# U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3ARL31693 ## Record - **Collection:** Congressional research report - **Document type:** CRS Report - **Published:** May 25, 2023 - **Citation:** RL31693 ## Text U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Updated May 25, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31693 SUMMARY U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 RL31693 May 25, 2023 Barbara Salazar Torreon Senior Research Librarian This report summarizes selected congressional roll call votes related to instances in which U.S. Armed Forces have been sent abroad in potentially hostile situations. These votes reflect the type of congressional actions that observers maintain bear directly on issues affecting policy and the Carla Y. Davis-Castro funding of troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution, continued presence Senior Research Librarian or withdrawal of troops, and the “use of force.” The cases of Lebanon (1982-1983), Grenada (1983), Panama (1989), the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991), Somalia (1992-1995), Haiti (19931996), Bosnia (1992-1998), Kosovo (1999), the terrorist attack against the United States (2001) (including the use of U.S. Armed Forces in Afghanistan), and the use of U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq (2002-2003) and Iraq and Afghanistan (2001-Present) are examined, as are the revolution in Libya and its aftermath, the uprising and war in Syria, and military action against the self-proclaimed Islamic State (or ISIS or ISIL). The roll call votes that are available online (since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate) are hyperlinked in the text. Congressional Research Service U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Report Content ................................................................................................................................ 1 Lebanon (1982-1983) ...................................................................................................................... 2 Grenada (1983) ................................................................................................................................ 3 Panama (1989)................................................................................................................................. 4 Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)......................................................................................................... 4 Somalia (1992-1995) ....................................................................................................................... 6 Haiti (1993-1996) ............................................................................................................................ 8 Bosnia (1992-1998) ....................................................................................................................... 12 Kosovo (1999) ............................................................................................................................... 18 Terrorist Attack against the United States Legislation (2001-Present) .......................................... 22 Use of Force against Iraq (2002-2003) .......................................................................................... 24 War in Iraq and Afghanistan (2001-present) ................................................................................. 27 Revolution and Aftermath in Libya ............................................................................................... 51 Uprising and Armed Conflict in Syria ........................................................................................... 53 Military Action against the Islamic State (ISIS, ISIL) .................................................................. 54 Hostilities in Yemen ...................................................................................................................... 57 Sources Consulted ......................................................................................................................... 59 Contacts Author Information........................................................................................................................ 59 Congressional Research Service U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Introduction The President and Congress have historically played different roles when sending U.S. troops into hostile situations. The President has the power under Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution to use the Armed Forces to repel attacks. Congress under Article I, Section 8, has the power to declare war and raise and support the Armed Forces. The War Powers Resolution1 was enacted to ensure that the President and Congress share decisions where U.S. troops may become involved in hostilities. This sharing of power has often resulted in controversy, particularly when troops are sent into situations where there has not been a formal declaration of war. In most instances, Congress has used its legislative prerogatives through funding mechanisms or declarations of policy either to affirm or to place limits on presidential action. In three instances since 1982, Congress has authorized the use of military force in advance of hostilities: the Persian Gulf War (1991), military operations in Afghanistan (2001), and the “use of force against Iraq” resolution (2002). In each case, however, the President has maintained that while he may have sought congressional consultation and support, the President has the constitutional authority as Commander in Chief to use force, including the Armed Forces of the United States, to protect U.S. national security interests. Additionally, the executive branch has long viewed congressional enactment of defense appropriations bills as de facto authorization for operations funded under those measures, although Congress has often included provisions stating that no separate authorization for the use of force is implied by the appropriation of funds.2 Related CRS products [Archived] CRS Report RL31133, Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications, by Jennifer K. Elsea and Matthew C. Weed CRS Report R42699, The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed. CRS Report R42738, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2022, by Barbara Salazar Torreon and Sofia Plagakis. Report Content This report describes the congressional debate that often surrounds the issue of employing the U.S. military abroad. Initially written in response to a congressional request for a list of votes on this topic from 1982-1992, this report has been updated as needed since that time. The floor votes included are those directly related to the use and funding of U.S. troops abroad, often in the context of the War Powers Resolution, or to their continued presence or withdrawal. The laws, bills, and resolutions below are listed in the chronological order of the votes that were held. Links to the actual roll call votes are provided, when available (since 1990 in the House and 1989 in the Senate). These links include each Member’s yea or nay vote. In some cases, House or Senate votes are voice votes, and, thus, no roll call vote exists. Moreover, the ultimate disposition of amendments listed in the report (i.e., whether such amendments were incorporated into any final law) may not be self-evident. Some amendments 1 P.L. 93-148, November 7, 1973. For more detailed contextual and legislative history information, see CRS Report R42699, The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice, by Matthew C. Weed. 2 See Authorization for Continuing Hostilities in Kosovo, 24 Op. O.L.C. 327, 332. Congressional Research Service 1 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 may appear as considered; some may have been further amended during subsequent proceedings or in conference; some may have been deleted in conference when one chamber receded from that amendment. In other instances, only one chamber of Congress may have voted on a particular measure; for example, a House or Senate simple resolution is a measure that expresses nonbinding opinions on policies or issues and is effective only in the chamber in which it is proposed. It does not require concurrence by the other chamber or approval by the President. Lebanon (1982-1983) On September 29, 1982, President Reagan deployed 1,200 marines to serve as part of a multinational observer force to restore the sovereignty of the Lebanese government. By March 30, 1984, the mission had ended. Related CRS products CRS Report R44759, Lebanon: Background and U.S. Relations, by Carla E. Humud. Congress 98th Bill and Title Description and Comments S. 639 (P.L. 98-43) Lebanon Emergency Assistance Act of 1983 Requires the President to seek statutory authority for any substantial expansion of U.S. participation in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon. Measure passed in Senate May 20, 1983 (voice vote) Measure passed in House June 2, 1983 276-76 (vote #153) H.J.Res. 364 Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution To provide statutory authority under the War Powers Resolution for continued U.S. participation in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon for up to 18 months after enactment. Measure passed in House September 28, 1983 270-161 (vote #356) H.Amdt. 395 to H.J.Res. 364 Long substitute amendment requires the President to invoke the War Powers Resolution by the end of November, or at the end of any month thereafter, unless President certifies to Congress that a ceasefire was in effect and being observed by all parties, and that significant progress was being made in negotiations to broaden the base of Lebanese government. Rejected in House September 28, 1983 158-272 (vote #360) S.J.Res. 159 (P.L. 98-119) Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution Authorizes the President to maintain U.S. Armed Forces in Lebanon as part of a multinational peacekeeping force for 18 months; determines that the requirements of §4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution became operational on August 29, 1983. Measure passed in House September 29, 1983 253-156 (vote #370) Measure passed in Senate September 29, 1983 54-46 (vote #274) S.Amdt. 2231 to S.J.Res. 159 Baker motion to kill the Byrd amendment stating that U.S. Marines in Lebanon became engaged in hostilities on August 29, 1983, requiring the President to submit report to Congress under Agreed to in Senate September 29, 1983 55-45 (vote #269) Congressional Research Service Votes 2 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes §4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution concerning hostilities, and extending for 60 days from enactment of the resolution the President’s authority to keep U.S. forces in Lebanon. S.Amdt. 2228 to S.J.Res. 159 Baker motion to kill the Pell amendment to authorize the U.S. Marines to remain in Lebanon for an additional six months instead of 18. Agreed to in Senate September 29, 1983 62-38 (vote #270) S.Amdt. 2239 to S.J.Res. 159 Baker motion to kill the Tsongas amendment stating that a purpose of the deployment of U.S. Marines in Lebanon was “maintain a secure area from which the Government of Lebanon can restore full control.” Agreed to in Senate September 29, 1983 56-42 (vote #271) S.Amdt. 2240 to S.J.Res. 159 Baker motion to kill the Levin amendment stating that “actual or imminent hostilities involving U.S. armed forces” began on August 29, 1983. Agreed to in Senate September 29, 1983 54-45 (vote #272) S.Amdt. 2233 to S.J.Res. 159 Baker motion to kill Eagleton amendment to allow the U.S. to take such “defensive measures as may be appropriate” to protect the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon rather than “protective” measures; would require the President to report to Congress periodically on the results of efforts to secure removal of all foreign forces from Lebanon. Agreed to in Senate September 29, 1983 66-34 (vote #273) H.Amdt. 494 to H.R. 4185 Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1984 Long amendment to prohibit funds for deployment of U.S. Armed Forces participating in the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon after March 1, 1984. Rejected in House November 2, 1983 153-274 (vote #441) Grenada (1983) On October 25, 1983, President Reagan sent U.S. Marines and Army troops to Grenada in order to protect American lives and restore law and order at the request of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States. All U.S. troops were removed from Grenada by December 15, 1983. Congress 98th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes S.Amdt. 2462 to H.J.Res. 308 (P.L. 98-161) Joint resolution increasing the statutory limit on the public debt Hart amendment to invoke the War Powers Resolution with respect to American military involvement in Grenada. Agreed to in Senate October 28, 1983 64-20 (vote #321) Senate receded on inclusion of amendment in conference committee consideration (H. Rpt. 98-566) H.J.Res. 402 Declared that the requirements of §4(a)(1) of the War Powers Resolution became operative on October 25, 1983, when U.S. Armed Forces were introduced into Grenada. Measure passed in House November 1, 1983 403-23 (vote #437) Congressional Research Service 3 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Panama (1989) On December 20, 1989, President George H.W. Bush deployed 14,000 U.S. military forces to Panama in order to protect American lives, restore Panamanian democracy, and apprehend General Manuel Noriega. Congress did not immediately react to the situation, as the 101st Congress, first session had ended on November 22, 1989; the second session of the 101st Congress did not begin until January 23, 1990. The 14,000 U.S. troops were removed from Panama by February 13, 1990. Related CRS products CRS In Focus IF10430, Panama: An Overview, by Mark P. Sullivan. [Archived] CRS Report RL30981, Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Through 2012, by Mark P. Sullivan. Congress 101st Bill and Title H.Con.Res. 262 Description and Comments Votes Expresses sadness over the loss of U.S. soldiers’ lives as a result of Operation Just Cause and commends the President for his efforts to provide for the early return of the remaining U.S. troops from Panama. Measure agreed to in House February 7, 1990 389-26 (vote #12) Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) On August 2, 1990, Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait, seized