# Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002

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## Record

- **Collection:** Congressional research report
- **Document type:** CRS Report
- **Published:** May 20, 2003
- **Citation:** RL31927

## Text

Order Code RL31927

CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002

May 20, 2003

(name redacted)
Technical Information Specialist
Resources, Science, and Industry Division

Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
Summary
Over the 11-year period from FY1992 to FY2002, more than 50 types of
agricultural commodities have been donated to more than 100 countries through U.S.
food aid programs. The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, the Food for Progress Act of 1985, and the Agricultural Act of 1949
established three main U.S. food aid programs: Public Law 480 (P.L. 480), Food for
Progress (FFP), and Section 416(b) to meet humanitarian needs, alleviate
malnutrition, and establish a market presence in recipient countries. Three other food
aid programs are the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, the McGovern-Dole
International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program (IFEP), and the John
Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program.
P.L. 480, also known as the Food for Peace Program, provides U.S. agricultural
commodities to countries with differing economic development levels. Food For
Progress provides commodities to developing countries that are emerging
democracies and that have made commitments to introduce or expand free enterprise
in their agricultural economies. Section 416(b) provides donations to developing
countries of surplus agricultural commodities acquired by the Commodity Credit
Corporation (CCC) through price support programs. The Bill Emerson Humanitarian
Trust is a commodity reserve used to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in
developing countries. The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and
Child Nutrition Program (IFEP) provides food to improve nutrition for mothers,
infants, preschoolers, and schoolchildren in developing countries. The John
Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program finances the transfer of technical skills of the
U.S. agricultural community to farmers in participating countries.
This report provides tables and graphs on the composition of U.S. food aid.
Data is restricted to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data that
includes commodity tonnage and value. The data does not include ocean freight,
internal handling, shipping, transportation, and administration expenses.
Among other things, this report indicates that funding for food aid varies from
year to year; that more food aid has been provided under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b)
than under Food for Progress; that most food aid provided under P.L. 480 is
distributed through Title II; that the food aid commodity composition now includes
more high-value and blended products donated through Title II feeding programs;
and that the United States is a major food aid contributor. This report will be updated
as circumstances warrant.

Contents
Food Aid Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Food Aid by Program, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Commodities Provided by Programs, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Regions Receiving Commodities, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Food Aid as a Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Exports to
Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Food Aid by Donor Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of Figures
Figure 1. U.S. Food Aid by Program, Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . 3
Figure 2. P.L. 480 Food Aid Programs by Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002 . 3
Figure 3. Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992 and FY2002 . . 5
Figure 4. Volume of Food Aid Received by Region, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 5. Emergency and Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 6. U.S. Food Aid Exports as a Percent of U.S. Agricultural Exports
to Developing Countries, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 7. Major Donor Contributions of Food Aid by Volume,
Marketing Years 1995-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of Tables
Table 1. Food Aid Programs, Value and Commodity Volume by Program,
FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 2. Non-Emergency and Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 3. Food Aid and U.S. Agricultural Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Appendix A: U.S. Food Aid by Value, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix B: U.S. Food Aid by Volume, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Appendix C: Food Aid Commodity Mix, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Appendix D: Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992-FY2002 . 13
Appendix E: Countries That Received Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002 . . . . . . . . . . 14
Appendix F: Food Aid Donations to Regions by Volume, FY1992-FY2002 . . . 16

Trends in U.S. Foreign Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
Food Aid Programs
The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, the Food for
Progress Act of 1985, and the Agricultural Act of 1949 established three main U.S.
food aid programs to meet humanitarian needs, alleviate malnutrition, and to
establish a market presence in recipient countries. The three main food aid programs
that provide commodities are Public Law 480 (P.L. 480); Food for Progress (FFP);
and Section 416(b). There are three other programs also used to provide food aid and
agricultural technical assistance. These are the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust, the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program
(IFEP), and the John Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program.
P.L. 480, also known as the Food for Peace Program, provides U.S. agricultural
commodities to countries with differing economic development levels. It is
authorized by the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 and
consists of three titles: Title I, Title II, and Title III. Title I uses long term credit
agreements to facilitate government to government purchases of agricultural
commodities by developing countries with the potential to become commercial
markets. It is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
Titles II and III are administered by the Agency for International Development
(USAID). Title II allows the U.S. government to donate agricultural commodities
to foreign countries to meet humanitarian needs arising from emergencies or for use
in development projects. Title II also is used to donate agricultural commodities to
the United Nations (UN) World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental
organization that provides for humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title II
humanitarian programs are operated by private voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries and their
agencies, and other organizations. Title III provides government to government
grants to support long term economic development in least developed countries.
Food For Progress provides commodities to developing countries that are
emerging democracies and that have made commitments to introduce or expand free
enterprise in their agricultural economies. It is authorized by the Food for Progress
Act of 1985. Commodities for the FFP are financed by Title I appropriations or
through Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) purchases or, if available, CCC
inventories may be used.
Section 416(b) of the Agriculture Act of 1949, as amended, provides donations
of surplus agricultural commodities acquired by the CCC from price support
programs to food aid programs. It is administered by USDA and operates much like
Title II. It can be used for emergency and non-emergency food aid and the

