# Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3ARL33181

## Record

- **Collection:** Congressional research report
- **Document type:** CRS Report
- **Published:** September 19, 2006
- **Citation:** RL33181

## Text

Immigration Related Border Security
Legislation in the 109th Congress
(name redacted)
Analyst in Domestic Security
(name redacted)
Information Research Specialist
September 19, 2006

Congressional Research Service
7-....
www.crs.gov
RL33181

CRS Report for Congress
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress

Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Summary
Border security is considered a central aspect of the United States’ overall homeland security.
Securing the border involves controlling the official ports of entry (POE) through which
legitimate travelers and commerce enter the country, as well as monitoring and patrolling the
nation’s land and maritime borders to detect and interdict the entry of illegal persons and
contraband. The Department of Homeland Security’s Bureau of Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) is the lead federal agency charged with securing our nation’s borders at and between POE.
In the 109th Congress, there are a large number of bills currently pending that would address some
of the immigration issues associated with border security by focusing on the movement of people
into the country, both at POE and illegally across the U.S. international land border. This report
will focus on the main legislative issues facing the 109th Congress relating to the movement of
people across the border. It will not address interior enforcement issues or cargo security issues.
At POE, CBP officers screen travelers attempting to enter the country by air, land, or sea to
ensure that unwanted or dangerous people do not enter the country. The main issues facing
Congress at POE include expanding the biometric entry exit system currently being used to
screen entrants; and whether the resources currently fielded by the agency (including personnel,
technology, and infrastructure) are adequate to the task at hand.
Between POE, United States Border Patrol (USBP) agents attempt to detect and prevent the
illegal entry of terrorists, weapons of mass destruction, unauthorized aliens, and contraband. A
number of issues between POE that would be addressed by legislation are currently pending in
the 109th Congress, including whether DHS has a viable border security strategy; whether the
USBP has the adequate resources to achieve operational control of the border; the expansion of
fencing along the border with Mexico; allowing the military to patrol or surveil the border;
allowing the states or civilians to patrol the border; expanding the expedited removal program or
requiring mandatory detention of aliens apprehended between POE; and removing Air and
Marine Operations from CBP and making it a separate office within DHS.
The following bills are included in this report: H.R. 98, H.R. 193, H.R. 255, H.R. 418, H.R. 688,
H.R. 780, H.R. 1196, H.R. 1320, H.R. 1502, H.R. 1805, H.R. 1815, H.R. 1817, H.R. 1912, H.R.
1986, H.R. 2092, H.R. 2330, H.R. 3137, H.R. 3333, H.R. 3622, H.R. 3693, H.R. 3704, H.R.
3938, H.R. 4009, H.R. 4083, H.R. 4099, H.R. 4238, H.R. 4240, H.R. 4283, H.R. 4284, H.R.
4285, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4313, H.R. 4412, H.R. 4437, H.R. 4830, H.R. 4871, H.R. 4958, H.R.
5017, H.R. 5067, H.R. 5122, H.R. 5456, H.R. 5631, H.R. 5813, H.R. 5814, H.R. 6061, H.R.
6091, S. 12, S. 1033, S. 1362, S. 1374, S. 1438, S. 1823, S. 1875, S. 1916, S. 2049, S. 2061, S.
2117, S. 2368, S. 2377, S. 2391, S. 2394, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564, S.
2766, S.Amdt. 4788. This report will be updated periodically as events warrant.

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Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Contents
Current Legislative Developments............................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................1
Border Security Between Ports of Entry ......................................................................................2
Border Security Strategy .......................................................................................................3
Border Fencing and Other Barriers........................................................................................3
Military or Civilian Assistance for the Border Patrol .............................................................5
U.S. Military at the Border ..............................................................................................5
Civilian Patrols ............................................................................................................... 6
Border Resources ..................................................................................................................7
Manpower.......................................................................................................................7
Surveillance ....................................................................................................................8
Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................9
Other Resources..............................................................................................................9
Expedited Removal............................................................................................................. 10
Expansion of the Program ............................................................................................. 11
Mandatory Detention .................................................................................................... 11
Air and Marine Operations/CBP Air .................................................................................... 11
Organization ................................................................................................................. 12
National Capital Region (NCR) Airspace ...................................................................... 12
Miscellaneous Provisions .................................................................................................... 12
Border Tunnels ............................................................................................................. 12
Coordination with Tribal Governments.......................................................................... 12
Shadow Wolves............................................................................................................. 13
Using Homeland Security Grants for Border Security Activities .................................... 13
Border Grant Program................................................................................................... 13
Injured Alien Data Collection........................................................................................ 13
Border Security Advisory Committee and Center of Excellence..................................... 13
Border Security Threat Assessment and Exercise........................................................... 14
Border Security Coordination and Management ............................................................ 14
Improving Homeland Security Information Exchange ................................................... 14
Border Security on Federal Land................................................................................... 14
Border Security at Ports of Entry............................................................................................... 15
Biometric Entry Exit Program............................................................................................. 15
US-VISIT ..................................................................................................................... 15
Other Technology Programs ................................................................................................ 16
POE Resources ................................................................................................................... 16
Manpower..................................................................................................................... 16
Technology ................................................................................................................... 17
Infrastructure ................................................................................................................ 17
Miscellaneous Issues........................................................................................................... 18
Evasion of Inspection/Failure to Obey CBP Officers ..................................................... 18
Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative............................................................................ 18
One Face at the Border.................................................................................................. 19
CBP and ICE Organizational Division........................................................................... 19
Canine Units ................................................................................................................. 19

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Appendixes
Appendix A. Immigration Related Border Security Legislation.................................................. 21
Appendix B. Immigration Related Border Security Legislation, by Issue Area........................... 24

Contacts
Author Contact Information ...................................................................................................... 25

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Current Legislative Developments
On May 11, 2005, the Emergency Supplemental Appropriation Act (P.L. 109-13) was enacted
with a provision relating to the construction of border fencing. This provision originated in H.R.
418, the REAL ID Act, which was appended to H.R. 1268. H.R. 418 was also passed as a
standalone measure in the House on February 10, 2005, and was referred to the Senate on
February 17, 2005. On December 6, 2005, H.R. 4312, the Border Security and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2005, was reported out of the Homeland Security Committee. On December
16, 2005, H.R. 4437, the Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of
2005, was passed by the House; the bill was referred to the Senate on December 17, 2005. On
March 16, 2006, S. 2454 was introduced by Senator Frist. On March 8, the Senate Committee on
the Judiciary began marking up Senator Specter’s draft comprehensive immigration reform bill.
Senator Specter’s draft bill was reported out of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on March
27 and a modified version of the bill was introduced as a substitute amendment, S.Amdt. 3192, to
S. 2454 on March 30. On April 6, 2006, the Senate rejected a motion, by a vote of 39 to 60, to
invoke cloture on the Specter substitute. On April 7, 2006, the Senate rejected a motion to invoke
cloture on a motion to recommit S. 2454 to the Senate Judiciary Committee with instructions that
it be reported back with the Hagel amendment (Hagel-Martinez compromise) on a 38 to 60 vote.
That same day the Senate rejected, on a 36 to 62 vote, a motion to invoke cloture on S. 2454.1
The Hagel-Martinez compromise, with some modifications, was subsequently introduced in the
Senate on April 24, 2006, as the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611/S.
2612).2 S. 2611, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006, was passed by the Senate
on May 25, 2006.
H.R. 6061, the Secure Fence Act of 2006, was introduced in the House, referred to the Homeland
Security Committee, and reported out of the Committee on September 13, 2006. H.R. 6061 was
passed by the House on September 14, 2006 by a vote of 283-138. Senate Amendment 4788 was
added to the Department of Defense Appropriation Bill, H.R. 5631, on August 2, 2006, and would
appropriate $1.8 billion to the National Guard for the construction of border fencing. H.R. 5631
was passed by the Senate on September 7, 2006, and is currently in Conference.

Introduction
Before September 11, 2001, border security fell piecemeal under the mandate of many diverse
federal departments, including but not limited to the Department of Justice (the Immigration and
Naturalization Service); the Department of the Treasury (the Customs Service); the Department of
Agriculture (the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service); and the Department of
Transportation (the Coast Guard). In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,
policymakers have focused a great deal of attention on securing America’s international borders.
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) consolidated most federal agencies operating
along the U.S. borders within the newly formed Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which
1
A list of Senate floor votes on S. 2454 is available at http://www.cq.com/
narrowsearch.do?dataSource=floorvote&searchIndex=2.
2
S. 2611 and S. 2612 are identical. S. 2611, introduced by Senator Specter with Senators Hagel and Martinez among
its cosponsors, has been placed on the Senate legislative calendar. S. 2612, introduced by Senator Hagel with the same
cosponsors as S. 2611, has been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee.