its oil fields, ousted the Kuwaiti leadership, installed a new government in Kuwait City, and massed troops on the Saudi Arabian border. On August 9, President Bush reported that he had deployed U.S. troops to the region. Legislation in late 1990 (101st Congress, second session) focused on imposing sanctions against Iraq, in seeking the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from the area, and in supporting the President in carrying out the provisions of the relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. On January 12, 1991 (102nd Congress, first session), the Congress authorized the “use of force” against Iraq in advance of the outbreak of hostilities with Iraq on January 16. Related CRS products CRS Report RS21513, Kuwait: Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman. Congress 101st Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes S.Res. 318 Resolution to condemn Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait “Commends the President for his initial actions and urges the President to act immediately, using unilateral and multilateral measures, to seek the full and unconditional withdrawal of all Iraqi forces from Kuwaiti territory .... involving air, sea, and land forces as may be needed to maintain or restore international peace and security in the region.” Measure agreed to in Senate August 2, 1990 97-0 (vote #211) H.J.Res. 658 United States Policy on Iraqi Aggression Resolution Supports the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to the Persian Gulf region and expresses appreciation to such forces. Measure passed in House October 1, 1990 380-29 (vote #394) Congressional Research Service 4 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes 101st S.Con.Res. 147 Supports continued action by the President to deter Iraqi aggression and to protect American lives and interests in the region. Measure agreed to in Senate October 2, 1990 96-3 (vote #258) 102nd H.J.Res. 77 (P.L. 102-1) Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 678. Measure passed in House January 12, 1991 250-183 (vote #9) H.Con.Res. 32 Finds that the Constitution vests all power to declare war in the Congress. Declares that any offensive action against Iraq must be explicitly approved in advance by the Congress. Measure agreed to in House January 12, 1991 302-131 (vote #7) H.Con.Res. 33 Authorizes the continued use of American military force to enforce the United Nations economic embargo against Iraq, to defend Saudi Arabia from direct Iraqi attack, and to protect American forces in the region. Declares that (1) the Constitution requires the President to obtain authorization from the Congress before initiating new offensive military action or waging war against Iraq or Iraqi forces and (2) the Congress does not rule out the enactment at a later time of a declaration of war or other congressional authorization for the use of force. Measure rejected in House January 12, 1991 183-250 (vote #8) S.J.Res. 1 Authorizes the use of American military force to enforce the United Nations economic embargo against Iraq, defend Saudi Arabia from direct Iraqi attack, and protect American forces in the region. Declares that (1) the Constitution vests all power to declare war in the Congress and (2) the Congress will expeditiously consider any presidential request for a declaration of war or for authority to use military force against Iraq. Measure rejected by Senate January 12, 1991 46-53 (vote #1) S.J.Res. 2 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution Authorizes the President to use U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 678. Measure passed in Senate January 12, 1991 52-4 (vote #2) H.R.3261 This bill repeals the January 14, 1991, resolution the Authorization for the Use of Military Force against Iraq (P.L. 102-1). Bill passed in House after motion to suspend the rules and pass certain bills and agree to resolution June 29, 2021 366 - 46 (vote #191) 117th Congressional Research Service 5 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Somalia (1992-1995) On December 10, 1992, President George H.W. Bush reported that he had deployed U.S. troops into Somalia on December 8, in response to United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, which authorized the Secretary General to “use all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia” and to provide military forces for accomplishing this mission. U.S. troops were deployed to assist United Nations Forces in Somalia (UNOSOM) throughout 1993 and 1994, ending on March 3, 1995. Related CRS products CRS In Focus IF10155, Somalia, by Lauren Ploch Blanchard. CRS Report R45428, Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Issues and U.S. Engagement, coordinated by Tomás F. Husted. Congress 103rd Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes S.J.Res. 45 Joint resolution authorizing the use of U.S. Armed Forces in Somalia pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 794 providing for a secure environment to deliver relief supplies into Somalia. The House reported version authorized U.S. troops under the War Powers Resolution, but terminated such authorization at the earlier of (1) end of one year from date of enactment of the act unless extended by Congress; or (2) expiration of the United Nations-led force in Somalia. Measure passed in Senate February 4, 1993 (voice vote) Measure passed in House May 25, 1993 243-179 (vote #183) H.Amdt. 66 to S.J.Res. 45 Gilman substitute amendment to reduce from one year to six months authorization for U.S. participation and to delete the section of the bill complying with the War Powers Resolution. Rejected in House May 25, 1993 179-248 (vote #179) H.Amdt. 67 to S.J.Res. 45 Roth amendment to end the U.S. troop authorization and financial aid in Somalia on June 30, 1993. Rejected in House May 25, 1993 127-299 (vote #180) H.Amdt. 68 to S.J.Res. 45 Solomon amendment to commend U.S. Armed Forces for establishing a secure environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia. Agreed to in House May 25, 1993 425-0 (vote #181) H.Amdt. 68 to S.J.Res. 45 Separate vote at request of Walker on amendment adopted by Solomon in Committee of the Whole to commend U.S. forces for establishing a secure environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia. Agreed to in House May 25, 1993 419-0 (vote #182) S.Amdt. 790 to S. 1298 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 Byrd amendment to the Byrd amendment expressing sense of Senate that the President should outline goals, objectives, and duration of deployment of U.S. troops in Somalia and report to Congress by October 15, 1993; President should ask for and receive congressional authorization for continued deployment in Somalia by November 15, 1993; U.S. participation would terminate if Congress failed to authorize such continued involvement. Agreed to in Senate September 9, 1993 90-7 (vote #252) Congressional Research Service 6 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.R. 2401 (P.L. 103-160) National Defense Authorization Act for FY1994 Adoption of National Defense Authorization Act for FY1994 including text of Byrd Amendment (S.Amdt. 790 to S. 1298) as §1512. Measure passed in House September 29, 1993 268-162 (vote #474) Measure passed Senate October 6, 1993 (voice vote) H.Amdt. 319 to H.R. 2401 Gephardt amendment requiring the President to report to Congress by October 15, 1993, on goals, objectives, and duration of U.S. Armed Forces in Somalia and expressing sense of Congress that the President should seek congressional authorization by November 15, 1993, for continued deployment in Somalia. Agreed to in House September 28, 1993 406-26 (vote #463) H.Amdt. 319 to H.R. 2401 Separate vote at request of Walker on Gephardt amendment (see above) adopted in the Committee of the Whole. Agreed to in House September 29, 1993 405-23 (vote #472) Spence motion to recommit bill to House Armed Services with instructions to report back with amendment requiring the President to certify that it is vital and necessary to protect U.S. national interests before placing U.S. troops under control of a foreign national on behalf of the United Nations. Rejected in House September 29, 1993 192-238 (vote #473) §8151 states the purposes for which Congress approves of the use of U.S. forces in Somalia. Conference report agreed to in House by voice vote on November 10, 1993; agreed to in Senate on same date 88-9 (vote #368) Thurmond motion to kill McCain amendment (S.Amdt. 1043) to prohibit funding of U.S. military operations in Somalia except for withdrawal of all U.S. troops. Agreed to in Senate October 15, 1993 61-38 (vote #313) S.Amdt. 1042 to H.R. 3116 Byrd amendment to prohibit funding of U.S. military operations in Somalia after March 31, 1994, except for limited purposes if the President requests and Congress authorizes an extension; requires U.S. forces to be under command of U.S. commanders. Agreed to in Senate October 15, 1993 76-23 (vote #314) H.Con.Res. 170 Concurrent resolution directing the President pursuant to §5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to remove U.S. Armed Forces from Somalia by January 31, 1994. Measure agreed to in House November 9, 1993 (voice vote) H.Amdt. 384 to H.Con.Res. 170 Gilman amendment to change deadline for removal of U.S. troops in Somalia from March 31, 1994, to January 31, 1994. Agreed to in House 224-203 November 9, 1993 (vote #555) H.R. 3116 (P.L. 103-139) Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1994 Congressional Research Service 7 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.Amdt. 385 to H.Con.Res. 170 Hamilton substitute amendment to change deadline for removal of U.S. troops back to March 31, 1994, from January 31, 1994; substituted by Gilman. Agreed to in House 226-201 November 9, 1993 (vote #556) H.R. 3759 (P.L. 103-211) Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for FY1994 Chapter 3 of the Act appropriates funds for Department of Defense operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. Measure passed in House February 3, 1994 337-74 (vote #13) Measure passed Senate February 10, 1994 85-10 (vote #45) H.Amdt. 424 to H.R. 3759 Frank amendment to delete $1.2 billion for peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. Rejected in House February 3, 1994 158-260 (vote #8) S.Amdt. 1453 to H.R. 3759 Feingold amendment to eliminate $1.2 billion for peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. Rejected in Senate February 10, 1994 19-76 (vote #40) H.R. 4650 (P.L. 103-335) Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1995 §8135 “None of the funds appropriated by this Act may be used for the continuous presence in Somalia of United States military personnel, except for the protection of United States personnel, after September 30, 1994.” Measure passed in Senate August 11, 1994 86-14 (vote #282) Agreed to in House September 29, 1994 327-86 (vote #446) S.Amdt. 2538 to H.R. 4650 Kempthorne amendment prohibiting funds from supporting the continued presence of U.S. troops in Somalia after September 30, 1994. Agreed to in Senate August 10, 1994 54-44 (vote #278) Haiti (1993-1996) On October 20, 1993, President Bill Clinton reported that U.S. ships had begun enforcing a United Nations embargo against Haiti. On September 19, 1994, President Clinton had deployed 1,500 troops to Haiti to restore democracy; that level was ultimately increased to over 20,000. By March 21, 1995, U.S. troops were reduced to under 5,300 and incorporated into the United Nations Multinational Force in Haiti. By September 21, 1995, they were reduced to under 2,500 personnel. U.S. troops ended their deployment to Haiti by April 17, 1996. Related CRS products CRS Report R45034, Haiti’s Political and Economic Conditions, by Maureen Taft-Morales. [Archived] CRS Report RL32294, Haiti: Developments and U.S. Policy Since 1991 and Current Congressional Concerns, by Maureen Taft-Morales and Clare Ribando Seelke. Congressional Research Service 8 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 CRS In Focus IF12182, Haiti: Political Conflict and U.S. Policy Overview, by Clare Ribando Seelke and Maureen Taft-Morales. Congress 103rd Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.R. 3116 (P.L. 103-139) Department of Defense Appropriations for FY1994 §8147 states sense of Congress that funds appropriated by the Act should not be obligated or expended for U.S. military operations in Haiti unless Congress has authorized such operations in advance or under certain conditions, including the President submitting a required report to Congress. Conference report (including Mitchell amendment, see below) agreed to in House by voice vote on November 10, 1993; agreed to in Senate on same date 88-9 (vote #368) S.Amdt. 1072 to H.R. 3116 Helms amendment to prohibit funding any U.S. military operations in Haiti unless Congress explicitly authorizes such action or the President certifies to Congress that U.S. citizens are in danger. Rejected in Senate October 21, 1993 19-81 (vote #321) S.Amdt. 1074 to H.R. 3116 Dole amendment expressing sense of Congress that Congress should authorize all U.S. military operations in Haiti unless U.S. citizens are in imminent danger or that the President reports that such deployment is justified by U.S. national security interests. Agreed to in Senate October 21, 1993 98-2 (vote #322) H.R. 3759 (P.L. 103-211) Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for FY1994 Chapter 3 appropriates funds for Department of Defense operations in Somalia, Bosnia, Iraq, and Haiti. Measure passed in House February 3, 1994 337-74 (vote #13) Measure passed in Senate February 10, 1994 85-10 (vote #45) H.Amdt. 424 to H.R. 3759 Frank amendment to delete $1.2 billion for peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance in Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq. Rejected in House February 3, 1994 158-260 (vote #8) S.Amdt. 1453 to H.R. 3759 Feingold amendment eliminating $1.2 billion for peacekeeping operations in Haiti, Bosnia, Somalia, and Iraq. Rejected in Senate February 10, 1994 19-76 (vote #40) H.R. 4301 National Defense Authorization Act for FY1995 House engrossed measure did not include the Goss amendment (H.Amdt. 574). Measure passed in House June 9, 1994 260-158 (vote #226) H.Amdt. 575 to H.R. 4301 Substitute amendment to the Goss amendment (see below) sought to express the sense of Congress that the U.S. should not attack Haiti except in a case of a clear and present danger. Rejected in House May 24, 1994 191-236 (vote #196) H.Amdt. 574 to H.R. 4301 Goss amendment expressing sense of Congress that the United States with the Organization of Agreed to in House May 24, 1994 Congressional Research Service 9 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes American States and the United Nations should establish a safe haven for Haitian refugees on Ile de la Gonâve; establish legitimate Haitian administration to govern; the President should not undertake any military action against Haiti unless it presents a clear and present danger to the United States. 