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commodities are provided to the ultimate beneficiaries via private voluntary
organizations, cooperatives, and the World Food Program. In marketing years 20002002, section 416(b) commodities were used for the Global Food for Education
Initiative (GFEI). GFEI was replaced by the IFEP in the 2002 farm bill (see below).
The Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust is primarily a commodity reserve used
to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in developing countries. It is authorized
under the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act of 1998. Four million metric tons
of grains can be held in the trust in any combination of wheat, rice, corn, or sorghum.
Funds from P.L. 480 can be used to purchase grain to replace supplies released from
the reserve, but the purchases are limited to $20 million per fiscal year. The Bill
Emerson Humanitarian Trust is also authorized to hold money as well as
commodities in the reserve, but no funds have been held.
The McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition
Program (IFEP), authorized by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of
2002, encourages education and provides food to improve nutrition for mothers,
infants, preschoolers, and school children in developing countries. It is administered
by USDA and carried out by private voluntary organizations, cooperatives,
intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries and their
agencies, and other organizations.
The John Ogonowski Farmer-to-Farmer Program does not provide any
commodities but receives 0.4% of P.L. 480 appropriations to improve global food
production and marketing by transferring technical skills of the U.S. agricultural
community to farmers in participating countries. It is authorized under Title V of
P.L. 480, administered by USAID, and operated by private voluntary organizations,
cooperatives, intergovernmental organizations, governments of developing countries
and their agencies, and other organizations. The program was renamed to honor John
Ogonowski, who participated in the program, and was one of the pilots who was
killed on September 11, 2001.

Food Aid by Program, FY1992-FY2002
As shown in Figure 1, levels of funding for U.S. food aid have varied from year
to year. Funding peaked in FY1999 at $2.7 billion and was $1.1 billion in FY2002.
Food for Progress was $86 million, Section 416(b) was $410 million, and P.L. 480
was $595 million in FY2002. In FY1992, P.L. 480 accounted for 72% of total food
aid and in FY2002 it accounted for 55% of total food aid. Although Section 416(b)
was not funded from FY1995 to FY1997, funding for it has increased overall
between FY1992 and FY2002. In FY1999, Section 416(b) peaked at $1.1 billion due
to a Food Aid Initiative announced by President Clinton in 1998. The Initiative
authorized increased wheat and wheat product donations. Under the Initiative, the
CCC purchased over 5 million metric tons of soybeans, wheat, and wheat products
which were donated through the Section 416(b) program in FY1999. Much of the
food was made available to the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and
Child Nutrition Program (IFEP). (See also Table 1, for food aid data by value and
volume from FY1992-FY2002.)

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Figure 1. U.S. Food Aid by Program,
Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002
3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0
1992

1993

1994

1995

P.L. 480

1996

1997

1998

1999

Section 416 (b)

2000

2001

2002

Food for Progress

Source: USDA.

Figure 2. P.L. 480 Food Aid Programs by
Commodity Value, FY1992-FY2002
1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0
1992

1993

1994

Title I
Title II includes Title II/WFP for 1992.

1995

1996

Title II

1997

1998

1999

Title II/WFP

2000

2001

2002

Title III

Source: USDA.