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was charged with securing the nation against a potential terrorist attack.3 Most of these agencies
were located in the Directorate of Border and Transportation Security4 (BTS), which was charged
with securing the borders; territorial waters; terminals; waterways; and air, land, and sea
transportation systems of the United States; and managing the nation’s ports of entries. The
FY2006 DHS Appropriations Act (P.L. 109-90) eliminated BTS and required the two of its
component agencies, Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE), to report directly to the Secretary’s office. 5 The U.S. Coast Guard was
established as, and remains, a standalone division within DHS.
The concept of border security is an intricate part of overall homeland security. Border security
involves securing the many means by which people and things can enter the country.
Operationally, this means controlling the official ports of entry (POE) through which legitimate
travelers and commerce enter the country, and patrolling the nation’s land and maritime borders
to safeguard against and interdict illegal entries. Within DHS, CBP is the agency charged with
securing the nation’s international border at and between POE.
At POE, CBP Officers screen the goods and travelers that are attempting to enter the country to
ensure that unwanted or dangerous people and things to do not enter the country. Between POE,
Border Patrol Agents attempt to detect and prevent the illegal entry of terrorists, weapons of mass
destruction, unauthorized aliens, and contraband. Although the movement of goods into the
country is clearly an important aspect of the overall security of the U.S. borders, this report will
focus on the movement of people into the country6 because that has been the main issue
addressed by most of the border security legislation currently being considered in the 109th
Congress. Cargo security issues are planned to be discussed in a forthcoming report.
This report is organized to reflect the main border security issues relating to the movement of
people into the country, as indicated by the legislation currently pending in the 109th Congress. As
such, it focuses on legislation with provisions affecting the movement of people into the country
between POE, and at POE. Appendix A includes a table that tracks the status of the bills that are
discussed in this report. Appendix B includes a table that groups the bills discussed by issue area.

Border Security Between Ports of Entry7
The United States Border Patrol (USBP) within CBP is charged with securing the U.S.
international land border between POE, detecting and preventing the entry of terrorists, weapons
of mass destruction, and illegal aliens into the country, and interdicting drug smugglers and other
criminals along the border. As such, the USBP patrols over 8,000 miles of the U.S. international
3
For a more detailed information on DHS, see CRS Report RL31549, Department of Homeland Security:
Consolidation of Border and Transportation Security Agencies, by (name redacted).
4
For brief overview of the agencies involved in border security, please refer to CRS Report RS21899, Border Security:
Key Agencies and Their Missions, by (name redacted).
5
The other components of BTS are the Federal Protective Services, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, and
the Transportation Security Agency.
6
For an expanded look at immigration related legislation, including interior enforcement, please refer to CRS Report
RL33125, Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress, by (name redacted) et al.
7
For an extended discussion of the U.S. Border Patrol and border security between POE, please refer to CRS Report
RL32562, Border Security: The Role of the U.S. Border Patrol, by (name redacted).

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borders, including the roughly 2,000 mile Southern and 4,000 mile Northern borders. In its efforts
to secure the border, the USBP deploys a wide range of resources, including technologies such as
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), sensors, and cameras; infrastructure, including fences, vehicle
barriers, and checkpoints; on-road and off-road vehicles, boats, fixed wing aircraft, and
helicopters. There has been much debate in the 109th Congress concerning whether DHS has
sufficient resources to adequately fulfill its border security mission. Many of the issues identified
between POE relate to resource requirements and allocation strategies.

Border Security Strategy
Some bills include provisions that would require the Secretary of DHS to submit a comprehensive
plan for securing the United States’ borders. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2454, S.Amdt.
3192, S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 all include a similar provision that would require the
Secretary to submit a National Strategy for Border Security within one year of enactment. The
Strategy would include, among other things, a surveillance plan for monitoring the border; an
assessment of the threat posed by terrorists who might attempt to infiltrate the U.S. along the
border; a risk assessment of all POE and all borders regarding the prevention of unlawful entry
and of contraband smuggling, including weapons of mass destruction; an assessment of the best
mix of technology, equipment, personnel, and training needed to address security vulnerabilities;
an assessment of the staffing, resource, technology, and detention needs for border security
functions; an assessment of the effect of existing efforts and technologies used for border security
on civil rights, personal property, privacy rights, civil liberties and vulnerable populations such as
trafficking victims and a timeline for implementation of the plan.

Border Fencing and Other Barriers
In the early 1990s, the USBP incorporated the construction of physical barriers directly on the
border into their National Strategic Plan as part of the “Prevention Through Deterrence” strategy, 8
which called for reducing unauthorized migration by placing agents and resources directly on the
border abutting population centers. In 1996, Congress passed the Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigration Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 19969 which, among other things, expanded an
existing fence in San Diego by authorizing the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to
construct a triple-layered fence along the same 14 miles of the US-Mexico border near San
Diego. Construction of the last 4.5 miles of the triple fence stalled, however, due to
environmental concerns raised by the California Coastal Commission.10
A number of bills introduced in the 109th Congress include provisions relating to the construction
of border fencing and other barriers. The REAL ID Act of 2005 (H.R. 418) was incorporated into
the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act (H.R. 1268), which eventually became P.L. 10913, enacting a provision expanding the Secretary’s authority to waive legal requirements in order
to ensure expeditious construction of authorized barriers and roads. The Secretary recently
announced that he will use this new authority to complete construction of the San Diego fence.
8

For an expanded discussion of the USBP, please refer to CRS Report RL32562, Border Security: The Role of the
U.S. Border Patrol, by (name redacted).
9
See P.L. 104-208, Div. C. IIRIRA was passed as part of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997.
10
For an expanded discussion of the USBP’s border fence, please refer to CRS Report RS22026, Border Security: The
San Diego Fence, by (name redacted) and (name redacted).

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H.R. 4083 would amend the INA to direct the Secretary to construct a fence along the entire
southwest border and would authorize $2 billion for this purpose. S. 1916 includes a provision
requiring the Secretary to study the feasibility and cost of constructing a triple fence along the
southwest border. S. 2049 would direct the Secretary to construct whatever fencing and other
infrastructure is necessary to achieve operational control of the border. H.R. 5456 would
authorize the Secretary to construct fencing along portions of the southwest border as deemed
necessary by the Secretary. H.R. 4313, S. 2061, S. 2117, S. 2368, and S. 2377 would direct the
Secretary to construct a two layered reinforced fence along the southern international land border,
starting with high alien traffic and smuggling areas. H.R. 4313, S. 2117, S. 2368, and S. 2377
would also direct the Secretary to create a border zone within 100 yards of the land border and
would require other agencies to transfer any land in their jurisdiction that falls inside the border
zone to DHS without reimbursement. H.R. 4313 and S. 2117 would also direct the Secretary to
undertake a review and value assessment of all property in the border zone owned by private
parties and state and local governments, and to begin acquiring this property as soon as
practicable. S. 2394 would direct DHS to initiate a process for planning, constructing, and
maintaining a permanent barrier or wall along appropriate areas of the border.
H.R. 4437, as amended, and H.R. 6061, would direct DHS to construct two layered reinforced
fencing and additional physical barriers, roads, lighting, cameras and sensors along roughly 730
miles11 of the southern border, including 20 miles around Tecate, CA; from Calexico, CA to
Douglas, AZ; from Columbus, NM to El Paso, TX; from Del Rio, TX to Eagle Pass, TX; and
from Laredo, TX to Brownsville, TX. H.R. 4437 would designate the roughly 370 mile portion of
the fence between Calexico, CA and Douglas, AZ a priority area and would direct DHS to ensure
that “an interlocking surveillance camera system” is installed along this area by May 30, 2006,
and that the fence is completed by May 30, 2007; H.R. 6061 would also designate those areas as
priority areas but would push back the deadlines by one year. H.R. 4437 would also designate a
30 mile stretch around Laredo, TX as a priority area and would direct DHS to complete this
fencing by December 31, 2006; H.R. 6061 would also designate this stretch as a priority area but
would push the deadline for its completion back by two years to December 31, 2008.
S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, as amended, S. 2611, S. 2612, and S. 3564 would replace the current
border fencing in the Border Patrol’s Tucson Sector with a reinforced double layer fence and
would direct DHS to construct 150 miles of vehicle barriers in the Sector. S. 2454 would require
that fencing be extended 25 miles west of Naco, AZ; S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564
would require that fencing be extended at least 10 miles west of Naco. Each of the bills would
also expand the fencing in Yuma Sector, would require that the double or triple layer fence
constructed under its provisions be extended at least two miles beyond urban areas, and would
add 50 miles of vehicle barriers to the Sector. Lastly, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, as amended, S. 2611
and S. 2612 would direct DHS, in conjunction with other federal agencies, to submit a study on
the construction of a system of barriers along the southern and northern borders, including
information on the need for such a system, the costs associated with constructing the system, the
system’s potential environmental impacts, and the system’s potential impact on trade or tourism.
S. 2611, as amended, and S. 3564 would further direct DHS to construct 370 miles of triplelayered fencing and 500 miles of vehicle barriers in areas along the southwest border most often
11
This is a conservative estimate generated by calculating the length of a straight line between each of the locations
outlined in the provision. Given the fact that the border is not a straight line, the actual length of the fencing that would
be required by this provision is certain to be longer.

