompletum

0

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

3

X

Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum

0

Tetramolopium remyi

2

X

Vigna o-wahuensis

1

X

Viola lanaiensis

2

X

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

0

Previous Federal Action

Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (16 U.S.C. 1531
et seq.
), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered, threatened, or extinct in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. In that document,
Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, Cyanea lobata
(as
Cyanea baldwinii
),
Gahnia lanaiensis, Hedyotis mannii
(as
Hedyotis thyrsoidea
var.
thyrsoidea
),
Hesperomannia arborescens
(as
Hesperomannia arborescens
var.
bushiana
and var.
swezeyi
),
Hibiscus brackenridgei
(as
Hibiscus brackenridgei
var.
brackenridgei,
var.
mokuleianus,
and var. “from Hawaii”),
Neraudia sericea
(as
Neraudia kahoolawensis
),
Portulaca sclerocarpa, Sesbania tomentosa
(as
Sesbania hobdyi
and
Sesbania tomentosa
var.
tomentosa
),
Silene lanceolata, Solanum incompletum
(as
Solanum haleakalense
and
Solanum incompletum
var.
glabratum,
var.
incompletum,
and var.
mauiensis
),
Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum, Vigna o-wahuensis
(as
Vigna sandwicensis
var.
heterophylla
and var.
sandwicensis
),
Viola lanaiensis,
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(as
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
var.
citiodora
) were considered endangered;
Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis,
and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
(as
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
var.
hawaiiense
and var.
velutinosum
) were considered threatened; and,
Abutilon eremitopetalum, Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
(as
Bidens distans
and
Bidens micrantha
spp.
kalealaha
),
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii, Diplazium molokaiense, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Melicope munroi
(as
Pelea munroi
),
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis,
and
Tetramolopium remyi
were considered to be extinct. On July 1, 1975, we published a notice in the
Federal Register
(40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave notice of our intention to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, we published a proposed rule in the
Federal Register
(41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant taxa, including all of the above taxa except
Cyrtandra munroi, Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis,
and
Melicope munroi.
The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975,
Federal Register
publication (40 FR 27823).

General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal were summarized in an April 26, 1978,
Federal Register
publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over 2 years old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period was given to proposals already over 2 years old. On December 10, 1979, we published a notice in the
Federal Register
(44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. We published updated Notices of Review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR 7596). A summary of the status categories for these 37 plant species in the 1980 through 1996 notices of review can be found in Table 4(a). We listed the 37 species as endangered or threatened between 1991 and 1999. A summary of the listing actions can be found in Table 4(b).

Table 4(a).—Summary of Candidacy Status for 37 Plant Species on Lanai

Species

Federal Register
Notice of Review

12/15/80
9/27/85
2/20/90
9/30/93
2/28/96

Abutilon eremitopetalum

C1
C1
C1

Adenophorus periens

C1
C1
C1

Bidens micrantha

C1
C1
C1

Bonamia menziesii

C1
C1
C1

Brighamia rockii

C1
C1
C1

Cenchrus agrimonioides

Centaurium sebaeoides

C1

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis

C1

Ctenitis squamigera

C1*
C1*
C1*

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana

C1
C1

C2

Cyanea lobata

C1
C1
C1

Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii

C1
C1
C1

Cyperus trachysanthos

C2

Cyrtandra munroi

C2
C2
C1

Diellia erecta

C1
C1
C1

Diplazium molokaiense

C1*
C1*
C1

Gahnia lanaiensis

C1
C1
C1

Hedyotis mannii

C1*
C1*
C1

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi

C2
C2
C

Hesperomannia arborescens

C1
C1
C1

Hibiscus brackenridgei

C1
C1
C1

Isodendrion pyrifolium

C1*
C1*
3A

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis

C2
C2
3C
3C

Mariscus fauriei

C1

Melicope munroi

C1*
C1*
C2
C2
C

Neraudia sericea

3A
3A
C1

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis

C1
C1
C1

Portulaca sclerocarpa

C1
C1
C1

Sesbania tomentosa

C1*
C1*
C1

Silene lanceolata

C1
C1
C1

Solanum incompletum

C1*
C1*
C1

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

C1

Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum

C1
C1
C1

Tetramolopium remyi

C1
C1
C1

Vigna o-wahuensis

C1
C1
C1

Viola lanaiensis

C1
C1
C1

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

C1
C1
C1

Key:
C: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species.
C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct.
C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time.
3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing.
3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. If further research or changes in habitat indicate a significant decline in any of these taxa, they may be reevaluated for possible inclusion in categories C1 or C2.