The $595 million of P.L. 480 in FY2002 included Title I at $102 million, Title
II at $280 million, and TitleII/WFP at $213 million. Title III has not been funded
since FY2000. As shown in Figure 2, Title II is the largest of the three P.L. 480
programs. Title II commodities allocated to the WFP have been increasing in recent
years. In FY1992, Title I was $374 million, three times the amount it was in
FY2002. The level of Title I spending in FY1999 was due to augmenting P.L. 480
appropriations with $700 million of CCC funds to provide food aid to Russia.

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Table 1. Food Aid Programs, Value and Commodity Volumea by Program, FY1992-FY2002
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

P.L. 480: Title I
Dollars in Millions

374

333

218

172

219

153

164

687

157

105

102

Million Metric Tons

2.27

2.11

1.16

0.80

0.79

0.77

1.02

3.43

1.03

0.75

5.04

P.L. 480: Title II
Dollars in Millions

482

509

578

458

504

413

475

581

471

439

493

Million Metric Tons

1.92

2.00

2.09

2.05

1.62

1.64

1.93

2.73

2.12

2.13

2.24

P.L. 480: Title III
Dollars in Millions

240

232

175

83

39

28

21

19

0

0

0

Million Metric Tons

1.57

1.29

1.02

0.46

0.15

0.15

0.14

0.15

0.00

0.00

0.00

Total P.L. 480 Programs
Dollars in Millions

1,096

1,074

971

712

762

594

660

1,287

627

544

595

Million Metric Tons

5.76

5.39

4.27

3.32

2.56

2.56

3.09

6.32

3.15

2.89

2.74

Food For Peace (FFP)
Dollars in Millions

127

922

113

173

108

79

86

307

151

107

86

Million Metric Tons

0.47

5.79

0.48

0.64

0.37

0.29

0.45

0.42

0.41

0.44

0.29

Section 416(b)
Dollars in Millions

308

365

90

7

0

0

41

1,105

632

630

410

Million Metric Tons

1.61

1.82

0.18

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

6.15

3.15

3.04

1.64

Total, Food Aid Programs

a

Dollars in Millions

1,531

2,361

1,175

892

870

673

787

2,698

1,410

1,281

1,091

Million Metric Tons

7.84

13.01

4.93

3.96

2.93

2.84

3.53

12.88

6.70

6.36

4.67

Commodity Volume is Grain Equivalent Million Metric Tons.

Source: USDA.

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Commodities Provided by Programs, FY1992-FY2002
Over 50 types of commodities including grains, oilseeds, dairy products, fruits
and vegetables, and blended foods have been provided through the U.S. food aid
programs from FY1992 to FY2002 (See Appendix C for a list of commodities
provided under the food aid programs). Commodity composition varies due to
country needs and commodity availability.
Figure 3. Food Aid Commodity Categories by
Volume, FY1992 and FY2002

FY2002

FY1992

Rice
5.2%

Corn & Sorghum
35.8%

Rice
8.0%
Wheat
43.6%

Nonfat Dry Milk
0.5%
Wheat
39.6%

Other
15.1%
Vegetable Oil
3.9%

Vegetable Oil
7.9%

Corn & Sorghum
11.7%
Nonfat Dry Milk
1.1%

Other
27.7%

Other includes: Beans, Buckwheat, Bulgur, Butter, Corn Soy Blend, Corn Soy Masa Flour, Corn Soya Milk, Cornmeal, Cotton,
Dehydrated Potatoes, Dehydrated Vegetables, Evaporated Milk, Infant Formula, Lentils, Peas, S.F. Bulgur, S.F. Cornmeal, S.F.
Sorghum Grits, Soy Fortified Bulgur, Soybean Meal, Soybeans, Tallow, Textured Soy Protein, Wheat Flour, Wheat Soy Blends.
Source: USDA.

As shown in Figure 3, the leading food aid category in FY1992 and FY2002 is
wheat. Corn and sorghum decreased from 36% of the total in FY1992 to 12% in
FY2002. Rice has increased from 5% of the total in FY1992 to 8% in FY2002.
Vegetable oil has doubled from FY1992 to FY2002. The "other" category has
increased from 15% of the total in FY1992 to 28% in FY2002. Since the "other"
category contains blended and fortified products, percentage changes might be due
to the increase in Title II appropriations and the need for high value products (HVP)
or blended foods in Title II feeding programs. (See Appendix D for data on the food
aid categories by volume from FY1992-FY2002).