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used by smugglers or illegal aliens to enter the United States within two years of enactment. S.
2611 would require Federal, State, and Local authorities to consult with their counterparts in
Mexico prior to the construction of any border barriers in order to lessen tension, foster greater
understanding and stronger cooperation, and solicit the views of affected communities. The
House-passed Defense Appropriations Bill for FY2007 (H.R. 5631), as amended by S.Amdt.
4788, would appropriate $1,829 million for the National Guard to construct 370 miles of triplelayered fencing and 500 miles of vehicle barriers along the southwest border.
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would require DHS to reimburse property owners for the
costs incurred repairing private infrastructure along the border damaged by aliens entering the
country illegally. The bill would authorize appropriations of $50,000 a year for this program.

Military or Civilian Assistance for the Border Patrol
A variety of bills have been introduced that would supplement DHS resources by involving the
military or civilians in patrolling the U.S. border. These bills vary widely in scope, from some
that would involve the states in the enforcement of immigration law to others that would only
authorize civilians to act as observers and notify the USBP concerning any illegal activity they
observed.

U.S. Military at the Border
The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (P.L. 109-163) includes a provision
(§1035) that requires a report from the Secretary of Defense concerning the potential use of
military air assets to support DHS by surveilling the border. This language was inserted during
conference, and replaced prior language in the House-passed version of the bill (H.R. 1815) that
would have authorized the U.S. military to be deployed to the border to assist DHS in preventing
the entry of terrorists, drug smugglers, and unauthorized aliens at and between official ports of
entry. Under the House-passed provision, U.S. military personnel would have been deployed to
the border only at the request of the Secretary of Homeland Security and only after completing a
training course on border law enforcement. Military personnel would have to have been
accompanied by DHS law enforcement personnel once deployed, and would not have been
authorized to conduct searches, seizures, or other similar law enforcement activities, or to make
arrests. This provision would not have superseded the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibits the
use of the U.S. military to perform civilian governmental tasks unless explicitly authorized to do
so.12 This provision was also introduced as a standalone bill, H.R. 1986. The National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (H.R. 5122), as amended by the House, also contains a
similar provision (§1026). H.R. 3938 contains similar language that would allow the Department
of Defense (DOD) to assign members of the armed forces to be deployed to the border to assist
DHS in preventing the entry of terrorists, drug traffickers, and illegal aliens both at and between
POE. The bill would allow the military to inspect cargo, vehicles, and aircraft. H.R. 688 and H.R.
3333 would amend the Posse Comitatus Act to allow the military to undertake law enforcement
activities at or near the border. S. 2049 would allow the National Guard to be deployed to the
12

For a detailed explanation of the Posse Comitatus Act (18 U.S.C. 1385), please see CRS Report RS20590, The Posse
Comitatus Act and Related Matters: A Sketch, by (name redacted); and CRS Report RS21012, Terrorism: Some Legal
Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities Following a Terrorist Attack, by (name redacted) and
(name redacted).

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border for support purposes, including assisting in construction along the border and monitoring
the border, but would specifically exclude law enforcement activities. H.R. 4240 would amend
the Posse Comitatus Act to allow the Army and Air Force to execute laws “at or near the border
of the United States” in order to prevent unauthorized aliens and terrorists from entering the
country illegally. S. 2394 would direct DHS to study the feasibility of using DOD personnel and
assets to assist CBP.
Several bills would direct DHS to collaborate with DOD in surveilling the land borders. H.R.
4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would require
DHS and DOD to develop and submit a joint plan for increasing the availability and use of
military equipment to assist with the surveillance of the border. H.R. 4313, S. 2061, S. 2368, S.
2377 would direct the Secretary to develop and implement a plan to use DOD’s surveillance
assets along the southern border to assist DHS and to submit a report to Congress regarding this
plan no later than six months after enactment.
S. 2611, as amended, S. 2766, S. 3564 would allow state governors, with DOD permission, to
order National Guard personnel to discharge their annual training duties along the southwest
border with Mexico. The National Guard would be authorized to assist the USBP by, among other
things: performing surveillance functions; providing logistical, technical, and administrative
support; constructing barriers and roadways; and providing emergency medical assistance. The
National Guard would be explicitly prohibited from directly participating in searches, seizures,
arrests, or other similar activities. S. 2611, as amended, would also direct DHS and DOD to
jointly submit a report on the feasibility of offering incentives to current and former members of
the Armed Forces in order to recruit them into CBP’s workforce.

Civilian Patrols
Several bills in the 109th Congress would create civilian border patrolling organizations. In the
House, H.R. 3704 would create a Border Patrol Auxiliary that would be deployed to the border
and charged with notifying the Border Patrol about unauthorized aliens attempting to cross into
the United States. These auxiliaries would be vested with the same powers as Border Patrol
agents. DHS would be charged with recompensing members of the Auxiliary for their travel,
subsistence, and vehicle operation expenses. H.R. 3622 would authorize state governments to
create a militia called the Border Protection Corps (BPC) in order to prevent the illegal entry of
individuals and to take individuals who have entered illegally into custody. DHS would be
responsible for recompensing the states for all the expenses incurred in the establishment and
operation of their BPCs. H.R. 4099 would establish a Citizen Corps within the USA Freedom
Corps and charge the new organization with coordinating homeland security volunteer activities.
The bill would also create the Border Corps as an organization within the Citizen Corps that
would be administered by CBP. Members of the Border Corps would be unpaid volunteers and
would be charged with assisting the USBP in carrying out its mission, with a primary focus on
helping with surveillance, communication, transportation, and administrative support. The bill
would also authorize annual appropriations of $50 million for the Citizen Corps and $20 million
for the Border Corps for FY2007-FY2012. S. 2049 would establish a Deputy Border Patrol Agent
Program that would be made up of retired law enforcement officers. The bill would direct the
Secretary to utilize these deputies to provide whatever border security functions DHS deems are
appropriate. S. 2049 would authorize appropriations of $10 million from FY2007 to FY2011 for
this program.

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In the Senate, S. 1823 would establish a pilot Volunteer Border Marshal Program. This program
would use volunteer state peace officers who would be assigned to the Border Patrol and charged
with assisting in “identifying and controlling illegal immigration and human and drug
trafficking.” S. 2117 would direct CBP to establish a National Border Neighborhood Watch
(NBNW) Program, which would allow civilians and retired federal law enforcement officers to
assist the USBP in patrolling the border. Within the NBNW, CBP would be directed to create a
Border Regiment Assisting in Valuable Enforcement (BRAVE) Force comprised of retired local
law enforcement officers hired by CBP. These retirees would be considered rehired annuitants.
Civilians participating in the NBNW Program would report observed violations of Federal
immigration law to a designated BRAVE Force employee, and would be reimbursed for their
expenses. BRAVE Force employees would not be liable for the actions of a civilian volunteer,
and those volunteers would not be excused from personal liability resulting from their
participation in the NBNW Program.

Border Resources
Manpower
A number of bills include provisions directing the Secretary to hire 2,000 additional USBP agents
each year from FY2007 to FY2010 or FY2011, as authorized by the Intelligence Reform and
Terrorist Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004, P.L. 108-458.13 These bills include S. 1438, S. 1916,
H.R. 3938, H.R. 4099, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067. H.R. 4313, S. 2061, S. 2368, and S.
2377 would add 1,000 to the number of agents authorized in IRTPA each from FY2007 through
FY2011. S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, and S. 3564 would add 400 to the number of
agents authorized in IRTPA each from FY2007 to FY2010 and would authorize an increase of
2,400 agents in FY2011. All four bills would also direct the Secretary to deploy not less than 20%
of the increase in agent manpower to the Northern border. S. 2611, as amended, also contains a
provision that would appear to add 3,000 additional agents from FY2007 to FY2011 and would
direct DHS to eliminate the fixed deployment of USBP agents in the field. The bill would also
direct DHS to provide border states with up to 1,000 additional agents if a governor declares a
state of emergency, to the extent that providing these additional agents does not impair DHS
ability to provide border security in other states. H.R. 1817 would authorize funding for 2,000
additional agents in FY2006. H.R. 4044 would increase the USBP by 2,500 agents in FY2006;
2,750 agents in FY2007; 3,000 agents in FY2008; 3,250 agents in FY2009; and 3,500 agents in
FY2010. S. 2391 would direct DHS to increase the USBP by 4,000 agents each year from
FY2007 to FY2011. S. 2394 would direct DHS to increase the number of CBP agents by an
additional 1,500 agents, above and beyond the number authorized by IRTPA. H.R. 4044 contains
provisions that would increase the maximum amounts of student loan repayment programs for
USBP agents; direct the Secretary to “exercise to the fullest extent allowable” his authority to pay
recruitment and relocation bonuses to USBP agents; reestablish the Anti-Smuggling Unit within
the USBP and staff the unit with at least 500 criminal investigators recruited from the USBP; and
increase the pay for journeyman USBP officers to the General Schedule (GS) 13 level. H.R. 5456
would direct the Secretary to increase USBP recruitment incentives such as offering a student
loan repayment program and establishing an in-college training program that would provide
tuition reimbursement for full-time USBP service. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4283, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067,
13

Those bills authorizing additional agents in FY2011 would extend the IRTPA authorization, which currently lasts
through FY2010.