223-201 (vote #197) H.Amdt. 574 to H.R. 4301 Separate vote at request of Dellums on the amendment offered by Goss, previously voted on at roll call vote #197 above. Rejected in House June 9, 1994 195-226 (vote #224) H.R. 4426 (P.L. 103-306) Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations for FY1995 Mitchell amendment (S.Amdt. 2118) was included in the Senate engrossed version of the bill. The conference agreement on the Act removed the Senate language (H. Rept. 103633). Measure passed in Senate July 15, 1994 84-9 (vote #203) S.Amdt. 2117 to H.R. 4426 Gregg amendment to prohibit military action in Haiti unless the operations are authorized in advance by Congress or U.S. citizens are in imminent danger or the President reports that such deployment is justified by U.S. national security. Rejected in Senate June 29, 1994 34-65 (vote #172) S.Amdt. 2118 to H.R. 4426 Mitchell amendment expressing sense of Congress that Congress should authorize all U.S. military operations in Haiti unless U.S. citizens are in imminent danger or the President reports that such deployment is justified by U.S. national security. Agreed to in Senate June 29, 1994 93-4 (vote #173) H.R. 4624 (P.L. 103-327) Department of Veterans Affairs Appropriations for FY1995 Measure passed in Senate August 4, 1994 86-9 (vote #262) S.Amdt. 2445 to H.R. 4624 Dole amendment expressing sense of Senate that United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 did not constitute authorization for deployment of U.S. forces in Haiti under the Constitution or the War Powers Resolution. Agreed to in Senate August 3, 1994 100-0 (vote #254) H.R. 4606 (P.L. 103-333) Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations for FY1995 McCain motion to kill Specter amendment (S.Amdt. 2460) barring the President from deploying U.S. troops to restore legitimately elected Haitian government unless authorized by Congress, unless vital to national security interests, or to protect lives of U.S. citizens. Agreed to in Senate August 5, 1994 63-31 (vote #263) H.Con.Res. 290 Concurrent resolution commending the President and the special delegation to Haiti; supporting U.S. Armed Forces in Haiti; Measure agreed to in House September 19, 1994 Congressional Research Service 10 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes supporting an orderly withdrawal of U.S. forces as soon as possible. 353-45 (vote #424) S.Res. 259 Resolution expressing sense of the Senate supporting U.S. forces in Haiti; commending the special delegation led by former President Carter; supporting lifting of economic sanctions on Haiti; supporting prompt and orderly withdrawal of all U.S. forces. Measure agreed to in Senate September 21, 1994 94-5 (vote #301) S.J.Res. 229 (P.L. 103-423) Joint resolution regarding United States policy toward Haiti Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress for a prompt and orderly withdrawal of all U.S. forces from Haiti as soon as possible; requires President to submit reports to Congress on the scope and duration of U.S. mission in Haiti. Measure passed in Senate October 6, 1994 91-8 (vote #323) Measure passed in House October 7, 1994 (voice vote) H.J.Res. 416 Limited Authorization for the United Statesled Force in Haiti Resolution Joint resolution expressing sense of Congress that all U.S. troops should be promptly and orderly withdrawn from Haiti as soon as possible; President should have sought congressional approval before deployment of troops; requires the President to submit statement of national security objectives of Operation Uphold Democracy within seven days of enactment. Measure passed in House October 7, 1994 236-182 (vote #500) H.Amdt. 922 to H.J.Res. 416 Gilman amendment expressing sense of Congress that President should not have ordered U.S. troops to occupy Haiti and should immediately begin the safe and orderly withdrawal of all U.S. forces; provides for consideration of joint resolution to be introduced January 21, 1995, which if enacted, would prohibit continued use of U.S. troops in Haiti within 30 days. Rejected in House October 6, 1994 205-225 (vote #497) H.Amdt. 923 to H.J.Res. 416 Dellums amendment expressing sense of Congress that all U.S. troops should be promptly and orderly withdrawn from Haiti; President should have sought congressional approval before deploying troops; requires President to submit to Congress within seven days of enactment a statement on national objectives of Operation Uphold Democracy and monthly progress reports. Agreed to in House October 6, 1994 258-167 (vote #498) H.Amdt. 924 to H.J.Res. 416 Torricelli amendment authorizing the presence of U.S. troops in Haiti until March 1, 1995, unless President determines and certifies to Congress that continued presence is essential to protect U.S. citizens or vital to national security interests. Rejected in House October 7, 1994 27-398 (vote #499) Congressional Research Service 11 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Bosnia (1992-1998) The civil war in the former Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina resulted in U.S. military participation in various efforts over several years to halt the fighting. The United States participated in both United Nations and NATO actions without explicit congressional authorization. Beginning in 1992, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 770, which called on all nations to take “all measures necessary” to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Sarajevo. On August 11, 1992, the Senate passed S.Res. 330, which urged the President to work for such a resolution and pledged funds for participation, but also said that no U.S. military personnel should be introduced into hostilities without clearly defined objectives. On the same day, the House passed H.Res. 554, which urged the Security Council to authorize measures, including the use of force, to ensure humanitarian relief. As the conflict in Bosnia continued and escalated over the next several years, U.S. troops were sent to participate in NATO and United Nations peacekeeping missions. Consequently, leaders in Congress began calling for greater congressional involvement in decisions. In 1994, for example, the Senate passed S. 2042, which called for the United States to end unilaterally its arms embargo with Bosnia; the Senate also passed an amendment to S. 2042 which stated that no ground combat troops should be deployed to Bosnia unless previously authorized by Congress. The House did not act on the measure. With the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia on December 14, 1995, NATO took over the ground operation from UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force). Consequently, in late 1995, over 20,000 U.S. combat troops were sent to Bosnia as part of the NATO-led peacekeeping force. In December 1995, Congress considered and voted on a number of bills and resolutions, but the House and Senate could not come to consensus on any single measure. In 1996, President Clinton agreed to provide up to 8,500 ground troops to participate in the NATO-led follow-on force in Bosnia termed the Stabilization Force (SFOR). Subsequent efforts by both the House and Senate to require the President to either limit funding for the Bosnia operations or to bring the troops home did not succeed. On March 18, 1998, for example, the House defeated by a vote of 193-225 H.Con.Res. 227, which would have directed the President to remove U.S. Armed Forces from the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, pursuant to Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution. On July 22, 2002, President Bush reported to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces contributions to SFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina were approximately 2,400 personnel. U.S. troops ended their mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina when SFOR was replaced by the European Union Force (EUFOR Althea) in 2004. The following table includes legislation of what was introduced and voted on during the 102nd Congress-105th Congresses (1992-1998). Related CRS products CRS Report R45691, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Background and U.S. Policy, by Sarah E. Garding. [Archived] CRS Report RS21774, Bosnia and the European Union Military Force (EUFOR): Post-NATO Peacekeeping, by Julie Kim. [Archived] CRS Report 96-723, Bosnia Implementation Force (IFOR) and Stabilization Force (SFOR): Activities of the 104th Congress, by Julie Kim. Congressional Research Service 12 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 102nd 103rd 103rd Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes S.Res. 330 Expresses the sense of the Senate that the President should call upon the United Nations to authorize all means, including multinational military action, to ensure the flow of humanitarian relief in BosniaHerzegovina and to gain access for U.N. and International Red Cross personnel to refugee and war camps. Measure agreed to in Senate August 11, 1992 74-22 (vote #186) S.Amdt. 2925 to S.Res. 330 Warner amendment to express the Senate’s support for six measures by the Administration to help resolve Balkan Crisis as stated by President Bush on August 6. Agreed to in Senate August 10, 1992 90-5 (vote #184) S.Amdt. 2929 to S.Res. 330 Stevens amendment to express the sense of the Senate that the United States will provide necessary funds for U.S. participation in humanitarian and multilateral military action in Bosnia-Herzegovina as mandated by the United Nations. Agreed to in Senate August 11, 1992 82-13 (vote #185) H.R. 3116 (P.L. 103-139) Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1994 Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994. Includes Mitchell amendment below as §8146. Measure passed in House September 30, 1993 325-102 (vote #480) Senate agreed to conference report November 10, 1993 88-9 (vote #368) S.Amdt. 1073 to H.R. 3116 Mitchell amendment to express the sense of Congress that none of the funds in the bill should be used to deploy U.S. troops in Bosnia-Herzegovina unless authorized by Congress, except for humanitarian missions started before October 20, 1993. Agreed to in Senate October 20, 1993 99-1 (vote #320) S. 2042 A bill to remove the United States arms embargo of the government of BosniaHerzegovina. Measure passed in Senate May 12, 1994 (voice vote) S.Amdt. 1696 to S. 2042 Mitchell amendment directs the President to seek agreement of NATO allies to terminate the international arms embargo on the Government of Bosnia-Herzegovina, direct the President to seek a U.N. Security Council resolution to terminate the arms embargo and authorize U.S. air power to implement NATO exclusion zones and to protect U.N. forces, but prohibit the deployment of U.S. ground combat forces without congressional authorization. Agreed to in Senate May 10, 1994 50-49 (vote #110) S.Amdt. 1695 to S. 2042 Dole amendment to require the President to terminate the U.S. arms embargo of BosniaHerzegovina upon receipt of a request from that government for assistance in its right of self-defense and to prohibit interference with Agreed to in Senate May 12, 1994 50-49 (vote #111) Congressional Research Service 13 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes the transfer of conventional arms by the executive branch. The amendment also states that nothing in the amendment shall be interpreted as an authorization for the deployment of U.S. forces. 104th H.R. 2076 Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1996 Making appropriations for the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and related agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1996, and for other purposes. Gregg amendment (S.Amdt. 2842) included in enrolled bill as §409. Measure passed in House July 26, 1995 272-151 (vote #585) Measure passed in Senate September 29, 1995 (voice vote) House adopted conference report December 6, 1995 256-166 (vote #841) Senate adopted conference report December 7, 1995 50-48 (vote #591) Vetoed by President December 19, 1995 House failed to override veto January 3, 1996 240-159 (vote #4) 104th S.Amdt. 2842 to H.R. 2076 Gregg amendment to express the sense of the Senate that U.S. troops should not be deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina unless Congress approves deployment or temporary deployment is necessary to evacuate U.N. peacekeeping forces from imminent danger, to undertake air rescue operations, or to provide humanitarian supplies. Agreed to in Senate September 29, 1995 94-2 (vote #479) H.Res. 247 Expresses the sense of the House that of Representatives relating to the deployment of the U.S. armed forces on the ground in the territory of the Republic of BosniaHerzegovina is not a prerequisite to enforce a peace agreement.” Gilman motion to suspend the rules and adopt the resolution that a successful outcome for the Bosnia peace talks should not assume the deployment of U.S. troops, and that any deployment should be authorized by Congress. Measure agreed to in House October 30, 1995 315-103 (vote #745) H.R. 2606 To prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense from being used for the deployment on the ground of U.S. Measure passed in House November 17, 1995 Congressional Research Service 14 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes Armed Forces in the Republic of BosniaHerzegovina as part of any peacekeeping operations, or as part of any implementation force, unless funds for such deployment are specifically appropriated by law. 243-171 (vote #814) Measure rejected in Senate December 13, 1995 22-77 (vote #601) H.R. 2770 To prohibit federal funds from being used for the deployment on the ground of U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic of BosniaHerzegovina as part of any peacekeeping operations, or as part of any implementation force. Measure rejected in House December 13, 1995 210-218 (vote #856) H.Res. 302 Relating to the deployment of the U.S. Armed Forces in and around the territory of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina to enforce the peace agreement between the parties to the conflict. The House has “serious concerns and opposition” to the President’s policy to deploy U.S. ground troops to Bosnia and that the U.S. government should be “impartial and evenhanded with all parties” in the conflict as necessary ... to assure the safety” of U.S. troops. Measure agreed to in House December 13, 1995 287-141 (vote #857) S.Con.Res. 35 A concurrent resolution expressing the opposition of the Congress to President Clinton’s planned deployment of United States ground forces to Bosnia while also expressing congressional support for the U.S. troops ordered by the President to help implement the Bosnia peace agreement. Measure rejected in Senate December 13, 1995 47-52 (vote #602) H.Res. 306 Expressing the sense of the House of that while some Members of Congress have questions and concerns about the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Bosnia, the House unequivocally supports the men and women of the U.S. Armed Forces serving there. Measure rejected in House December 14, 1995 190-237 (vote #858) 104th S.J.Res. 44 A joint resolution expressing support for U.S. troops in Bosnia and reservations about the deployment of such troops. The measure would also limit the deployment to “approximately one year” and require the President to limit the use of U.S. troops in Bosnia to the enforcement of the military provisions of the peace agreement and provide an exit strategy from Bosnia that would include an international effort to achieve a military balance in Bosnia by arming the federation of Bosnia. Measure passed in Senate December 14, 1995 69-30 (vote #603) 105th H.R. 1119 (P.L. 105-85) National Defense Conferees included agreed upon provisions on Bosnia-Herzegovina as Subtitle A of Title XII. Text of Buyer amendment (H.Amdt. Measure passed in House, June 25, 1997 Congressional Research Service 15 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 105th 105th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 203) was not included as adopted by the House. 