Regions Receiving Commodities, FY1992-FY2002
Food aid has been donated to over 100 countries from FY1992 to FY2002.
Each year the list of countries receiving food aid changes based on need and whether
or not a country cannot afford to purchase food. As shown in Figure 4, USDA
organizes countries that receive food aid into six regions: Africa; Asia and the
Middle East; Europe; Latin America and the Carribean; Near East; and the New
Independent States. (See Appendix E for a list of countries under each region that
received food through the food aid programs.) In FY1992, Africa received 38% of
all food aid by volume, Latin America and the Carribean received 20%, and Asia

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received 18% of total food aid by volume. In FY2002, Asia received 42% of all food
aid by volume, Africa received 27%, and Latin America and the Carribean received
13% of total food aid by volume.
Figure 4. Volume of Food Aid Received by Region,
FY1992-FY2002

FY1992
New Independent States
14.2%

FY2002
Near/Middle East
9.6%

Near/Middle East
9.4%
New Independent States
7.7%
Latin America/Carribean
13.4%

Latin America/Carribean
19.5%
Africa
34.0%
Africa
37.6%

Europe
1.5%

Asia
17.5%

Asia
33.4%
Europe
2.1%

Source: USDA.

Africa's share of food aid in FY1992 and FY2002 reflects its demand for food
for development and emergencies. The increase in food aid to Asia from FY1992 to
FY2002 reflects increased donations to Afghanistan and North Korea. The volume
of food aid to Latin America and the Carribean countries decreased from 20% of the
total in FY1992 to 13% in FY2002. The proportion of food aid to the New
Independent States decreased by almost half from FY1992 to FY2002. Food aid to
Europe in FY1992 reflects Title I sales to Central and Eastern European Countries
(CEEC) that were Soviet satellite countries to assist their transition to independence
from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). While food aid to the Near East has not
changed much between FY1992 and FY2002, it may increase in the future due to
increased food aid needs in Iraq. (See Appendix F for the volume of food aid
received by each region from FY1992 to FY2002.)

Emergency vs. Non-Emergency Food Aid, FY1992-FY2002
Title II provides both emergency and non-emergency food aid, and Section
416(b) is used similarly to Title II. The P.L. 480 statute requires that 1.87 million
metric tons be allocated for non-emergency food aid unless waived by the President
of the United States. As shown in Figure 5 and Table 2, non-emergency food aid
peaked in FY2001 and emergency food aid peaked in FY1995. In FY2002, nonemergency food aid donations were 1.2 million metric tons and emergency food aid
donations were 1.0 million metric tons.

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Figure 5. Emergency and Non-Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1992

1993

1994

1995

Emergency

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Non-Emergency

Source: USDA.

Table 2. Non-Emergency and Emergency Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Year

Source: USAID.

Non-Emergency

Emergency

Total

1992

1,243

754

1,997

1993

1,193

804

1,997

1994

1,111

981

2,092

1995

1,019

1,079

2,098

1996

852

843

1,695

1997

884

781

1,665

1998

991

921

1,912

1999

1,140

792

1,932

2000

1,154

956

2,110

2001

1,300

728

2,028

2002

1,203

1,015

2,218

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Food Aid as a Percentage of U.S. Agricultural Exports
to Developing Countries
As shown in Figure 6, U.S. food aid exports as a percent of U.S. agricultural
exports by value to developing countries peaked in FY1993 and FY1999 at 20% and
18% respectively. In FY2002, U.S. food aid exports accounted for 6% of total U.S.
exports to developing countries. This is a one percent decrease from FY2001 when
food aid exports accounted for 7% of U.S. agricultural exports to developing
countries. U.S. agricultural exports to developing countries were $18 billion in
FY2002. (See Table 3 for additional information on U.S. exports by category.)
Figure 6. U.S. Food Aid Exports as a Percent
of U.S. Agricultural Exports to Developing
Countries, FY1992-FY2002
20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Source: USDA.