Federal Register
Notices of Review—

1980: 45 FR 82479  1985: 50 FR 39525  1990: 55 FR 6183  1993: 58 FR 51144  1996: 61 FR 7596

Table 4(b).—Summary of Listing Actions for 37 Plant Species From Lanai

Species
Federal status
Proposed rule
Date
Federal Register
Final rule
Date
Federal Register
Purdency and/or proposed critical habitat
Date
Federal Register

Abutilon eremitopetalum

E
09/17.90
55 FR 38236
09/20/91
56 FR 47686
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Adenophorus periens

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48102
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

11/07/00
12/29/00

65 FR 66808
65 FR 83157

Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha

E
05/24/91
56 FR 23842
05/15/92
57 FR 20772
12/18/00
65 FR 79192

Bonamia menziesii

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

11/7/00
12/18/00
12/27/00
01/28/02

65 FR 66808
65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086
67 FR 3940

Brighamia rockii

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325
12/29/00
65 FR 83157

Cenchrus agrimonioides

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108
12/18/00
65 FR 79192

Centaurium sebaeoides

E
09/28/90
55 FR 39664
10/29/91
56 FR 55770

11/07/00
12/18/00
12/27/00
12/29/00
01/28/02

65 FR 66808
65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086
65 FR 83157
67 FR 3940

Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis

E
05/24/91
56 FR 23842
05/15/92
57 FR 20772

12/18/00
12/27/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086

Ctenitis squamigera

E
06/24/93
58 FR 34231
09/09/94
59 FR 49025

12/18/00
12/27/00
12/29/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086
65 FR 8315

Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
64 FR 53108

12/18/00
12/27/00
12/29/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086
65 FR 8315

Cyanea lobata

E
05/24/91
56 FR 23842
05/15/92
57 FR 20772
12/18/00
65 FR 79192

Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gilsonii

E
09/17/90
55 FR 38236
09/20/91
56 FR 47686
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Cyperus trachysanthos

E
10/02/95
60 FR 51417
10/10/96
61 FR 53108

11/07/0
01/28/02

65 FR 66808
67 FR 3940

Cyrtandra munroi

E
05/24/91
56 FR 23842
05/15/92
57 FR 20772

12/18/00
12/27/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086

Diellia erecta

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

11/07/00
12/18/00
12/29/00
01/28/02

65 FR 66808
65 FR 79192
65 FR 83157
67 FR 3940

Diplazium molokaiense

E
06/24/93
58 FR 34231
09/09/94
59 FR 49025
12/18/00
65 FR 79192

Gahnia lanaiensis

E
09/17/90
55 FR 38236
09/20/91
56 FR 47686
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Hedyotis mannii

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325

12/18/00
12/27/00
12/29/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086
65 FR 83157

Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi

E
05/15/97
62 FR 26757
09/03/99
64 FR 48307
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Hesperomannia arborescens

E
10/14/92
57 FR 47028
03/28/94
59 FR 14482

12/18/00
12/29/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 83157

Hibiscus brackenridgei

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333
12/18/00
65 FR 79192

Isodendrion pyrifolium

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305
01/28/02
67 FR 3940

Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis

E
05/15/97
62 FR 26757
09/03/99
64 FR 48307
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Mariscus fauriei

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305
12/29/00
65 FR 83157

Melicope munroi

E
05/15/97
62 FR 26757
09/03/99
64 FR 48307
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Neraudia sericea