304-120 (vote #236) Measure passed in Senate July 11, 1997 (unanimous consent) House adopted conference report October 28, 1997 286-123 (vote #534) Senate adopted conference report November 6, 1997 90-10 (vote #296) H.Amdt. 204 to H.R. 1119 Hilleary substitute amendment to the Buyer amendment to prohibit the obligation of funds for ground deployment of U.S. troops in Bosnia after December 31, 1997, unless the President submits a report to Congress requesting an extension of funding. The Hilleary amendment would require the extension to be approved by a joint resolution of Congress and would permit deployment for an additional 180 days or until June 30, 1998. [Appears as Amendment No. 9, printed in Part 1 of H.Rept. 105-137] Rejected in House June 24, 1997 196-231 (vote #233) H.Amdt. 203 to H.R. 1119 Buyer amendment to prohibit funding for U.S. ground troops in Bosnia after June 30, 1998. [Appears as Amendment No. 8, printed in Part 1 of H.Rept. 105-137] Agreed to in House June 24, 1997 278-148 (vote #234) S. 936 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1998 (§1083) Expresses the sense of Congress that U.S. troops “should not participate in a follow-on force in Bosnia and Herzegovina after June 1998.” Measure passed in Senate July 11, 1997 94-4 (vote #173) H.R. 2266 (P.L. 105-56) Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1998 Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1998, and for other purposes. §8132 of the enrolled bill/conference report would cut off funding for U.S. troops in Bosnia after June 30, 1998, but would permit the President to request further funding. Provision was not affected by line item veto. Measure passed in House July 29, 1997 322-105 (vote #338) Measure passed in Senate July 29, 1997 (unanimous consent) House agreed to conference report September 25, 1997 56-65 (vote #442) Congressional Research Service 16 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes Senate agreed to conference report September 25, 1997 93-5 (vote #258) P.L. 105-56 Line item veto by the President October 21, 1997 105th 105th H.Con.Res. 227 Bosnia and Herzegovina U.S. Troop Removal bill Directed the President, pursuant to §5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove U.S. Armed Forces from the Republic of BosniaHerzegovina. Measure rejected in House March 18, 1998 193-225 (vote #58) S.Amdt. 2316 to Treaty 105-36 Protocols to the NATO Treaty of 1949 on Accession of Poland, Hungary, and Czech Republic Craig amendment to add language to the resolution of ratification that would require Congress and the President to enact legislation specifically authorizing the continued deployment of U.S. troops in Bosnia before the United States ratifies the NATO expansion treaty. Rejected in Senate April 30, 1998 20-80 (vote #110) S.Amdt. 2328 to Treaty 105-36 Protocols to the NATO Treaty of 1949 on Accession of Poland, Hungary, and Czech Republic B. Smith amendment to add language to the resolution of ratification that would require both houses of Congress to vote on legislation, prior to ratification of NATO expansion, that would authorize continued U.S. troop deployments to Bosnia. Rejected in Senate April 30, 1998 16-83 (vote #116) H.R. 3616 (P.L. 105-261) Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 Frank motion to recommit the bill to the National Security Committee with instructions to report it back with an amendment that no funds appropriated for the Department of Defense for FY1999 may be used for the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces in the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina after December 31, 1998, unless a law has been enacted that explicitly authorizes the deployment of such Armed Forces. Rejected in House May 21, 1998 167-251 (vote #182) S. 2057 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 To authorize appropriations for FY1999 for military activities of the Department of Defense and for other purposes. Includes amended version of Thurmond amendment. Measure passed in Senate June 25, 1998 88-4 (vote #181) S.Amdt. 2975 to S. 2057 Thurmond amendment to express the sense of Congress that U.S. ground forces should not remain in Bosnia indefinitely, and that the President should work with NATO to withdraw U.S. forces “within a reasonable period of time.” Agreed to in Senate June 24, 1998 90-5 (vote #170) S. 2132 Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 1999 Making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999 and for other purposes. Indefinitely postponed in Senate July 30, 1998 (unanimous consent) Congressional Research Service 17 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments McCain motion to table (kill) the Hutchison amendment (S.Amdt. 3413) that would require the President to reduce U.S. combat forces in Bosnia to 6,500 by February 2, 1999, and by 5,000 by October 1, 1999. Votes Agreed to in Senate July 30, 1998 68-31 (vote #249) Kosovo (1999) On March 24, 1999, President Clinton ordered U.S. military forces to begin air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in cooperation with the NATO-led operation. The strike was ordered in response to Yugoslavia’s campaign of violence against ethnic Albanians in the province of Kosovo. On June 3, 1999, Yugoslavia agreed to a peace plan calling for withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo to include an international peacekeeping force. On June 10, 1999, NATO air strikes were halted, and Yugoslav forces withdrew their military forces from Kosovo by June 20, 1999. Congress, while not authorizing directly, and in advance, this military action, introduced and voted on several legislative measures related to deployment of U.S. military forces for combat or peacekeeping in the Balkan region. The House adopted H.Con.Res. 42 on March 11, 1999, which authorized the President to send troops as peacekeepers; the Senate passed a non-binding resolution (S.Con.Res. 21) on March 23, 1999, that expressed the sense of Congress that the President was authorized to conduct military air operations in cooperation with NATO allies against Yugoslavia. However, the House later defeated the Senate resolution, on April 28, 1999. Other House or Senate votes sent conflicting signals in addressing funding related to troop deployments in the region, declaration of war issues, and executive and congressional roles in sending U.S. military forces abroad. The following legislation is representative of what was introduced and voted on in the 106th Congress. Related CRS products CRS Insight IN11180, Kosovo’s Election: Early Results May Signal Major Changes, by Sarah E. Garding. [Archived] CRS Report R44979, Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations, by Vincent L. Morelli. [Archived] CRS Report R44955, Serbia: Background and U.S. Relations, by Vincent L. Morelli and Sarah E. Garding. [Archived] CRS Report RL31053, Kosovo and U.S. Policy: Background to Independence, by Julie Kim and Steven Woehrel. [Archived] CRS Report RL30127, Kosovo Conflict Chronology: September 1998-March 1999, by Julie Kim. Congress 106th Bill and Title H.Res. 103 Congressional Research Service Description and Comments Votes Provides for consideration of the concurrent resolution, H.Con.Res. 42, regarding the use of U.S. Armed Forces as part of a NATO peacekeeping operation implementing a Kosovo peace agreement. Motion to order the previous question (thus ending debate and the possibility of amendment) on adoption of H.Res. 103. Measure agreed to in House March 11, 1999 218-201 (vote #46) 18 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 106th 106th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.Con.Res. 42 Peacekeeping Operations in Kosovo Resolution A concurrent resolution authorizing the President to deploy U.S. Armed Forces personnel to Kosovo as part of a NATO peacekeeping operation implementing a Kosovo peace agreement, subject to certain limitations. Measure agreed to in House March 11, 1999 219-191 (vote #49) H.Amdt. 24 to H.Con.Res. 42 Gejdenson amendment to add language concerning authorization and deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Kosovo including a declaration of policy relating to an interim agreement to end the conflict and limit U.S. Armed Forces personnel that may be part of a NATO peacekeeping operation to not more than 15 percent. Agreed to as amended by voice vote H.Amdt. 25 to H.Con.Res. 42 Fowler amendment to Gejdenson amendment to limit the deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Kosovo and to not authorize the President to deploy ground forces as part of a NATO peacekeeping operation. Rejected in House March 11, 1999 178-237 (vote #48) H.Amdt. 26 to H.Con.Res. 42 Gilman amendment to Gejdenson amendment to authorize deployment of U.S. Armed Forces to Kosovo and require the President to submit reports to Congress including a statement outlining the national interest at risk; specifying resources required; percentage of U.S. participation; and exit strategy before ordering any deployments. Agreed to by voice vote. S. 544 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1999 An original bill making emergency supplemental appropriations and rescissions for recovery from natural disasters, and foreign assistance, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes. March 23, 1999: Cloture motion (thus limiting debate) on the Lott amendment (S.Amdt. 124) to the Hutchison amendment (S.Amdt. 81) to prohibit the use of funds for military operations in Yugoslavia unless Congress enacts specific authorizations in law for the conduct of those operations. Cloture motion rejected in Senate March 23, 1999 55-44 (vote #55) Measure passed in Senate March 23, 1999 (voice vote) S.Con.Res. 21 A concurrent resolution authorizing the President of the United States to conduct military air operations and missile strikes against Yugoslavia. Measure agreed to in Senate March 23, 1999 58-41 (vote #57) Measure rejected in House April 28, 1999 213-213 (vote #103) H.Res. 130 Expresses the support of the House of Representatives for the members of the U.S. Armed Forces who are engaged in military operations against Yugoslavia. Measure agreed to in House March 24, 1999 424-1 (vote #71) H.R. 1141 (P.L. 106-31) 1999 Emergency A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes—provides $15 billion for Central American humanitarian relief, aid Measure passed in House March 24, 1999 Congressional Research Service 19 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes Supplemental Appropriations Act to Jordan, U.S. farmer assistance, and U.S. military and humanitarian operations in the Balkans. 