# Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR48097 ## Record - **Collection:** Congressional research report - **Document type:** Reports - **Published:** May 15, 2025 - **Citation:** R48097 ## Text Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Updated May 15, 2025 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48097 SUMMARY R48097 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations May 15, 2025 The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bill funds civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of Defense; the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP); the Department of Energy (DOE); the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC); and several other independent agencies. DOE typically accounts for about 80% of the bill’s funding. Mark Holt Specialist in Energy Policy Anna E. Normand Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Overall Funding Totals President Biden submitted his FY2025 budget request on March 11, 2024. The Biden Administration request included $61.333 billion for energy and water development agencies, a decrease of $42 million (less than 1%) below the FY2024 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations, offsets, and adjustments. The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2025 E&W bill July 9, 2024, recommending higher funding for water development and reductions for energy efficiency and renewable energy programs (H.R. 8997; H.Rept. 118-580). The Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the bill August 1, 2024 (S. 4927; S.Rept. 118-205). The Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025 (P.L. 119-4) was signed by President Trump on March 15, 2025, providing annual appropriations for FY2025 at the FY2024 level for nearly all programs. FY2024 energy and water development appropriations were included in Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, signed into law March 9, 2024 (P.L. 118-42). Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2024 and FY2025 (in millions of dollars and % change from FY2024 enacted) Agency FY2024 Enacted FY2025 Request (% Change) FY2025 House Committee (% Change) FY2025 Senate Committee (% Change) FY2025 Enacted (% Change) Corps of Engineers 8,703 7,220 (-17%) 9,957 (+14%) 10,345 (+19%) 8,703 (0%) Bureau of Reclamation/CUP 1,923 1,616 (-16%) 1,951 (+1%) 2,043 (+6%) 1,882 (-2%) Department of Energy 50,247 51,978 (+3%) 49,935 (-1%) 52,371 (+4%) 50,190 (0%) Independent Agencies 502 519 (+3%) 520 (+4%) 526 (+5%) 502 (0%) 61,375 61,333 (-0%) 62,364 (+2%) 65,285 (+6%) 61,277 (0%) -22 -1,365 -3,174 -67 -22 (0%) 61,353 59,968 (+2%) 59,190 (+1%) 65,218 (+6%) 61,255 (0%) Total appropriations Rescissions and other adjustments Adjusted total Sources: P.L. 119-4; S.Rept. 118-205; H.Rept. 118-580; FY2025 Administration budget request; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024. Notes: FY2025 enacted amounts are the same for most accounts as FY2024 enacted, as specified by P.L. 119-4. CUP = Central Utah Project Completion Account. Enacted amounts do not include emergency supplemental appropriations. Major Issues Congressionally Directed Funding (Earmarks). For FY2025, the House Appropriations Committee included 97 earmarks totaling $899 million within the major USACE and Reclamation accounts, while the Senate Appropriations Committee included 170 earmark requests totaling $1.133 billion for major USACE, Reclamation, and DOE energy-related accounts. Earmarks were not included in the enacted continuing appropriations act for FY2025, resulting in decreases for some agencies, such as DOE and Reclamation. Operating Plans. Departments are required to submit FY2025 detailed operating plans to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, whereas USACE is to send a work plan. Congress may be interested in how appropriations for these agencies are allocated across budget lines and activities within the agencies. Congressional Research Service Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Contents Introduction and Overview .............................................................................................................. 1 Administration Request ............................................................................................................. 2 House Appropriations Committee ............................................................................................. 3 Senate Appropriations Committee ............................................................................................ 3 FY2025 Enacted Funding ......................................................................................................... 4 FY2024 Enacted Funding ......................................................................................................... 5 FY2025 Budgetary Limits......................................................................................................... 5 Funding Issues and Initiatives ......................................................................................................... 6 Congressionally Directed Funding ............................................................................................ 6 Recent Supplemental Funding .................................................................................................. 8 Funding Levels and Policies for Water Resources Agencies .................................................. 10 Funding Levels for EERE and New Accounts ........................................................................ 12 Controversy over Energy Efficiency Standards and Other DOE Actions ............................... 13 Proposed Funding Transfers for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstrations ........................ 14 Title XVII Loan Guarantees: Proposed Transfers and Lending Authority Reductions ........... 15 Strategic Petroleum Reserve Modernization Program ............................................................ 15 Proposed Increase for the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations ........................................ 16 Crosscutting Hydrogen Funding ............................................................................................. 17 Proposed Increase for Weapons Activities, Decrease for Nuclear Nonproliferation............... 18 Startup of Surplus Plutonium Disposition............................................................................... 20 Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding ....................................... 20 Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Amending or Expanding Uses of Funding ................................................................................................................................ 21 Proposed Ban on Federal Funding for Private Consolidated Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities and Proposed DOE Pilot ......................................................................... 22 Bill Status and Recent Funding History ........................................................................................ 22 Description of Major Energy and Water Programs ....................................................................... 23 Agency Budget Justifications .................................................................................................. 24 Army Corps of Engineers........................................................................................................ 24 Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project ................................................................... 27 Department of Energy ............................................................................................................. 29 DOE Crosscutting Activities ............................................................................................. 34 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy........................................................................ 35 Electricity Delivery, Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Energy Reliability.................. 36 Nuclear Energy ................................................................................................................. 36 Fossil Energy and Carbon Management ........................................................................... 37 Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) .................................................................................. 37 Science .............................................................................................................................. 38 Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E) ................................................ 39 Clean Energy Demonstrations .......................................................................................... 40 Loan Programs Office ....................................................................................................... 40 Energy Information Administration .................................................................................. 41 Nuclear Weapons Activities .............................................................................................. 41 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation .................................................................................... 42 Cleanup of Former Nuclear Weapons Production and Research Sites ............................. 43 Power Marketing Administrations .................................................................................... 44 Congressional Research Service Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Independent Agencies ............................................................................................................. 44 Appalachian Regional Commission .................................................................................. 46 Nuclear Regulatory Commission ...................................................................................... 47 Congressional Hearings ................................................................................................................. 47 House ...................................................................................................................................... 48 Senate ...................................................................................................................................... 