# National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other Textiles > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A02-16030 ## Record - **Collection:** Federal Register - **Document type:** Proposed Rule - **Published:** July 11, 2002 - **Citation:** 67 FR 46028 ## Text ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 63 [FRL-7237-1] RIN 2060-AG98 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other Textiles AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: This action proposes national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for fabric and other textile coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations, pursuant to section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act (CAA). This action also revises the title of the source category. The Printing, Coating and Dyeing of Fabrics source category was included in the initial list of categories of hazardous air pollutants (HAP), published in the Federal Register on July 16, 1992. This action changes the title of the source category to Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other Textiles, to clarify the applicability of the proposed NESHAP to HAP-emitting operations performed on textile substrates including, but not limited to, fabric. The EPA has estimated that there are approximately 135 major source facilities in the Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other Textiles source category. The principal HAP emitted by these affected sources include toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methanol, xylenes, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methylene chloride, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and n,n-dimethyl formamide. Secondary HAP emitted include 1,1,1-trichloroethane, naphthalene, ethyl benzene, glycol ethers (ethylene glycol), biphenyl, and styrene. Exposure to these substances has been demonstrated to cause adverse health effects such as irritation of the eye, lung, and mucous membranes, effects on the central nervous system, and damage to the liver. The EPA has classified two of the HAP as probable or possible human carcinogens. In general, these adverse health effect findings have only been shown with concentrations higher than those typically in the ambient air. The proposed standards would reduce nationwide HAP emissions from major sources by approximately 60 percent. The reduction in HAP emissions would be achieved by requiring all fabric and other textiles coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations at major sources to meet the HAP emission standards reflecting the application of the maximum achievable control technology (MACT). Emission reductions achieved by these standards, when combined with the emission reductions achieved by other similar standards, would protect and enhance the quality of the Nation's air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare, protect the environment, and achieve a primary goal of the CAA. DATES: Comments. Submit comments on or before September 9, 2002. Public Hearing. If anyone contacts the EPA requesting to speak at a public hearing, they should do so by July 31, 2002. If requested, a public hearing will be held within approximately 30 days following publication of this document in the Federal Register . ADDRESSES: Comments. By U.S. Postal Service, send comments (in duplicate if possible) to: Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center (6102), Attention Docket Number A-97-51, U.S. EPA, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20460. In person or by courier, deliver comments (in duplicate if possible) to: Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center (6102), Attention Docket Number A-97-51, U.S. EPA, 501 M Street, SW., Room M-1500, Washington, DC 20460. The EPA requests a separate copy also be sent to the contact person listed in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT . Public Hearing. If a public hearing is held, it will be held at the new EPA facility complex in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. You should contact Ms. Janet Eck, Coatings and Consumer Products Group (C539-03), Emission Standards Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, telephone number (919) 541-7946, to request to speak at a public hearing or to find out if a hearing will be held. Docket. Docket No. A-97-51 contains supporting information used in developing the proposed standards. The docket is located at the U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 in Room M-1500, Waterside Mall (ground floor), and may be inspected from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Vinson Hellwig, Coatings and Consumer Products Group (C539-03), Emission Standards Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; telephone number (919) 541-2317; facsimile number (919) 541-5689; electronic mail (e-mail) address: hellwig.vinson@epa.gov. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Comments. Comments and data may be submitted by e-mail to: a-and-r-docket@epa.gov. Electronic comments must be submitted as an ASCII file to avoid the use of special characters and encryption problems and will also be accepted on disks in WordPerfect® file format. All comments and data submitted in electronic form must note the docket number: A-97-51. No confidential business information (CBI) should be submitted by e-mail. Electronic comments may be filed online at many Federal Depository Libraries. Commenters wishing to submit proprietary information for consideration must clearly distinguish such information from other comments and clearly label it as CBI. Send submissions containing such proprietary information directly to the following address, and not to the public docket, to ensure that proprietary information is not inadvertently placed in the docket: Mr. Vinson Hellwig, c/o OAQPS Document Control Officer (C404-02), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. The EPA will disclose information identified as CBI only to the extent allowed by the procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2. If no claim of confidentiality accompanies a submission when it is received by EPA, the information may be made available to the public without further notice to the commenter. Public Hearing. Persons interested in presenting oral testimony or inquiring as to whether a hearing is to be held should contact Ms. Janet Eck, Coatings and Consumer Products Group (C539-03), Emission Standards Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; telephone number (919) 541-7946 at least 2 days in advance of the public hearing. Persons interested in attending the public hearing should also contact Ms. Eck to verify the time, date, and location of the hearing. The public hearing will provide interested parties the opportunity to present data, views, or arguments concerning these proposed emission standards. Docket. The docket is an organized and complete file of all the information considered by EPA in the development of this rulemaking. The docket is a dynamic file because material is added throughout the rulemaking process. The docketing system is intended to allow members of the public and industries involved to readily identify and locate documents so that they can effectively participate in the rulemaking process. Along with the proposed and promulgated standards and their preambles, the contents of the docket will serve as the record in the case of judicial review. (See section 307(d)(7)(A) of the CAA.) The regulatory text and other materials related to this rulemaking are available for review in the docket or copies may be mailed on request from the Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center by calling (202) 260-7548. A reasonable fee may be charged for copying docket materials. WorldWide Web (WWW). In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of the proposed rule will also be available on the WWW through the Technology Transfer Network (TTN). Following signature by the EPA Administrator, a copy of the proposed rule will be posted on the TTN's policy and guidance page for newly proposed or promulgated rules at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg. The TTN provides information and technology exchange in various areas of air pollution control. If more information regarding the TTN is needed, call the TTN HELP line at (919) 541-5384. Regulated Entities. The proposed source category definition includes sources that engage in the coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing of any fabric or other textile. In general, sources that engage in fabric and other textiles coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing operations are covered under the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes listed in the following table. However, sources classified under other NAICS codes may be subject to the proposed standards if they meet the applicability criteria. Not all sources classified under the NAICS codes in the following table will be subject to the proposed standards because some of the classifications cover products outside the scope of the NESHAP for printing, coating and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles. Table 1.—Categories and Entities Potentially Regulated by the Proposed Standards NAICS Code NAICS product description 31321 Broadwoven Fabric Mills 31322 Narrow Fabric Mills and Schiffli Machine Embroidery 313241 Weft Knit Fabric Mills 313311 Broadwoven Fabric Finishing Mills 313312 Textile and Fabric Finishing (except Broadwoven Fabric) Mills 313320 Fabric Coating Mills 314110 Carpet and Rug Mills 326220 Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting and Manufacturing 339991 Gasket, Packing, and Sealing Device Manufacturing This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be regulated by this action. To determine whether your operation is regulated by this action, you should examine the applicability criteria in § 63.4281 of the proposed rule. If you have any questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular entity, consult the person listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. Outline. The information presented in this preamble is organized as follows: I. Background A. What is the source of authority for development of NESHAP? B. What criteria are used in the development of NESHAP? C. What are the health effects associated with HAP emissions from coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations? II. Summary of the Proposed Rule A. What source categories and subcategories are affected by the proposed rule? B. What is the relationship to other rules? C. What are the primary sources of emissions and what are the emissions? D. What is the affected source? E. What are the emission limits, operating limits, and other standards? F. What are the testing and initial compliance requirements? G. What are the continuous compliance provisions? H. What are the notification, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements? III. Rationale for Selecting the Proposed Standards A. How did we select the source category and subcategories? B. How did we select the regulated pollutants? C. How did we select the affected source? D. How did we determine the basis and level of the proposed standards for existing and new or reconstructed sources? E. How did we select the format of the proposed standards? F. How did we select the testing and initial compliance requirements? G. How did we select the continuous compliance requirements? H. How did we select the notification, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements? I. How did we select the compliance date? IV. Summary of Environmental, Energy, and Economic Impacts A. What are the air impacts? B. What are the cost impacts? C. What are the economic impacts? D. What are the non-air health, environmental, and energy impacts? V. Administrative Requirements A. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review B. Executive Order 13132, Federalism C. Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments D. Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks E. Executive Order 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use F. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 G. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), as Amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA), 5 U.S.C. 601, et seq. H. Paperwork Reduction Act I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act I. Background A. What Is the Source of Authority for Development of NESHAP? Section 112 of the CAA requires us to list categories and subcategories of major sources and area sources of HAP and to establish NESHAP for the listed source categories and subcategories. The Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics source category was listed on July 16, 1992 (57 FR 31576) under the Surface Coating Processes industry group. As has been noted previously in this preamble, today's action changes the title of the source category to Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other Textiles. Major sources of HAP are those that have the potential to emit greater than 10 tons per year (tpy) of any one HAP or 25 tpy of any combination of HAP. B. What Criteria Are Used in the Development of NESHAP? Section 112 of the CAA requires that we establish NESHAP for the control of HAP from both new and existing major sources. The CAA requires the NESHAP to reflect the maximum degree of reduction in emissions of HAP that is achievable. This level of control is commonly referred to as the MACT. The MACT floor is the minimum control level allowed for NESHAP and is defined under section 112(d)(3) of the CAA. In essence, the MACT floor ensures that the standard is set at a level that assures that all major sources achieve the level of control already achieved by the better-controlled and lower-emitting sources in each source category or subcategory. For new sources, the MACT standards cannot be less stringent than the emission control that is achieved in practice by the best-controlled similar source. The MACT standards for existing sources can be less stringent than standards for new sources, but they cannot be less stringent than the average emission limitation achieved by the best-performing 12 percent of existing sources in the category or subcategory (or the best-performing five sources for categories or subcategories with fewer than 30 sources). In developing MACT, we also consider control options that are more stringent than the floor. We may establish standards more stringent than the floor based on the consideration of the cost of achieving the emissions reductions, any non-air health and environmental impacts, and energy requirements. C. What Are the Health Effects Associated With HAP Emissions From Coating, Printing, Slashing, Dyeing, and Finishing Operations? The HAP emitted from coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations include toluene, MEK, methanol, xylenes, MIBK, methylene