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S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, and S. 2612 would require the Comptroller General of the
United States to undertake a review of the USBP’s training practices to ascertain their efficiency
and cost effectiveness. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, and S.
2612 would also require a review of what the effects of utilizing nonfederal training programs to
train USBP agents would be. S. 2934 would direct DHS to study the feasibility of hiring retired
federal law enforcement officers to work on a part-time basis for CBP, and to conduct a five year
program to facilitate the recruitment and retention of CBP agents. H.R. 5813 would direct DHS to
take such steps as may be necessary to control the costs of hiring, training, and deploying new
USBP agents, including permitting individuals already in the training program to waive certain
course requirements and conducting a competitive sourcing study to compare the costs of training
USBP agents at a non-profit or private training facility. DHS would be directed to ensure that the
per-agent cost of hiring, training, and deploying a new USBP agent does not exceed $150,000 and
to report to Congress if this limitation is exceeded. H.R. 5814 would allow CPB to appoint 500
full-time Federal retirees to any position to secure the U.S. borders for up to five years after the
date of enactment. The bill would further establish a plan to strengthen recruitment and retention
of Border Patrol agents. S. 2611, as amended, and S. 3564 would also direct the CBP
Commissioner to establish a program to actively recruit members of the Armed Forces who have
elected to separate from active duty. H.R. 5813 would extend DHS’ authorization to appoint and
maintain a cadre of federal annuitants at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).

Surveillance
A number of bills include provisions directing the Secretary to procure different kinds of
surveillance technologies that may be necessary to enhance DHS’ ability to monitor the border.
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, and H.R. 6061 include a provision that would direct the
Secretary of DHS to provide for the systematic surveillance of the international land border
through more efficient use of its personnel and of technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAV), sensors, satellites, radars, and cameras. S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564
would also include a provision that would require the Secretary to develop a comprehensive plan
to ensure systematic surveillance of the international and maritime borders of the United States.
S. 2391, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would also call for the creation of a
“virtual fence” along the border comprised of UAVs, cameras, sensors, and other technologies. S.
2391 would also require this program to feature technologies that are fully integrated and do not
have to be manually operated. S. 1438, S. 1916, and H.R. 3938 would also call for the
procurement of UAVs, cameras, poles, sensors, and other technologies necessary to achieve
operational control of the borders of the United States and would also authorize $500 million
each year from FY2006 to FY2010 for this purpose. S. 2368 and S. 2377 have a similar provision
that would authorize the funding each year from FY2007 to FY2010. H.R. 1320 would require
DHS to submit a comprehensive plan to ensure continuous monitoring of every mile of the U.S.Mexico border and would require DHS to implement this plan one year after the plan’s
submission, and would authorize $200 million in FY2005 and FY2006 for this purpose. S. 1033,
S. 2391, and H.R. 2330 would require DHS to develop and implement a program to fully
integrate aerial surveillance technologies at the border, including UAVs. S. 2049 would authorize
the Secretary to procure whatever assets are required to achieve operational control of the border.
H.R. 5456 would authorize the Secretary to deploy cameras, motion detectors, and UAVs and
other technologies to secure the border of the U.S. S. 2394 would direct DHS to acquire UAVs,
sensors, cameras, and lighting for use at the border. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 4284, H.R. 5067,
H.R. 5813, H.R. 5814, S. 2454, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564, would require the DHS Inspector
General (IG) to review and report on all the contracts greater than $20 million awarded under the

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Secure Border Initiative. 14 S. 2391 would require the IG to review each new contract related to
border surveillance with a value greater than $5 million.
Lastly, in addition to the “virtual fence” provision and the provision calling for a comprehensive
surveillance plan outlined above, S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 have several other provisions that
touch on border surveillance. The bills would direct DHS to establish an Aerial Surveillance
Program and an Integrated and Automated Surveillance Program, authorizing the necessary sums
for these purposes. The Aerial Surveillance Program would assess the use of aerial surveillance
technologies and implement and integrate such technologies to ensure the continuous monitoring
of each mile of the southern and northern borders. The program would require consultation with
the Secretary of Defense and the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration. A separate
provision in the bills would authorize funds in FY2007 and FY2008 for the acquisition and
maintenance of MQ-9 unmanned aerial vehicles for use on the border. The Integrated and
Automated Surveillance Program would procure UAV’s, cameras, sensors and other technologies
to achieve operational control of the international border of the United States and for the creation
of a “virtual fence” along such borders. To the extent possible, surveillance technologies would
be fully integrated and function in an automated fashion. DHS would be required to develop
performance measures to assess the effectiveness of the program and to create standards for the
installation of remote surveillance technologies and mobile surveillance platforms. The DHS IG
would be directed to review all contracts greater than $5 million awarded under the Integrated
and Automated Surveillance Program.

Infrastructure
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, H.R. 5456, H.R. 6061, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S.
2612 and S. 3564 would direct the Secretary to make the physical infrastructure enhancements
needed to prevent unlawful entry and achieve operational control of the border. H.R. 3938 and S.
1438 would direct DHS to construct all-weather roads and acquire vehicle barriers, and would
authorize appropriations of $500 million each year from FY2006 to FY2010. H.R. 4313 includes
similar language but would authorize the funding each year from FY2007 to FY2011. S. 1916
would direct the Secretary to construct all weather roads and acquire vehicle barriers; S. 2049
would direct the Secretary to construct whatever roads and vehicle barriers are necessary to
achieve operational control of the border. S. 2394 would authorize DHS to construct and maintain
access roads to the border. Additionally, as previously mentioned S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611
and S. 2612 would direct DHS to construct 200 miles of vehicle barriers in Arizona. S. 3564
would authorize the construction of 200 miles of vehicle barriers and all-weather roads in the
Tucson and Yuma Sectors at known areas of illegal cross-border traffic.

Other Resources
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2368, S. 2377, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612 and
S. 3564 would require DHS to consult with the Attorney General in an effort to enhance the
connectivity of DHS’s Automated Biometrics Identification System (IDENT) and the Federal
Bureau of Investigation’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)
14

According to DHS, the Secure Border Initiative is a comprehensive multi-year plan to secure America’s borders and
reduce illegal migration through the deployment of additional USBP agents, surveillance technology, and infrastructure
along the border. For more information, refer to the DHS Border Security Fact Sheet available at http://www.dhs.gov/
dhspublic/interapp/press_release/press_release_0794.xml.

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fingerprint databases.15 H.R. 1320 would require DHS to integrate the IDENT and IAFIS
databases. H.R. 3137, H.R. 3333, H.R. 3938, H.R. 4172, H.R. 4313, H.R. 4437, S. 1362, S. 1438,
S. 2049, S. 2061, S. 2368, S. 2377, S. 2394, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, and S. 2612 would
require DHS to provide the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) at DOJ with information
relating to aliens that have been issued final orders of removal, that are departing voluntarily, that
have been released with a notice to appear before an immigration judge, and that have overstayed
their visa or had their visas revoked. This information is to be included in the NCIC database.
H.R. 4044 would provide a number of different types of resources to the USBP, including no less
than 100 helicopters, 250 powerboats, and enough vehicles to ensure that there is one vehicle per
three USBP agents. The bill would also provide portable computers with access to law
enforcement databases for each vehicle, and encrypted two-way radios, GPS receivers, body
armor, and night-vision equipment to every USBP agent. H.R. 4437, as amended, would require
USBP uniforms to be made in the United States. Lastly, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S.
2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, and S. 3564 would require DHS to develop and implement
a plan to ensure clear two-way communications for its agents working along the border. S. 2611,
as amended, and S. 3564 would direct DHS to add 100 helicopters and 250 powerboats to the
USBP and to implement training programs for the agents who will use these assets. Additionally,
the bills would require DHS to ensure that there is one police-type vehicle equipped with a
computer with access to all necessary law enforcement databases for every three USBP agents,
and that these vehicles be replaced every three years. Additionally, the bills would require that all
USBP vehicles be appropriate for the agency’s mission and be equipped with a panic button and a
global positioning system (GPS). S. 2611 and S. 3564 would also direct DHS to issue a hand held
GPS device, body armor, and uniforms to every USBP agent and to supply night-vision
equipment to each agent working during night-time hours.
S. 2611, as amended, and S. 3564 would give the USBP complete and exclusive administrative
and operational control of all assets that are utilized in discharging its mission, including aircraft,
watercraft, vehicles, detention space, transportation, and all the personnel associated with these
assets. This provision might be interpreted as giving the USBP control over some of the detention
and transportation assets of the Detention and Removal Office within ICE.