48 Figures Figure 1. Major Components of Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bills, FY2024 Through FY2025 ............................................................................................................ 1 Figure 2. E&W CPF/CDS Total Enacted Funding from FY2022 Through FY2024 ....................... 7 Tables Table 1. Enacted Supplemental Appropriations for Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development Acts, FY2018-FY2026 ........................................................................................... 8 Table 2. DOE Standards Addressed in Sections of H.R. 8997 (118th Congress) ........................... 13 Table 3. Additional Appropriations for Clean Energy Demonstrations in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) ....................................................................................... 17 Table 4. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2025 ............................... 22 Table 5. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2020-FY2025 ................................ 23 Table 6. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary ............................................. 23 Table 7. Army Corps of Engineers ................................................................................................ 26 Table 8. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP..................................................................................... 28 Table 9. Department of Energy...................................................................................................... 30 Table 10. Additional FY2023-FY2025 DOE Funding Under IIJA ............................................... 32 Table 11. Additional FY2023 DOE Funding Under IRA .............................................................. 32 Table 12. Additional FY2023 Funding for DOE in Divisions M and N of P.L. 117-328 .............. 33 Table 13. DOE Crosscutting Initiatives ......................................................................................... 34 Table 14. Independent Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development Appropriations............................................................................................................................ 45 Table 15. Additional Appropriations in IIJA for Regional Commissions and Authorities ............ 45 Table 16. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Funding Categories .................................................. 47 Contacts Author Information........................................................................................................................ 48 Congressional Research Service Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Introduction and Overview Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bills typically include funding for civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of Defense, in Title I; the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and Central Utah Project (CUP), in Title II; the Department of Energy (DOE), in Title III; and a number of independent agencies, including the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), in Title IV. Figure 1 compares the major components of the E&W appropriations acts from FY2024 through FY2025. The Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025, was signed by President Trump on March 14, 2025 (P.L. 119-4), providing annual appropriations for FY2025 at the FY2024 level for most E&W programs. The largest exceptions were an $185 million increase for Weapons Activities and a $185 million decrease for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation. With other exceptions resulting in a net decrease of $98 million from FY2024, E&W appropriations for FY2025 under P.L. 119-4 total $61.255 billion.1 FY2024 E&W appropriations were included in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, signed into law March 9, 2024 (P.L. 118-42). Figure 1. Major Components of Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bills, FY2024 Through FY2025 (excluding supplementals) Sources: P.L. 119-4; S.Rept. 118-205; H.Rept. 118-580; FY2025 Administration budget request, explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024; S.Rept. 118-72; H.Rept. 118-126; H.R. 4394; FY2024 agency budget justifications. Notes: Enacted amounts do not include supplemental appropriations or adjustments and rescissions. CUP = Central Utah Project Completion Account. In addition to regular annual appropriations, advance funding for E&W agencies in FY2025 has been appropriated by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58). The budget reconciliation measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) included funding for some E&W agencies to remain available through as long as FY2031. For details, see the section “Recent Supplemental Funding.” 1 Total based on “FY 2024 Enacted” column in appropriations tables in H.Rept. 118-580 with changes specified by P.L. 119-4. Congressional Research Service 1 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Administration Request President Biden submitted his FY2025 budget request on March 11, 2024. The Biden Administration request included $61.333 billion for energy and water development agencies, a decrease of $42 million (less than 1%) below the FY2024 enacted amount, excluding emergency appropriations, offsets, and adjustments. DOE funding would have risen by $1.731 billion (3%), to $51.978 billion, and independent agencies by $17 million (3%), to $519 million. USACE funding would have been reduced by $1.483 billion (-17%), to $7.220 billion, and Reclamation and CUP funding would have declined by $307 million (-16%), to $1.616 billion, excluding adjustments and offsets.2 DOE’s major program areas include energy, science, defense, and environmental management. The Biden Administration again proposed to shift some funding in the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) appropriations account into several new accounts: the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), the Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains (MESC), and the Office of State and Community Energy Programs (SCEP), which provides low-income weatherization and state planning grants. The total FY2025 request for EERE and the proposed new accounts was $3.869 billion, an increase of $409 million (12%) over the combined EERE enacted amount for FY2024. DOE established separate offices for FEMP, MESC, and SCEP, and Congress has not approved requests to create separate appropriations accounts for them. Other energy programs with large proposed percentage increases were the Office of Technology Transitions, which facilitates the commercialization of new energy technologies, proposed to increase by 35% in FY2025 to $27 million, and the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, which would have risen by 260% to $180 million. The Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs would have increased by 36% to $95 million, and the Grid Deployment Office by 70% to $102 million. Funding for DOE’s Office of Science was proposed to increase by $343 million (4%), to $8.583 billion, under the Biden Administration budget request, with the largest amounts going for Basic Energy Sciences ($2.582 billion) and High Energy Physics ($1.231 billion). Funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), a semiautonomous DOE agency responsible for nuclear warheads, nuclear weapons nonproliferation, and naval reactor research and development (R&D), was proposed to increase by $862 million (4%), to $24.997 billion. Environmental Management (waste management and cleanup) would have decreased by $154 million (-2%), to $8.613 billion. Among the independent agencies funded by the E&W bill, NRC would have received an increase in total appropriations from $944 million in FY2024 to $975 million in FY2025 (up $31 million, or 3%). NRC’s budget is mostly offset by nuclear industry fees, which may vary from year to year; the Biden Administration proposed an increase in the agency’s net appropriation from $137 million in FY2024 to $151 million in FY2025 (up $14 million, or 10%). The funding request for the Appalachian Regional Commission and other regional authorities in the bill was largely unchanged from the FY2024 enacted levels. 2 Unless otherwise noted, appropriations numbers in this report for FY2024 and FY2025 are taken from S.Rept. 118- 205, H.Rept. 118-580, agency budget justifications for FY2025, and the explanatory statement for the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, Division D, in House Appropriations Committee Print 55-007, https://www.govinfo.gov/ content/pkg/CPRT-118HPRT55007/pdf/CPRT-118HPRT55007.pdf. Some appropriations totals have changed from previously calculated amounts because of re-estimates of revenue offsets and other adjustments. Where the documents provide different values for appropriations numbers, this report shows the values from the most recently released document (S.Rept. 118-205, in most cases). Congressional Research Service 2 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations House Appropriations Committee The House Appropriations Committee approved its FY2025 E&W bill July 9, 2024 (H.R. 8997; H.Rept. 118-580). The House committee bill recommended $62.364 billion for FY2025, an increase of $989 million (2%) over the FY2024 enacted level, excluding adjustments.3 DOE would have received $49.935 billion under the committee bill, a reduction of $312 million (-1%) from the FY2024 enacted level. The committee bill would have provided an increase for USACE of $1.254 billion (14%) over the FY2024 level, and an increase of $28 million (1%) for Reclamation and CUP. Within DOE, energy efficiency and renewable energy programs (including MESC, SCEP, and FEMP) would have received $1.960 billion in the House committee bill, a reduction of $1.500 billion (-43%) from the FY2024 level, including an offset of $804 million using prior-year balances. The Nuclear Energy account would have received $1.793 billion, an increase of $108 million (6%) over FY2024. In addition, the bill would have transferred $8.890 billion in IIJA and IRA advance appropriations—which are currently specified to be used for credits for existing nuclear power plants and energy loan guarantees—to support four nuclear reactor demonstration projects. Appropriations for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve would have risen by $82 