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

12/18/00
12/29/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 83157

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis

E
09/17/90
55 FR 38236
09/20/91
56 FR 47686
12/29/00
65 FR 83157

Portulaca sclerocarpa

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Sesbania tomentosa

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

11/07/00
12/18/00
12/29/00
01/28/02

65 FR 66808
65 FR 79192
65 FR 83157
67 FR 3940

Silene lanceolata

E
09/20/91
56 FR 47718
10/08/92
57 FR 46325
12/29/00
65 FR 83157

Solanum incompletum

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333
01/28/02
67 FR 3940

Spermolepis hawaiiensis

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

11/07/00
12/18/00
12/27/00
12/29/00
12/28/00

65 FR 66808
65 FR 79192
65 FR 82086
65 FR 83157
67 FR 3940

Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp.
lepidotum

E
09/28/90
55 FR 39664
10/29/91
56 FR 55770

Tetramolopium remyi

E
09/17/90
55 FR 38236
09/20/91
56 FR 47686
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Vigna o-wahuensis

E
09/14/93
58 FR 48012
11/10/94
59 FR 56333

12/18/00
12/29/00

65 FR 79192
65 FR 83157

Viola lanaiensis

E
09/17/90
55 FR 38236
09/20/91
56 FR 47686
12/27/00
65 FR 82086

Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

E
12/17/92
57 FR 59951
03/04/94
59 FR 10305

11/07/00
12/18/00
12/29/00
12/28/00
01/28/02

65 FR 66808
65 FR 79192
65 FR 83157
67 FR 3940

Key: E= Endangered, T= Threatened

Critical Habitat

Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, and implementing regulations (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (1) the species is threatened by taking or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the species, or (2) such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for three of these plants (
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
,
Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
, and
Melicope munroi
) and not prudent for the other 34 plants because it would not benefit the plant or would increase the degree of threat to the species.

The not prudent determinations for these species, along with others, were challenged in
Conservation Council for Hawaii
v.
Babbitt
, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii, including 34 of the 37 species reported from Lanai. Among other things, the court held that, in most cases we did not sufficiently demonstrate that the species are threatened by human activity or that such threats would increase with the designation of critical habitat. The court also held that we failed to balance any risks of designating critical habitat against any benefits (
id
. at 1283-85).

Regarding our determination that designating critical habitat would have no additional benefits to the species above and beyond those already provided through the section 7 consultation requirement of the Act, the court ruled that we failed to consider the specific effect of the consultation requirement on each species (
id
. at 1286-88). In addition, the court stated that we did not consider benefits outside of the consultation requirements. In the court's view, these potential benefits include substantive and procedural protections. The court held that, substantively, designation establishes a “uniform protection plan” prior to consultation and indicates where compliance with section 7 of the Act is required. Procedurally, the court stated that the designation of critical habitat educates the public, State, and local governments and affords them an opportunity to participate in the designation (
id
. at 1288). The court also stated that private lands may not be excluded from critical habitat designation even though section 7 requirements apply only to Federal agencies. In addition to the potential benefit of informing the public, State, and local governments of the listing and of the areas that are essential to the species' conservation, the court found that there may be Federal activity on private property in the future, even though no such activity may be occurring there at the present (
id
. at 1285-88).

On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (
Conservation Council for Hawaii
v.
Babbitt
, 24 F. Supp. 2d 1074 (D. Haw. 1998)).

At the time we listed
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi
,
Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
, and
Melicope munroi
(64 FR 48307), we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent and that we would develop critical habitat designations for these three taxa, along with seven others, by the time we completed designations for the other 245 Hawaiian plant species. This timetable was challenged in
Conservation Council for Hawaii
v.
Babbitt
, Civ. No. 99-00283 HG (D. Haw. Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March 28, 2000). The court agreed, however, that it was reasonable for us to integrate these ten Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule established for designating critical habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian plants, and ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations for the ten Maui Nui species with the first 100 plants from the group of 245 by November 30, 2000, and to publish final critical habitat designations by November 30, 2001.

On November 30, 1998, we published a notice in the
Federal Register
requesting public comments on our reevaluation of whether designation of critical habitat is prudent for the 245 Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). The comment period closed on March 1, 1999, and was reopened from March 24, 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). We received more than 100 responses from individuals, non-profit organizations, the State Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air Force). Only a few responses offered information on the status of individual plant species or on current management actions for one or more of the 245 Hawaiian plants. While some of the respondents expressed support for the designation of critical habitat for 245 Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent opposed the designation of critical habitat for these plants. In general, these respondents opposed designation because they believed it would cause economic hardship, discourage cooperative projects, polarize relationships with hunters, or potentially increase trespass or vandalism on private lands. In addition, commenters also cited a lack of information on the biological and ecological needs of these plants which, they suggested, may lead to designation based on guesswork. The respondents who supported the designation of critical habitat cited that designation would provide a uniform protection plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding for management of these plants; educate the public and State government; and protect partnerships with landowners and build trust.