chloride, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and n,n-dimethylformamide. These compounds account for about 81 percent of the nationwide HAP emissions from this source category. The HAP that would be controlled with the proposed rule are associated with a variety of adverse health effects. These adverse health effects include chronic health disorders ( e.g., irritation of the eyes, lungs, and mucous membranes, effects on the central nervous system, and damage to the heart and liver) and acute health disorders ( e.g., respiratory irritation and central nervous system effects such as drowsiness, headache, and nausea). The EPA has classified two of the HAP (methylene chloride and naphthalene) as probable or possible human carcinogens. We do not have the type of current detailed data on each of the facilities covered by the emission standards for this source category, and the people living around the affected facilities, that would be necessary to conduct an analysis to determine the actual population exposures to the HAP emitted from these affected facilities and potential for resultant health effects. Therefore, we do not know the extent to which the adverse health effects described above occur in the populations surrounding these affected facilities. However, to the extent the adverse effects do occur, the proposed rule would reduce emissions and subsequent exposures. II. Summary of the Proposed Rule A. What Source Categories and Subcategories Are Affected by the Proposed Rrule? The proposed rule would apply to you if you own or operate a fabric or other textile coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing operation or group of such operations that is a major source, or is located at a major source, or is part of a major source of HAP emissions, whether or not you manufacture the substrate. The coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing operations themselves are not required to be major sources of HAP emissions in order for them to be covered by the proposed rule. As long as some part of the facility where the operations are located ( e.g., a process boiler or manufacturing operations associated with production of the final product) causes it to be a major source, the coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations would be subject to the standards. Any major HAP-emitting facility that performs coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing of fabric or other textiles is in this source category. As defined in the proposed rule, fabric or other textiles includes, but is not limited to, yarn, fiber, cord, thread, fabric and textile products, tents, roofing, soft baggage, marine fabric, drapery linings, flexible hoses, hot-air balloons, and awnings. The source category includes three subcategories (coating and printing, slashing, and dyeing and finishing) as described in the following paragraphs. The coating and printing subcategory encompasses coating activities and equipment used to apply semi-liquid coating material to one or both sides of a textile web substrate. Once the coating is dried (and cured, if necessary) it bonds with the substrate to form a continuous solid film for decorative, protective, or functional purposes. Similarly, the coating and printing subcategory includes printing activities and equipment used to apply color and patterns to textile substrates, usually in the form of a paste. After application of the printing material, the substrate is treated with steam, heat, or chemicals to fix the color. If you coat fabric or other textiles and any other substrate on a coating line, then that line would be subject to the proposed rule unless it is specifically exempted in another NESHAP. We currently plan to provide such an exemption in the tire cord production NESHAP for tire cord coating lines that occasionally coat fabric. Another exemption is planned for the paper and other web coating NESHAP for lines that coat medical tape or duct tape. The slashing subcategory includes the yarn preparation process performed on warp yarn prior to weaving. Slashing is the application of a chemical solution (known as sizing) to a yarn in a water solution followed by squeezing and drying. The dyeing and finishing subcategory includes the equipment and operations involved in two separate but related processes that are both performed at some sources, while only one or the other is performed at other sources. Dyes and finishes are applied to yarn, fiber, cord, thread, or fabric in aqueous solutions and then dried. Dyeing is the application of color to the whole body of a textile substrate. Finishing is a process performed after dyeing that improves the appearance and/or usefulness of a textile substrate. You would not be subject to the proposed rule if your coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing operation is located at an area source. An area source of HAP is any facility that has the potential to emit HAP but is not a major source. You may establish area source status by limiting the source's potential to emit HAP through appropriate mechanisms available through your permitting authority. Exclusions from the source category include coating, printing, slashing, dyeing or finishing at sources using only coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, finishing, thinning, and cleaning materials that contain no organic HAP; coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing that occurs at research or laboratory facilities or that is part of janitorial, building, and facility maintenance operations; and coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing used by an affected source and not for commerce, unless organic HAP emissions from the facility that performs coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing operations are as high as the specified major source HAP emissions. B. What Is the Relationship to Other Rules? Affected sources subject to the proposed rule may also be subject to other rules. We specifically request comments on how monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements can be consolidated for sources that are subject to more than one rule. New Source Performance Standards—40 CFR part 60, subpart VVV. The new source performance standards (NSPS) for polymeric coating of supporting substrates apply to affected facilities that apply elastomers, polymers, or prepolymers to a supporting web other than paper, plastic film, metallic foil, or metal coil and that began construction, reconstruction, or modification after April 30, 1987. The pollutants regulated are volatile organic compounds (VOC). The affected facility is each coating operation and any onsite coating mix preparation equipment used to prepare coatings for the polymeric coating of the affected substrate. Emissions of VOC from the coating operation must be reduced by at least 90 percent or a total enclosure must be installed around the coating operation vented to an add-on control device that is at least 95 percent efficient. Depending on criteria in the NSPS, VOC emissions from onsite coating mix preparation equipment must be vented to a 95 percent efficient add-on control device or each piece of mix preparation equipment must be covered. The proposed requirements for coating operations differ from the NSPS in three ways. First, the “affected source” for the proposed rule is defined broadly as the collection of all of the coating and printing operations and associated processes at the facility, whereas the “affected facility” for the NSPS is defined narrowly as each individual coating operation. The proposed NESHAP's broader definition of an affected source allows averaging across coating and printing lines for compliance purposes. Second, the proposed rule regulates organic HAP. While most organic HAP emitted from coating and printing operations are VOC, some VOC are not listed as HAP, and, therefore, the NSPS regulates a broader range of pollutants than the proposed NESHAP. Third, the HAP emission limitations in the proposed rule are in terms of an overall control efficiency (OCE) with an alternative weight fraction of solids applied emission rate limit based on the amount of coating solids used at the affected source. The VOC limitations in the NSPS are emission reduction standards; there is not an emission rate option based on the amount of coating solids used. Because of the differences between the two rules, compliance with either rule cannot be deemed compliance with the other. A coating or printing operation that meets the applicability requirements of both rules must comply with both. Overlapping reporting, recordkeeping, and monitoring requirements may be resolved through your title V permit. Future national emission standards for the surface coating of paper and other web products. The paper and other web coating NESHAP were proposed September 13, 2000 (65 FR 55332). If you operate a coating line(s) that applies coatings both to paper and other web and to fabric and other textile substrates on the same line, then the coating line(s) is subject to the proposed printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles NESHAP. The only exceptions are where the paper and other web substrate being coated is medical tape or duct tape or where fabric is being laminated to a paper or other web substrate, and these exceptions will be specified in the paper and other web NESHAP. Future national emission standards for tire manufacturing. The EPA has identified affected sources in the tire manufacturing source category that coat tire cord and that also sometimes apply coatings to textile cord used in the production of belts and hoses. If the source is subject to the tire manufacturing NESHAP, it is not subject to the proposed printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles NESHAP. C. What Are the Primary Sources of Emissions and What Are the Emissions? HAP emission sources. Coating and printing material application and curing are the largest contributors of HAP emissions at coating and printing affected sources. For example, based on the responses to a survey of the coating industry, the portion of total affected source HAP emissions attributed to coating application and curing is estimated to be approximately 95 percent. Other operations and activities that may create HAP emissions associated with coating/printing include storage tanks, substrate preparation, coating and printing material mixing/thinning operations, parts and equipment cleaning, and waste and wastewater operations. The primary source of HAP emissions from slashing is methanol from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) size, typically applied to synthetics (although it adheres to and is used for natural fibers as well). The methanol is present in the PVA size as a contaminant and is not needed for the slashing process. The methanol emissions can arise either from the size cooking operation and/or from the application or slashing process—the distribution is unclear, although it will depend upon the temperature at which the size is cooked, the cooking time, and how often mixing containers (cookers) are opened. The sources of HAP emissions from dyeing are the HAP constituents that are contained in dyestuffs and auxiliary chemicals as purchased. The HAP constituents are needed to impart certain desirable characteristics to the dyed substrate (e.g., certain colors can only be attained through the use of HAP-containing dyestuffs or auxiliaries.) No HAP are known to be added by the users. The fraction of HAP contained in dye materials that is emitted to the atmosphere is generally estimated to range from zero to 10 percent, although a few sources report from 19 percent to as much as 100 percent emitted. The fraction of HAP in dye materials emitted to the atmosphere depends on the characteristics of the specific HAP constituents and the pressures and temperatures that the HAP are exposed to in the dyeing process operations. Most HAP constituents are believed to be rinsed from the substrate before the substrate is dried, because drying a substrate with unattached dye would adversely affect the quality of the dyed product. The sources of HAP emissions from finishing are the HAP constituents that are contained in finishing materials as purchased, i.e., as delivered to the affected source, before alteration. As is the case with dyeing, the HAP constituents are needed to impart certain desirable characteristics to the finished substrate (e.g., a resin finish containing HAP might be applied to a cotton/polyester blend for durable press and dimensional stability). No HAP are known to be added by the users. In finishing, unlike in dyeing, the fraction of HAP contained in finishes that is emitted to the atmosphere is generally assumed to be 100 percent with the exception of HAP that cross-link to the fiber, such as formaldehyde. This is because finished textiles are generally dried and cured at relatively high temperatures over 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Organic HAP. Available emission data collected during the development of the proposed NESHAP show that the primary organic HAP emitted from coating and printing include toluene, MEK, hexane, and n,n-dimethylformamide. These compounds account for approximately 92 percent of this subcategory's nationwide organic HAP emissions. Other significant organic HAP identified include MIBK, hexane, and methylene chloride. Available emission data collected during the development of the proposed NESHAP show that the organic HAP emitted from slashing is methanol. Methanol accounts for almost 100 percent of this subcategory's nationwide organic HAP emissions. Based on emission data reported in survey responses collected during the development of the proposed NESHAP, methanol, glycol ether, and ethylene glycol are the primary HAP emitted from textile dyeing and finishing operations. These HAP account for approximately 82 percent of this subcategory's nationwide HAP emissions. Other significant organic HAP identified include formaldehyde, toluene and styrene. Inorganic HAP. Based on information reported in survey responses during the development of the proposed NESHAP, inorganic HAP, including chromium, cobalt, hydrogen chloride, lead, manganese compounds and nickel, are components of some coatings, dyes, and finishes used by this source category. Inorganic HAP are not likely to be emitted because of the application techniques used. D. What Is the Affected Source? We define an affected source as a stationary source, a group of stationary sources, or part of a stationary source to which a specific emission standard applies. The proposed standards define the affected source for each subcategory as the collection of all equipment associated with the coating and printing, the slashing, or the dyeing and finishing performed on a textile substrate. For the purpose of defining the affected source, the textile substrate includes staple fibers and filaments suitable for