Expedited Removal
Non-Mexican and non-Canadian aliens apprehended by USBP agents cannot be returned to
Mexico or Canada. Instead, they must be returned to their nation of origin, a process that typically
takes several months and involves hearings before immigration judges. Expedited removal is a
DHS policy that streamlines the removal process by allowing aliens to be removed without
appearing before an immigration judge, under certain conditions.16 Some bills in the 109th
Congress would make changes to the current expedited removal procedures, in some cases
expressly authorizing what DHS is currently doing operationally.
15

The IDENT biometric database is used by DHS to identify those aliens who are serial border crossers and to identify
criminal aliens. IAFIS is the FBI’s master biometric database of criminal fingerprints. Congress has repeatedly directed
that both databases be integrated. For more information about this issue, refer to CRS Report RL32562, Border
Security: The Role of the U.S. Border Patrol, by (name redacted).
16
For additional information on the apprehension of non-Mexican and non-Canadian aliens and on expedited removal,
please refer to CRS Report RL33097, Border Security: Apprehensions of “Other Than Mexican” Aliens, coordinated
by (name redacted), and CRS Report RL33109, Immigration Policy on Expedited Removal of Aliens, by (name redacted)
and (name redacted).

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Expansion of the Program
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 4240, H.R. 5067, S. 2368, S. 2377, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611,
S. 2612, S. 3564 would insert language into the Immigration and Nationality Act requiring the
Secretary to apply expedited removal to all aliens apprehended within 100 miles of the border and
within 14 days of their entry.17 S. 1916 and S. 2049 would expand expedited removal to all USBP
sectors along the southwest border “as soon as operationally possible.” S. 1916 would also
prohibit the expeditious removal of an alien until the Director of Field Operations certified in
writing that the alien’s removal does not pose a security risk to the United States. S. 1916 and S.
2049 would authorize an appropriation of $20 million each year from FY2007 through FY2011.
H.R. 3938 and S. 1438 would also expand expedited removal to all border patrol sectors and
would authorize appropriations of $10 million for this purpose each year from FY2006 to
FY2010.

Mandatory Detention
DHS currently releases many apprehended non-Mexican aliens with notices to appear before an
immigration judge for a deportation hearing. This is done mainly due to a lack of detention
bedspace, and has been called by some critics a catch and release policy. H.R. 4238, H.R. 4312,
H.R. 4437 and H.R. 5067 would require that all aliens apprehended at POE or along the border be
detained until they are removed or admitted into the country. S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S.
2612 and S. 3564 would require that, by October 1, 2007, all aliens (other than a national of
Mexico) apprehended attempting to enter the U.S. illegally at or between POE be subject to
mandatory detention. All four bills would make an exception for those aliens who immediately
depart voluntarily and those who are paroled into the United States for urgent humanitarian
reasons. Until October 1, 2007, apprehended aliens could be released with a notice to appear only
if DHS decided the alien posed no security risk and after posting $5,000 bonds.

Air and Marine Operations/CBP Air18
The Legacy U.S. Customs Service had a group within it called the Air and Marine Interdiction
Division (AMID). The creation of the DHS, and subsequent reorganization of legacy agencies
within DHS, moved AMID from the U.S. Customs Service’s Office of Investigation, and made it
a stand alone office in ICE, under the name Office of Air and Marine Operations (AMO). The
FY2005 DHS Appropriations Act (P.L. 108-334) effectively transferred AMO back to CBP.
Congress, for several years, has expressed concern over potential overlap between the various
agencies within DHS with air and marine assets (AMO, the Border Patrol, and the Coast Guard).
As a part of the effort to rationalize air and marine assets within DHS, AMO was moved back to
CBP and the Department proceeded with a consolidation of AMO and Border Patrol assets, at
least on the operational level. However, issues have arisen with the potential ‘sectorization’ of
AMO assets, where AMO aircraft and personnel would be placed under the operational control of
the USBP sector chiefs; and with the differences of mission between the two units.
17
On September 14, 2005, DHS announced that it was expanding its use of “Expedited Removal authority” to include
aliens apprehended within 14 days of entry and 100 miles of the border throughout the entire southwest border.
Department of Homeland Security, Public Affairs, “DHS Expands Expedited Removal Authority Along Southwest
Border,” Sept. 14, 2005.
18
This section was prepared by CRS Analyst (name redacted).

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Organization
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would amend the Homeland Security Act (P.L. 107-296) to
establish an Office of Air and Marine Operations as a separate entity within DHS that would
report directly to the Secretary and be headed by a presidentially appointed Assistant Secretary
for Air and Marine Operations. The bills would also codify the missions, duties and other aspects
of the new office.

National Capital Region (NCR) Airspace
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would require the Secretary to submit within 120 days of
enactment a report describing the impact the NCR airspace security mission has on DHS’s ability
to protect the borders of the United States. The report would include details of the resources
devoted to the NCR airspace mission and an assessment of impact that the diversion of these
assets to the NCR airspace mission might have had or will have on the traditional border security
missions of DHS.

Miscellaneous Provisions
Border Tunnels
S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564, H.R. 4830, and H.R. 6091 include a provision that
would make the construction, and the financing, of tunnels crossing the U.S. international border
a crime subject to a fine and up to 20 years of imprisonment. Landowners who know about or
recklessly disregard the construction or use of a border tunnel would be subject to a fine and up to
10 years of imprisonment. Persons using a border tunnel would be subject to twice the maximum
term of imprisonment that would otherwise be applicable had their unlawful activity not made use
of the tunnel. Lastly, the bills would direct the U.S. Sentencing Commission to create sentencing
guidelines for people guilty of border tunnel offenses.

Coordination with Tribal Governments
A number of bills address the issue of coordination between DHS and the various tribal
governments along the U.S. international border. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would
advance a sense of Congress that DHS should strive to include within its National Strategy for
Border Security recommendations on how to enhance cooperation with sovereign Indian Nations.
H.R. 1320, H.R. 4009 and H.R. 4871 would establish an “Office of Tribal Security” within DHS
charged with coordinating relations between the federal government and Indian tribes on
homeland security issues. H.R. 3938, H.R. 4871, S. 1438, S. 2611, and S. 2612 would establish a
grant program for Indian Tribes with lands adjacent to the border for law enforcement activities,
health care services, environmental restoration, and the preservation of cultural resources. The
bills would also require a report from DHS concerning the level of USBP access to tribal lands,
the extent to which immigration laws could be improved by enhanced access to tribal lands, and
the number of grants currently provided by DHS to Indian tribes relating to border security. The
report should also contain a strategy for improving access to tribal lands through cooperation with
tribal authorities.

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Shadow Wolves
Prior to the creation of DHS, the Shadow Wolves were an elite Customs Patrol investigative unit
within the U.S. Customs Service charged with enforcing customs laws and interdicting smugglers
within the Tohono O’odham reservation. The Shadow Wolves were created after years of
negotiation between the Customs Service and the Tribe, and members of the unit must be certified
Native American. The Shadow Wolves were originally placed within ICE when DHS was created,
but were subsequently moved into CBP where they are administratively under the USBP. Because
the USBP is not an investigative unit, this has created some issues. A number of bills would
require DHS to transfer the Shadow Wolves from CBP to ICE in order to emphasize the unique
unit’s investigative functions. Bills with provisions like this include H.R. 1320, H.R. 4312, H.R.
4437, H.R. 5067, and H.R. 5813.

Using Homeland Security Grants for Border Security Activities
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would allow states and local governments to enter into an
agreement with DHS to use grant funding from the State Homeland Security Grant Program, the
Urban Area Security Initiative, and the Law Enforcement Terrorism Prevention Program, to
reimburse the costs associated with detecting and responding to the unlawful entry of aliens.

Border Grant Program
S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would create a Border Relief Grant Program, authorizing DHS to
award grants to state, tribal, and local law enforcement agencies in order to address border-related
crime. These grants would be competitive, with priority given to communities of less than 50,000
within 100 miles of the land border. The funds could be used for a variety of purposes, including
hiring additional personnel, acquiring equipment, and covering operating costs. The program
would be authorized at $50 million each year, FY2007 through FY2011; two-thirds of this
funding would be allocated to the six states with the largest number of undocumented alien
apprehensions; and the remaining third would be allocated to communities designated by the
Secretary as High Impact Areas.

Injured Alien Data Collection
Each year, hundreds of unauthorized aliens die attempting to enter the United States illegally.
Many aliens require medical attention when they are apprehended. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and
H.R. 5067 would require DHS to collect quantifiable data on the number of aliens apprehended
by the USBP and arriving at POE requiring medical attention, including the number of aliens
referred to local hospitals or other health care facilities. S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would
require CBP to collect statistics on the number of deaths occurring at the southwest border,
including the causes of the deaths, and to submit a report to Congress on this issue that includes
recommendations for reducing the incidence of death at the border.

Border Security Advisory Committee and Center of Excellence
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would establish a Border Security Advisory Committee,
with representatives from state, local, and tribal governments located along the U.S. borders and
community representatives from these states, to advise the Secretary on border security and

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enforcement issues. H.R. 4312 and H.R. 4437 would also establish a university based Center of
Excellence for Border Security to address and research the threats and vulnerabilities of the U.S.
border control systems.

Border Security Threat Assessment and Exercise
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would require DHS to design and carry out a border
security exercise within one year of the bills’ enactment. This exercise would include officials
from federal, state, local, tribal, and international governments as well as representatives from the
private sector, and would be used to test and evaluate the ability to anticipate, detect, and disrupt
threats to the U.S. borders and the information sharing capability among these entities.