220-211 (vote #70) Measure passed in Senate, as amended, in lieu of S. 544 March 24, 1999 (voice vote) House adopted conference report May 18, 1999 269-158 (vote #133) Senate adopted conference report May 20, 1999 64-36 (vote #136) H.Res. 151 Provides for consideration of the bill (H.R. 1569) to prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense from being used for the deployment of ground elements of the U.S. Armed Forces in Yugoslavia unless that deployment is specifically authorized by law; for consideration of the concurrent resolution (H.Con.Res. 82) directing the President, pursuant to §5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove U.S. Armed Forces from their positions in connection with the present operations against Yugoslavia; for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J.Res. 44) declaring a state of war between the United States and the Government of Yugoslavia; and for consideration of the concurrent resolution (S.Con.Res. 21) authorizing the President of the United States to conduct military air operations and missile strikes against Yugoslavia. Measure agreed to in House April 28, 1999 213-210 (vote #99) H.R. 1569 Military Operations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Limitation Act of 1999 A bill to prohibit the use of funds appropriated to the Department of Defense from being used for the deployment of ground elements of the U.S. Armed Forces in Yugoslavia unless that deployment is specifically authorized by law. Measure passed in House April 28, 1999 249-180 (vote #100) H.Con.Res. 82 A concurrent resolution directing the President, pursuant to §5(c) of the War Powers Resolution, to remove U.S. Armed Forces from their positions in connection with the present operations against Yugoslavia. Measure rejected in House April 28, 1999 139-290 (vote #101) H.J.Res. 44 A joint resolution declaring a state of war between the United States and the government of Yugoslavia. Measure rejected in House April 28, 1999 2-427 (vote #102) S.J.Res. 20 A joint resolution authorizing the President to use all necessary force and other means, in concert with the U.S. allies, to accomplish U.S. and NATO objectives in Yugoslavia. Motion to table agreed to in Senate May 4, 1999 Congressional Research Service 20 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes 78-22 (vote #98) 106th H.Res. 159 “Provides for consideration of the bill (H.R. 1664) making emergency supplemental appropriations for military operations, refugee relief, and humanitarian assistance relating to the conflict in Kosovo ... for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes.” Measure agreed to in House May 6, 1999 253-171 (vote #116) H.R. 1664 (P.L. 106-51) Kosovo Emergency Supplemental Appropriations bill “A bill (as introduced) making emergency supplemental appropriations for military operations, refugee relief, and humanitarian assistance relating to the conflict in Kosovo ... for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1999, and for other purposes—provided $13.1 billion relating to Kosovo operations and other purposes (Kosovorelated supplemental funding was ultimately removed from this legislation and included in H.R. 1141).” Measure passed House as amended May 6, 1999 311-105 (vote #120) H.Amdt. 68 to H.R. 1664 Obey amendment to provide the President’s funding request for military operations in Kosovo, etc. Rejected in House May 6, 1999 164-260 (vote #118) H.Amdt. 76 to H.R. 1664 Istook amendment to prohibit funding for the implementation of any plan to invade Yugoslavia with ground forces, except in time of war. Rejected in House May 6, 1999 117-301 (vote #119) S. 1059 (P.L. 106-65) National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2000 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe personnel strengths for such fiscal year for the Armed Forces, and for other purposes. Measure passed in Senate as amended May 27, 1999 92-3 (vote #154) Measure passed in House, in lieu of H.R. 1401 June 14, 1999 (voice vote) House adopted conference report September 15, 1999 375-45 (vote #424) Senate adopted conference report September 22, 1999 (voice vote) S.Amdt. 383 to S. 1059 Specter amendment to direct the President, pursuant to the U.S. Constitution and the War Powers Resolution, to seek approval from Congress prior to the introduction of ground troops from the U.S. Armed Forces in connection with the present operations against Yugoslavia or funding for that operation will not be authorized. Motion to table agreed to in Senate May 25, 1999 52-48 (vote #145) S.Amdt. 406 to B. Smith amendment to prohibit, effective October 1, 1999, the use of funds for military operations in Motion to table agreed to in Senate Congressional Research Service 21 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 106th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes S. 1059 Yugoslavia unless Congress enacts specific authorization in law for the conduct of those operations. May 26, 1999 77-21 (vote #151) H.R. 1401 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 “A bill to authorize appropriations for fiscal years 2000 and 2001 for military activities of the Department of Defense ... and for other purposes.” Measure passed in House June 10, 1999 365-58 (vote #191) H.Amdt. 160 to H.R. 1401 Souder amendment to prohibit any FY2000 funding for military operations in Yugoslavia. Rejected in House June 10, 1999 97-328 (vote #187) H.Amdt. 161 to H.R. 1401 Skelton amendment to delete language which prohibits any funding for combat or peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia after September 30, 1999; retains language which requires the President to request supplemental appropriations in order to conduct combat or peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. Agreed to in House June 10, 1999 270-155 (vote #189) Terrorist Attack against the United States Legislation (2001-Present) On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States with a coordinated series of aircraft hijackings and suicide crashes into populated buildings. Two airplanes crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing their complete destruction. Another airplane crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, DC, and a fourth airplane crashed in southwestern Pennsylvania (near Shanksville) after passengers attempted to take control of the aircraft in order to prevent it from crashing into an important symbol of democracy and freedom, perhaps in the Washington, DC, area. Over 3,000 people lost their lives in these terrorist attacks. Consequently, on September 14, 2001, Congress passed a joint resolution, which “authorizes the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations, or persons.” It further states that the act is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution. President George W. Bush signed the joint resolution into law on September 18, 2001. On October 9, 2001, President Bush reported in a letter to Congress that U.S. Armed Forces had begun combat action in Afghanistan against the Al Qaeda terrorists and their Taliban supporters starting at 12:30 p.m. (EDT) on October 7, 2001. Related CRS products CRS Report R43983, 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force: Issues Concerning Its Continued Application, by Matthew C. Weed. Congressional Research Service 22 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 107th 115th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.J.Res. 64 Authorization for Use of Military Force Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent (September 11, 2001) attacks launched against the United States. Measure passed in House September 14, 2001 420-1 (vote #342), House tabled, September 14, 2001 H.R. 3338 (P.L. 107-117) Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002 Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002—Appropriates funds for FY 2002 for emergency expenses to respond to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States. Measure passed in House November 28, 2001 406-20 (vote #458), December 7, 2001 passed/agreed in Senate by voice vote December 20, 2001 Conference report agreed to in House 408-6 (Vote # 510) and agreed to the Senate 94-4 (vote # 380) S.J.Res. 23 (P.L. 107-40) Joint resolution to authorize the use of U.S. Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent (September 11, 2001) attacks launched against the United States. Measure passed in Senate September 14, 2001 98-0 (vote #281), House passed without objection, September 14, 2001 S.Amdt. 871 to S.Amdt. 1003 to H.R. 2810 Paul amendment would repeal the Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (P.L. 107243). Motion to table S.Amdt. 871 agreed to in Senate 61-36 September 13, 2017 (vote #195) Congressional Research Service 23 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 118th Bill and Title S.316 Description and Comments Votes A bill to repeal the authorizations for Use of Military Force against Iraq in P.L. 102-1 and the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 in P.L.107–243. Passed Senate without amendment March 29, 2023 66 - 30 (vote # 77) Use of Force against Iraq (2002-2003) On October 10, 2002, after several days of debate, the House passed H.J.Res. 114, which authorized the use of military force against Iraq. The Senate had considered its own measure, S.J.Res. 45, beginning on October 3, but indefinitely postponed it, and instead passed H.J.Res. 114 on October 11, 2002. As enacted into law, the joint resolution provides authorization for the use of military force against Iraq and expresses support for the President’s efforts to (1) strictly enforce through the United Nations Security Council all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq; and (2) obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions. In addition, it authorizes the President to use the U.S. Armed Forces to (1) defend U.S. national security against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and (2) enforce all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq. It directs the President, prior to or as soon as possible (but no later than 48 hours) after exercising such authority, to make available to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate his determination that (1) reliance on further diplomatic or peaceful means alone will not achieve the above purposes; and (2) acting pursuant to this joint resolution is consistent with the United States and other countries continuing to take necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those who planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization for use of the Armed Forces, consistent with the requirements of the War Powers Resolution. Finally, it requires the President to report to Congress at least every 60 days on matters relevant to this resolution. The war with Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom) began on March 19, 2003, with an aerial attack against a location where Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was suspected to be meeting with top Iraqi officials. U.S. and British troops entered Iraq on March 20, 2003, and while the invasion encountered resistance, particularly in its early stages, U.S. forces had largely gained control of Baghdad by April 9, 2003. The northern cities of Kirkuk and Mosul fell shortly afterward, and on April 14, 2003, U.S. troops entered Tikrit, Saddam’s birthplace and the last major population center outside coalition control. On April 15, 2003, President George W. Bush declared that “the regime of Saddam Hussein is no more.” Congressional Research Service 24 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 107th 107th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.J.Res. 114 (P.L. 107-243) Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq. Measure passed House in October 10, 2002 296-133 (vote #455) Measure passed Senate October 11, 2002 77-23 (vote #237) H.Amdt. 608 to H.J.Res. 114 B. Lee amendment that would urge the President to work through the United Nations to ensure that Iraq is not developing weapons of mass destruction, and to urge the use of peaceful means to resolve the issue, including the resumption of weapons inspections. Rejected in House October 10, 2002 72-355 (vote #452) H.Amdt. 609 to H.J.Res. 114 Spratt amendment to authorize the U.S. military to support any new U.N. Security Council resolution that orders the elimination, by force if required, of Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, long-range missiles, and the means of producing such weapons. The President would be required to seek congressional authority before using military force against Iraq without such a U.N. resolution. Rejected in House October 10, 2002 155-270 (vote #453) Kucinich motion to recommit the bill to the House International Relations Committee with instructions that it be reported back with language that would require the President, prior to the use of force, to report to Congress on the effect of war with Iraq, including estimates of its impact on the U.S. economy, Iraqi citizens, and international stability. Rejected in House October 10, 2002 101-325 (vote #454) Joint resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq. Indefinitely postponed by Senate October 11, 2002 (unanimous consent) McCain motion to table the Graham amendment (S.Amdt. 4857) to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Graham amendment would authorize the use of force against Iraq and five terrorist organizations. It would require the Administration to report to Congress that diplomatic options have been exhausted no later than 48 hours after action has begun. The President would be required to report to Congress at least every 60 days. Agreed to in Senate October 9, 2002 88-10 (vote #231) Byrd amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Byrd amendment would provide for the termination of congressional authorization of the use of force 12 months after the resolution’s enactment, unless the President Rejected in Senate October 10, 2002 31-66 (vote #232) S.J.Res. 45 107th S.Amdt. 4869 to S.J.Res. 45 Congressional Research Service 25 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes certifies that an extension is necessary and Congress does not pass a joint resolution disapproving of the extension. 