conversion to or use as yarns, or for the preparation of woven, knit, or nonwoven fabrics; yarns made from natural or manufactured fibers; fabrics and other manufactured products made from staple fibers and filaments and from yarn; and garments and other articles fabricated from fibers, yarns, or fabrics. Also for each subcategory, the specific regulated materials are defined. Regulated materials are the HAP-containing materials that are the source of HAP emissions limited by the requirements of the proposed NESHAP. The affected source for the coating and printing subcategory includes: all web coating and printing equipment used to apply cleaning materials to a substrate to prepare it for coating or printing material application, to apply coating or printing materials to a substrate and to dry or cure the coating or printing materials after application by exposure to heat or radiation (coating or printing material drying or curing), or to clean coating/printing operation equipment; all storage containers and mixing vessels in which regulated materials are stored or mixed; all manual and automated equipment and containers used for conveying regulated materials; all storage containers and all manual and automated equipment and containers used for conveying waste materials generated by a coating or printing operation; and all manual and automated equipment, structures, and devices used to convey, treat, or dispose of wastewater streams or residuals. Coating or printing material drying or curing at ambient conditions is not drying or curing for the purpose of the proposed standards. The regulated materials for the coating and printing subcategory are the coating, printing, thinning and cleaning materials used in the affected source. The affected source for the slashing subcategory includes: all slashing equipment used to apply and dry size on warp yarn; all storage containers and mixing vessels in which regulated materials are stored or mixed; all manual and automated equipment and containers used for conveying regulated materials; all storage containers and all manual and automated equipment and containers used for conveying waste materials generated by a slashing operation; and all manual and automated equipment, structures, and devices used to convey, treat, or dispose of wastewater streams or residuals. The regulated materials for the slashing subcategory are the slashing materials used in the affected source. The affected source for the dyeing and finishing subcategory includes: all dyeing and finishing equipment used to apply dyeing or finishing materials, to fix dyeing materials to the substrate, to rinse the textile substrate, to dry or cure the dyeing or finishing materials, or to clean dyeing/finishing operation equipment; all storage containers and mixing vessels in which regulated materials are stored or mixed; all manual and automated equipment and containers used for conveying regulated materials; all storage containers and all manual and automated equipment and containers used for conveying waste materials generated by a dyeing or finishing operation; and all manual and automated equipment, structures, and devices used to convey, treat, or dispose of wastewater streams or residuals. The regulated materials for the dyeing and finishing subcategory are the dyeing, finishing, and cleaning materials used in the affected source. E. What Are the Emission Limits, Operating Limits, and Other Standards? We are proposing standards that would limit organic HAP emissions from coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations. The proposed standards include emission limits, operating limits, and work practice standards. Emission limits are being proposed for the coating and printing, slashing, and dyeing and finishing subcategories. Operating limits and work practice standards are being proposed for the coating and printing subcategory. Emission limits. In the coating and printing subcategory, we are proposing to limit organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere from each new and reconstructed affected source to one of the following three specified levels: (1) At least a 98 percent organic HAP OCE (OCE limit); (2) no more than 0.08 kilograms (kg) organic HAP/kg of coating solids used (0.08 pound (lb) organic HAP/lb of coating solids used) during each monthly compliance period (emission rate limit); or (3) if you are using an oxidizer to control organic HAP emissions, operate the oxidizer such that an outlet organic HAP concentration of no greater than 20 parts per million by volume (ppmv) on a dry basis is achieved and the efficiency of the capture system is 100 percent (outlet concentration limit). The proposed HAP emission limits for each existing affected source are: (1) To achieve at least a 97 percent OCE limit; (2) an emission rate limit of no more than 0.12 kg organic HAP/kg of coating solids used (0.12 lb organic HAP/lb of coating solids used) in each monthly compliance period; or (3) if you are using an oxidizer to control organic HAP emissions, operate the oxidizer to achieve the outlet concentration limit of no greater than 20 ppmv on a dry basis and the efficiency of the capture system is 100 percent. You may choose from several compliance options in the proposed rule to achieve the coating and printing emission limits. You could comply through a pollution prevention approach by applying regulated materials that meet the emission rate limits, either individually (compliant material option) or collectively (emission rate without add-on controls option), during each monthly compliance period. Second, you could use a capture system and add-on control device to meet either the applicable organic HAP OCE limit or emission rate limit. Third, you could use a 100 percent efficient capture system and an oxidizer that reduces organic HAP emissions to no more than 20 ppmv. In the slashing subcategory, we are proposing to require each new, reconstructed and existing affected source to emit no organic HAP. This is not an absolute zero HAP limit since the compliance procedures specify that to determine organic HAP emissions, you would count only organic HAP present in the materials you use at 0.1 percent by mass or more for OSHA-defined carcinogens as specified in 29 CFR 1910.1200(d)(4) and at 1 percent or more for other organic HAP compounds. To comply with the slashing organic HAP emission limits, you must apply only materials that individually meet the standard during each monthly compliance period. In the dyeing and finishing subcategory, we are proposing to limit organic HAP emissions from each new, reconstructed and existing affected source that conducts dyeing operations only or both dyeing and finishing operations to no more than 0.016 kg organic HAP per kg of dyeing material used (0.016 lb organic HAP per lb of dyeing material used) for each monthly compliance period. You could comply with the dyeing and finishing organic HAP emission rate by applying materials that meet the emission rate, either individually or collectively, during each monthly compliance period. Each new, reconstructed and existing affected source that conducts only finishing operations is required to emit no organic HAP. This is not an absolute zero HAP limit since the compliance procedures specify that to determine organic HAP emissions, you would count only organic HAP that are present in the materials you use at 0.1 percent by mass or more for Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-defined carcinogens as specified in 29 CFR 1910.1200(d)(4) and at 1 percent or more for other organic HAP compounds. Operating limits. If you reduce emissions from coating or printing operations by using a capture system and add-on control device (other than a solvent recovery system for which you conduct a liquid-liquid material balance), the proposed operating limits would apply to you. These limits are site-specific parameter limits that you determine during the initial performance test of the system. For capture systems that are not permanent total enclosures (PTE), you would establish average volumetric flow rates or duct static pressure limits for each capture device (or enclosure) in each capture system. For capture systems that are PTE, you would establish limits on average facial velocity or pressure drop across openings in the enclosure. For thermal oxidizers, you would monitor the combustion temperature. For catalytic oxidizers, you would either monitor the temperature immediately before and after the catalyst bed, or you would monitor the temperature before the catalyst bed and prepare and implement an inspection and maintenance plan that includes periodic catalyst activity checks. For carbon adsorbers for which you do not conduct a liquid-liquid material balance, you would monitor the carbon bed temperature and the amount of steam or nitrogen used to desorb the bed. For condensers, you would monitor the outlet gas temperature from the condenser. For concentrators, you would monitor the temperature in the desorption gas stream and the pressure drop across the zeolite wheel or rotary carbon bed. The site-specific parameter limits that you establish must reflect operation of the capture system and add-on control devices during a performance test that demonstrates achievement of the emission limits during representative operating conditions. Work practice standards. If you use an emission capture system and add-on control device for compliance, you would be required to develop and implement a work practice plan to minimize organic HAP emissions from mixing operations, storage tanks and other containers, and handling operations for coating, printing, thinning, cleaning, and waste materials. Operations during startup, shutdown, or malfunction. If you use a capture system and add-on control device for compliance, you would be required to develop and operate according to a startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan (SSMP) during periods of startup, shutdown, or malfunction of the capture system and add-on control device. General Provisions. The General Provisions (40 CFR part 63, subpart A) would also apply to you as indicated in the proposed rule. The General Provisions codify certain procedures and criteria for all 40 CFR part 63 NESHAP. The General Provisions contain administrative procedures, preconstruction review procedures for new sources, and procedures for conducting compliance-related activities such as notifications, reporting and recordkeeping, performance testing, and monitoring. The proposed rule refers to individual sections of the General Provisions to emphasize key sections that are relevant. However, unless specifically overridden in the proposed rule, all of the applicable General Provisions requirements would apply to you. F. What Are the Testing and Initial Compliance Requirements? Compliance dates. Existing affected sources would have to be in compliance with the final standards no later than [DATE 3 YEARS AFTER PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER ]. New and reconstructed affected sources would have to be in compliance upon startup of the affected source or by the [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER ], whichever is later. The effective date is the date on which the final rule is published in the Federal Register . The proposed initial compliance period begins on the compliance date and ends on the last day of the first full month following the compliance date; except for new and reconstructed sources required to conduct performance tests, the initial compliance period ends on the last day of the first full month following the performance test if the performance test is conducted later than the compliance date (the proposed rule allows the test to be conducted up to 180 days later). Being “in compliance” means that the owner or operator of the affected source meets the requirements to achieve the emission limitations during the initial compliance period. At the end of the initial compliance period, the owner or operator would use the data and records generated to determine whether or not the affected source is in compliance with the organic HAP emission limit and other applicable requirements for that period. If the affected source does not meet the emission limit and other applicable requirements, it is out of compliance for the entire initial compliance period. Emission limits. With the exception of the slashing emission limit, there are several proposed options for complying with the proposed emission limits, and the testing and initial compliance requirements vary accordingly. You would be able to use different compliance options for different coating, printing, dyeing, and finishing operations in the affected source for each subcategory and also for the same operation at different times. Compliance based on materials used in the affected source. If you demonstrate compliance with the proposed coating and printing emission limits based on the materials used, you would determine the mass of organic HAP and the mass fraction of solids in all materials used during the month of the initial compliance period. You would be required to demonstrate either that the organic HAP content of each coating and printing material meets the applicable emission limit and that you use no organic HAP-containing thinning or cleaning materials (compliant material option); or that the total mass of organic HAP in all coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning materials used divided by the total mass of solids in coating and printing materials used meets the applicable emission limit (emission rate without add-on controls option). The compliant material option is a pollution prevention option that allows you to easily demonstrate compliance by using low-HAP or non-HAP coating and printing materials. If you use coating and printing materials that, based on their organic HAP content, individually meet the kg (lb) organic HAP emitted per kg (lb) solids used levels in the applicable emission limits and you use non-HAP thinners and other additives and cleaning materials, this compliance option is available to you. For this option, we have minimized recordkeeping and reporting requirements. You can demonstrate compliance by using readily available purchase records containing manufacturer's formulation data to determine the organic HAP content of each coating, printing, or other material and the amount of each material used. You would not need to perform any detailed emission rate calculations. To demonstrate compliance with the compliant material option, you would demonstrate that the organic HAP content of each coating and printing material meets the applicable emission limit in Table 1 to the proposed subpart, and that you used no organic HAP-containing thinning or cleaning materials. For example, if you are using the compliant materials option for your existing source, you would demonstrate that: (1) Each coating and printing material used has