In early February 2000, we hand-delivered a letter to representatives of the private landowner on Lanai requesting any information considered germane to the management of any of the 37 plants on the island, and containing a copy of the November 30, 1998,
Federal Register
notice, a map showing the general locations of the plants on Lanai, and a handout containing general information on critical habitat. On April 4, 2000, we met with representatives of the landowner to discuss their current land management activities. In addition, we met with Maui County DOFAW staff and discussed their management activities on Lanai.

On December 27, 2000, we published the third of the court-ordered prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for 18 Lanai plants (65 FR 82086). The prudency determinations and proposed critical habitat designations for Kauai and Niihau plants were published on November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), for Maui and Kahoolawe plants on December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), and for Molokai plants on December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83158). All of these proposed rules had been sent to the
Federal Register
by or on November 30, 2000, as required by the court orders. In those proposals we determined that critical habitat was prudent for 33 species (
Abutilon eremitopetalum
,
Adenophorus periens
,
Bidens micrantha
ssp.
kalealaha
,
Bonamia menziesii
,
Brighamia rockii
,
Cenchrus agrimonioides
,
Centaurium sebaeoides
,
Clermontia oblongifolia
ssp.
mauiensis
,
Ctenitis squamigera
,
Cyanea grimesiana
ssp.
grimesiana
,
Cyanea lobata
,
Cyanea macrostegia
ssp.
gibsonii
,
Cyperus trachysanthos
,
Cyrtandra munroi
,
Diellia erecta
,
Diplazium molokaiense
,
Gahnia lanaiensis
,
Hedyotis mannii
,
Hedyotis schlechtendahliana
var.
remyi, Hesperomannia arborescens
,
Hibiscus brackenridgei
,
Labordia tinifolia
var.
lanaiensis
,
Mariscus fauriei
,
Melicope munroi
,
Neraudia sericea
,
Portulaca sclerocarpa
,
Sesbania tomentosa
,
Silene lanceolata
,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis
,
Tetramolopium remyi
,
Vigna o-wahuensis
,
Viola lanaiensis
, and
Zanthoxylum hawaiiense
) that are reported from Lanai as well as on Kauai, Niihau, Maui, Kahoolawe, and Molokai.

In the December 27, 2000, proposal we determined that it was prudent to designate approximately 1,953 ha (4,826 ac) on Lanai as critical habitat. The publication of the proposed rule opened a 60-day public comment period, which closed on February 26, 2001. On February 22, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 11133) announcing the reopening of the comment period until April 2, 2001, on the proposal to designate critical habitat for plants from Lanai and a notice of a public hearing. On March 22, 2001, we held a public hearing at the Lanai Public Library Meeting Room, Lanai. On April 6, 2001, we published a notice (66 FR 18223) announcing corrections to the proposed rule. These corrections included changes to the map of general locations of units and new UTM coordinates and increased the total proposed critical habitat to 2,034 ha (5,027 ac).

On October 3, 2001, we submitted a joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court order for the final rules to

designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), and Molokai (October 16, 2002), citing the need to revise the proposals to incorporate or address new information and comments received during the comment periods. The joint stipulation was approved and ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. On January 28, 2002, in the Kauai revised proposal, we determined that designation of critical habitat was prudent for
Isodendrion pyrifolium
and
Solanum incompletum
, two species reported from Lanai as well as Kauai, Maui, and Molokai. The designation of critical habitat is proposed for both of these species on Lanai. Publication of this revised proposal for plants from Lanai is consistent with the court-ordered stipulation.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

In the December 27, 2000, proposed rule (65 FR 82086), we requested all interested parties to submit comments on the specifics of the proposal, including information, policy, and proposed critical habitat boundaries as provided in the proposed rule. The first comment period closed on February 26, 2001. We reopened the comment period from February 22, 2001, to April 2, 2001 (66 FR 11133), to accept comments on the proposed designations and to hold a public hearing on March 22, 2001, in Lanai City, Lanai.