Border Security Coordination and Management
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would require DHS to ensure the coordination between
CBP, ICE, and Citizenship and Immigration Services, including the formation of various
mechanisms and task-forces within DHS. The purpose of these entities would include sharing
information, intelligence, and analysis between immigration-related agencies and better
coordinating the federal efforts and the allocation of federal resources in order to manage and
control the border.

Improving Homeland Security Information Exchange
S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2454, S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would call for various reports from DHS
and other appropriate agencies on efforts underway to improve the exchange of homeland
security information between federal agencies, including, but not limited to the progress made
toward developing common standards for issuing security clearances and secure documents; the
progress made with respect to efforts to share information on high risk individuals and identify
immigration fraud trends; and the progress made in developing terrorist watch lists.

Border Security on Federal Land
S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would direct DHS to cooperate with the Department of the Interior
(DOI) in securing federal land along the international land border. The bills would direct DHS to
provide increased enforcement personnel and surveillance technology, including UAVs and other
aerial assets, to federal land and units of the National Park Service along the border. The bills
would require that the DHS personnel receive federal land resource training to minimize the
adverse impact of enforcement activities on natural and cultural resources. Additionally, the bills
would direct DOI to develop an inventory of costs incurred by the National Park Service relating
to illegal border activity and would direct DHS and DOI to develop joint recommendations
concerning an appropriate cost recovery mechanism. Lastly, the bills would direct DHS and DOI
to jointly develop a border protection strategy for federal lands along the border.

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Border Security at Ports of Entry
There are currently 317 official POE into the United States,19 including 216 airports that are
international POEs, 143 seaports, and 115 land POEs.20 CBP officers assigned to these POE may
be responsible for more than one mode of transportation, even processing all three conveyance
types: air, land, and sea. As individuals attempt to enter the country through POE, CBP Officers
must inspect their documentation to ascertain whether they have legal authorization to enter. In
order to make their decision regarding whether to admit the individual, CBP Officers must use a
variety of different databases and must examine the traveler’s documents. There are a number of
issues relating to this process that are being considered in the legislation currently pending in the
109th Congress.

Biometric Entry Exit Program
A number of different bills include provisions requiring DHS to implement a biometric entry/exit
program. The current biometric entry/exit system is the U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status
Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) Program, which requires selected foreign nationals attempting
to enter the United States to submit two fingerprints and a photograph when arriving to the
country through an airport POE. This information is used to verify their identity and
administrative status. The program is in the process of being expanded to all POE, but does not
currently feature an exit component.21

US-VISIT
Some bills call for enhancing the capabilities of the current US-VISIT program. H.R. 4437, H.R.
4312, H.R. 5067, S. 2368, and S. 2377 would direct DHS to collect 10 fingerprints from aliens
currently required to register in US-VISIT as they enter the country. S. 1438, S. 1916, and S. 2049
would expand the current system by authorizing the Secretary to collect biometric data from
visitors as they exit the country and to collect data from alien crew members landing in the
United States. S. 1438 and S. 1916 would authorize such sums as may be necessary to implement
the automated entry exit biometric program at all land POE in FY2006 and FY2007; S. 2049
would authorize such sums as may be necessary to fund this expansion each year from FY2008 to
FY2010. S. 2368 and S. 2377 would require the biometric entry and exit system to integrate
arrival and departure information into an electronic database that could be used by DHS and the
Department of State, and would require the system to be implemented at land POE by October 1,
2006. H.R. 1320 would create an Office of US-VISIT Outreach to inform local border officials
and residents about developments with the program. The bill would also require DHS to digitize
the collection of arrival and departure records. S. 1033 and H.R. 2033 would require DHS to
collect biometric information from visiting aliens as they enter and exit the country. H.R. 4313
would require DHS to implement an entry and exit system at land POE no later than October 1,
2006.
19

For more information about inspections practices, please refer to CRS Report RL32399, Border Security: Inspections
Practices, Policies, and Issues, by (name redacted) et al.
20
Data provided by CBP Office of Congressional Affairs, in e-mail dated Apr. 22, 2004.
21
For additional information regarding the US-VISIT program, please refer to CRS Report RL32234, U.S. Visitor and
Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) Program, by Lisa M. Seghetti and Stephen R. Viña.

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H.R. 4437, as amended, would require DHS to submit timelines for deploying the US-VISIT
system to all land POE and for implementing the exit component at all land POE. S. 2454,
S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564 would require DHS to submit a schedule for deploying
US-VISIT at all land POE, for developing and deploying the system’s exit control component,
and for making all immigration screening systems interoperable. The bills would also authorize
DHS to require entering and departing aliens to provide information including biometric data, and
to collect biometric data from alien crewmen. Additionally, all four bills would add withholding
biometric data as a ground for inadmissibility. Lastly, H.R. 5017 would require DHS to submit a
report to Congress detailing its compliance to date with the IRTPA requirements concerning
implementation of an entry and exit system and the steps that will be taken to fully implement the
system. The bill would also require the Government Accountability Office to certify whether the
entry and exit system has been fully implemented as per the IRTPA requirements.

Other Technology Programs
H.R. 1320 would make permanent the Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection
(SENTRI) and the NEXUS program and would create remote enrollment centers for these
programs away from the borders of the United States.22 The bill would also authorize
appropriations for POE modifications to expand these programs, and would require an annual
report from DHS concerning the implementation of these programs. H.R. 4437, as amended,
would require DHS to submit a timeline for making all the immigration screening systems
operated by the department interoperable. H.R. 4437, as amended, would also require DHS to
institute a pilot program to evaluate the use of automated systems at no fewer than two foreign
airports for pre-screening incoming travelers. Passenger information would be screened against
the consolidated terrorist watchlist,23 and the bill would require that the program make use of the
machine-readable data elements available on passports. The bill would require the program to run
for no fewer than 90 days, and would require DHS to report to Congress on the program within
30 days of its conclusion.

POE Resources
Manpower
A number of bills direct the Secretary to hire no less than 250 additional CBP officers at POE in
each year from FY2006 to FY2010, including S. 1916; S. 1438; H.R. 688; H.R. 3938; H.R. 4312;
H.R. 4437; H.R. 5067. H.R. 4313, S. 2368, S. 2377, S. 2454, and S.Amdt. 3192 would add 250
CBP officers each year from FY2007 to FY2011. S. 2454 and S.Amdt. 3192 would also add 250
POE inspectors each year from FY2007 to FY2011. S. 2611, S. 2612, and H.R. 3564 would add
no less than 500 POE inspectors each year authorized; S. 2611 and S. 2612 from FY2006 to
FY2011; S. 3564 from FY2007 to FY2011. S. 12 would add 200 CBP officers each year from
FY2005 to FY2008. H.R. 3333 would authorize DHS to hire 2,000 additional CBP immigration
22

SENTRI and NEXUS are programs used at land ports of entry to facilitate the speedy passage of low-risk, frequent
travelers. NEXUS is located at selected northern ports of entry while SENTRI is located at selected southwest ports of
entry. For more information on these programs, refer to CRS Report RL32840, Border and Transportation Security:
Selected Programs and Policies, by Lisa M. Seghetti, (name redacted), and (name redacted).
23
For more information about the terrorist watchlist, please refer to CRS Report RL32366, Terrorist Identification,
Screening, and Tracking Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive 6, by (name redacted).

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inspectors, above the FY2006 level, by FY2008. H.R. 4044. H.R. 2092, and S. 2049 would direct
the Secretary to hire at least 1,000 full time CBP officers each year from FY2007 to FY2011.
H.R. 2391 would require DHS to hire 1,500 additional CBP officers each year from FY2007 to
FY2011. H.R. 2092 would extend law enforcement retirement benefits to CBP officers and raise
their maximum level of pay to the GS13 level. H.R. 1320 would require DHS to double the
number of CBP personnel and would authorize the Secretary to waive any Full Time Equivalent
(FTE) employee limitations to accomplish this.

Technology
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would require DHS to deploy radiation portal monitors to
all POE and would authorize such sums as may be necessary for this purpose in FY2006 and
FY2007. H.R. 1320 would call for the installation of radiation portal monitors at all southern POE
and would authorize $49 million for this purpose. H.R. 4412 would require the Interagency
Border Inspection System (IBIS) to be integrated with all existing U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services databases.24 S. 2611, S. 2612 and S. 3564 would direct DHS to create a
POE technology demonstration program in order to test and evaluate new and existing
technologies relating to inspections, communications, port tracking, identification of persons and
cargo, sensory devices, personal detection, decision support, and the detection and identification
of weapons of mass destruction. DHS would be authorized to implement the demonstration
program at three to five POE, and the bills would set forth some selection requirements for at
least one of these POEs. DHS would be required to submit a report to Congress on the activities
carried out at these demonstration sites within one year of enactment.