an organic HAP content no greater than 0.12 kg (0.12 lb) organic HAP per kg (lb) solids used, (2) and that you used no organic HAP-containing thinning or cleaning materials. Note that “no organic HAP” is not intended to mean absolute zero. Materials that contain “no organic HAP” should be interpreted to mean materials that contain organic HAP levels below the levels specified in § 63.4341(e) of the proposed rule, which are typical reporting levels. These typical reporting levels only count organic HAP that are present at 0.1 percent or more by mass for OSHA-defined carcinogens and at 1.0 percent or more by mass for other compounds. To determine the mass fraction of organic HAP in coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning materials and the mass fraction of solids in coating and printing materials, you could rely on manufacturer's formulation data. You would not be required to perform tests or analysis of the material if formulation data are available. Alternatively, you could use results from the test methods listed below. You may also use alternative test methods provided you get EPA approval in accordance with the NESHAP General Provisions, 40 CFR 63.7(f). However, if there is any inconsistency between the test method results (either EPA's or an approved alternative) and manufacturer's data, the test method results would prevail for compliance and enforcement purposes. • For mass fraction of organic HAP, you would use Method 311 of 40 CFR part 63, appendix A; • The proposed rule would allow you to use nonaqueous volatile matter as a surrogate for organic HAP, which would include all organic HAP plus all other organic compounds, and excluding water. If you choose this option, you would use Method 24 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A; and • For mass fraction of solids, you would use Method 24 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A. The emission rate without add-on controls option is a pollution prevention option where you can demonstrate compliance based on the organic HAP contained in the mix of coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning materials you use. This option allows you the flexibility to use some individual coating or printing materials that do not individually meet the emission limit if you use other low-HAP or non-HAP coating or printing materials such that overall emissions from the affected source during the compliance period meet the emission limit. To demonstrate initial compliance with the emission rate limit without add-on controls option, you would be required to: • Determine the quantity of each coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning material you used. • Calculate the mass of organic HAP in each coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning material using the same types of data and methods previously described for the compliant material option. • Determine the mass fraction of solids for each coating and printing material you used using the same types of data or methods described for the compliant material option. • Calculate the total mass of organic HAP in all materials used and total mass of solids for all coating and printing materials used. You may subtract from the total mass of organic HAP the amount contained in waste materials you send to a hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility regulated under 40 CFR part 262, 264, 265, or 266. • Calculate the ratio of the total mass of organic HAP to the total mass of solids for the materials used. • Record the calculations and results and include them in your Notification of Compliance Status. Note that if you choose to use this option for a particular coating/printing operation or group of operations rather than for an entire affected source, you would calculate the organic HAP emission rate using just the materials used in that operation or group. You would need to separately demonstrate compliance for all other operations in the affected source. To demonstrate compliance with the proposed slashing emission limits, you must use the compliant material option and demonstrate that each slashing material used during the initial compliance period contains no organic HAP. As was noted regarding thinning or cleaning materials used in coating/printing operations, “no organic HAP” is not intended to mean absolute zero. Materials that contain “no organic HAP” should be interpreted to mean materials that contain organic HAP levels below the levels specified in § 63.4341(e) of the proposed rule, which are typical reporting levels. To demonstrate compliance with the proposed dyeing and finishing emission limits, you would be required to demonstrate either that the organic HAP content of each dyeing, finishing and cleaning material meets the applicable emission limit (compliant material option) or that the total mass of organic HAP in all dyeing, finishing and cleaning materials used divided by the total mass of dyeing, finishing and cleaning materials used meets the applicable emission limit (emission rate without add-on controls option). As previously described for coating/printing operations, the compliant material option is a pollution prevention option that allows you to easily demonstrate compliance by using low-HAP or non-HAP dyeing, finishing and cleaning materials. To demonstrate compliance with the compliant material option, you would demonstrate that the organic HAP content of each dyeing, finishing, and cleaning material meets the applicable emission limit in Table 1 to the proposed subpart. To determine the mass of organic HAP in dyeing, finishing and cleaning materials, you may rely on manufacturer's formulation data. You would not be required to perform tests or analysis of the material if formulation data are available. Alternatively, you could use results from the test methods listed below. You may also use alternative test methods provided you get EPA approval in accordance with the NESHAP General Provisions, 40 CFR 63.7(f). However, if there is any inconsistency between the test method results (either EPA's or an approved alternative) and manufacturer's data, the test method results would prevail for compliance and enforcement purposes. • For mass fraction of organic HAP, you would use Method 311 of 40 CFR part 63, appendix A; • The proposed rule would allow you to use nonaqueous volatile matter as a surrogate for organic HAP, which would include all organic HAP plus all other organic compounds, and excluding water. If you choose this option, you would use Method 24 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A. Again as previously described for coating/printing operations, the emission rate without add-on controls option is a pollution prevention option where you can demonstrate compliance based on the organic HAP contained in the mix of dyeing, finishing, and cleaning materials you use. This option allows you more flexibility that the compliant material option, but requires the calculation of the emission rate each month. To demonstrate initial compliance with the emission rate without add-on controls option, you would be required to: • Determine the mass of each dyeing, finishing and cleaning material you used. • Calculate the mass of organic HAP in each dyeing, finishing and cleaning material. • Calculate the total mass of organic HAP in all materials and the total mass of all materials used for the compliance period. You may subtract from the total mass of organic HAP the amount contained in waste materials you send to a hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility regulated under 40 CFR part 262, 264, 265, or 266. • Calculate the ratio of the total mass of organic HAP in the materials used to the total mass of materials used. • Record the calculations and results and include them in your Notification of Compliance Status. Note that if you choose to use this option for a particular dyeing/finishing operation or group of operations rather than for an entire affected source, you would calculate the organic HAP emission rate using just the materials used in that operation or group. You would need to separately demonstrate compliance for all other operations in the affected source. Compliance based on using a capture system and add-on control device for coating and printing operations. If you use a capture system and add-on control device on a coating/printing operation, other than a solvent recovery system for which you conduct a liquid-liquid material balance, you would determine the capture and control efficiencies of the equipment or the oxidizer outlet organic HAP concentration. For the organic HAP emission rate limit, you also would determine the mass fraction of organic HAP and the mass fraction of solids in all materials used during the month of the initial compliance period. You would be required to demonstrate either that the organic HAP OCE is greater than or equal to the applicable organic HAP OCE limit, that the oxidizer outlet organic HAP concentration is no greater than 20 ppmv on a dry basis and the efficiency of the capture system is 100 percent, or that the capture and control system reduces organic HAP emissions to a level no greater than the applicable emission rate limit. If you use a solvent recovery system for which you conduct a liquid-liquid material balance, you would be required to demonstrate either that the organic HAP OCE determined by material balance during the month of the initial compliance period is greater than or equal to the applicable organic HAP OCE limit or that the solvent recovery system reduces organic HAP emissions to a level no greater than the applicable emission rate limit. The proposed testing and initial compliance requirements associated with determining the OCE of the capture system and add-on control device are summarized in the following paragraphs. If you use a capture system and add-on control device, other than a solvent recovery system for which you conduct material balances, you would be required to conduct an initial performance test to determine the capture and control efficiencies of the equipment (or the capture efficiency of the capture system and the oxidizer outlet organic HAP concentration) and to establish operating limits to be achieved on a continuous basis. The performance test would have to be completed no later than the compliance date for existing sources and 180 days after the compliance date for new and reconstructed sources. If you are demonstrating compliance with the applicable emission rate limit with add-on controls, you would need to schedule the performance test in time to obtain the results for use in calculating your emission rate for the month of the initial compliance period. You would determine both the efficiency of the capture system and either the organic HAP emission reduction efficiency of the add-on control device or the outlet organic HAP concentration of the oxidizer. To determine the capture efficiency, you would either verify the presence of a PTE using EPA Method 204 of 40 CFR part 51, appendix M (and all materials must be applied and dried or cured within the enclosure); or use one of three protocols in proposed § 63.4365 to measure capture efficiency. If you have a PTE and all regulated materials are applied and dried or cured within the enclosure and you route all exhaust gases from the enclosure to an add-on control device, then you would assume 100 percent capture. To demonstrate compliance with the oxidizer outlet organic HAP concentration limit, 100 percent capture is required. To determine the organic HAP emission reduction efficiency of the add-on control device, you would conduct measurements of the inlet and outlet gas streams. Only the outlet gas stream would be measured to determine outlet concentration. The performance test would consist of three runs, each run lasting 1 hour, using the following EPA Methods in 40 CFR part 60, appendix A: • Method 1 or 1A for selection of the sampling sites. • Method 2, 2A, 2C, 2D, 2F, or 2G to determine the gas volumetric flow rate. • Method 3, 3A, or 3B for gas analysis to determine dry molecular weight. You may also use as an alternative to Method 3B, the manual method for measuring the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide content of exhaust gas in ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981. • Method 4 to determine stack moisture. • Method 25 or 25A to determine organic volatile matter concentration. You would use Method 25A to demonstrate compliance with the oxidizer outlet organic HAP concentration limit because the limit is less than 50 ppmw. Alternatively, any other test method or data that have been validated according to the applicable procedures in Method 301 of 40 CFR part 63, appendix A, and approved by the Administrator, could be used. If you use a solvent recovery system, you could determine the OCE using a liquid-liquid material balance instead of conducting an initial performance test. If you use the material balance alternative, you would be required to measure the amount of all materials used during the month of the initial compliance period and determine the total volatile matter contained in these materials. You would also measure the amount of volatile matter recovered by the solvent recovery system during the compliance period. Then you would compare the amount recovered to the amount used to determine the OCE. You would record the calculations and results and include them in your Notification of Compliance Status. Additional proposed testing and initial compliance requirements associated with demonstrating compliance using the emission rate with add-on controls option are as follows: • Determine the mass fraction of organic HAP in each coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning material used and the mass fraction of solids in coating and printing materials used during the month of the initial compliance period, as described previously in “Compliance based on materials used in the affected source.” • Calculate the total mass of organic HAP in all materials and total mass of solids for all coating and printing materials. You may subtract from the total mass of organic HAP the amount contained in waste materials you send to a hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility regulated under 40 CFR part 262, 264, 265, or 266. • Calculate the organic HAP emission reductions from the controlled coating or printing operations using the capture and control efficiencies determined during the performance test or the materials balance for the month and the total mass of organic HAP in materials used in controlled coating and printing operations. • Calculate the ratio of the total mass of HAP emissions to the total mass of solids for the materials used during the month of the initial compliance period. • Record the calculations and results and include them in your Notification of Compliance Status. • Develop and implement a work practice plan to minimize emissions from storage, mixing, and