million (38%) to $295 million. The Office of Science would have received $8.390 billion, an increase of $150 million (2%). Appropriations for DOE energy programs would have totaled $16.073 billion, a decrease of $1.370 billion (-8%) from the FY2024 enacted level. Total appropriations for NNSA would have been $25.467 billion under the House committee bill, an increase of $1.332 billion (6%) over the FY2024 enacted level. That includes a reduction of $136 million (-5%) for nuclear weapons nonproliferation. The Defense Environmental Cleanup account would have declined by $153 million (-2%), to $7.132 billion. Funding for independent agencies in the House committee bill totals $520 million, an increase of $18 million (4%) over the FY2024 enacted amount. Total funding for NRC was the same as the requested amount, $31 million (3%) over the FY2024 enacted level for a total of $975 million, with a net appropriation of $151 million. The Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board would have increased by $3 million (7%) to $45 million, and the Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board would have received a 1% increase to $4 million. Other independent agencies funded by the E&W bill were set at the same amounts as in FY2024. Amendments to the bill were considered on the House floor on July 23, 2024, after which further proceedings were not resumed. Senate Appropriations Committee The Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2025 E&W bill August 1, 2024 (S. 4927; S.Rept. 118-205). The Senate committee bill recommended a total of $65.285 billion, an increase of $3.910 billion (6%) over the FY2024 enacted level, excluding adjustments. DOE would have received $52.371 billion under the committee bill, an increase of $2.124 billion (4%) from the FY2024 enacted level. The committee bill would have provided an increase for USACE of $1.642 billion (19%) over the FY2024 level, an increase of $120 million (6%) for Reclamation and CUP, and an increase of $24 million (5%) for related agencies over the FY2024 level. 3 Scorekeeping adjustments of $3.174 billion in the House Appropriations Committee report reduce the bill’s net total to $59.190 billion. Congressional Research Service 3 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations DOE energy efficiency and renewable energy programs (including MESC, SCEP, and FEMP) would have received $3.460 billion in the Senate committee bill, the same as the FY2024 enacted level, although MESC would have been funded in a separate account with $20 million. The Nuclear Energy account would have received $1.675 billion, a decrease of $10 million (-1%) below FY2024. The Office of Science would have received $8.600 billion, an increase of $360 million (4%). Appropriations for all DOE energy programs in the bill totaled $17.740 billion, an increase of $297 million (2%) over the FY2024 enacted level. Total appropriations for NNSA would have been $25.201 billion under the Senate committee bill, an increase of $1.066 billion (4%) over the FY2024 enacted level. That includes an increase of $131 million (7%) for Naval Reactors. The Defense Environmental Cleanup account would have increased by $265 million (4%), to $7.550 billion. Funding for independent agencies in the Senate committee bill totaled $526 million, an increase of $24 million (5%) over the FY2024 enacted amount. Total funding for NRC would have risen by $14 million (2%) over the enacted FY2024 level to $958 million, with a net appropriation of $138 million. The Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board would have increased by $5 million (12%) to $47 million. The Southwest Border Regional Commission was to increase by $9 million (180%), the Northern Border Regional Commission by $5 million (12%), and the Denali Commission by $2 million (9%) over their FY2024 levels. FY2025 Enacted Funding The Full-Year Continuing Appropriations and Extensions Act, 2025, was signed by President Trump on March 14, 2025, providing annual appropriations for FY2025 at the FY2024 level for nearly all E&W programs. The Act states that FY2025 appropriations are subject to “the authority and conditions provided in applicable appropriations Acts for fiscal year 2024,” unless otherwise specified. For DOE, the largest exceptions are an $185 million increase for Weapons Activities, to $19.293 billion, and a $185 million decrease for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, to $2.396 billion. The DOE Energy Projects Account, which funded $84 million in Congressionally Directed Spending (“earmarks”) in FY2024, was zeroed out for FY2025. The total for Other Defense Activities was increased by $27 million, to $1.107 billion. Those changes reduce total DOE appropriations by a net of $57 million from FY2024, to $50.190 billion. P.L. 119-4 specifies that USACE is to develop a new work plan to allocate the agency’s FY2025 appropriations of $8.703 billion to specific projects rather than follow the explanatory statement for FY2024.4 USACE has since published its work plan for FY2025 appropriations.5 FY2025 appropriations for Reclamation are reduced by $41 million from the FY2024 level, which reflects FY2024 Reclamation earmark funding. The reductions for Reclamation and DOE result in a total E&W appropriations reduction of $98 million for FY2025, to $61.255 billion (a reduction of less than 1% from FY2024, including rescissions). The act directs DOE and the Department of the 4 Regular U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) appropriations for FY2025 were not reduced from the enacted FY2024 amount. P.L. 119-4 excludes a P.L. 118-42 provision regarding the use of $1.43 billion in prior-year unobligated and unallocated IIJA Construction funds. Those IIJA funds were mostly used to fund FY2024 Construction earmarks. In addition, Section 1111 of P.L. 119-4 establishes that the act does not provide funding for the purposes of the FY2024 earmarks. 5 The FY2025 work plan is available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/. Congressional Research Service 4 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Interior to submit FY2025 detailed operating plans to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees. FY2024 Enacted Funding President Biden signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42), including FY2024 energy and water development appropriations as Division D, on March 9, 2024. Excluding adjustments, the enacted measure totaled $61.375 billion for energy and water development agencies, an increase of $2.171 billion (4%) above the enacted FY2023 amount and $638 billion (-1%) below the request. DOE received $50.247 billion, an increase of $1.801 billion (4%) over FY2023 and $2.324 billion (-4%) below the request. EERE, including programs that the Biden Administration proposed to fund under separate accounts, received $3.460 billion, the same as the FY2023 amount and a decrease of $1.332 billion (-28%) from the equivalent request. Science received $8.240 billion, an increase of $140 million (2%) over the FY2023 enacted level and $560 million (-6%) below the request. NNSA received $24.135 billion, an increase of $1.972 billion (9%) over FY2023 and $290 million (1%) above the request. USACE received $8.703 billion,6 excluding rescissions and adjustments, which is $393 million (5%) more than in FY2023 and $1.290 billion (17%) higher than the request. Reclamation and CUP received $1.923 billion, a reduction of $31 million (-2%) from FY2023 and $454 million (31%) above the request. NRC received $944 million, an increase of $17 million (2%) over the FY2023 level and a decrease of $35 million (-4%) from the request, although the net appropriation was almost the same as in FY2023. ARC received $200 million, the same as in FY2023 and $35 million (-15%) below the request. The Great Lakes Authority received first-time funding of $5 million, the requested amount, while the other regional authorities and commissions received all or slightly more than the amounts requested. The Northern Border Regional Commission and Delta Regional Authority each received $1 million more than their FY2024 requested amounts ($41 million and $31.1 million, respectively). For more FY2024 Energy and Water Development appropriations details, see • • • CRS Report R47553, Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations, by Mark Holt and Anna E. Normand. CRS In Focus IF12370, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2024 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. CRS In Focus IF12369, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2024 Budget and Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. FY2025 Budgetary Limits Congressional consideration of the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill was affected by certain procedural and statutory budget enforcement requirements. These consisted primarily of procedural limits on discretionary spending (spending provided in annual appropriations acts) established in a budget resolution or through some other means, and allocations of this amount that applied to spending under the jurisdiction of each appropriations subcommittee. 