107th 108th Motion to invoke cloture (thus limiting debate) on the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856) that would authorize the use of force against Iraq and require the Administration to report to Congress that diplomatic options have been exhausted no later than 48 hours after military action has begun. The President also would be required to submit a progress report to Congress at least every 60 days. Agreed to in Senate October 10, 2002 75-25 (vote #233) S.Amdt. 4868 to S.J.Res. 45 Byrd amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Byrd amendment would clarify that any authorization of the use of force against Iraq would not alter the constitutional authority of Congress to declare war. It also would clarify that no additional authority not directly related to a clear threat of imminent, sudden, and direct attack on the United States be granted to the President unless Congress authorizes it. Rejected in Senate October 10, 2002 14-86 (vote #234) S.Amdt. 4862 to S.J.Res. 45 Levin amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Levin amendment would authorize the use of force against Iraq if it failed to comply with a new U.N. resolution that demanded unrestricted access for U.N. weapons inspectors in Iraq and authorized the use of military force by U.N. members to enforce the resolution. Congress could return to session at any time to promptly consider proposals related to Iraq if the U.N. failed to adopt such a resolution. Rejected in Senate October 10, 2002 24-75 (vote #235) S.Amdt. 4865 to S.J.Res. 45 Durbin amendment to the Lieberman substitute amendment (S.Amdt. 4856). The Durbin amendment would authorize the use of military force to cover an “imminent threat” by Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, rather than a “continuing threat” by Iraq. Rejected in Senate October 10, 2002 30-70 (vote #236) S.Res. 95 A resolution commending the President and the Armed Forces of the United States of America in the conflict against Iraq. Measure agreed to in Senate March 20, 2003 99-0 (vote #61) H.Con.Res. 104 A concurrent resolution expressing the support and appreciation of the nation for the President and the members of the Armed Forces who are participating in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Measure agreed to in House March 21, 2003 392-11 (vote #83) Congressional Research Service 26 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes 115th S.Amdt. 871 to S.Amdt. 1003 to H.R. 2810 National Defense Authorization Act, FY 2018 Paul amendment would repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq of 2002 (P.L. 107-243).3 Motion to table S.Amdt. 871 agreed to in Senate 61-36 Sept. 13, 2017 (vote #195) 116th H.R.2500 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 §1270W “The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (P.L. 107-243) is repealed.” Passed in House July 12, 2019 220 - 197 (vote #473) H.Amdt.555 to H.R.2500 An amendment numbered 424 printed in Part B of House Report 116-143 to repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (P.L. 107243). On agreeing to the Lee (CA) amendment (A049), agreed to by House July 12, 2019 242 - 180 (vote #464) War in Iraq and Afghanistan (2001-present) U.S. military operations against Al Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghanistan proceeded pursuant to the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force from October 2001 onward. U.S. military operations in Iraq proceeded pursuant to the 2002 Authorization for Use of Military Force in Iraq from March 2003 onward. On March 25, 2003, President George W. Bush requested $74.8 billion in the FY2003 Emergency Supplemental for the ongoing military operations in Iraq, postwar occupation, reconstruction and relief in Iraq, and international assistance to countries contributing to the war in Iraq or the global war on terrorism. The cost of the continued U.S. presence in Afghanistan and additional funds for homeland security were also included. H.R. 1559, enacted into law as P.L. 108-11 on April 16, 2003, provided $78.49 billion in funding for these purposes. The Senate passed H.R. 1559 in lieu of its version, S. 762, by unanimous consent. On September 17, 2003, President Bush formally requested an additional $87 billion for the ongoing military operations and for reconstruction assistance in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. H.R. 3289 (FY2004 supplemental appropriations for Iraq, Afghanistan, and the global war on terrorism) was enacted into law as P.L. 108-106 on November 6, 2003, providing $87.5 billion in funding. The House approved the conference agreement by a roll call vote on October 31, 2003, and the Senate approved the conference agreement by voice vote on November 3, 2003. Earlier, on October 17, 2003, the Senate had approved its own version of the measure, S. 1689, but vitiated its passage and returned the bill to the Senate Calendar. Related CRS products CRS In Focus IF10404, Iraq, by Christopher M. Blanchard. CRS Report R45025, Iraq: Background and U.S. Policy, by Christopher M. Blanchard. 3 "$692.1 Billion Defense Authorization Increases ‘End Strength,’ Adds Warships," CQ Almanac 2017, 73rd ed., Washington, DC: 2018, at http://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/cqal17-1942-108525-2911672. See text: “One of the most contentious debates during the bill's consideration was over Paul's amendment that would have phased out the 2001 and 2002 Authorizations for the Use of Military Force. While the Senate voted, 61-36, to table (or kill) Paul's amendment, the Senate's vote was its first on an AUMF in 15 years.” Congressional Research Service 27 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 CRS Report R45818, Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy, by Clayton Thomas. CRS In Focus IF10604, Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan, by Clayton Thomas. [Archived] CRS Report R41070, Al Qaeda and Affiliates: Historical Perspective, Global Presence, and Implications for U.S. Policy, coordinated by John W. Rollins Congress 108th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.R. 1559 (P.L. 108-11) Emergency Wartime Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2003 A bill making emergency wartime supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes. Measure passed in House April 3, 2003 414-12 (vote #108) Measure passed in Senate in lieu of S. 762 April 7, 2003 (unanimous consent) House adopted conference report April 12, 2003 (voice vote) Senate adopted conference report April 12, 2003 (unanimous consent) S. 762 Supplemental Appropriations Act to Support Department of Defense Operations in Iraq for Fiscal Year 2003 An original bill making supplemental appropriations to support Department of Defense operations in Iraq, Department of Homeland Security, and related efforts for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for other purposes. Measure passed in Senate April 3, 2003 93-0 (vote #125) Cochran motion to table the Hollings amendment (S.Amdt. 479) that would express the sense of the Senate that the President should submit a report to the Senate Finance Committee on a plan to raise revenues to offset the funds in the bill spent on the war with Iraq. Motion agreed to in Senate April 3, 2003 79-18 (vote #121) S.Amdt. 455 to S. 762 Kohl amendment to appropriate $600 million for food assistance to the people of Iraq. Agreed to in Senate April 3, 2003 67-26 (vote #124) H.R. 3289 (P.L. 108-106) Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004 A bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for defense and for the reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004, and for other purposes. Measure passed in House October 17, 2003 303-125 (vote #562) Measure passed in Senate with an amendment October 17, 2003 (unanimous consent) House adopted conference report October 31, 2003 Congressional Research Service 28 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes 298-121 (vote #601) Senate adopted conference report November 3, 2003 (voice vote) 108th H.Amdt. 409 to H.R. 3289 Obey amendment to provide funds for quality of life enhancements for U.S. servicemembers. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 16, 2003 200-226 (vote #546) H.Amdt. 407 to H.R. 3289 Obey amendment to transfer $3.6 billion in Iraq reconstruction funds for quality of life enhancements for U.S. servicemembers. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 16, 2003 209-216 (vote #547) H.Amdt. 410 to H.R. 3289 Waxman amendment to reduce Iraqi funding in the bill for the importation into Iraq of petroleum products by $250 million. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 16, 2003 197-224 (vote #548) H.Amdt. 411 to H.R. 3289 Kirk amendment to strike the provision of the bill that would allow noncompetitive contracts to be reported to Congress seven days after the contract has been awarded in certain circumstances; executive agencies would be required to inform Congress of “nobid” contracts before they are offered. Agreed to in Committee of the Whole October 16, 2003 405-20 (vote #549) H.Amdt. 415 to H.R. 3289 Holt amendment to strike $900 million from the bill for importing petroleum products into Iraq. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 16, 2003 169-256 (vote #551) H.Amdt. 421 to H.R. 3289 Sanchez amendment to bar the Secretary of Defense from carrying out military construction projects in excess of $1.5 million outside Iraq without prior notification to Congress. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 16, 2003 128-295 (vote #552) H.Amdt. 422 to H.R. 3289 Kind amendment to reduce reconstruction funds for Iraq in the bill by 50%. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 17, 2003 156-267 (vote #553) H.Amdt. 423 to H.R. 3289 Stupak amendment to increase military pay in the bill by $265 million to cover $1,500 bonuses for each servicemember in Iraq and Afghanistan in FY2004. Rejected in Committee of the Whole October 17, 2003 213-213 (vote #554) H.Amdt. 431 to H.R. 3289 Sherman amendment to require competitive bidding procedures for all Agreed to in Committee of the Whole October 17, 2003 Congressional Research Service 29 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Votes government contracts relating to Iraq’s oil infrastructure. 248-179 (vote #557) Obey motion to instruct House conferees to insist on provisions in the Senate bill that would structure $10 billion of the $20.3 billion in reconstruction aid to Iraq in the form of loans subject to certain conditions (and for other purposes). Motion agreed to in House October 21, 2003 277-139 (vote #567) Obey motion to recommit the conference report to the conference committee with instructions that it be reported back to the House with provisions that would put half the reconstruction aid to Iraq in the form of loans (and for other purposes). Motion rejected in the House October 31, 2003 198-221 (vote #600) S. 1689 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan Security and Reconstruction Act, 2004 An original bill making emergency supplemental appropriations for Iraq and Afghanistan security and reconstruction for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004, and for other purposes. Measure passed in Senate October 17, 2003 87-12 (vote #400) S.Amdt. 1794 to S. 1689 Byrd amendment to eliminate $15.2 billion of the $20.3 billion allocated for Iraqi reconstruction efforts. The remaining $5.1 billion would be used for security, including public safety requirement, national security, and justice purposes. Rejected in Senate October 1, 2003 38-59 (vote #371) S.Amdt. 1795 to S. 1689 McConnell amendment to express the sense of the Senate thanking U.S. troops serving in Iraq and Afghanistan and extending condolences to the families of those who have been killed or injured. Agreed to in Senate October 2, 2003 98-1 (vote #372) S. 1689 Stevens motion to table the Biden amendment (S.Amdt. 1796) that would offset Iraqi reconstruction costs by eliminating income tax cuts enacted in 2001 for the top 1% of earners. Motion agreed to in Senate October 2, 2003 57-42 (vote #373) Stevens motion to table the Leahy amendment (S.Amdt. 1803) that would remove the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq from Defense Department control and place it under the jurisdiction of the State Department within 60 days after the bill’s enactment. Motion agreed to in Senate October 2, 2003 56-42 (vote #374) Stevens motion to table the Dodd amendment (S.Amdt. 1817) that would spend an additional $322 million on battlefield clearance and safety equipment for U.S. troops in Iraq. The money would Motion agreed to in Senate October 2, 2003 49-37 (vote #376) H.R. 3289 108th Description and Comments Congressional Research Service 30 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes be offset by a reduction in Iraqi reconstruction funds. 108th 108th Division I of the Bingaman amendment (S.Amdt. 1830) would authorize the Defense Department to award the Iraqi Liberation Medal to any person who served in any capacity in the Armed Forces in Southwest Asia in connection with “Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Rejected in Senate October 14, 2003 47-48 (vote #378) Stevens motion to table the Stabenow amendment (S.Amdt. 1823) that would reduce the amount provided for Iraqi reconstruction by $5.03 billion and redirect that funding for domestic programs. Also would express the sense of the Senate that Congress should consider an additional $5.03 billion in funding for Iraqi reconstruction during the fiscal 2005 budget and appropriations process. Motion agreed to in Senate October 14, 2003 59-35 (vote #379) Stevens motion to table the Dorgan amendment (S.Amdt. 1826) that would strike $20.3 billion in appropriations for Iraqi reconstruction funds and require the President to direct the head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to establish an Iraq Reconstruction Finance Authority to collateralize “the revenue from future sales of oil extracted in Iraq.” Motion agreed to in Senate October 14, 2003 57-39 (vote #380) Stevens motion to table the Reed amendment (S.Amdt. 1834) that would authorize an additional 10,000 in Army personnel. Additional personnel would be required to be trained, incorporated into an appropriate force structure, and used for constabulary duty such as military police and light infantry. It would also require that $409 million be made available from the Iraqi Freedom Fund to fund the additional personnel. Motion rejected in Senate October 14, 2003 45-52 (vote #382) S.Amdt. 1846 to S. 1689 Byrd amendment to require the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to report to Congress quarterly on the costs related to reconstruction activities and the revenue provided by foreign nations and international organizations. It would also require the Comptroller General to conduct an ongoing audit of the CPA to evaluate the reconstruction and security activities in Iraq. (Title II of H.R. 3289 [P.L. 108-106] established the CPA Office of Inspector General). Agreed to in Senate October 15, 2003 97-0 (vote #383) S.Amdt. 1806 to S. 1689 Graham amendment to express the sense of Congress that the removal of the government of Iraq under Saddam Agreed to in Senate October 15, 2003 Congressional Research Service 31 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Votes Hussein has enhanced the security of Israel and other U.S. allies. It was not included in the final measure, H.R. 3289. 