handling of organic HAP-containing materials. Operating limits. As mentioned above, you would establish operating limits as part of the initial performance test of a capture system and add-on control device, other than a solvent recovery system for which you conduct liquid-liquid material balances. The operating limits are the minimum or maximum (as applicable) values achieved for capture systems and add-on control devices during the performance test, conducted under representative conditions, that demonstrated compliance with the emission limits. The proposed rule specifies the parameters to monitor for the types of emission control systems commonly used in the industry. You would be required to install, calibrate, maintain, and continuously operate all monitoring equipment according to the manufacturer's specifications and ensure that the continuous parameter monitoring systems (CPMS) meet the requirements in § 63.4374 of the proposed rule. If you use add-on control devices other than those identified in the proposed rule, you would submit the operating parameters to be monitored to the Administrator for approval. The authority to approve the parameters to be monitored is retained by EPA and is not delegated to States. If you use a thermal or catalytic oxidizer, you would continuously monitor the appropriate temperature and record it at least every 15 minutes. For thermal oxidizers, the temperature monitor is placed in the firebox or in the duct immediately downstream of the firebox before any substantial heat exchange occurs. The operating limit would be the average temperature measured during the performance test, and for each consecutive 3-hour period the average temperature would have to be at or above this limit. For catalytic oxidizers, temperature monitors are placed immediately before and after the catalyst bed. The operating limits would be the average temperature just before the catalyst bed and the average temperature difference across the catalyst bed during the performance test. For each 3-hour period, the average temperature and the average temperature difference would have to be at or above these limits. Alternatively, you would be allowed to meet only the temperature limit before the catalyst bed if you develop and implement an inspection and maintenance plan that includes periodic catalyst activity checks. If you use a carbon adsorber and do not conduct liquid-liquid material balances to demonstrate compliance, you would monitor the carbon bed temperature after each regeneration and the total amount of steam or nitrogen used to desorb the bed for each regeneration. The operating limits would be the carbon bed temperature (not to be exceeded) and the amount of steam or nitrogen used for desorption (to be met as a minimum). If you use a condenser and do not conduct liquid-liquid material balances to demonstrate compliance, you would monitor the outlet gas temperature to ensure that the air stream is being cooled to a low enough temperature. The operating limit would be the average condenser outlet gas temperature measured during the performance test, and for each consecutive 3-hour period the average temperature would have to be at or below this limit. If you use a concentrator, you would monitor the desorption concentrate stream gas temperature and the pressure drop of the dilute stream across the concentrator. These values would be recorded at least once every 15 minutes. The operating limits would be the average temperature (to be met as a minimum) and the average pressure drop (not to be exceeded) measured during the performance test. For each capture system that is not a PTE, you would establish operating limits for gas volumetric flow rate or duct static pressure for each enclosure or capture device. The operating limit would be the average volumetric flow rate or duct static pressure during the performance test to be met as a minimum. For each capture system that is a PTE, the operating limit would require the average facial velocity of air through all natural draft openings to be at least 200 feet per minute or the pressure drop across the enclosure to be at least 0.007 inch water. Work practices. If you use a capture system and add-on control device for compliance, you would be required to develop and implement on an ongoing basis a work practice plan for minimizing organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere from storage, mixing, material handling, and waste handling operations. This plan would include a description of all steps taken to minimize emissions from these sources (e.g., using closed storage containers, practices to minimize emissions during filling and transfer of contents from containers, using spill minimization techniques, placing solvent-laden cloths in closed containers immediately after use, etc.). You would have to make the plan available for inspection if the Administrator requests to see it. Operations during startup, shutdown, or malfunction. If you use a capture system and add-on control device for compliance, you would be required to develop and operate according to a SSMP during periods of startup, shutdown, or malfunction of the capture system and add-on control device. G. What Are the Continuous Compliance Provisions? Emission limits. If you demonstrate compliance with the proposed emission limits for slashing based on the materials used (compliant material option), you would demonstrate continuous compliance if, for each monthly compliance period, the organic HAP content of each slashing material used meets the emission limits. You would use manufacturer's data to demonstrate compliance each month as you did for the initial compliance period. If you demonstrate compliance with the proposed emission limits for coating and printing based on the materials used, you would demonstrate continuous compliance if, for each monthly compliance period, either you use only coating and printing materials that meet the applicable emission limit and only non-HAP thinning and cleaning materials (compliant material option); or that the ratio of total mass of organic HAP to total mass of solids in coating and printing materials used is less than or equal to the emission limits (emission rate without add-on controls option). You would follow the same procedures for calculating the organic HAP to coating and printing solids ratio that you used for the initial compliance period. If you demonstrate compliance with the proposed emission limits for dyeing and finishing based on the materials used, you would demonstrate continuous compliance if, for each monthly compliance period, either the organic HAP content of each dyeing, finishing and cleaning material meets the applicable emission limit (compliant material option) or the total mass of organic HAP in all dyeing, finishing and cleaning materials used divided by the total mass of dyeing, finishing and cleaning materials used meets the applicable emission limit (emission rate without add-on controls option). You would follow the same procedures for determining the mass of organic HAP in all materials used during the month that you used for the initial compliance period. For each coating or printing operation on which you use a capture system and add-on control device, other than solvent recovery for which you conduct a liquid-liquid material balance, the continuous parameter monitoring results for each month would affect your compliance determination. If the monitoring results indicate no deviations from the operating limits and there were no bypasses of the add-on control device, you would assume the capture system and add-on control device are achieving the same emission reduction as they did during the performance test in which the operating limits were established. If you are demonstrating compliance with either the organic HAP OCE option or the emission rate with add-on controls option, you would then apply the OCE to the total mass of organic HAP in materials used in controlled coating or printing operations to determine the monthly mass of organic HAP emissions from those operations. If there were any deviations from the operating limits during the month or any bypasses of the add-on control device, you would account for them in the calculation of the applicable emission rate by assuming the capture system and add-on control device were achieving zero emission reduction during the periods of deviation. For each coating and printing operation on which you use a solvent recovery system and conduct a liquid-liquid material balance each month, you would use the liquid-liquid material balance to determine the emission rate. You would be required to measure the amount of all materials used during each month and determine the volatile matter content of these materials. You would also measure the amount of volatile matter recovered by the solvent recovery system during the month and calculate the weight percent of organic HAP used that was emitted to determine compliance with the organic HAP OCE option. If you are complying with the emission rate with add-on controls option, you would apply the OCE to the total mass of organic HAP in the materials used to determine total organic HAP emissions as input to the compliance demonstration. Operating limits. If you use an emission capture system and add-on control device, the proposed rule would require you to achieve on a continuous basis the operating limits you establish during the performance test. If the continuous monitoring shows that the capture system and add-on control device are operating outside the range of values established during the performance test, you have deviated from the established operating limits. If you operate a capture system and add-on control device with bypass lines that could allow emissions to bypass the add-on control device, you would have to demonstrate that organic HAP emissions collected by the capture system are routed to the add-on control device by monitoring for potential bypass of the add-on control device. You may choose from the following four monitoring procedures: • Flow control position indicator to provide a record of whether the exhaust stream is directed to the add-on control device; • Car-seal or lock-and-key valve closures to secure the bypass line valve in the closed position when the add-on control device is operating; • Valve closure continuous monitoring to ensure any bypass line valve or damper is closed when the add-on control device is operating; or • Automatic shutdown system to stop the coating or printing operation when flow is diverted from the add-on control device. A deviation would occur for any period of time the bypass monitoring procedures indicate that emissions are not routed to the add-on control device. Work practices. If you use an emission capture system and add-on control device for compliance, you would be required to implement on an ongoing basis the work practice plan you developed during the initial compliance period. If you did not develop a plan for reducing organic HAP emissions or you do not implement the plan, this would be a deviation from the work practice standard. Operations during startup, shutdown, and malfunction. If you use a capture system and add-on control device for compliance, you would be required to develop and operate according to a SSMP during periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction of the capture system and add-on control device. H. What Are the Notification, Recordkeeping, and Reporting Requirements? You would be required to comply with the applicable requirements in the NESHAP General Provisions, subpart A of 40 CFR part 63, as described in the proposed rule. The General Provisions notification requirements include: initial notifications, notification of performance test if you are complying using a capture system and add-on control device, notification of compliance status, and additional notifications required for affected sources with continuous monitoring systems. The General Provisions also require certain records and periodic reports. Initial notifications. If you own or operate an existing affected source, you would be required to send a notification to the EPA Regional Office in the region where your affected source is located and to your State agency no later than [DATE 1 YEAR FROM DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER ]. For new and reconstructed sources, you would send the notification within 120 days after the date of initial startup or [DATE 120 DAYS FROM DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER ], whichever is later. The report notifies us and your State agency that you have an existing affected source that is subject to the proposed standards, or that you have constructed a new affected source. Thus, it allows you and the permitting authority to plan for compliance activities. You would also need to send a notification of planned construction or reconstruction of a source that would be subject to the proposed rule and apply for approval to construct or reconstruct. Notification of performance test. If you demonstrate compliance by using a capture system and add-on control device for which you do not conduct a liquid-liquid material balance, you would conduct a performance test. The performance test would be required no later than the compliance date for an existing affected source. For a new or reconstructed affected source, the performance test would be required no later than 180 days after initial startup or [180 DAYS FROM DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register ], whichever is later. You must notify us (or the delegated State or local agency) at least 60 calendar days before the performance test is scheduled to begin and submit a report of the performance test results no later than 60 days after the test. Notification of compliance status. You would send us a Notification of Compliance Status within 30 days after the end of the initial compliance period. In the notification, you would certify whether each affected source has complied with the proposed standards, identify the option(s) you used to demonstrate initial compliance, summarize the data and calculations supporting the compliance demonstration, and provide information on any deviations from the emission limits, operating limits, or other requirements. If you elect to comply by using a capture system and add-on control device for which you conduct performance tests, you must provide the results of the tests. Your notification would also include the measured range of each monitored parameter, the operating limits established during the performance test, and information showing whether the source has complied with its operating limits during the initial compliance period. Recordkeeping requirements. You would be required to keep records of reported information and all other information necessary to document compliance with the proposed rule for 5 years. As required under the General Provisions, records for the 