We contacted all appropriate State and Federal agencies, county governments, elected officials, and other interested parties and invited them to comment. In addition, we invited public comment through the publication of notices in the following newspapers: the
Honolulu Advertiser
on January 8, 2001, and the
Maui News
on January 4, 2001. We received one request for a public hearing. We announced the date and time of the public hearing in letters mailed to all interested parties, appropriate State and Federal agencies, county governments, and elected officials, and in notices published in the
Honolulu Advertiser
and in the
Maui News
newspapers on March 2, 2001. A transcript of the hearing held in Lanai City, Lanai on March 22, 2001, is available for inspection (see
ADDRESSES
section).

We requested three botanists who have familiarity with Lanai plants to peer review the proposed critical habitat designations. One peer reviewer submitted comments on the proposed critical habitat designations, providing updated biological information, critical review, and editorial comments.

We received a total of two oral comments, three written comments, and two comments both in written and oral form during the two comment periods. These included responses from one State office, and six private organizations or individuals. We reviewed all comments received for substantive issues and new information regarding critical habitat and the Lanai plants. Of the seven comments we received, five supported designation, one was opposed and one provided information and declined to oppose or support the designation. Similar comments were grouped into eight general issues relating specifically to the proposed critical habitat determinations. These are addressed in the following summary.

Issue 1: Biological Justification and Methodology

(1)
Comment
: The designation of critical habitat for these plant species in unoccupied habitat is particularly important, since this may be the only mechanism available to ensure that Federal actions do not eliminate the habitat needed for the conservation of these species.

Our Response
: We agree. Our recovery plans for these species (Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001) identify the need to expand existing populations and reestablish wild populations within their historical range. We have revised the December 27, 2000, proposal to include areas of unoccupied habitat for some of the species from Lanai.

(2)
Comment
: The proposal provides very limited information on the criteria and data used to determine the areas proposed as critical habitat. For example, some of the data used by the Service was 30 years old or older.

Our Response
: When developing the December 27, 2000, proposal to designate critical habitat for 18 plants from Lanai, we used the best scientific and commercial data available at the time, including but not limited to information from the known locations, site-specific species information from the HINHP database and our own rare plant database; species information from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC) rare plant monitoring database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules for these species; recent biological surveys and reports; our recovery plans for these species; information received in response to outreach materials and requests for species and management information we sent to all landowners, land managers, and interested parties on the island of Lanai; discussions with botanical experts; and recommendations from the Hawaii Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) (Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; HPPRCC 1998; HINHP Database 2000; CPC
in litt
. 1999).

We have revised the proposed designations to incorporate new information, and address comments and new information received during the comment periods. This additional information comes from Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages (
e.g
., vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, elevation contours, land ownership), and information received during the public comment periods and the public hearing (R. Hobdy,
in litt
. 2001; Service 1995, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001).

(3)
Comment
: The proposed critical habitat designations should be delayed until a coordinated plan with public input is coordinated.

Our Response
: We must comply with the orders of the Federal courts. As stated earlier, on August 10, 1998, the Court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. 2d 1074). On March 28, 2000, the Court ordered us to integrate 10 Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule for designating critical habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian plants.

On December 27, 2000, we published the third of the court-ordered prudency determinations and/or proposed critical habitat designations, for 18 Lanai plants (65 FR 82086). On October 5, 2001, the joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting extension of the court orders for the final rules to designate critical habitat for plants from Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai (September 16, 2002), Molokai (October 16, 2002) was approved and ordered by the court.

Publication of this revised proposed critical habitat designations for Lanai plants is consistent with the court-ordered stipulation.

Issue 2: Site-specific Biological Comments

(4)
Comment
: Critical habitat should be designated for
Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
because habitats have not been adequately surveyed and this species may still be extant in the wild.

Our Response
: No change is made here to the prudency determination for

Phyllostegia glabra
var.
lanaiensis
, a species known only from Kaiholena on Lanai, published in the December 27, 2000, proposal (65 FR 82086

[Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.]

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A02-4335. Public record. Not legal advice.