Table 3. Food Aid and U.S. Agricultural Exports
($ million)
Year

Total
U.S. Agricultural
Food Aid as
Food Aid Agricultural
Exports to
% of Total
Exports
Developing Countries

Food Aid as % of U.S.
Agricultural Exports to
Developing Countries

1992

1,531

42,651

3.20%

12,263

12.48%

1993

2,361

42,887

3.19%

11,963

19.74%

1994

1,175

43,967

2.39%

12,256

9.59%

1995

892

54,729

1.51%

15,839

5.63%

1996

870

59,867

1.33%

17,987

4.84%

1997

673

57,338

1.10%

16,764

4.01%

1998

787

53,711

1.39%

17,100

4.60%

1999

2,463

49,148

3.82%

14,950

16.47%

2000

1,280

50,798

2.24%

16,158

7.92%

2001

1,281

52,699

2.21%

17,877

7.17%

2002
1,091
Source: USDA.

53,294

1.99%

18,006

6.06%

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Food Aid by Donor Country
As shown in Figure 7, the United States contributed 55% of all food aid by
volume in marketing years 1995 through 2001. The European Union (EU)
contributed 28% and Japan and Canada each contributed 6% of the volume of food
aid donations.
Figure 7. Major Donor Contributions of Food Aid
by Volume, Marketing Years 1995-2001
USA
55.4%

Argentina
0.1%
Australia
3.7%

Canada
5.6%

Switzerland
0.7%
Japan
5.7%

Norway
0.6%

EU
28.2%
Source: International Grains Council Food Aid Committee, Food Aid Shipments 2001.

This data for marketing year July/June does not correspond to fiscal year food
aid data reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in budget documents or by
the U.S. Agency for International Development in annual food aid reports. The
source of the data is the annual report Food Aid Shipments, prepared by the Food Aid
Committee of the International Grains Council, which administers the Food Aid
Convention. For more information, see CRS Report RS21279, International Food
Aid: U.S. and Other Donor Contributions.

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Appendix A: U.S. Food Aid by Value, FY1992-FY2002
($ million)
P.L. 480a

Section 416(b)b

Food for Progressc
Total

Year

Title I

Title II

Title II/WFP

Title III

Total

Regular

WFP

Regular
GFE

WFP GFE

Total

Title I

Section
416

CCC
Purchases

Total

1992

374

482

0

240

1,096

216

93

0

0

308

77

10

40

127

1,531

1993

333

382

127

232

1,074

283

82

0

0

365

597

325

0

922

2,361

1994

218

475

103

175

971

74

17

0

0

90

62

0

52

113

1,175

1995

172

375

83

83

712

4

3

0

0

7

67

0

106

173

892

1996

219

411

93

39

762

0

0

0

0

0

48

0

60

108

870

1997

153

339

74

28

594

0

0

0

0

0

15

0

64

79

673

1998

164

311

164

21

660

0

0

0

41

41

2

0

84

86

787

1999

687

467

114

19

1,287

0

626

243

236

1,105

236

0

71

307

2,463

2000

157

333

137

0

627

469

163

0

0

632

83

0

68

151

1,280

2001

105

305

134

0

544

286

232

70

41

630

51

0

56

107

1,281

2002

102

280

213

0

595

240

116

44

10

410

0

0

86

86

1,091

a

Title I provides government to government sales of agricultural commodities to developing countries using long-term credit. Title II provides
U.S. agricultural commodity donations to foreign countries for humanitarian needs. Title II/World Food Program provides U.S. agricultural
commodity donations to the World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental organization in the United Nations that provides for
humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title III provides government to government grants to support long-term economic development
in least developed countries.
b
All donations under 416(b) are surplus agricultural commodities acquired through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) from price support
programs. Regular donations are given to food aid organizations and WFP donations are given to the World Food Program. The Global Food
for Education Initiative (GFE) provided food for pre-school and school feeding and nutrition programs in developing countries. Regular GFE
operated through food aid organizations and the WFP GFE operated through the World Food Program. GFE has been replaced by the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program.
c
Title I is the same as Title I under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b) is the same as Section 416(b) in the above footnote. CCC Purchases are agricultural
commodities the United States purchases through the CCC to donate to developing countries.
Source: USDA.