6 Not including $22 million in recessions. Congressional Research Service 5 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, established enforceable discretionary spending limits (caps) for FY2024 and FY2025. For FY2025, the limits were $895.212 billion for defense and $710.688 billion for nondefense. Spending designated as an emergency requirement was exempt up to any amount, while funding for certain purposes—such as program integrity initiatives, disaster funding, and reemployment services—was exempt up to specified amounts. The House Appropriations Committee approved interim FY2025 allocations on May 23, 2024, for each of the 12 appropriations subcommittees under Section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-344).7 For the Energy and Water Development Subcommittee, the interim allocations provided $34.193 billion for defense functions and $24.997 billion for nondefense functions, totaling $59.190 billion. The interim allocation was $1.584 billion below the Biden Administration’s total request for agencies in the Energy and Water Development bill, including offsets. The Senate Appropriations Committee approved subcommittee 302(b) allocations on July 31, 2024, based on the FRA caps (S.Rept. 118-203). The E&W allocation was $34.971 billion for defense and $26.496 billion for nondefense, for a total of $61.467 billion. In addition, the Committee leadership announced that subcommittees would have additional amounts above the FRA caps allowed by the act, plus emergency funding of $13.5 billion for nondefense programs and $21 billion for defense programs.8 For more information on funding ceilings, see CRS Report R46468, A Brief Overview of the Congressional Budget Process, by James V. Saturno, and CRS Insight IN12168, Discretionary Spending Caps in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, by Grant A. Driessen and Megan S. Lynch. Funding Issues and Initiatives Several issues drew particular attention during congressional consideration of Energy and Water Development appropriations for FY2025. The issues described in this section—listed approximately in the order the affected agencies or provisions appear in the Energy and Water Development bill—were selected based on total funding involved, percentage of proposed increases or decreases, amount of congressional debate engendered, and potential impact on broader public policy considerations. Congressionally Directed Funding The 118th Congress, largely continuing the policies of the 117th Congress, allowed earmarks for site-specific projects and other activities in the appropriations process. These are referred to as “community project funding” (CPF) in the House and “congressionally directed spending” (CDS) in the Senate. From the 112th through the 116th Congresses, moratorium policies largely prohibited earmarks for such projects. Funding for specific water projects constitutes the majority 7 House Appropriations Committee, “Committee Approves FY25 Subcommittee Allocations, Prioritizing Defense, Homeland Security, and Veterans Affairs,” May 23, 2024, press release, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/pressreleases/committee-approves-fy25-subcommittee-allocations-prioritizing-defense-homeland; and House Appropriations Committee, “Cole Previews Interim Fiscal Year 2025 Subcommittee Allocations,” new release, May 16, 2024, https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/cole-previews-interim-fiscal-year-2025-subcommittee-allocations. 8 Senate Committee on Appropriations, “Chair Murray Opening Remarks at Full Committee Markup,” July 11, 2024, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chair-murray-opening-remarks-at-full-committee-markup-fy25. Congressional Research Service 6 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations of the annual budget request for USACE and Reclamation.9 Figure 2 shows enacted CPF/CDS amounts per agency for FY2022 through FY2024. The patterned area of the stacked columns distinguishes the sum of the top three CPF/CDS items (all under USACE appropriations). Figure 2. E&W CPF/CDS Total Enacted Funding from FY2022 Through FY2024 (in millions of nominal dollars) Sources: Community Project Funding (CPF)/Congressionally Directed Spending (CDS) tables in explanatory statements accompanying enacted annual appropriations for FY2022 through FY2024. Note: The patterned area of the stacked columns distinguishes the sum of the top three CPF/CDS items (all under USACE appropriations). For FY2025, the House and Senate Appropriations committees invited Members of Congress to request CPF/CDS items, respectively.10 The House committee report recommended funding 95 CPF items totaling $890 million for USACE activities and 2 CPF items totaling $9 million for Reclamation activities. The largest of these CPF provisions were for USACE construction of the Kentucky Lock and Dam in Kentucky ($218 million); the Sabine-Neches Waterway in Texas ($113 million); and the Morganza to the Gulf system in Louisiana ($93 million). The Senate committee report recommended funding 131 CDS items totaling $1.034 billion for USACE activities, 9 CDS items totaling $63 million for Reclamation activities, and 30 CDS items totaling $36 million in DOE energy-related accounts. The largest of these CDS items were for USACE construction of the Kentucky Lock and Dam in Kentucky ($218 million); the Upper Ohio River Navigation Project in Pennsylvania ($205 million); and the replacement lock for Sault Ste. Marie, MI (an additional $186 million). Section 1111 of P.L. 119-4 establishes that the act does not provide funding for the purposes of the FY2024 earmarks, unless specified otherwise. Some Reclamation and DOE accounts receive 9 During the moratorium, Congress appropriated funding above the requested amounts for categories of work, called additional funding, without identifying specific projects. In the 117th and 118th Congresses, enacted appropriations included additional funding for USACE and Reclamation, along with CPF/CDS items. 10 For House CPF details, see “Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Fiscal Year 2025 Guidance on All Member Requests,” https://appropriations.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/republicans-appropriations.house.gov/files/evomedia-document/fy25-energy-and-water-development-and-related-agencies-guidance.pdf; for the Senate, see “Energy and Water Development FY 2025 Congressionally Directed Spending – Eligible Agencies and Accounts,” https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fy2025_cds_appropriations_accounts_ew_final_051024.pdf. Congressional Research Service 7 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations decreased amounts compared with FY2024 that reflect the earmark funding for those accounts in FY2024. For example, Section 1501 reduces amounts provided to Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources account by $41 million. The section also reduces funding for DOE Energy Projects (CPF/CDS earmarks) to zero, from $84 million appropriated in FY2024. Neither Section 1111 nor Section 1501 affects the availability of funds in FY2024 appropriations acts for such earmarks. In addition to regular appropriations of $8.703 billion, the FY2024 E&W act directed that USACE use $1.435 billion of unobligated and unallocated IIJA Construction monies to fund construction projects listed in the explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 118-42. Those IIJA funds were mostly used to fund FY2024 Construction earmarks, including the four earmarks that were funded at $100 million or more. P.L. 119-4 excluded the FY2024 provision regarding the use of IIJA Construction funds. Therefore, FY2025 USACE’s Construction activities receive 44% less funding than the total amount (regular appropriations plus redirected IIJA appropriations) directed by Congress to fund FY2024 construction activities listed in the explanatory statement. Recent Supplemental Funding Congress provided supplemental appropriations for USACE and Reclamation from FY2018 through FY2023 for disaster response and mitigation (e.g., drought, flood); study, construction, maintenance, and repair of projects; new authorities that expand the agencies’ activities; and COVID-19 precautions, among other purposes.11 Congress also has provided supplemental appropriations to DOE for clean energy demonstration projects, science facilities and infrastructure, hydrogen production and distribution infrastructure, nuclear weapons nonproliferation, and renewable energy R&D, among other purposes. In addition, in some years, other agencies funded under Energy and Water Appropriations Acts received supplemental funding. Table 1 details in nominal dollars supplemental appropriations based on the fiscal year when funds are first available (in some cases, FY2024-FY2026). All of these funds are available until expended, except for funds from the IRA, which are available through various years from FY2026 to FY2031, and Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation and Salaries and Expenses in P.L. 118-50, which are available through FY2025.12 Table 1. Enacted Supplemental Appropriations for Agencies Funded by Energy and Water Development Acts, FY2018-FY2026 (in millions of nominal dollars) FY Funds First Available FY2018 Act P.L. 115-123 Title I: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 17,398 Title II: Bureau of Reclamation and CUP Title III: Department of Energy — 22 Title IV: Independent Agencies — 11 For CRS water resource products on these acts, see CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand; CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter; CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand; and CRS In Focus IF12437, Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand. 12 Sections 50233 and 80004 of P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2026. Sections 50231 and 50232 of P.L. 117-169 appropriations are to remain available through FY2031. Congressional Research Service 8 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations FY Funds First Available Act Title I: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Title II: Bureau of Reclamation and CUP Title III: Department of Energy Title IV: Independent Agencies FY2019 P.L. 116-20 3,258 16 — — FY2020 P.L. 116-136 70 21 128 3 FY2021 — — — — — FY2022 P.L. 117-43 5,711 220 43 — P.L. 117-58 14,969 1,710 18,687 581 P.L. 117-169 — 4,588 35,067 — P.L. 117-58 1,080 1,660 13,100 200 P.L. 117-180 20 — — — P.L. 117-328 1,480 — 1,945 — P.L. 117-58 1,050 1,660 10,778 200 P.L. 118-50 — — 247 — P.L. 117-58 — 1,660 10,831 200 P.L. 118-158 1,515 74 64 10 P.L. 117-58 — 1,660 9,072 200 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026 Source: CRS using public laws enacted in FY2018-FY2025. Notes: Fiscal year shown is when funds are first available. All funds are available until expended except for funds from P.L. 117-169, which are available through various fiscal years from FY2026 to FY2031, and Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation and Salaries and Expenses in P.L. 118-50, which are available through FY2025. For FY2025, the American Relief Act (P.L. 118-158) provided $1.510 billion to the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA) for disaster economic recovery, with $10 million of that amount to be transferred to the Delta Regional Authority. The relatively large amount of supplemental funding already available to Energy and Water Development agencies for FY2025 was a consideration in the Biden Administration request and congressional debate on FY2025 appropriations. For example, DOE cited IIJA funding for two advanced reactor demonstration projects as the reason that no funding for those projects was included in the FY2025 request. Nonetheless, Congress enacted emergency supplemental appropriations for FY2025 in Division B of the