Infrastructure
A number of bills include provisions that would add funding for POE infrastructure and
resources. H.R. 1320 would authorize $1 billion for a Land Border Infrastructure Improvement
Fund to carry out infrastructure and technology improvements at POE. H.R. 4313 would add 25
POE along the international land border at locations to be determined by the Secretary, and would
authorize appropriations of $125 million for this purpose. S. 2061, S. 2368, and S. 2377 would
authorize the Secretary to construct additional POE at whatever locations he deems necessary,
and would also authorize the Secretary to make necessary improvements to existing POE. S. 2394
would require DHS to make an annual report to Congress describing the status of POE
infrastructure and identifies projects to improve POE security. S. 2611, S. 2612, and S. 3564
would direct the General Services Administration to update its existing Port of Entry
Infrastructure Assessment Study. This update should identify POE infrastructure and technology
improvement projects needed to enhance security and expedite commerce and prioritize these
projects based on their ability to fulfill immediate security requirements and facilitate trade.
Additionally, the bills would direct DHS, in conjunction with other federal, state, local, and
private entities involved in international trade, to submit a National Land Border Security Plan to
24

IBIS is a broad system that interfaces with the FBI’s National Crime Information Center (NCIC), the Treasury
Department’s Enforcement and Communications System (TECS II), the former INS’s National Automated
Immigration Lookout System (NAILS) and Non-immigrant Information System (NIIS) and the Department of State’s
(DOS) Consular Consolidated Database (CCD), Consular Lookout And Support System (CLASS) and TIPOFF terrorist
databases. Because of the numerous systems and databases that interface with IBIS, the system is able to obtain such
information as whether an alien is admissible, an alien’s criminal information, and whether an alien is wanted by law
enforcement.

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Congress that would assess the vulnerability of each POE located along the land border. DHS
would also be authorized to designate one or more POE security coordinators at each POE along
the land border as part of this plan.

Miscellaneous Issues
Evasion of Inspection/Failure to Obey CBP Officers
S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, and S. 2612 include a provision that would create criminal penalties for
those aliens who attempt to elude or elude customs, immigration, or agriculture inspections at
POE, or who fail to stop at the command of a CBP officer. Offenders would be subject to a prison
term of not more than three years; not more than 10 years if they inflicted or attempted to inflict
bodily injury during their offense; and up to life in prison or the death penalty if death results
from their offense. All three bills would also make failure to obey to CBP officers’ directives at a
POE while driving a vehicle or other conveyance prima facie evidence of smuggling. Lastly, all
three bills would make failure to obey the lawful orders of CBP officers, USBP agents, and ICE
investigators subject to a fine or a prison sentence of up to five years. H.R. 6061 would require
DHS to evaluate the authority of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) personnel to stop vehicles
that enter the United States illegally and refuse to stop when ordered to do so. It would require
DHS to compare CBP’s authority to stop vehicles with the Coast Guard’s authority to stop vessels
and to assess whether CBP’s authority should be expanded. The bill would also require DHS to
review the equipment and the technology available to CBP personnel to stop vehicles in order to
assess whether better equipment is available and should be deployed, and to evaluate the training
provided to CBP personnel to stop vehicles. Lastly, the bill would require a report within 60 days
of its enactment with the results of this evaluation.

Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004 (P.L. 108-458 §7209)
changed the documentary requirements for citizens of Western Hemisphere countries. IRTPA
required all individuals for whom documentation requirements had previously been waived under
§212(d)(4)(B) of INA, including American and Canadian citizens, to provide proof of citizenship
in order to be admitted into the United States at POE by January 1, 2007. S. 2611 would authorize
DHS to develop a passport card that would allow U.S. citizens to travel to Mexico, Canada, the
Caribbean, and Bermuda and would extend the deadline for implementing the new documentary
requirements to the later of either June 1, 2009, or the date that is three months after the Secretary
of State and the Secretary of DHS certify that the process for applying and receiving passport
cards has met certain requirements outlined in the bill, that POE have been equipped with the
sufficient technologies to ensure that implementation will not impede the flow of traffic into the
United States, and that CBP officers have received the training and infrastructure needed to
properly implement the program. The bill, among other things, would require the passport card be
designed to provide a platform for all registered traveler programs, would set a maximum fee of
$34 for the card, and would require this fee to be reduced if an individual applied for a passport
card and a passport at the same time. The bill would also direct DHS to enter into a demonstration
project with at least one state to allow that state to include citizenship information on its driver’s
licenses in order to meet the IRTPA requirements. Lastly, the bill would require DHS to establish
a program that would allow U.S. citizens who do not have the IRTPA-required documentation to
cross the international border for a period of not more than 72 hours and would direct DHS to
establish a grace period for individuals unaware of the changes in documentary requirements at
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the border. H.R. 5456 would require that, within one year of its passage, no individual be
admitted to the United States without presenting appropriate documentation.

One Face at the Border
Prior to the formation of DHS, customs and immigration inspections at POE were handled by
different types of inspectors. After DHS was created, however, the Department integrated the
inspection duties through the “One Face at the Border” initiative. This means that Customs and
Border Protection (CBP) inspectors are essentially interchangeable and responsible for all
primary inspections. H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, and H.R. 5067 would require DHS to submit a report:
describing the goals, benefits, and challenges of the initiative; providing a breakdown of the
current numbers of inspectors and their pre-DHS agency; and describing the current training
given to inspectors and the steps taken to ensure the maintenance of the expertise of customs,
immigration, and agricultural inspectors. H.R. 4044 would create three “distinct inspectional
occupations: immigrations, customs, and agriculture” within CBP that would coordinate closely
with each other but that would report to separate operational chains of command. H.R. 1320 and
H.R. 1817 would require DHS to submit a report to Congress on the “One Face at the Border
Initiative.”

CBP and ICE Organizational Division
In the 109th Congress, there has been some debate concerning whether the current organizational
division between CBP and ICE is justified due to the apparent lack of coordination and
communication between the two agencies. H.R. 1817 would require the Secretary to submit a
report outlining the rationale for and the benefits of the current organizational division of CBP
and ICE.

Canine Units25
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067 and H.R. 5813 would require, subject to the availability of
appropriations, an increase of at least 25% (above the number of positions funded in the previous
fiscal year), of the number of canine detection teams in use at U.S. ports of entry for each of the
fiscal years 2007 to 2011. H.R. 4285 and H.R. 4958 would direct DHS to increase the number of
trained canine detection teams deployed at POE by not less than 25%, subject to the availability
of appropriations, each year from FY2007 to FY2011. H.R. 4285, H.R. 4958, H.R. 5813 and H.R.
5814 would require the Secretary to take the following actions: to fully coordinate and maximize
the use of DHS’ canine training facilities and resources; to consider ways to utilize the canine
teams trained by other public and private entities; to prioritize the use of domestically bred
canines; to consult with other Federal agencies to encourage the domestic breeding of canines; to
consolidate procurement and reduce the cost of purchasing canines; and to require DHS to submit
a report to Congress within 120 days of enactment. H.R. 4958, H.R. 5813, and H.R. 5814 would
establish and authorize funding for a competitive grant program for domestic breeders of canines
best suited for detection training purposes for FY2007 through FY2011. These four bills would
also establish a Homeland Security Canine Detection Accreditation Board to implement a
voluntary accreditation process and require that canine detection teams acquired with DHS grant
funds be certified through this accreditation process. H.R. 1320 would authorize necessary
25

This section was prepared by CRS Analyst (name redacted).

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appropriations to increase the number of CBP canine units by 20% above the level in place at the
end of FY2004. H.R. 1320 would also require the proportionate distribution of the new units to
both the northern and southern borders, and would require that the new units be used only for
bomb, passenger and currency detection purposes.

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Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Appendix A. Immigration Related Border Security
Legislation
Bill
Number

Sponsor

Title

Last
Action

H.R. 98

Dreier

Illegal Immigration Enforcement and Social Security Protection Act
of 2005

IH

H.R. 193

Linda Sanchez

To amend the INA to provide for compensation to States
incarcerating undocumented aliens charged with a felony or two or
more misdemeanors.

IH

H.R. 255

Jackson Lee

Commercial Alien Smuggling Elimination Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 418

Sensenbrenner

REAL ID Act

RFS

H.R. 688

Barrett

Securing America’s Future through Enforcement Reform Act of
2005

IH

H.R. 780

Ruppersberger

To amend Section 5202 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004 to provide for assured funding for more
Border Patrol agents.

IH

H.R. 1196

Ortiz

To improve the security clearance process along the United StatesMexico border, to increase the number of detention beds, and for
other purposes.