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Appendix B: U.S. Food Aid by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Public Law 480

Section 416(b)

Food for Progress

Total

Year

a

Title I

Title II

Title
II/WFP

Title III

Regular

WFP

Regular
GFE

WFP
GFE

1992

2,268.9

1,922.0

0.0

1,566.2

843.4

768.5

0.0

0.0

1993

2,105.6

1,417.5

578.9

1,292.4

1,176.0

643.8

0.0

1994

1,159.8

1,617.3

474.9

1,021.6

49.4

131.1

1995

803.8

1,635.0

417.5

463.0

1.8

1996

789.8

1,283.2

338.6

146.5

1997

767.8

1,299.1

339.3

1998

1,015.8

1,192.4

1999

3,435.0

2000

Title I

Section
416

CCC
Purchases

379.9

6.0

81.9

7,836.9

0.0

4,048.9

0.0

1,742.9

13,006.0

0.0

0.0

389.8

0.0

87.5

4,931.3

1.6

0.0

0.0

379.2

0.0

262.0

3,963.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

227.5

0.0

145.4

2,930.9

150.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

106.0

0.0

179.1

2,841.8

737.7

139.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

250.8

0.8

197.7

3,535.0

2,364.3

365.7

152.0

4,556.2

1,592.1

0.0

0.0

252.0

0.0

164.1

12,881.4

1,028.6

1,480.2

638.0

0.0

2,086.1

1,059.0

0.0

0.0

267.6

0.0

145.5

6,704.9

2001

753.2

1,515.8

618.3

0.0

1,136.4

1,415.6

299.5

187.6

310.5

0.0

125.7

6,362.6

2002

504.2

1,246.4

991.9

0.0

758.2

610.0

222.6

51.3

0.0

285.4

0.0

44,669.8

Title I provides government to government sales of agricultural commodities to developing countries using long-term credit. Title II provides
U.S. agricultural commodity donations to foreign countries for humanitarian needs. Title II/World Food Program provides U.S. agricultural
commodity donations to the World Food Program (WFP), an intergovernmental organization in the United Nations that provides for
humanitarian needs in foreign countries. Title III provides government to government grants to support long-term economic development
in least developed countries.
b
All donations under 416(b) are surplus agricultural commodities acquired through the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) from price support
programs. Regular donations are given to food aid organizations and WFP donations are given to the World Food Program. The Global Food
for Education Initiative (GFE) provided food for pre-school and school feeding and nutrition programs in developing countries. Regular GFE
operated through food aid organizations and the WFP GFE operated through the World Food Program. GFE has been replaced by the
McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program.
c
Title I is the same as Title I under P.L. 480 and Section 416(b) is the same as Section 416(b) in the above footnote. CCC Purchases are agricultural
commodities the United States purchases through the CCC to donate to developing countries.
Source: USDA.

CRS-12

Appendix C: Food Aid Commodity Mix, FY1992-FY2002a

a

Apples

Farina

Sugar

Baby Cereal

Feed Wheat

Sunflowerseed Oil

Baby Food

High Energy Biscuits

Tallow

Barley

Infant Formula

Textured Soy Protein

Beans

Lentils

Vegetable Oil

Beans, Black

Non Fat Dry Milk

Veggie Burger

Beans, Great Northern

Nutrition Powdered Beverage

Wheat

Beans, Kidney

Peanut Butter

Wheat Flour

Beans, Navy

Peanuts

Wheat Seed

Beans, Pinto

Peas

Wheat Soy Blend

Beans, Red

Peas, Green

Wheat Soy Milk

Beef

Peas, Yellow

Whole Dry Milk

Buckwheat

Planting Seeds

Bulgur

Pork

Butter

Poultry

Butteroil

Rice

Chicken

Rice Soy Blend

Corn

S. F. Bulgur

Corn Gluten Meal

S. F. Cornmeal

Corn Soy Masa Flour

S. F. Flour

Corn Soy Milk

S. F. Sorghum Grits

Corn Soya Blend

Salmon, Canned

Cornmeal

Seeds

Cotton

Sorghum

Dehydrated Potatoes

Soy Fortified Bulgur

Dehydrated Vegetables

Soy Protein Concentrate

Egg Powder

Soybean Meal

Evaporated Milk

Soybeans

These commodities were donated through the Food Aid Program during FY1992-FY2002;
however, not all commodities were donated each year.

Source: USDA.