American Relief Act, 2025 (P.L. 118-158). The act provided funding to DOE accounts— Strategic Petroleum Reserve, Weapons Activities, Defense Environmental Cleanup—for necessary expenses related to damages caused by natural disasters, including Hurricanes Helene and Milton. USACE and Reclamation received funding for studies and projects. Regarding previous supplemental appropriations, the Trump Administration on January 27, 2025, ordered federal agencies to “temporarily pause all activities related to obligation or disbursement of all Federal financial assistance,” including funds for “the green new deal.” The Trump Administration said the temporary pause would provide it time to review agency programs and “determine the best uses of the funding for those programs consistent with the law and the President’s priorities.”13 The pause and review could affect DOE, water resource agency, and 13 Office of Management and Budget, “Temporary Pause of Agency Grant, Loan, and Other Financial Assistance Programs,” January 27, 2025, https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/25506186/m-25-13-temporary-pause-to-reviewagency-grant-loan-and-other-financial-assistance-programs.pdf. Congressional Research Service 9 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Appalachian Regional Commission appropriations in IIJA and IRA. As of late April 2025, multiple challenges to the Trump Administration’s actions have been filed in federal courts.14 Congress may also consider whether or not to rescind unobligated energy and water appropriations through future budget reconciliation and appropriations processes. For more details on selected supplemental funding, see • • • • • • CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand. CRS Insight IN11723, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand. CRS In Focus IF12437, Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand. CRS Report R47034, Energy and Minerals Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), coordinated by Brent D. Yacobucci. CRS Report R47262, Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Provisions Related to Climate Change, coordinated by Jonathan L. Ramseur. Funding Levels and Policies for Water Resources Agencies The Biden Administration’s FY2025 budget requests for USACE and Reclamation were lower than the enacted FY2024 regular appropriations ($1.483 billion, or 17%, lower for USACE and $307 million, or 16%, lower for Reclamation). The Biden Administration specified $1.065 billion of the request as emergency spending. For USACE civil works, the House committee bill would have provided $9.957 billion, which was $1.254 billion (14%) above the FY2024 enacted amount and $2.737 billion (38%) above the request. The House committee bill included a number of policy provisions related to USACE.15 The Senate committee bill would have provided $10.345 billion, an increase of $1.642 billion (19%) over the FY2024 level and $3.125 billion (43%) over the request. The Senate committee bill would have created a new USACE account—Planning, Engineering, and Design—with $200 million for “plans and specifications prior to construction and related activities for water resources development projects.”16 For Reclamation, the House committee bill would have provided $1.928 billion (+21%) and the Senate committee bill $2.020 billion (+26%). P.L. 119-4 provides the same appropriations levels for USACE accounts as P.L. 118-42 did for FY2024. The O&M account, which funds maintenance of existing USACE infrastructure, makes up 64% of USACE’s FY2025 annual appropriations. In addition, most provisions, such as how 14 Jack Queen and Nate Raymond, “Trump Administration Spending Freeze Will Remain Blocked, US Appeals Court Says,” Reuters, March 26, 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-spending-freeze-will-remainblocked-us-appeals-court-says-2025-03-27. 15 These include Sections 108, 110, 111, and 112. 16 The Senate committee report stated that the committee “created this new account to combat some of the challenges facing the Corps and non-Federal sponsors,” which may include providing “more assurance of project scope, challenges, and cost estimates” before authorizing construction and providing new start funding for a project. The Senate committee bill for FY2024 also included this account; however, it was not included in the final FY2024 E&W act. Congressional Research Service 10 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations much funding is to be derived from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund ($2.77 billion), are retained. Under P.L. 119-4, the Construction account receives the same level of appropriations as in FY2024: $1.85 billion. However, P.L. 119-4 excludes a P.L. 118-42 provision regarding the use of $1.43 billion in prior-year unobligated and unallocated IIJA Construction funds. Therefore, P.L. 119-4 provides new funding for USACE’s Construction activities in FY2025 in an amount that is 44% less than the amount directed by Congress to fund FY2024 construction activities listed in the explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 118-42. Section 1503 of P.L. 119-4 removes the requirement for the Secretary of the Army to allocate appropriated funds in accordance with the explanatory statement accompanying P.L. 118-42. Instead, the section directs USACE’s Chief of Engineers to develop a work plan to allocate P.L. 119-4 funding. The act specifies that USACE is to allocate FY2025 funding under the Investigations, Construction, and Mississippi River and Tributaries (MR&T) accounts in the work plan only to active studies and projects. That is, Congress did not allow for any new starts using FY2025 annual appropriations under P.L. 119-4.17 The act directs USACE to deliver the work plan to the Senate and House Appropriations Committees within 60 days of the law’s enactment. The act also directs that once the work plan has been submitted, there are to be no deviations from the work plan aside from reprogramming authority as provided to USACE in P.L. 118-42. USACE has published its work plan for FY2025 appropriations.18 As mentioned, P.L. 119-4 generally provides that appropriations for FY2025 accounts are at the same rates and under the same terms and conditions as enacted in P.L. 118-42, unless otherwise specified. Section 1501 of P.L. 119-4 reduces amounts provided to Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources account by $41 million, which received a total of $1.752 billion in FY2024. This reduction represents the FY2024 amount provided to this account for CPF/CDS. Section 1113 generally directs the Department of the Interior to submit spending, expenditure, or operating plans to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees, at the program, project, or activity level or any greater level of detail required for FY2024. Such FY2025 plans, often referred to as operating plans, are due not later than 45 days after enactment of P.L. 119-4. P.L. 119-4 also included some provisions of note for Reclamation. Section 1506 increases the authorization of appropriations and extends the expiration of the authorization for a Reclamation rural water project, the Northwestern New Mexico Rural Water Project, that was originally authorized in 2009 under P.L. 111-11.19 Section 1507 releases prior year (FY2024) Reclamation funding that was proposed for a surface water storage project (Sites Reservoir) in California, in accordance with a May 2024 recommendation under the Biden Administration. Similarly, Section 1507 releases FY2023 and FY2024 Reclamation funding recommended in that same transmission for multiple water reuse and recycling projects. The recommendations and congressional release of prior year funding occur pursuant to processes originally authorized in Sections 4007 and 4009 17 New starts is a term describing USACE studies or projects selected to receive funding to initiate study or project work. For FY2025, the Biden Administration did not request and the House report (H.Rept. 118-580) did not recommend new starts, but the Senate report (S.Rept. 118-205) recommended new starts under the Investigations and the Mississippi River and Tributaries (MR&T) accounts. 18 The FY2025 work plan is available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/. 19 The section increases the authorization from $870 million to $1.64 billion, and extends the project’s authority through 2025. For more information about Reclamation Rural Water Projects, see CRS Report R46308, Bureau of Reclamation Rural Water Projects, by Anna E. Normand. Congressional Research Service 11 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act (P.L. 114-322), and are consistent with other recent congressional approvals under these authorities.20 For more information, see • • CRS In Focus IF12648, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2025 Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. CRS In Focus IF12661, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2025 Budget and Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. Funding Levels for EERE and New Accounts The Biden Administration’s FY2025 request would have increased DOE EERE funding by $409 million (12%) over the FY2024 enacted amount. This included separate appropriations accounts that the request would have established for several large offices currently under the EERE appropriations account—Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains, Office of State and Community Programs, and Office of Federal Energy Management Programs. Congress did not approve moving these appropriations accounts out of EERE as proposed by the Biden Administration in FY2023 and FY2024. EERE programs with the largest requested percentage increases were Renewable Energy Grid Integration (up $43 million, or 195%), Wind Energy Technologies (up $62 million, or 45%), Geothermal Technologies (up $38 million, or 32%), Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization (up $50 million, or 21%),21 and Vehicle Technologies (up $52 million, or 12%). These proposed increases did not include the efficiency programs that the Biden Administration proposed moving to separate DOE appropriations accounts. FEMP would have received $64 million in FY2025 under the request (up $21 million, or 49%), the Office of State and Community Energy Programs, which handles state energy planning grants and low-income home weatherization assistance, would have received $574 million (up $103 million, or 22%), and the Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains would have received $113 million (up $95 million or 528%). In contrast to the Biden Administration request, the House Appropriations Committee recommended reductions for EERE (including MESC, SCEP, and FEMP). Those programs would have received $1.960 billion in the House committee bill, a reduction of $1.500 billion (-43%) from the FY2024 level, including an offset of $804 million using prior-year balances. In the Senate committee bill, EERE programs (including MESC, SCEP, and FEMP) would have received $3.460 billion, the same as the FY2024 enacted level, although MESC would have been funded in a separate account with $20 million. IIJA appropriated $16.264 billion in FY2022 through FY2026 in additional emergency spending for programs in the EERE account, of which $1.945 billion was for FY2025.22 EERE programs 20 For additional information, see CRS Report R47987, Bureau of Reclamation Support for Water Storage Projects, by Charles V. Stern, and CRS Report R44986, Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation (WIIN) Act: Bureau of Reclamation and California Water Provisions, by Charles V. Stern, Pervaze A. Sheikh, and Nicole T. Carter. 