2 most recent years must be kept on-site; the other 3 years' records may be kept off-site. Records pertaining to the design and operation of the emission control and monitoring equipment must be kept for the life of the equipment. You would need to keep all documentation supporting initial notifications and notifications of compliance status. If your affected source is complying with the slashing emission limits, you would need to keep records of the organic HAP content of each slashing material as purchased. Depending on the compliance option that you choose for your affected source complying with the dyeing and finishing or coating and printing emission limits, you would need to keep records of the following: • Organic HAP content, volatile matter content, coating and printing materials solids content, and quantity of the dyeing, finishing, coating, printing, thinning, and cleaning materials used during each compliance period. • For the emission rate (with or without add-on controls) compliance options, calculations of your emission rate for each compliance period. If your affected source is in the coating and printing subcategory and you demonstrate compliance by using a capture system and add-on control device, you would also need to keep records of the following: • All required measurements, calculations, and supporting documentation needed to demonstrate compliance with the standards. • All results of performance tests and parameter monitoring. • All information necessary to demonstrate conformance with your plan for minimizing emissions from mixing, storage, and waste handling operations. • All information necessary to demonstrate conformance with the affected source's SSMP when the plan procedures are followed. • The occurrence and duration of each startup, shutdown, or malfunction of the emission capture system and add-on control device. • Actions taken during startup, shutdown, and malfunction that are different from the procedures specified in the affected source's SSMP. • Each period during which a CPMS is malfunctioning or inoperative (including out-of-control periods). The proposed rule would require you to collect and keep records according to certain minimum data requirements for the CPMS. Failure to collect and keep the specified minimum data would be a deviation that is separate from any emission limits, operating limits, or work practice standards. Deviations, as determined from these records, would need to be recorded and also reported. A deviation is any instance when any requirement or obligation established by the proposed rule including, but not limited to, the emission limits, operating limits, and work practice standards, is not met. If you use a capture system and add-on control device to reduce organic HAP emissions, you would have to make your SSMP available for inspection if the Administrator requests to see it. The plan would stay in your records for the life of the affected source or until the source is no longer subject to the proposed standards. If you revise the plan, you would need to keep the previous superseded versions on record for 5 years following the revision. Periodic reports. Each reporting year is divided into two semiannual reporting periods. If no deviations occur during a semiannual reporting period, you would submit a semiannual report stating that the affected source has been in continuous compliance. If deviations occur, you would include them in the report as follows: • Report each deviation from the emission limit. • Report each deviation from the work practice standards if you use an emission capture system and add-on control device. • If you use an emission capture system and add-on control device other than a solvent recovery system for which you conduct liquid-liquid material balances, report each deviation from an operating limit and each time a bypass line diverts emissions from the add-on control device to the atmosphere. • Report other specific information on the periods of time the deviations occurred. You would also have to include in each semiannual report an identification of the compliance option(s) you used for each affected source and any time periods when you changed to another compliance option. Other reports. You would be required to submit reports for periods of startup, shutdown, or malfunction of the capture system and add-on control device. If the procedures you follow during any startup, shutdown, or malfunction are inconsistent with your SSMP, you would report those procedures with your semiannual reports in addition to immediate reports required by 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(ii). Electronic reporting option. Comments are invited on the option of voluntary electronic reporting for all reporting requirements in the proposed rule. The option would allow the use of the Internet to meet the reporting requirements of the proposed rule. You would be allowed to choose the option to submit all reports electronically in lieu of filing written reports. The electronic records submittals would need to include all the information that otherwise would be submitted in written reports. The electronic submittals would be via electronic data interchange and would use Data Exchange Templates (DET). The DET or electronic forms will be used to “tag” data elements, which will allow reporting of the information to EPA. You would submit the electronic forms through EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX). We would supply the required data elements, and you would be responsible for submitting the data appropriately “tagged.” If the rule were delegated to State, local or tribal agencies for implementation and enforcement, EPA would coordinate with the delegated agencies to provide them with either the electronic information or a hard copy of the required report. Under this proposed electronic reporting option, it would be necessary to establish: (1) That an electronic document was sent (or not sent); (2) when the document was sent; (3) by whom the document was sent, and including both the individual who sent it and the identity of the entity the individual is authorized to represent; (4) when the document was received; (5) that the document was not altered from the time it was sent to the time it was received; and (6) the contents of the document sent. Specifically, we request comment on the concept of electronic reporting, advantages to the regulated community by reducing reporting burdens; cost or cost savings; advantages or disadvantages to State/local/tribal agencies; and difficulties to be overcome in the implementation of electronic reporting. III. Rationale for Selecting the Proposed Standards A. How did We Select The Source Category and Subcategories? Printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics (changed by today's action to printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles) is a source category that is on the list of source categories to be regulated because it contains major sources which emit or have the potential to emit at least 10 tons of any one HAP or at least 25 tons of any combination of HAP annually. The proposed rule would control HAP emissions from both new and existing major sources. Area sources are not being regulated under the proposed rule. Printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics as described in the initial listing includes any affected source engaged in those activities. We also have found that slashing and finishing operations in printing, coating and dyeing sources have the potential to emit major source levels of organic HAP. We use the product lists contained in the NAICS code descriptions to describe the vast array of products composed of or containing fabric, textiles, yarn, fiber, cord, or thread that has been coated, printed, slashed, dyed or finished. We intend the source category to include sources for which fabric and other textiles coating, printing, slashing, dyeing and finishing is either their principal activity or an integral part of a production process that is the principal activity. Many coating, printing, slashing, dyeing and finishing operations are located at plant sites that are dedicated to these activities. However, some are located at sites for which some other activity is principal, such as production of sheets and towels or rubber belt manufacturing. Collocated coating, printing, slashing, dyeing and finishing operations comparable to the types and sizes of the dedicated affected sources, in terms of the affected operation and applicable emission control techniques, are included in the source category. The source category does not include research or laboratory facilities; janitorial, building, and facility maintenance operations; coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, or finishing operations in which no organic HAP-containing materials are used; or coating, printing, slashing, dyeing or finishing used by a facility and not for commerce, unless organic HAP emissions from the coating, printing, slashing, dyeing or finishing operations are at major source levels. Subcategory selection. The statute gives us discretion to determine if and how to subcategorize. Once the floor has been determined for new or reconstructed and existing affected sources for a source category or subcategory, we must set MACT standards that are no less stringent than the MACT floor. Such standards must then be met by all sources within the source category or subcategory. A subcategory is a group of similar sources within a given source category. As part of the regulatory development process, we evaluate the similarities and differences between industry segments or groups of affected sources comprising a source category. In establishing subcategories, we consider factors such as process operations (type of process, raw materials, chemistry/formulation data, associated equipment, and final products); emission characteristics (amount and type of HAP); add-on control device applicability; and opportunities for pollution prevention. We may also consider existing rules or guidance from States and other regulatory agencies in determining subcategories. After reviewing survey responses from the industry, facility site visit reports, and information received from stakeholder meetings, we found that the printing, coating, and dyeing of fabrics and other textiles source category may be grouped into three subcategories with differing material application and performance requirements, emission characteristics, applicable add-on emission controls and pollution prevention opportunities. The three subcategories are: (1) Coating and printing, (2) slashing, and (3) dyeing and finishing. The following paragraphs include descriptions of each subcategory. Coating and printing subcategory. The coating and printing subcategory includes affected sources that apply coatings to or print textile substrates. The coating and printing manufacturing processes, HAP emissions, and types of controls in use sufficiently set them apart from the other processes that are used in the manufacture of textile products to warrant a subcategory. Coating is a web coating operation, and the physical operations and most sources performing coating are separate and distinct from the other textile operations. Many coating operations are subject to State reasonably available control technology requirements or to the polymeric coating of supporting substrates NSPS (40 CFR part 60, subpart VVV) and have installed emission control systems for VOC. Since a number of the VOC emitted from coating operations are also organic HAP ( e.g., toluene, MEK, xylene, and methanol), the VOC emission control systems in place are also effective for controlling organic HAP emissions. Printing is a web process very similar to coating and uses some of the same equipment. The application and drying of printing materials and the organic HAP emission sources are identical or nearly identical to coating, and, therefore, the control options and limits for coating would be applicable to printing as well. Coating is a specialized chemical finishing technique designed to produce textiles to meet high performance requirements, e.g., for end products such as tents, roofing, soft baggage, marine fabric, drapery linings, flexible hoses, hot-air balloons, and awnings. Coatings generally impart elasticity to substrates, as well as resistance to one or more elements such as abrasion, water, chemicals, heat, fire, and oil. The substrate itself provides strength (such as tear strength) and can include wovens, nonwovens, knits, yarn, cord, and thread, although woven fabrics are most commonly used. Printing is the application of color to a substrate in a design or pattern. In some cases, the printing material is chemically the same as coating material only thinned to a lower viscosity. There are typically four types of printing, including rotary screen, engraved roller, flat-bed screen, and heat transfer. Rotary screen and engraved roller closely resemble coating and use principally the same type of equipment as coating. Flat-bed screen is typically not a high production technique and does not emit large quantities of HAP over a period of time given the limits of production. Heat transfer emits little or no HAP in the transfer of the print to the substrate. Both the substrates coated and printed as well as the coatings themselves vary. A number of different substrates can be coated including rayon, nylon, polyester, cotton, and blends. Coating chemicals used vary depending on end use of the coated substrate. Examples of coating chemicals include vinyl, urethane, silicone, and styrene-butadiene rubber. The polymer can be bought in various forms such as chunks, blocks, chips, pellets or fine powder. However, besides the polymer resins, several other chemicals can also be included in the prepared coating. These include plasticizers to increase pliability ( e.g. , fatty acids, alcohols), solvents to disperse solids and adjust viscosity ( e.g. , toluene, xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, and MEK), pigments, curing agents, and fillers ( e.g. , carbon black and teflon). Rubber coating materials are frequently compounded in the facility performing the coating. Manmade fibers coated with epoxy or phenolic resins are often not immediately cured following application, but are first laid in a mold and then cured under pressure to form a composite structure. The coating or printing process generally is made up of the following unit operations: mixing the coating or printing materials (including the solvents), conditioning the substrate, applying the coating or printing materials to the substrate, evaporating the solvent in a drying oven and sometimes curing or vulcanizing by exposure to heat, and cleaning coating or printing operation equipment. A coating or printing operation with coating or printing material drying or curing at ambient conditions is not coating or printing for the purpose of the proposed