95-2 (vote #384) Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 1818) that would appropriate $5.1 billion in security funding immediately and up to $5 billion for Iraqi reconstruction funding before April 1. The remaining $10.2 billion in reconstruction funding could be released after April 1 as part of a separate appropriations bill—but only if the United Nations had adopted a new resolution authorizing a multinational military force under U.S. leadership in Iraq, with U.N. leadership in political and economic reconstruction. The President would also be required to provide a detailed reconstruction plan that includes an estimated schedule for the transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqi people and the withdrawal of troops. Motion agreed to in Senate October 16, 2003 57-42 (vote #385) Stevens motion to table the Lautenberg amendment (S.Amdt. 1868) that would prohibit the use of Iraqi reconstruction funds for any contact or financial agreement with an entity that pays deferred compensation to the President, Vice President, or a Cabinet-level official, or any entity in which the President, Vice President, or Cabinet-level official holds options to purchase more than 1,000 shares of stock. Motion agreed to in Senate October 16, 2003 65-34 (vote #386) S.Amdt. 1874 to S. 1689 McConnell amendment to express the sense of the Senate that the Secretary of Defense should issue necessary regulations to implement and begin awarding the Global War on Terrorism Medal to members of the Armed Forces serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Noble Eagle. Agreed to in Senate October 16, 2003 97-1 (vote #387) S.Amdt. 1876 to S. 1689 Nickles amendment to express the sense of the Senate that all countries that hold debt from loans for the former Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein should be urged to forgive their debt. (§2215(b) of H.R. 3289 [P.L. 108-106] includes reporting requirements on Iraqi debt). Agreed to in Senate October 16, 2003 98-0 (vote #388) S.Amdt. 1871 to S. 1689 Bayh amendment to provide a total of $10.3 billion as a grant to rebuild Iraq, including $5.1 billion for security and $5.2 billion for reconstruction costs. The remaining $10 billion would be structured as a loan to be converted to a Agreed to in Senate October 16, 2003 51-47 (vote #389) S. 1689 108th Description and Comments Congressional Research Service 32 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes grant if 90% of all bilateral debt incurred by the former Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein has been forgiven by other countries (and for other related purposes). Conferees did not include the measure in the conference report on H.R. 3289 (P.L. 108-106). S.Amdt. 1837 to S. 1689 Durbin amendment to require that a federal employee who takes leave without pay in order to perform certain service as a member of the uniformed service or the National Guard, be reimbursed for the difference between their salary and the pay and allowances they receive while on duty. Agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 96-3 (vote #390) S. 1689 Stevens motion to table the Daschle amendment (S.Amdt. 1854) that would require the President to certify that future appropriations which exceed the amount in the bill are equal to or exceeded by contributions by the international community. The requirement could be waived if the President provides a report to Congress that determines the funding serves U.S. national security interests. Motion agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 55-44 (vote #391) Stevens motion to table the Landrieu amendment (S.Amdt. 1859) that would require the President to direct the head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to establish an Iraq Reconstruction Finance Authority. The Authority would be required to obtain financing for the reconstruction of Iraq’s infrastructure through the issuance of securities and loans and by collateralizing future revenue from its oil reserves. Motion agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 52-47 (vote #392) S.Amdt. 1843 to S. 1689 Boxer amendment to reimburse servicemembers who paid for meals while hospitalized as a result of injuries or illness while in combat or training since September 11, 2001. Agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 99-0 (vote #393) S. 1689 Stevens motion to table the Corzine amendment (S.Amdt. 1882) that would establish a 12-member independent, bipartisan commission to examine and report on the role of policymakers in the development and use of intelligence related to Iraq and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The amendment would authorize $5 million for the commission. Motion agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 67-32 (vote #395) Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 1819) that would Motion agreed to in Senate 108th Congressional Research Service 33 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes limit the use of reconstruction funds for certain programs and projects, reduce reconstruction funding by $1.65 billion, and reallocate the funds to other purposes, such as destroying conventional weapons in Iraq and accelerating reconstruction in Afghanistan. October 17, 2003 51-47 (vote #396) Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 1886) that would prohibit the use of funds in the bill for the involuntary deployment overseas for Operation Iraqi Freedom of members of the National Guard and Reserves who have been involuntarily deployed for six months or more during the past six years. Motion agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 82-15 (vote #397) Stevens motion to table the Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 1888) that would strike a provision in the bill that allows the President to reallocate funds for the reconstruction of Iraq and insert a provision that would require the President to seek additional funding in subsequent appropriations bills. Motion agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 49-46 (vote #398) Stevens motion to table the Brownback amendment (S.Amdt. 1885) that would decrease the amount in the bill for Iraqi reconstruction by $600 million and increase the amount available to the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps by $50 million (and for other purposes). Motion agreed to in Senate October 17, 2003 55-43 (vote #399) H.Res. 557 Commends the members of the U.S. Armed Forces and Coalition forces for liberating Iraq and expresses its gratitude for their valiant service. Agreed to in House March 17, 2004 327-93 (vote #64) H.Res. 627 Condemns abuse of persons in in U.S. custody in Iraq and expresses appreciation to the members of the U.S. Armed Forces who have served, or are serving, in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Agreed to in House May 6, 2004 365-50 (vote #150) S. 2400 (P.L. 108-375) Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005. Authorizes the Secretary, during FY2005 through 2009, to increase as necessary by up to 30,000 the end strength authorized for the Army to support the Army’s operational mission in Iraq and Afghanistan and to achieve Army transformational reorganization objectives. Requires a fiscal year’s budget to be amended to reflect any such increase. Authorizes supplemental appropriations of $25 billion for the Department of Defense for FY2005, to be available only for activities in support Measure passed in Senate June 23, 2004 97-0 (vote #146) Congressional Research Service 34 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Allocates such funds among specified military department and defense-wide accounts. Allows such authorization only to the extent that a budget request is transmitted from the President to Congress that includes a designation of the requested amount as an emergency and essential to support activities in such countries. Provides certain transfer authority limits. Directs the Secretary to report monthly to the defense and appropriations committees on the use of such authorized funds. 108th S.Amdt. 3260 to S. 2400 Warner amendment to authorize appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2005, $25 billion, to be available only for activities in support of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Agreed to in Senate June 2, 2004 95-0 (vote #106) S.Amdt. 3379 to S. 2400 Biden amendment to provide funds for the security and stabilization of Iraq by suspending a portion of the reduction in the highest income tax rate for individual taxpayers. Rejected by Senate June 17, 2004 44-53 (vote #130) H.Res. 691 Expresses gratitude to the U.S. Armed Forces for their ongoing valiant service to their country; offers continued support to the U.S. Armed Forces; and reaffirms that the U.S. Armed Forces operating in Iraq after June 30, 2004, will remain under the full authority and control of their American commanders. Measure agreed to in House June 25, 2004 352-57 (vote #319) H.R. 4613 (P.L. 108-287) Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005. Appropriates additional funds, to be designated for overseas contingency operations, to the Department of Defense for military personnel, operation and maintenance, and procurement (including National Guard and reserve equipment). Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 3502) included as §8135. Measure passed in House June 25, 2004 410-12 (vote #418) Byrd amendment to express the sense of the Senate that any request for funds for a fiscal year for an ongoing military operation overseas, including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the annual budget of the President; and that any funds provided for such a military operation should be provided in appropriations Acts for such fiscal year through appropriations to specific accounts set forth in such acts. Agreed to in Senate June 24, 2004 89-9 (vote #147) S.Amdt. 3502 to H.R. 4613 Congressional Research Service Measure passed Senate July 22, 2004 96-0 (vote #163) 35 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 109th 109th Bill and Title Description and Comments H.R. 4200 (P.L. 108-375) Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 Authorizes the Secretary of Defense, during FY2005 through 2009, to increase, by up to 30,000 for the Army and 9,000 for the Marine Corps, the end strength authorized to support operational missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Authorizes, during FY2005, the use of up to $300 million from the Department of Defense O&M funds to provide funds for the Commanders’ Emergency Response Program for enabling military commanders in Iraq to respond to urgent humanitarian relief and reconstruction requirements, and for a similar program to assist the people of Afghanistan. Measure passed in House October 9, 2004 359-14 (vote #528) H.R. 1268 (P.L. 109-13) Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005 Provides funds for ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Expresses the sense of the Senate that (1) any request for funds for a fiscal year after 2006 for an ongoing military operation overseas, including those in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the annual budget of the President submitted to Congress; (2) the President should submit to Congress an amendment to the 2006 budget setting forth detailed cost estimates for such operations; and (3) any funds for such purposes should be provided in appropriations Acts through appropriations to specific accounts. Requires additional information concerning such operations, including Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, to be included in reports required under both the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense and for the Reconstruction of Iraq and Afghanistan, 2004, and the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2005. Includes Byrd amendment (S.Amdt. 464) as §1024, expressing sense of the Senate. Conference report adopted by House May 5, 2005 368-58 (vote #161) S.Amdt. 464 to H.R. 1268 Byrd amendment that states that it is the sense of the Senate that any request for funds after FY2006 for an ongoing military operation overseas, including operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, should be included in the President’s annual budget. Agreed to in the Senate April 18, 2005 61-31 (vote #96) H.Amdt. 214 to H.R. 1815 Woolsey amendment to express the sense of Congress that the President should develop a plan for the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Iraq and Rejected in House May 25, 2005 128-300 (vote #220) Congressional Research Service Votes Senate agreed to conference report by unanimous consent October 9, 2004 Conference report adopted by Senate May 10, 2005 100-0 (vote #117) 36 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 109th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 submit this plan to the congressional defense committees. H.Res. 383 Commends U.S. and coalition forces for liberating the Iraqi people from the repressive regime of Saddam Hussein and for their ongoing efforts in support of Iraq’s freedom and stability. Measure agreed to in House July 27, 2005 426-0 (vote #438) S. 1042 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 Authorizes emergency supplemental appropriations to the Department of Defense for FY2006 for operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, and the global war on terrorism. Measure passed in Senate November 15, 2005 98-0 (vote #326) S.Amdt. 2518 to S. 1042 Warner amendment to clarify and recommend changes to the policy of the United States on Iraq. States that calendar year 2006 should be a period of significant transition to full Iraqi sovereignty, with Iraqi security forces taking the lead for the security of a free and sovereign Iraq, thereby creating the conditions for the phased redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq, and that U.S. military forces should not stay in Iraq any longer than required. Amendment was amended in conference (see H.Rept. 109-360) and included as §1227 of H.R. 1815 (P.L. 109-163). Agreed to in Senate November 15, 2005 79-19 (vote #323) S.Amdt. 2519 to S. 1042 Levin amendment to clarify and recommend changes to the policy of the United States on Iraq. States that calendar year 2006 should be a period of significant transition to full Iraqi sovereignty, with Iraqi security forces taking the lead for the security of a free and sovereign Iraq, thereby creating the conditions for the phased redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq, and that U.S. military forces should not stay in Iraq indefinitely. Rejected in Senate November 15, 2005 40-58 (vote #322) H.Res. 571 Expresses the sense of the House of Representatives that the deployment of U.S. forces in Iraq be terminated immediately. Measure rejected in House November 18, 2005 3-403 (vote #608) H.Res. 612 Expresses the commitment of the House of Representatives to achieving victory in Iraq. Measure agreed to in House December 16, 2005 279-109 (vote #648) H.R. 2863 Department of Defense Appropriates additional funds, to be designated for contingency operations related to the global war on terrorism. Measure agreed to in House December 19, 2005 Congressional Research Service 37 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Appropriations Act, 2006 H.R. 4939 (P.L. 109-234) Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 H.R. 5122 (P.L. 109-364) John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 Congressional Research Service Description and Comments Votes Authorizes amounts for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan to be used for the purchase of heavy and light armored vehicles. Allows operation and maintenance funds appropriated in this title to be used to provide supplies, services, transportation, and other logistical support to coalition forces supporting military and stability operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. 