21 Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization has been part of Advanced Manufacturing. In the FY2024 request, DOE proposes dividing Advanced Manufacturing into two programs: (1) Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies and (2) Industrial Efficiency and Decarbonization. 22 DOE, FY 2025 Congressional Justification, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, March 2024, p. 10, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/doe-fy-2025-budget-vol-4-v5.pdf. Includes all programs currently funded by the EERE appropriations account. Congressional Research Service 12 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations received $12.150 billion in additional funding in IRA, available from FY2022 through FY2026, FY2027, FY2029, or FY2031, depending upon the provision. For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12710, DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Appropriations, FY2025, by Martin C. Offutt and Corrie E. Clark. Controversy over Energy Efficiency Standards and Other DOE Actions DOE revises most of the energy efficiency standards in its Appliance and Commercial Equipment Standards Program on a six-year cycle. Compliance with the revised standards, typically three years after publication, can lead to additional costs to industry as manufacturing costs increase, including up-front capital costs. The revisions generally are estimated to reduce energy costs for users of the appliances and equipment covered by the standards. One section of H.R. 8997 as reported by the House Appropriations Committee would have prohibited funding for DOE to revise and/or implement and enforce three of these standards and a fourth standard for manufactured housing, shown in Table 2. Two sections of the bill would have prohibited funding for DOE to revise and/or implement and enforce standards related to energy consumption in federal buildings and DOE’s ability to waive certain requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA; P.L. 90-190) with respect to energy storage systems. (See Table 2.) Further information on two of the energy conservation standards that would have been affected can be found in CRS Insight IN12115, DOE’s Regulations on Gas Stoves, by Martin C. Offutt, and CRS Insight IN12179, DOE’s Proposed Regulation on Electricity Distribution Transformers, by Martin C. Offutt. Table 2. DOE Standards Addressed in Sections of H.R. 8997 (118th Congress) Section Appliance or Subject Legislative Text Affected Notice Affected Regulation 312 Clean Energy for New Federal Buildings and Major Renovations of Federal Buildings “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to further develop, finalize, administer, implement, or enforce the proposed regulation” 87 Fed. Reg. 78382 10 C.F.R. Part 435 313 Energy Storage Systems “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to provide a categorical exclusion from the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969” 89 Fed. Reg. 34074 10 C.F.R. Part 1021 514(1) Distribution Transformers “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce” 89 Fed. Reg. 29834 10 C.F.R. Part 431 Subpart K 514(2) Manufactured Housing “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to finalize, 87 Fed. Reg. 32728 10 C.F.R. Part 460 Congressional Research Service 13 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Section Appliance or Subject Legislative Text Affected Notice Affected Regulation implement, administer, or enforce” 514(3) Room Air Conditioners “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce” 88 Fed. Reg. 34298 10 C.F.R. §430.32(b) 514(4) Consumer Conventional Cooking Products “None of the funds made available by this Act may be used to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce” 89 Fed. Reg. 11434 10 C.F.R. §430.32(j) Source: Federal Register. Proposed Funding Transfers for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstrations Section 317 of the House committee bill would have transferred up to $8.980 billion in funds provided by IIJA and IRA to the DOE Nuclear Energy account for four advanced reactor demonstration projects. From IIJA-appropriated funds, the transfers would have consisted of $980 million from the DOE Civil Nuclear Credit Program and $1.5 billion23 from the Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program Account (CIFIA). From IRA-appropriated funds, the transfers would have consisted of $1.5 billion from the DOE 1703 loan guarantee program for innovative low-carbon technologies and $5 billion from the DOE 1706 program for energy repowering projects. The proposed transfer in FY2025 would have followed a $950 million transfer from IIJAappropriated funds in the FY2024 E&W appropriations act (Section 311) for DOE to support up to two small modular reactor demonstrations, through the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, and nuclear reactor safety training. The proposed $8.980 billion transfer in the FY2025 House committee bill was designated for the two FY2024 reactor demonstrations plus two demonstrations previously receiving support under the DOE Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program. The funds proposed to be transferred from the DOE Civil Nuclear Credit program were intended to prevent the closure of existing nuclear power plants. IIJA appropriated $6 billion for the program, and DOE has awarded $1.1 billion of Civil Nuclear Credits for one plant, Diablo Canyon in California.24 The proposed transfer from CIFIA would have reduced the program’s total funding of $2.1 billion by about 70%, sharply reducing available financial support for eligible CO2 pipeline projects. DOE’s initial funding opportunity was accepting applications through July 30, 2024, and the agency has not yet made any awards. Several currently proposed CO2 pipeline projects, located primarily in the Midwest, face state permitting challenges, including delays, so it is uncertain 23 Throughout this report, numbers are generally rounded to millions. In this section, most of the numbers are precisely billions or hundreds of millions of dollars. For this section, trailing decimal places have been removed. 24 DOE Grid Deployment Office, “Civil Nuclear Credit Program,” https://www.energy.gov/gdo/civil-nuclear-creditprogram. Congressional Research Service 14 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations whether their developers have already applied, or might apply in the future, for financial support under the CIFIA program. Title XVII Loan Guarantees: Proposed Transfers and Lending Authority Reductions Section 1502(1) of P.L. 119-4 changes appropriations and offsets for the DOE Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program by reducing appropriations for administrative costs and offsetting collections that can be applied to administrative costs from $70 million to $55 million. The act also estimates certain fee collections at $170 million during FY2025. Section 317 of the House committee bill would have transferred certain IRA appropriations to DOE’s Nuclear Energy account—as discussed above—and reduced IRA lending authority limits for two Title XVII loan guarantee programs: (1) the 1703 program, which provides debt financing for eligible clean energy projects, and (2) the 1706 program, which provides debt financing for eligible energy infrastructure and reinvestment projects.25 Title XVII IRA appropriations and lending authorities are available until September 30, 2026. For the 1703 program, the bill would have transferred $1.5 billion26 from the unobligated balance of the IRA appropriations ($3.6 billion was originally enacted and most remains unobligated) and reduced IRA lending authority by $150 billion (from $40 billion to $25 billion). For the 1706 program, the bill would have transferred $5 billion from the unobligated balance of the IRA appropriations ($5 billion as originally enacted) and reduced lending authority by $245 billion (from $250 billion to $5 billion). The Senate committee bill did not include similar provisions. DOE 1703 loan guarantee commitments funded by IRA total approximately $17.7 billion for 15 projects, and 1706 loan guarantee commitments funded by IRA total approximately $48.8 billion for 17 projects. DOE has not announced further loan guarantee commitments since January 17, 2025. As written, Section 317 may not have affected existing loan guarantee commitments. Rather, future Title XVII lending activity likely would have been reduced from currently authorized levels. Loan guarantee commitments reduce each program’s remaining available lending authority. Appropriations for the cost of loan guarantees are obligated at the point of conditional commitment. Strategic Petroleum Reserve Modernization Program DOE is currently executing a Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) modernization program that invests in infrastructure and systems with the goal of extending SPR mission readiness (i.e., oil drawdown and refill rates) for another 15 to 25 years. According to DOE’s FY2025 budget justification, the project is scheduled to be completed by the end of FY2026. Estimated program costs of approximately $1.4 billion were funded through congressionally authorized SPR crude oil sales conducted between FY2017 and FY2021. Sale proceeds were deposited into the Energy Security and Infrastructure Modernization (ESIM) Fund, an account used to pay for modernization program costs. Citing “pandemic and related supply chain issues, and delays related to” emergency sales that started in FY2022, DOE’s FY2025 budget justification estimated program costs at $1.920 25 For Title XVII background information, see CRS Insight IN11984, Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA): Department of Energy Loan Guarantee Programs, by Phillip Brown. 