CRS-13

Appendix D: Food Aid Commodity Categories by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Commodity

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Corn & Sorghum 2,803.7

5,220.8

752.9

832.8

238.9

312.7

424.4

1,118.6

919.3

892.7

334.8

Nonfat Dry Milk

38.6

0.0

1.6

3.4

0.0

0.5

0.8

53.7

37.0

23.4

57.1

Rice

404.1

599.3

321.3

151.1

212.0

218.2

195.2

584.6

401.5

242.4

380.4

Vegetable Oil

303.8

378.7

168.4

179.4

183.7

184.2

211.5

309.4

315.4

483.9

373.8

Wheat

3,106.0

3,822.4

2,177.4

1,440.9

1,043.7

1,329.0

1,727.1

5,333.5

3,333.4

3,109.4

2,061.3

Other

1,180.7

2,984.7

1,509.8

1,319.1

1,169.4

797.1

975.9

2,183.2

1,627.5

1,610.9

1,274.5

Source: USDA.

CRS-14

Appendix E: Countries That Received Food Aid,
FY1992-FY2002a
Africa
Algeria

Congo

Guinea Bissau

Niger

Tanzania

Angola

Congo, Democratic
Rep.

Kenya

Nigeria

Togo

Benin

Cote d'Ivoire

Lesotho

Rwanda

Tunisia

Botswana

Djibouti

Liberia

Sahel Region

Uganda

Burkina Faso

Equatorial Guinea

Madagascar

Sao Tome

West Africa Region

Burundi

Eritrea

Malawi

Senegal

Zaire

Cameroon

Ethiopia

Mali

Sierra Leone

Zambia

Cape Verde Islands

Gambia

Mauritania

Somalia

Zimbabwe

Central African Republic

Ghana

Mauritius

South Africa

Chad

Great Lakes Region

Mozambique

Sudan

Comoro Islands

Guinea

Nambia

Swaziland

Asia and the Middle East
Afghanistan

East Timor

Korea, North

Nepal

Vietnam

Bangladesh

Gaza Strip

Laos

Pakistan

Yemen

Bhutan

India

Lebanon

Philippines

Cambodia

Indonesia

Mongolia

Sri Lanka

China

Iraq

Morocco

Syria

Europe
Albania

Croatia

FYROM
(Macedonia)

Romania

Balkan States

Ex-Yugoslavia

Macedonia

S. Balkans/Kosovo

Bosnia-Hercegovena

F.Y.R. of Macedonia Montenegro

Serbia

Bulgaria

Federal Rep of
Yugoslavia

Slovenia

Poland

Latin America and the Carribean
Bolivia

Costa Rica

Guatemala

Jamaica

Paraguay

Brazil

Dominican Republic

Guyana

Mexico

Peru

Central American Regional Ecuador

Haiti

Nicaragua

Suriname

Colombia

Honduras

Panama

El Salvador

CRS-15
Near East
Egypt

Jordan

West Bank

New Independent States
Armenia

Estonia

Latvia

Tajikistan

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Lithuania

Turkmenistan

Belarus

Kazakhstan

Moldova

Ukraine

Caucasus Region

Kyrgyzstan

Russia

Uzbekistan

a

These countries received donations through the Food Aid Program during FY1992-FY2002;
however, not all countries received donations each year.

Source: USDA.

CRS-16

Appendix F: Food Aid Donations to Regions by Volume, FY1992-FY2002
(thousand metric tons)
Region/Country

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Africa

2,947.6 1,593.0 1,526.2 1,312.4

878.5 795.7 1,266.7 1,177.2

1,900.2 1,966.8

1,553.9

Asia and the Middle East

1,370.6 1,392.0

2,034.6 2,505.9

1,529.8

Europe
Latin America and Caribbean
Near East
NIS Countries
Source: USDA.

957.2

777.2

518.0 880.3

986.0 3,602.6

307.4

140.9

210.5 114.7

154.8

244.4

259.7

348.5

94.7

1,529.8 1,698.4 1,009.8

613.7

513.1 412.6

608.2 1,066.2

605.9

794.4

615.1

120.5

755.3

747.1

401.6

205.9

97.0

96.9 179.1

158.2

101.0

383.0

200.5

430.7

1,113.1 7,173.8

924.9

985.6

630.7 459.4

341.4 3,457.9

1,406.5

506.7

351.0

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3ARL31927. Public record. Not legal advice.