IH

H.R. 1268

Lewis

Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the
Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005

P.L. 109-13

H.R. 1320

Reyes

Secure Borders Act

IH

H.R. 1502

Berman

Civil Liberties Restoration Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 1805

Slaughter

To establish the position of northern border coordinator in DHS

IH

H.R. 1815

Hunter

National Defense Authorization Act for FY2006

P.L. 109-163

H.R. 1817

Cox

Department of Homeland Security Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2006

RFS

H.R. 1912

Graves

Emergency Immigration Workload Reduction and Homeland
Security Enhancement Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 1986

Goode

To amend Title 10, USC, to authorize the secretary of defense to
assign members of the army, navy, air force, and marine corps,
under certain circumstances and subject to certain conditions, to
assist DHS in the performance of border protection functions

IH

H.R. 2092

Jackson-Lee

Save America Comprehensive Immigration Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 2330

Kolbe

Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act

IH

H.R. 3137

Norwood

CLEAR Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 3333

Tancredo

REAL GUEST Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 3622

Culberson

Border Protection Corps Act

IH

H.R. 3693

Price

Secure the Outside Perimeter (STOP) Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 3704

Drake

Protecting America Together Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 3938

Hayworth

Enforcement First Immigration Reform Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4009

Thompson

Department of Homeland Security Reform Act of 2005

IH

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Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Bill
Number

Sponsor

Last
Action

Title

H.R. 4083

Goode

Border Security Improvement Act

IH

H.R. 4099

McCaul

Homeland Security Volunteerism Enhancement Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4238

McCaul

Border Security Enforcement and Detention Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4240

Hostetler

Secure America Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4283

Rogers

Review to Ensure High Quality Cost-Effective Training for Border
Patrol Agents Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4284

Rogers

Secure Border Initiative Accountability Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4285

Rogers

Detection Canine Augmentation Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4312

King

Border Security and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2005

RH

H.R. 4313

Hunter

TRUE Enforcement and Border Security Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4412

McHenry

Comprehensive Immigration Data And Technology Accountability
Act of 2005

IH

H.R. 4437

Sensenbrenner

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to strengthen
enforcement of the immigration laws, to enhance border security,
and for other purposes

IH

H.R. 4830

Dreier

Border Tunnel Prevention Act of 2006

IH

H.R. 4871

Pallone

Tribal Government Homeland Security Coordination and
Integration Act

IH

H.R. 4958

Rogers

Canine Detection Team Augmentation and Certification Act of
2006

IH

H.R. 5017

Shays

To ensure the implementation of the recommendations of the
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.

IH

H.R. 5067

Pearce

Border Security and Terrorism Prevention Act

IH

H.R. 5122

Hunter

Department of Defense FY2007 Authorization Bill

PH, PS

H.R. 5456

Burton

Illegal Immigration Crisis Response Act, 2006

IH

H.R. 5631

Young

Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2007

PH

H.R. 5813

Rogers

Department of Homeland Security Management and Operations
Improvement Act of 2006

IH

H.R. 5814

King

Department of Homeland Security Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2007

IH

H.R. 6061

King

Secure Fence Act of 2006

PH

H.R. 6091

Sensenbrenner

Border Security Enhancement Act of 2006

IH

S. 12

Biden

Targeting Terrorists More Effectively Act of 2005

IS

S. 1033

McCain

Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act

IS

S. 1362

Sessions

Homeland Security Enhancement Act of 2005

IS

S. 1374

McCain

A bill to amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to provide for a
border preparedness pilot program on Indian land

IS

S. 1438

Cornyn

Comprehensive Enforcement and Immigration Reform Act of 2005

IS

S. 1823

Hutchison

Illegal Immigration Enforcement and Empowerment Act

IS

S. 1875

Bingaman

Border Law Enforcement Relief Act of 2005

IS

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Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Bill
Number

Sponsor

Last
Action

Title

S. 1916

Hagel

Strengthening America’s Security Act of 2005

IS

S. 2049

Domeneci

Border Security and Modernization Act of 2005

IS

S. 2061

Nelson

Border Security and Interior Enforcement Improvement Act of
2005

IS

S. 2117

Inhofe

ENFORCE Act

IS

S. 2368

Nelson

Border Security and Interior Enforcement Improvement Act of
2006

IS

S. 2377

Nelson

Border Security and Interior Enforcement Improvement Act of
2006

IS

S. 2391

Nelson

Borders Act of 2006

IS

S. 2394

Isakson

Border Security Act of 2006

IS

S. 2454

Frist

Securing America’s Borders Act

IS

S.Amdt. 3192

Specter

To amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to provide for
comprehensive reform and to provide conditional nonimmigrant
authorization for employment to undocumented aliens, and for
other purposes.

POC

S. 2611

Specter

Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006

PS

S. 2612

Hagel

Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006

IS

S. 2766

Warner

John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2007

PS

S.Amdt. 4788

Kyl

To provide $1,829,000,000 for the Army National Guard for the
consideration of 370 miles of triple-layered fending, and 500 miles
of vehicle barriers along the southwest border.

PS

S. 3564

Santorum

Border Security First Act of 2006

IS

Note: IH means introduced in House; IS means introduced in Senate; RH means reported in the House; RFS
means referred to Senate Committee from House; PH means Passed House; PS means Passed Senate; POC
means placed on the calendar.

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Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Appendix B. Immigration Related Border Security
Legislation, by Issue Area
Issue Area

Bills

Between Ports of Entry
—Border Security Strategy

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S.
2612, S. 3564

—Border Fencing and Other Barriers

P.L. 109-13, H.R. 418, H.R. 1268, H.R. 4083, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4313, H.R.
4437, H.R. 5067, H.R. 5456, H.R. 5631, H.R. 6061, S. 1916, S. 2049, S.
2061, S. 2117, S. 2368, S. 2377, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612,
S. 3564, S.Amdt. 4788

—Military Assistance at the Border

H.R. 688, H.R. 1815, H.Amdt. 206, H.R. 1986, H.R. 3938, H.R. 4240,
H.R. 4312, H.R. 4313, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, H.R. 5122, H.Amdt. 814, S.
2049, S. 2061, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 2766, S. 3564

—Civilian Patrols at the Border

H.R. 3622, H.R. 3704, H.R. 4099, H.R. 5067, S. 1823, S. 2049, S. 2117

—Border Resources: Manpower

H.R. 1817, H.R. 3938, H.R. 4044, H.R. 4099, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4313, H.R.
4437, H.R. 5067, H.R. 5456, H.R. 5814, S. 1438, S. 1916, S. 2061, S.
2368, S. 2377, S. 2391, S. 2394, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612,
S. 3564

—Border Resources: Surveillance

H.R. 1320, H.R. 2330, H.R. 3938, H.R. 4284, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4438, H.R.
5067, H.R. 5456, H.R. 6061, S. 1033, S. 1438, S. 1916, S. 2049, S. 2368, S.
2377, S. 2391, S. 2394, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Border Resources: Infrastructure

H.R. 3938, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, H.R. 6061, S. 1438, S. 1916,
S. 2049, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Border Resources: Other Resources

H.R. 3938, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 1438, S. 1916, S. 2049, S.
2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, and S. 3564

—Expedited Removal Expansion

H.R. 3938, H.R. 4240, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 1438, S. 1916,
S. 2049. S. 2377, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 3564

—Mandatory Detention

H.R. 4238, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2377, S. 2454, S.Amdt.
3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Border Tunnels

S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564, H.R. 4830, H.R. 6091

—Coordination with Tribal Governments

H.R. 1320, H.R. 3938, H.R. 4009, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 4871, H.R.
5067, S. 1438, S. 2454, S. 2611, S. 2612

—Shadow Wolves Transfer

H.R. 1320, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, H.R. 5813

—Using Homeland Security Grants for
Border Security

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

—Border Grant Program

S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Injured Alien Data Collection

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Border Security Advisory Committee
and Center of Excellence

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

—Border Security Threat Assessment and
Exercise

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

—Border Security Coordination and
Management

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

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Immigration Related Border Security Legislation in the 109th Congress

Issue Area

Bills

—Air and Marine Operations
Organization

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

—National Capital Region Airspace

H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

—Improving Homeland Security
Information Exchange

S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Border Security on Federal Land

S. 2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

At Ports of Entry
—Biometric Entry Exit Program

H.R. 1320, H.R. 2033, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4313, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5017, H.R.
5067, S. 1033, S. 1438, S. 1916, S. 2049, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611,
S. 2612, S. 3564

—Other POE databases

H.R. 1320

—POE Resources: Manpower

H.R. 688, H.R. 2092, H.R. 3938, H.R. 4044, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R.
5067, S. 1438, S. 1916, S. 2049, S. 2092, S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612,
S. 3564

—POE Resources: Technology

H.R. 1320, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4412, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067, S. 2611, S. 2612,
S. 3564

—POE Resources: Infrastructure

H.R. 1320, H.R. 4313, H.R. 5067, S. 2061, S. 2454, S.Amdt. 3192, S.
2611, S. 2612, S. 3564

—Evasion of Inspection/Failure to Obey
CBP Officers

S.Amdt. 3192, S. 2611, S. 2612

—One Face at the Border

H.R. 1320, H.R. 1817, H.R. 4044, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 5067

—Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative

S. 2611

—CBP/ICE Organizational Division

H.R. 1817

—Canine Units

H.R. 1320, H.R. 4285, H.R. 4312, H.R. 4437, H.R. 4958, H.R. 5067, H.R.
5813

Author Contact Information
(name redacted)
Analyst in Domestic Security
/redacted/@crs.loc.gov, 7-....

Congressional Research Service

(name redacted)
Information Research Specialist
/redacted/@crs.loc.gov, 7-....

25

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3ARL33181. Public record. Not legal advice.