26 Throughout this report, numbers are generally rounded to millions. In this section, the numbers are precisely billions or half-billions of dollars. For this section, trailing decimal places have been removed. Cases where numbers are approximate are noted. Congressional Research Service 15 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations billion.27 The Biden Administration requested supplemental funding of $500 million for ESIM in FY2023, but that request was not approved. DOE’s FY2025 budget justification highlighted additional program costs, listed suspended and deferred projects, and indicated anticipation of nearly $500 million of additional supplemental funding for FY2024. However, the SPR supplemental funding subsequently was not requested. Other congressional options for addressing the estimated SPR modernization funding shortfall could include directing DOE to sell $500 million of crude oil and deposit sale proceeds into the ESIM fund, rescinding unobligated funds from the SPR Petroleum Account and transferring those funds to the ESIM account, directing DOE to re-scope the program to match available funding. The Senate committee report directed DOE to “immediately” provide the committee with a modernization program status report. During his January 2025 inaugural address, President Trump indicated his administration intends to fill the SPR to its capacity.28 Subsequently, a February 2025 DOE Secretarial Order includes “Refill the Strategic Petroleum Reserve” as a department-level priority.29 However, crude oil purchases, other expenses, and congressional rescissions depleted the approximately $17 billion received from emergency crude oil sales in response to oil market conditions related to Russia invading Ukraine in 2022. Filling the SPR to its approximately 714 million barrel (Mbbl) physical capacity could require congressional action in the form of appropriations and adjusting congressionally mandated sales.30 Proposed Increase for the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations The Biden Administration requested $180 million in FY2025 for the DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations (OCED). This would have been a $130 million (260%) increase from OCED’s FY2024 regular annual appropriation, but the program’s regular appropriations are overshadowed by $21.456 billion appropriated for OCED through FY2026 by IIJA (see Table 3). In addition, IRA appropriated $5.812 billion for an OCED program on Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment for FY2022-FY2026. As of January 2025, OCED reported that it had awarded support totaling up to $26.8 billion for clean energy demonstration projects.31 The House Appropriations Committee voted to reduce regular OCED funding to $28 million in FY2025 (not including the IIJA and IRA advance appropriations). According to the committee report, “The recommendation only includes funding for Program Direction and provides no funding for new demonstrations, including the budget request proposal on extreme heat. The Committee notes that more than $21 billion has been provided to the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations in previous fiscal years for demonstration activities.” The Senate Appropriations Committee recommended $125 million for OCED, with the Committee report calling for DOE to establish a hydrogen transportation demonstration program and “prioritize next-generation geothermal power production technologies.” OCED funds clean energy and industrial decarbonization demonstration projects for potential commercialization. OCED took over DOE support for two advanced nuclear reactor 27 DOE, FY2025 Congressional Justification, vol. 3, March 2024, p. 56, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/ 2024-03/doe-fy-2025-budget-vol-3-v2.pdf. 28 White House, “The Inaugural Address,” January 20, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/01/theinaugural-address. 29 DOE, “Secretary Wright Acts to ‘Unleash Golden Era of American Energy Dominance,’” February 5, 2025, https://www.energy.gov/articles/secretary-wright-acts-unleash-golden-era-american-energy-dominance. 30 For more information, see CRS Insight IN12542, Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Inventory Outlook and Policy Considerations, by Phillip Brown. 31 DOE Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, “Portfolio,” January 2025, https://www.energy.gov/oced/portfolio. Congressional Research Service 16 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations demonstration projects in Wyoming and Texas previously overseen by the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), but no funding was requested for those projects in FY2025, because “IIJA provided multi-year funding for these demonstrations,” according to the DOE budget justification.32 As noted above, the enacted FY2024 E&W measure transferred $800 million from the DOE Civil Nuclear Credit program to OCED for up to two cost-shared advanced reactor projects with a nonfederal cost share of at least 50%. (For more details, see CRS In Focus IF12636, Nuclear Energy in a Climate Change Context: Current Appropriations for Nuclear Energy Development, by Jonathan D. Haskett and Mark Holt.) Table 3. Additional Appropriations for Clean Energy Demonstrations in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Program FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 FY2026 Energy Storage Demonstration Pilot Grants Program 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 — 355.0 Long-Duration Demonstration Initiative and Joint Program 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 — 150.0 Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program 677.0 600.0 600.0 600.0 — 2,477.0 Carbon Capture Large-scale Pilot Projects 387.0 200.0 200.0 150.0 — 937.0 Carbon Capture Demonstration Projects 937.0 500.0 500.0 600.0 — 2,537.0 Industrial Emission Demonstration Projects 100.0 100.0 150.0 150.0 — 500.0 Clean Energy Demonstration Program on Current and Former Mine Land 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 500.0 Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 1,600.0 8,000.0 Program Upgrading Our Electric Grid and Ensuring Reliability and Resiliency 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 5,000.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 1,000.0 5,127.3 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 2,900.0 21,456.0 153.8 132.8 134.3 135.8 87.0 643.7 Energy Improvement in Rural and Remote Areas Total 3% Set-aside for Program Administration Total Source: P.L. 117-58, Division J. Note: Appropriations are in addition to other amounts made available for these purposes. Crosscutting Hydrogen Funding The DOE crosscutting hydrogen activity includes several offices with responsibility for supporting hydrogen work based on different primary sources of energy (e.g., renewable, fossil, nuclear) and types of end-use (e.g., vehicles, portable power, thermal comfort). DOE’s FY2025 request for crosscutting hydrogen appropriations totaled $377 million, a decrease of $19 million 32 DOE, FY 2025 Congressional Justification, vol. 4, Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, March 2024, p. 365, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/doe-fy-2025-budget-vol-4-v5.pdf. Congressional Research Service 17 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations (-5%) below the FY2024 enacted level of $396 million.33 Most of the hydrogen funding comes from EERE and the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM), with smaller amounts from the Office of Nuclear Energy and the Office of Science. The Senate Appropriations Committee report recommended at least $378 million for the DOE hydrogen crosscut in FY2025, slightly above the Administration request. The Senate committee recommendation includes $65 million for heavy-duty transportation—such as trains, maritime shipping, and aviation—and for industrial applications. Crosscut amounts were not specified by the House Appropriations Committee report. In addition to funding in the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill, IIJA appropriated $9.500 billion for three hydrogen- and fuel cell-related DOE programs from FY2022 to FY2026 ($1.900 billion in FY2025). The largest of these, the Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs in the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations, was appropriated $8.000 billion to support demonstration projects involving networks of clean hydrogen producers and consumers, along with the connecting infrastructure. DOE launched a “Hydrogen Shot” initiative in June 2021—one of its “Energy Earthshots” dedicated to the scale-up of emerging low-carbon energy technologies—with a goal of making hydrogen, produced through electrolysis, commercially available at a cost of $1 for one kilogram in one decade, not including delivery and dispensing. For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12163, Department of Energy Funding for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Programs FY2022, by Martin C. Offutt, and CRS In Focus IF12514, DOE Appropriations for Its Hydrogen Program: FY2024, by Martin C. Offutt. Proposed Increase for Weapons Activities, Decrease for Nuclear Nonproliferation The FY2025 budget request for NNSA Weapons Activities was $19.849 billion—$741 million (4%) higher than the FY2024 enacted level, while the FY2025 request of $2.119 billion for Naval Reactors was $173 million (9%) above the FY2024 amount. The FY2025 request for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation was $2.465 billion, a decrease of $116 million (-4%) from the FY2024 appropriation. P.L. 119-4 funds the Weapons Activities account at $19.293 billion, which is $556 million less than the FY2025 request (-3%) but $185 million (1%) more than the FY2024 enacted level. The Nonproliferation account receives $2.396 billion, which is $69 million (-3%) less than the FY2025 request and $185 million (-7%) below the FY2024 level. Naval