308-106 (vote #669) Prohibits the use of funds under this title to establish permanent U.S. military bases in Iraq, or to exercise U.S. control over Iraqi oil infrastructure or resources. Makes emergency supplemental appropriations to the Department of Defense for: military personnel; operation and maintenance; the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund; the Iraq Security Forces Fund; the Iraq Freedom Fund; the Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Fund; procurement; research, development, test and evaluation. Expresses the sense of the Senate that (1) any request for funds for a fiscal year after 2007 for ongoing military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq should be included in the annual budget of the President submitted to Congress; (2) such request should include a detailed justification of anticipated uses of the funds; and (3) any funds provided in a fiscal year for ongoing military operations overseas should be provided in appropriations Acts through appropriations to specific accounts. Measure passed House March 16, 2006 348-71 (vote #65) Title XV authorizes estimated future emergency supplemental appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2007 to provide funds for additional costs due to Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Measure passed in House May 11, 2006 396-31 (vote #145) Measure passed in Senate (with amendment) June 22, 2006 (unanimous consent) Conference report adopted by House September 29, 2006 398-23 (vote #510) Conference report adopted by Senate Measure agreed to in Senate December 21, 2005 93-0 (vote #366) Measure passed in Senate May 4, 2006 77-21 (vote #112) House adopted conference report June 13, 2006 351-67 (vote #257) Senate adopted conference report June 15, 2006 98-1 (vote #171) 38 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes September 30, 2006 (unanimous consent) 109th 110th H.R. 5631 (P.L. 109-289) Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2007 Title IX authorizes the Secretary of Defense to use specified Operations & Maintenance funds to support U.S. military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Measure passed in House June 20, 2006 407-19 (vote #305) Measure passed in Senate (amended) September 7, 2006 98-0 (vote #239) Conference report adopted by House September 26, 2006 394-22 (vote #486) Conference report adopted by Senate September 29, 2006 100-0 (vote #261) H.Res. 861 Declares that it is not in the national security interest of the United States to set an arbitrary date for withdrawal or redeployment of United States Armed Forces from Iraq. Measure agreed to in House June 16, 2006 256-153 (vote #288) S.Amdt. 4320 to S. 2766 John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 Levin amendment expressing the sense of Congress that the President should begin phased redeployment of United States forces from Iraq in 2006. Rejected in Senate June 22, 2006 39-60 (vote #182) S.Amdt. 4442 to S. 2766 John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 Kerry amendment to require the redeployment of United States Armed Forces from Iraq by July 1, 2007. Rejected in Senate June 22, 2006 13-86 (vote #181) H.R. 1 (P.L. 110-53) Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007 (§2041) The United States shall vigorously support the government of Afghanistan by providing increased assistance and the continued deployment of U.S. troops as long as the Afghan government supports such U.S. involvement. Measure agreed to in House January 9, 2007 299-128 (vote #15) Passed Senate with an amendment by unanimous consent July 9, 2007 Conference report agreed to in Senate July 26, 2007 85-5 (vote #284) Congressional Research Service 39 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes Conference report agreed to in House July 27, 2007 371-40 (vote #757) S.Con.Res. 2 Expresses the sense of Congress that it is not in the U.S. national interest to deepen its military involvement in Iraq, particularly by increasing the U.S. military presence in Iraq. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate February 1, 2007 0-97 (vote #43) S. 470 Expresses the sense of Congress that the Senate disagrees with the plan to augment U.S. forces in Iraq by 21,500 and that Congress should not take any action that endangers U.S. military forces in the field. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate February 5, 2007 49-47 (vote #44) H.Con.Res. 63 Disapproving of the decision of the President announced on January 10, 2007, to deploy more than 20,000 additional United States combat troop to Iraq. Measure agreed to in House February 16, 2007 246-182 (vote #99) S. 574 Expresses the sense of Congress that Congress and the American people will continue to support and protect U.S. Armed Forces members who are serving in Iraq; Congress disapproves of President Bush’s decision announced on January 10, 2007, to deploy over 20,000 additional U.S. combat troops to Iraq. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate February 17, 2007 56-34 (vote #51) S.J.Res. 9 Directs the President to begin the phased redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq within 120 days of enactment of this joint resolution with the goal of redeploying by March 31, 2008, all U.S. combat forces from Iraq. Measure rejected in Senate March 15, 2007 48-50 (vote #75) S.Res. 107 Declares that the President and Congress should not take any action that will endanger U.S. Armed Forces; and will provide necessary funds for training, equipment, and other support for troops in the field. Measure agreed to in Senate March 15, 2007 96-2 (vote #76) S.Con.Res. 20 Expresses the sense of Congress that Congress should not take any action that will endanger U.S. military forces in the field, including the elimination or reduction of funds for troops in the field. Agreed to in Senate March 15, 2007 82-16 (vote #77) H.R. 1591 U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Makes emergency supplemental appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2007 for contingency operations directly related to the global war on terror. Measure passed in House March 23, 2007 218-212 (vote #186) Congressional Research Service 40 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress Bill and Title Appropriations Act, 2007 110th Description and Comments Votes Prohibits any funds from being obligated or expended by the U.S. government to establish any military installation or base for the permanent stationing of U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq. Prohibits funds from being used to deploy any unit of the Armed Forces to Iraq unless the chief of the military department concerned has certified that such unit is fully mission capable. Prohibits funds from being used to initiate, execute, or continue any order that has the effect of extending the deployment for Operation Iraqi Freedom of any unit of the Army, Army Reserve, or Army National Guard beyond 365 days; or Marine Corps or Marine Corps Reserve beyond 210 days. Outlines specified determinations, relating to actions of the government of Iraq, which must be made by the President to Congress on or before July 1, 2007. Requires that, if the President fails to make any of the determinations, the Secretary of Defense shall commence the redeployment of U.S. Armed Forces from Iraq no later than such date, with a goal of completing such redeployment within 180 days. Requires that, if the President makes all such determinations, the Secretary shall commence such redeployment no later than October 1, 2007, with a goal of completing that redeployment within 180 days. Makes funds immediately available to plan and execute a safe and orderly redeployment. Measure passed in Senate March 29, 2007 51-47 (vote #126) S.Amdt. 643 to H.R. 1591 To strike language that would tie the hands of the Commander-in-Chief by imposing an arbitrary timetable for the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq. Rejected in Senate March 27, 2007 48-50 (vote #116) H.R. 1591 Motion to instruct House conferees to include language insisting on Housepassed provisions concerning redeployment of U.S. troops in Iraq and restrictions on their use in Iraq after redeployment. Motion agreed to April 19, 2007 215-199 (vote #235) H.R. 2237 Requires the Secretary of Defense to commence the redeployment of U.S. forces deployed in Iraq and prohibits any funds from being used to further deploy U.S. forces to Iraq after completion of the redeployment. Measure failed of passage in House May 10, 2007 171-255 (vote #330) H.R. 2206 (P.L. 110-28) Makes emergency supplemental appropriations for the Department of Measure passed in House Congressional Research Service Conference report adopted by House April 25, 2007 218-208 (vote #265) Conference report adopted by Senate April 26, 2007 51-46 (vote #147) House failed to override veto May 2, 2007 222-203 (vote #276) 41 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 110th Bill and Title Description and Comments U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans’ Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007 Defense for FY2007. Requires the President to direct the orderly redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq if the components of the Iraqi government reach a consensus directing a redeployment of U.S. Forces. Makes findings regarding progress in Iraq, establishes benchmarks to measure progress, and requires related reports. Prohibits any funds from being obligated or expended by the U.S. government to establish any military installation or base for the permanent stationing of U.S. Armed Forces in Iraq. May 10, 2007 221-205 (vote #333) Measure passed in Senate by voice vote May 17, 2007 Motion to concur in House amendments agreed to in Senate May 24, 2007 80-14 (vote #181) S.Amdt. 1098 to S.Amdt. 1097, H.R. 1495 Water Resources Development Act of 2007 Directs the President to commence the redeployment of U.S. forces from Iraq within 120 days. No funds may be obligated or expended to continue the deployment in Iraq of members of the U.S. Armed Forces after March 31, 2008. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate May 16, 2007 29-67 (vote #167) S.Amdt. 1134 to H.R. 1495 Water Resources Development Act of 2007 Requires the President to withhold funding for military operations in Iraq if the Iraqi government fails to meet certain benchmarks. The President could waive the requirement by submitting a written justification to Congress. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate May 16, 2007 52-44 (vote #168) H.R. 1585 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 Amends the Warner Act to make permanent the prohibition on the establishment of permanent military installations in Iraq. Authorizes appropriations for the Department of Defense for FY2008 to provide additional funds for Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Measure passed in House May 17, 2007 397-27 (vote #373) Passed Senate with an amendment October 1, 2007 92 – 3 (vote #359) House agreed to conference report December 12, 2007 370-49 (vote #1151) Senate agreed to conference report December 14, 2007 90-3 (vote #433) H.Amdt. 186 to H.R. 1585 Andrews amendment to forbid funds authorized in the bill for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars from being used to plan a contingency operation in Iran. Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 16, 2007 202-216 (vote #364) Congressional Research Service Votes 42 U.S. Armed Forces Abroad: Selected Congressional Votes Since 1982 Congress 110th Bill and Title Description and Comments Votes H.Amdt. 187 to H.R. 1585 DeFazio amendment states that no prior law authorizes the use of military force against Iran, and prohibits the use of funds authorized in the Act or any other law from being used to carry out military action against Iran unless specifically authorized by Congress or in the case of a national emergency caused by a direct attack by Iran on the United States. Rejected in Committee of the Whole May 16, 2007 136-288 (vote #365) S.Amdt. 2012 to S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Webb amendment specifies minimum periods between deployment of units and members of the Armed Forces for Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate July 11, 2007 56-41 (vote #241) S.Amdt. 2032 to S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Hagel amendment to limit the length of deployment of members of the Armed Forced for Operation Iraqi Freedom. Rejected in Senate July 11, 2007 52-45 (vote #243) S.Amdt. 2078 to H.R. 1585 Graham amendment to express the sense of Congress that the time between extended operational deployments of members of the Armed Forces should be no less than 12 months for regular forces and no less than 5 years for reserve forces. Rejected in Senate July 11, 2007 41-55 (vote #244) S.Amdt. 2087 to S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Levin amendment to mandate a drawdown and redeployment of U.S. forces in Iraq, with certain exceptions, by the end of April 2008, with redeployment beginning within 120 days of enactment. Failure to invoke cloture in Senate July 18, 2007 52-47 (vote #252) S.Amdt. 2924 to S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Feingold amendment to require redeployment of most U.S. troops from Iraq beginning within 90 days of enactment, and bars use of funds for deployment of U.S. servicemembers to Iraq after June 30, 2008, with certain exceptions. Rejected in Senate September 20, 2007 28-70 (vote #345) S.Amdt. 2898 to S.Amdt. 2011 to H.R. 1585 Levin amendment to require reduction of U.S. forces in Iraq within 90 days of enactment and within nine months of enactment, the transition of U.S. forces in Iraq to a limited presence for certain specified types of missions. Rejected in Senate September 21, 2007 47-47 (vote #346) H.R. 2956 Directs the Secretary of Defense to commence the reduction of the number of Armed Forces in Iraq beginning within 120 days and complete the reduction and transition to a limited presence in Iraq by no later than April 1, 2008. Measure passed in House July 12, 2007 223-201 (vote #624) H.R. 2929 Declares that it is the policy of the United States not to establish any military installation or base providing [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3ARL31693. Public record. Not legal advice.