subpart. Therefore, a coating or printing operation that does not dry or cure the applied coating or printing material by exposure to heat is not subject to the requirements of the proposed subpart. The application processes used by affected sources in the industry are similar in that they use continuous web coating techniques, but they include several types of coating and substrates. The coating industry treats coating as a surface applied coating in which a distinct layer of coating is applied to the textile surface. Slashing subcategory. The slashing subcategory includes affected sources that perform slashing operations. The slashing equipment, emission characteristics, and opportunities for pollution prevention in the industry are distinct from those in the rest of the fabric and other textiles coating, printing, and dyeing source category, warranting a separate subcategory. Slashing is a yarn preparation process performed on warp yarn prior to weaving. Warp yarns need to sustain their elongation and flexibility during the weaving process, which necessitates the slashing process. In the slashing process, large rolls (beams) of warp yarn are passed through a size box containing the aqueous sizing compound. Squeeze rolls remove excess solution and the yarn then passes through a drying unit that usually consists of steam filled dry cans (rollers) or an oven and then through a series of separator bars to prevent the ends from sticking together. After the separation process, the warp is then wound onto the loom beam. Some mills perform desizing. During the desizing step, at the end of the textile process, most of the sizing (slashing material) is removed from the textile by washing and the sizing is present in the wastewater. The objectives of slashing are to strengthen, smooth the outer surface, and lubricate the yarn. The chemical nature of the size applied is dependent on the yarn substrate and the type of weaving being used. The three main types of size currently used are natural products (starch), fully synthetic products ( e.g. , PVA), and semisynthetic blends ( e.g. , modified starches and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)). When starch or modified starch is the sizing compound, there is water but no HAP emitted from the slashing process. Starch is used principally on cotton, but does not work well on synthetic fibers. Also, starch is not more widely used and is not a good substitute for synthetic sizing because of water pollution concerns. Starch greatly increases the biological oxygen demand and cannot be partially recycled. The PVA and CMC are typically recycled when possible to reduce water treatment and water pollution. The CMC is not as widely used as starch and PVA because of the cost of the material. The CMC is not as effective in the slashing process on cotton and synthetic textiles as starch, modified starches, or PVA, respectively. The primary source of HAP emissions from slashing is methanol from PVA size, typically applied to synthetics (although it adheres to and is used for natural fibers as well). The methanol is present in the PVA size as a contaminant and is not needed for the slashing process. The methanol emissions can arise either from the size cooking operation and/or from the application or slashing process; the distribution is unclear, although it will depend upon the temperature at which the size is cooked, the cooking time, and how often mixing containers (cookers) are opened. These processes are not presently regulated by Federal, State or local agencies, and there are no known HAP emission capture or add-on control systems in use on size cooking or slashing processes. However, information submitted to us from suppliers representing approximately 74 percent of the domestic market for PVA indicate that PVA with less than 1 percent methanol is readily available, and these suppliers are now changing their production to supply the lower HAP material. Dyeing and finishing subcategory. The dyeing and finishing subcategory includes affected sources that perform dyeing and/or finishing operations. The process operations, materials and the organic HAP emissions sufficiently set these processes apart from the other processes that are used in the manufacture of textile products to warrant a subcategory. Dyeing and finishing processes both use various types of aqueous materials, the choice of which depends on the type of substrate and the desired properties in the end product. Many affected sources perform both dyeing and finishing and use some common equipment ( e.g. , tenter frames) for unit operations in both processes. In some cases, the finishes are applied to the substrate wet from the dyeing process, and no drying is done until after the finish application. No add-on organic HAP emission controls are known to be in use on dyeing processes and very few on finishing processes. The few add-on emission controls used on finishing processes were installed to control opacity and are not effective at controlling organic HAP emissions. The similarities of process operation equipment, sources of organic HAP emissions (many of which are fugitive), absence of add-on HAP emission controls and opportunities for pollution prevention in the dyeing and finishing industry lend these operations well to subcategorization for the purpose of determining emission limits. Dyeing is the application of color to the whole body of a textile material with some degree of color fastness. Textiles are dyed using continuous and batch processes, and dyeing may take place at any of several stages in the manufacturing process ( i.e. , prior to fiber extrusion, fiber in staple form, yarn, fabric, garment). Most of the dyeing is done in finishing departments of basic manufacturing sources, although there are also several commission dyehouses. From an environmental perspective, dyeing has typically been viewed as a wastewater issue due to large quantities of water, chemicals, and auxiliaries (such as salt) used. Dyeing is essentially a mass transfer process where the dye diffuses in solution, adsorbs onto the fiber surface, and finally, within the fiber. Dyeing is complicated by the fact that there are many sources of color variations, such as dyes, substrate, preparation of substrate, dyeing auxiliaries used, and water. Processing variables such as time, temperature, and dye liquor ratio (lbs of dyebath to lbs of cloth) also affect dyeing results. There are hundreds of dyes within several dye classes, each of which exhibits different results when applied to different types of substrates. Various types of dyeing machines are used for both continuous and batch processes. Every dye system has different characteristics in terms of factors such as versatility, cost, tension of substrate, use of carriers and weight limitations. Dyeing systems can be aqueous, nonaqueous (inorganic solvents), or use sublimation (thermosal, heat transfer). Hydrophilic fibers such as cotton, rayon, wool, and silk are typically easier to dye as compared with hydrophobic fibers such as acetate, polyesters, polyamides, and polyacrylonotriles. The four basic steps in the dyeing process are: dissolving or dispersing dye, diffusing dye onto the fiber surface, absorbing dye onto the fiber surface, and diffusing dye into the fiber. Batch dyeing involves moving the dye liquor through the goods or moving the goods through the dye liquor. The substrate is immersed in the dyebath during the entire period of dyeing. In batch dyeing, a certain amount of substrate, usually 220 to 2,200 lbs, is loaded onto a dyeing machine and is brought to equilibrium or near equilibrium with a solution containing the dye. Once immersed in the dye bath, because the dyes have an affinity for the fibers, the dye molecules leave the dye solution and enter the fibers over a period of minutes to hours. Auxiliary chemicals and controlled dyebath conditions (mainly temperature) accelerate and optimize the action. The dye is fixed in the fiber using heat and/or chemicals after which the substrate is washed to remove unfixed dyes and chemicals. There is a trend to use lower liquor ratios (lbs of dyebath to lbs of cloth) in batch dyeing, which lends benefits such as faster heating/cooling and less waste. Batch equipment can usually be purchased as atmospheric (operated below 212 degrees Fahrenheit) or pressurized (operated to about 280 degrees Fahrenheit) machines. Most batch dyeing is being done using pressurized machines, although some sources use atmospheric machines, especially for dyeing. Atmospheric dyeing might be required for fleeces and stretch fabrics, such as Lycra®, which typically cannot be dyed using jet equipment. Dyeing processes in pressurized machines release no organic HAP emissions to the atmosphere since the process is totally enclosed, and the pressure is released at the end of the dyeing process by cooling the dye bath which is subsequently drained before opening the dyeing machine. However, in some cases, the drying of the pressure-dyed substrate releases HAP emissions. Continuous processes typically consist of dye application, dye fixation with chemicals or heat, and washing. Almost all continuous dyeing is done at atmospheric pressure. Continuous dyeing is usually used for long runs of polyester/cotton fabrics and involves immersing fabrics in a relatively concentrated dyebath for short periods. Substrate is fed continuously into a dye range at speeds usually between 540 and 2,690 feet per minute, and a concentrated solution of dyes and chemicals (held in pads) is moved evenly and uniformly to the goods with thorough penetration. A pad mangle helps apply pressure to squeeze dye solution into the fabric, and the dye is usually diffused or fixed by heating in a steamer or oven. Dye fixation on fiber occurs much more rapidly in continuous dyeing as compared to batch dyeing. After fabrics are dyed, they are dried in ovens or tenter frames after washing to remove un-reacted chemical or loose dye. A substrate that is processed through atmospheric batch dyeing is not dried at the dye range; it is sent to finishing and may be finished wet or dry. Various classes of dyes can be used, e.g. , disperse for synthetics and direct for cellulosics. Dyes used in the textile industry are mostly synthetic and are derived from coal tar and petroleum-based derivatives. Dyes are sold as powders, granules, pastes, liquid dispersions, and solutions. Not only are dyes applied in different ways, they also impart color using different mechanisms. Dyes can be classified according to chemical constitution or method of application. Dyestuffs can work on principles of electrostatic bonding, covalent bonding, or physical entrapment. For example, acid dyes work through the mechanism of electrostatic bonding, whereas disperse dyes work by physical entrapment. Different dye classes exhibit different affinities depending on the type of fiber, although even dyes within the same classes can show wide affinity variations. They also exhibit different properties such as their fastness under end use conditions ( e.g. , light, laundering, or dry cleaning). Various combinations of chemical auxiliaries and process conditions (temperature and pressure) may be used to better fix the dye on the textile or impart specific characteristics. For example, a dye bath may contain the dyestuffs along with appropriate auxiliaries such as wetting agents and also specific chemicals such as acetic acid or sodium hydroxide. The use of higher temperatures and superatmospheric pressures have reduced the need for dye carriers (chemical accelerants) that were required at lower temperatures for the use of disperse dyes on synthetic substrates, such as polyester. The sources of HAP emissions from dyeing are the HAP constituents that are contained in dyestuffs and auxiliary chemicals as purchased. The HAP constituents are needed to impart certain desirable characteristics to the dyed substrate ( e.g. , certain colors can only be attained through the use of HAP-containing dyestuffs or auxiliaries.) No HAP are known to be added by the users. The fraction of HAP contained in dye materials that are emitted to the atmosphere are generally estimated to range from zero to 10 percent, but have been reported as high as 100 percent, and depend on the characteristics of the specific HAP constituents and the pressures and temperatures that the HAP are exposed to in the dyeing process operations. The fraction of HAP emitted to the atmosphere from dye materials have not been confirmed by test data. Most HAP constituents are believed to be rinsed from the substrate before the substrate is dried, because drying a substrate with unattached dye would adversely affect the quality of the dyed product. Finishing refers to any process operation performed after bleaching, dyeing, or printing that improves the appearance and/or usefulness of a textile substrate. Finishing encompasses any of several mechanical ( e.g. , texturizing, napping) and chemical processes ( e.g. , optical finishes, softeners, urea-formaldehyde resins for crease resistance) performed on fiber, yarn, or fabric to improve its appearance, texture, or performance. The organic HAP emission sources from finishing are specific chemical compounds that may be applied and released during subsequent drying and curing operations. Chemical finishing is also referred to as wet finishing. No chemicals are used in mechanical or dry finishing. The textile is usually dried prior to chemical finishing using either convective (hot air) or conductive (heated cans) methods. Chemical finishing is commonly done on a continuous finishing range (pad and tenter frame). The textile is passed through an aqueous solution containing the finishing chemical(s) and auxiliaries. After treatment, the textile is typically passed through an oven to drive off water and activate/cure finishing chemicals. It is important to note that there is no set recipe for the chemical finishes or mechanical finishing processes applied to any given substrate. Finishing methods are used according to desired characteristics of the end product (which vary widely and are market driven), and the firms themselves have some amount of flexibility in the specific processes or chemicals they choose to use for a particular function. The industry uses numerous categories of proprietary chemical speciality products that are used as chemical finishes. Some examples of chemical finish classes include: • Resin finishes (permanent press) are used on cotton or rayon to minimize the need to iron by keeping the fabric smooth after washing and drying. Most resins contain formaldehyde; resins without formaldehyde are typically much costlier and adversely affect product quality. • Softeners are used with resins to improve the way the fabric feels by breaking down hardness or stiffness. • Stain resist finishes are used extensively on carpets and upholstery fabrics. Soil release finishes allow soils and stains to be removed by laundering. • Water repellants used to prevent fabrics from being wet out (breathable, unlike waterproofing agents) include, but are not limited to, wax, silicone, and fluorine. • Flame retardant qualities can be achieved by using special fibers or phosphorus-based finishes. • Antistatic agents decrease or eliminate static electricity in textiles. • Handbuilders give the fabrics body or stiffness. Other examples of types of chemical finishes include anticreasing agents, deodorants, moth resisting agents, oil repellants, rust preventatives, and shrinkage controllers. Some companies use more specialized finishes like electrical finishes and teflon®. Because there are typically a wide variety of choices of chemical finishes that can be used within each finish class, it is often difficult to tag finishes used in certain classes as always toxic or nontoxic. In certain cases, as in the case of permanent press finishes, most of the resins used contain formaldehyde, although low or non-formaldehyde finishes are being developed to suit certain applications. There are also several different types of mechanical finishing techniques. For example, heatsetting can be done to improve dimensional stability in synthetic textiles. Shearing involves using rotary blade(s) to trim raised surfaces and reduce pilling. Other examples include embossing, glazing, sueding, and polishing. Many chemical and mechanical alternatives are available for every finishing operation, but the specific nature and applicability of these is unclear. Some mechanical finishes and design alternatives can avoid chemical processing. For example for softness, enzyme softening of cotton and other mechanical alternatives can be used. Proper use and application of N-methylol crosslinkers can minimize formaldehyde releases. Mechanical finishing (compacting) can also eliminate use of the crosslinker. Some crosslinkers that eliminate formaldehyde are available, but much more expensive. The industry has made a lot of efforts to reduce the amount of free formaldehyde in resins, however good substitutes that do not adversely affect the quality of the product are difficult to find. Formaldehyde contents can vary anywhere from less than one half of one percent for light weight fabrics to 4 percent for heavy fabrics (melamine-formaldehyde resins), and there is a lot of variability in types of resins. Formaldehyde itself does not affect the product, however it does affect the properties of the resin itself (manufacturing). Acrylic handbuilders and stiffeners can replace formaldehyde-based handbuilders. The sources of organic HAP emissions from finishing are the HAP constituents that are contained in finishing materials as purchased. As is the case with dyeing, the organic HAP constituents are needed to impart certain desirable characteristics to the finished substrate ( e.g. , a resin finish containing organic HAP might be applied to a cotton/polyester blend for durable press and dimensional stability). No organic HAP are known to be added by the users. In finishing, unlike in dyeing, the fraction of organic HAP contained in finishes that are emitted to the atmosphere are generally assumed to be 100 percent with the exception of HAP that cross-link to the fiber, such as formaldehyde. This is because the finished textile is typically dried and cured at relatively high temperatures over 300 degrees Fahrenheit. B. How did We Select The Regulated Pollutants? Organic HAP . Available emission data collected during the development of the proposed NESHAP show that the primary organic HAP emitted from printing, coating and dyeing sources include toluene, MEK, methanol, xylenes, MIBK, methylene chloride, n-hexane, trichloroethylene, and n,n-dimethylformamide. These compounds account for approximately 81 percent of this category's nationwide organic HAP emissions. However, many other organic HAP are used, or can be used, in coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, and finishing operations. Therefore, the proposed rule would regulate emissions of all organic HAP. Inorganic HAP . Based on information reported during development of the proposed NESHAP, inorganic HAP contained in the coating, printing, dyeing and finishing materials used by this source category include chromium, cobalt, hydrogen chloride, lead, manganese compounds and nickel. There is limited opportunity for these HAP to be emitted into the ambient air because all of the application techniques used involve direct application of the inorganic HAP-containing material to the substrate by techniques such as knife-over-roll, reverse roll, dip, pad and immersion. These techniques would not typically generate air emissions of the inorganic compounds. Once deposited on the substrate, the inorganic compounds remain on the substrate and are not emitted during subsequent drying and curing process operations. Therefore, we conclude that there are limited or no air emissions of inorganic HAP, and the proposed standards would not regulate them. C. How Did We Select the Affected Source? In selecting the affected source(s) for emission standards, our primary goal is to ensure that MACT is applied to HAP-emitting operations or activities within the source category or subcategory being regulated. The affected source also serves to establish where new source MACT applies under a particular standard. Specifically, the General Provisions in subpart A of 40 CFR part 63 define the terms “construction” and “reconstruction” with reference to the term “affected source” and provide that new source MACT applies when construction or reconstruction of an affected source occurs. The collection of equipment and activities evaluated in determining MACT (including the MACT floor) is used in defining the affected source. When an emission standard is based on a collection of emissions sources, or total facility emissions, we select an affected source based on that same collection of emission sources, or the total facility, as well. This approach for defining the affected source broadly is particularly appropriate for industries where a plantwide emission standard provides the opportunity and incentive for owners and operators to utilize control strategies that are more cost effective than if separate standards were established for each emission point within an affected source. Selection of affected source . The affected source for the proposed standards is broadly defined for each subcategory. It includes all operations associated with coating and printing, with slashing, or with dyeing and finishing and in all cases includes the cleaning of process operation equipment. These operations include storage and mixing of regulated materials, regulated material application and flash-off and drying and curing of applied materials by exposure to heat, cleaning operations, waste handling operations, and wastewater treatment operations. In selecting the affected source, we considered, for each operation, the extent to which HAP-containing materials are used and the amount of HAP that are emitted. Coating, printing, slashing, dyeing and finishing material application, flash-off, and curing/drying operations by exposure to heat account for the majority of HAP emissions from coating, printing, slashing, dyeing and finishing operations. These operations are included in the affected source. We were not able to obtain data to adequately quantify HAP emissions from storage, mixing, cleaning, waste handling and wastewater treatment. However, solvents that are added to coatings as thinners, for example, and HAP from other HAP-containing materials such as dyeing or finishing auxiliaries, may be emitted during mixing and storage. The level of emissions depends on the type of mixing and the type of storage container and the work practices used at the affected source. The magnitude of emissions from cleaning depends heavily on the amount and HAP content of cleaning materials used. Emissions from waste handling operations depend on the type of system used to collect and transport organic HAP-containing waste materials in the affected source. For example, solvent-laden rags that are used to clean application equipment could be a source of HAP emissions. The method used to isolate and store such rags affects the level of emissions to ambient air. The HAP emissions from wastewater treatment depend on the quantity and types of HAP discharged to the wastewater treatment operation and the subsequent wastewater treatment processes, e.g., treatment by aeration or by biodegradation. Mixing, storage, cleaning, waste handling, and wastewater treatment operations are included in the affected source. A broad definition of the affected source was selected to provide maximum flexibility in complying with the proposed emission limits for organic HAP. In planning its total usage of HAP-containing materials, each affected source can select among available coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, finishing, thinning, and cleaning materials, as well as use of emission capture systems and add-on controls for coating and printing operations, to maximize emissions reductions in the most cost-effective manner. Additional information on the coating, printing, slashing, dyeing and finishing operations is included in the docket for the proposed standards. D. How Did We Determine the Basis and Level of the Proposed Standards for Existing and New or Reconstructed Sources? The sections below present the rationale for determining the MACT floor, regulatory alternatives beyond the floor, and selection of the proposed standards for existing and new or reconstructed affected sources in each of the three subcategories identified in the Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics and Other Textiles source category. How did we determine the MACT floor technology? After we identify the specific source categories or subcategories of sources to regulate under section 112 of the CAA, we must develop emission standards for each category and subcategory. Section 112(d)(3) establishes a minimum baseline or “floor” for standards. For new sources in a category or subcategory, the standards cannot be less stringent than the emission control that is achieved in practice by the best-controlled similar source. The standards for existing sources can be less stringent than standards for new sources, but they cannot be less stringent than the average emission limitation achieved by the best-performing 12 percent of existing sources (or the best-performing five sources for categories or subcategories with fewer than 30 sources). Coating and printing subcategory. There are an estimated 60 facilities in the coating and printing subcategory. Quantitative data on HAP use and emission control were obtained from 22 coating sources. The 22 sources in the MACT database are representative of the different sizes of companies and the range of products in the national population of coating sources. Qualitative data providing descriptions of coating and printing processes, HAP control technologies, and process and control technology concerns also were obtained from site visits and industry trade groups, such as the Rubber Manufacturers Association. These data verified that the coating processes and HAP emission sources are similar for all coating types and that similar HAP control technologies are used. They also verified that, although we do not have quantitative data on printing operations, it is reasonable to use the coating data for making decisions for both coating and printing sources due to the similarities between coating and printing processes and materials used. The MACT database shows that the most common approach for reducing organic HAP emissions at coating and printing sources is the use of add-on capture and control systems. At the sources reporting the highest level of control, coating application stations are enclosed in rooms, and the ventilation air is directed to the add-on control device. This type of capture system can achieve 100 percent capture of emissions when designed to meet the criteria specified in EPA Method 204 of 40 CFR part 51, appendix M. This capture system is called a PTE. Of the 22 sources in the MACT database, six reported the use of PTE and 13 reported that they operated control devices on a total of 29 coating lines. Of the 29 controlled lines, 16 lines use thermal oxidizers, three lines use catalytic oxidizers, nine lines use carbon adsorbers, and one line uses an electrostatic precipitator. The MACT database contains information concerning the level of HAP emissions from coating application and drying/curing, the capture efficiency for each coating application area or for the entire coating line, and the destruction or removal efficiency of the add-on control device receiving the HAP emissions. We were able to determine the coating line application and drying/curing OCE for each source from this information when available. This value was the most common among all the data available, and it was determined that the coating application and drying/curing OCE was the value that was most correlated with HAP emissions. Therefore, the coating application and drying/curing OCE was used as the basis for the MACT floor calculations. The OCE was calculated as a sourcewide average to incorporate the effects of averaging across coating lines in sources with more than one coating line. To determine the existing source MACT floor, the sources were ranked based on the average OCE. The statute requires EPA to base the floor for existing sources on the average emission limitation achieved by the best performing 12 percent of existing sources for which the Administrator has data. The best performing 12 percent of the 22 sources in the MACT database constitutes a set of three affected sources. All three of the best-performing sources use capture systems and add-on control devices including both thermal oxidizers and carbon adsorbers. The two sources using thermal oxidizers are achieving 100 percent capture of application station emissions through the use of PTE. The reported OCE for the top three sources ranged from 93 to 99 percent. These data clearly indicate that controls on some specific coating operations may be capable of achieving greater than 99 percent HAP destruction based on 100 percent capture and thermal oxidizer destruction efficiency greater than 99 percent. However, to determine the level of emission control that is technically and consistently achievable over the long term with thermal oxidation, it is important to consider not only the level of control reported, but also the data quality concerns and the control levels that EPA has generally found to be achievable for this type of control technology. This approach ensures that factors that affect control levels, such as variations in source operating conditions and inlet loadings to the add-on control device, are accommodated in the de [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/fr%3A02-16030. Public record. Not legal advice.