reactors funding is continued at the FY2024 amount. Allocation of the increases and decreases from the FY2024 level to individual projects and activities is not specified. The American Relief Act, 2025 (P.L. 118-158) provided an additional $2 million under the Weapons Activities account to mitigate damage caused by Hurricanes Helene and Milton. Requested FY2025 amounts for nuclear warhead modernization programs in Weapons Activities included the following: • $28 million for the B61-12 Life Extension Program (LEP), a decrease of $422 million (-94%) from the FY2024 enacted amount. The B61-12 LEP is to combine 33 DOE, FY 2025 Congressional Justification, vol. 4, Crosscutting Activities, Hydrogen, p. 301, March 2024, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/doe-fy-2025-budget-vol-2-v4.pdf; and Explanatory Statement to Accompany Division D of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024, P.L. 118-42. Congressional Research Service 18 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations • • • • • • four existing variants of the B61 gravity bomb. The House committee and Senate committee reports recommended the same amount. $16 million for the B61-13 variant of the B61 gravity bomb, a 69% decrease from the $52 million enacted in FY2024. The Biden Administration announced in 2023 that the United States would pursue this warhead variant utilizing B61-12 production capacities for use against “certain harder and large-area military targets” as the Department of Defense “works to retire legacy systems such as the B83-1 and the B61-7.”34 The House committee and Senate committee reports recommended the same amount. $79 million for the W88 Alteration, a decrease of $100 million (-56%) from the FY2024 amount. The program is to upgrade the arming-fuzing-firing system on the warhead and refresh the warhead’s conventional high explosives. This warhead is carried on a portion of the D-5 (Trident) submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). The House committee and Senate committee reports recommended the same amount. $1.165 billion for the W80-4 warhead LEP, an increase of $154.82 million (15%) over the FY2024 enacted amount intended for the warhead that will be mounted on the Long-Range Standoff (LRSO) cruise missile. The House committee and Senate committee reports recommended the same amount. $1.096 billion for the W87-1 warhead modification program, an increase of $27 million (3%) from FY2024. The Air Force plans to deploy the W87-1 on the new U.S. Sentinel land-based intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).35 The House committee and Senate committee reports recommended the same amount. $456 million for the W93 warhead, an increase of $66 million (17%) from the FY2024 enacted amount. The W93 is a new design intended for deployment on ballistic missile submarines. The House committee and Senate committee reports recommended the same amount. The Biden Administration did not include funding for the nuclear sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM-N) warhead in NNSA’s FY2025 budget request. NNSA Administrator Jill Hruby testified in a May 2024 hearing that NNSA’s FY2025 unfunded priorities list includes $70 million in funding for this warhead.36 The House committee and Senate committee reports both recommended $70 million. NNSA is implementing seven warhead programs while also engaging in intensive efforts to recapitalize its production infrastructure. In this regard, congressional concern has been raised about NNSA’s schedule for developing production capacity for plutonium pits (warhead cores), central components of nuclear warheads. NNSA plans to develop pit production capacity at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina. Pit production was included in NNSA’s FY2025 budget under Plutonium Modernization, for which NNSA requested $2.891 billion for FY2025, a decrease of $20 million 34 Department of Defense, “Fact Sheet on B61 Variant Deployment,” October 27, 2023, https://media.defense.gov/ 2023/Oct/27/2003329624/-1/-1/1/B61-13-FACT-SHEET.PDF. 35 CRS In Focus IF11681, Defense Primer: LGM-35A Sentinel Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. 36 Senate Armed Services Committee, Hearing to Receive Testimony on the Department of Energy’s Atomic Energy Defense Activities and Department of Defense Nuclear Weapons Programs in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2025 and the Future Years Defense Program, May 22, 2024, https://www.armedservices.senate.gov/hearings/to-receive-testimony-on-the-department-of-energys-atomic-energy-defense-activities-anddepartment-of-defense-nuclear-weapons-programs-in-review-of-the-defense-authorization-request-for-fiscal-year2025-and-the-future-years-defense-program (55 minutes into the video). Congressional Research Service 19 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations (-1%) from the FY2024 enacted level. The House Appropriations Committee recommended $2.972 billion for Plutonium Modernization, $80 million above the request, while the Senate Appropriations Committee recommended the same amount as the request. Appropriations for NNSA nuclear weapons activities and other defense programs typically closely track the levels authorized in annual National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAAs). An FY2025 NDAA (H.R. 8070) was passed by the House on June 14, 2024. The Senate Armed Services Committee reported an FY2025 NDAA in July 8, 2024 (S. 4638, S.Rept. 118-188). The Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 was signed into law December 23, 2024 (P.L. 118-159). For more information, see CRS Report R47657, Energy and Water Development Appropriations for Nuclear Weapons Activities: In Brief, by Anya L. Fink and Alexandra G. Neenan. Startup of Surplus Plutonium Disposition The FY2025 budget request provided for activities related to the disposition of surplus plutonium, a key material for nuclear weapons, in the Material Management and Minimization (MMM) and Nonproliferation Construction accounts. These activities are intended to dilute 34 metric tons of surplus plutonium, located primarily at SRS, for permanent disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a deep underground repository in New Mexico. “A total of 13 shipments of downblended surplus plutonium were made to WIPP in FY 2023,” according to DOE’s FY2025 budget justification.37 In the MMM account, DOE requested $193 million for Plutonium Disposition and, under the Construction account, $40 million for the Surplus Plutonium Disposition Project at SRS. The construction request was a reduction of $37 million (-48%) from the FY2024 enacted amount. The budget justification said the construction funding reduction resulted from “the use of prior year uncosted balances available due to delays in final design completion.”38 The request also reflected a 10-year deferral of the expansion of plutonium pit disassembly and processing capability, which will be needed to complete the disposition of all 34 metric tons of surplus plutonium.39 In the MMM account, the House committee accepted the Biden Administration request, while the Senate committee recommended $210 million. Both the House and Senate committees agreed with the Biden Administration request of $40 million in the Construction account. As noted above, P.L. 119-4 reduces funding for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, which includes plutonium disposition, by $185 million from the FY2024 enacted amount without specifying how the reduction is to be allocated. Cleanup of Former Nuclear Sites: Adequacy of Proposed Funding DOE’s Office of Environmental Management (EM) is responsible for environmental cleanup and waste management at the department’s nuclear facilities. The $8.613 billion request for EM activities for FY2025 was $154 million (-2%) below the FY2024 enacted level of $8.767 billion, including adjustments and offsets. The House committee bill would have provided $8.320 billion 37 DOE, FY 2025 Congressional Justification, Vol. 1, March 2024, p. 628, https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/ 2024-03/doe-fy-2025-budget-vol-1-v4.pdf. 38 Ibid., p. 672. 39 Ibid., p. 628. Congressional Research Service 20 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations for EM, a decrease of $293 million (-3%) below the request. The Senate committee bill included $9.334 billion for EM, $721 million (8%) above the request. The primary appropriations component of the EM program is the Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which finances the cleanup of former nuclear weapons production sites. For FY2025, the Biden Administration requested $7.060 billion, a reduction of $225 million (-3%) from the FY2024 enacted amount. For the Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup account, which funds the cleanup of federal nuclear energy research sites, the request was $315 million, a reduction of $27 million (-8%) below the FY2024 enacted level. The third component of the EM budget is the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund (UED&D), for which the FY2025 request was $854 million, nearly the same as the FY2024 enacted amount. This fund was established by Title XI of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-486) to pay for the cleanup of three federal facilities that enriched uranium for national defense and civilian purposes, located near Paducah, KY; Piketon, OH (Portsmouth plant); and Oak Ridge, TN. Another EM component is Defense Uranium Enrichment D&D, for which $385 million was requested, an increase of $100 million (35%) over the FY2024 enacted amount. The adequacy of funding for the Office of Environmental Management to attain cleanup milestones across the entire site inventory has been a recurring issue. Cleanup milestones are enforceable measures incorporated into compliance agreements negotiated among DOE, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the states. These milestones establish time frames for the completion of specific actions to satisfy applicable requirements at individual sites. Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Amending or Expanding Uses of Funding The FY2025 budget request included proposed appropriations language to amend or expand the use of funding by certain federal regional commissions and authorities (i.e., Delta Regional Authority (DRA), the Denali Commission, and the Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC)). The FY2025 request proposed to repeal the sunset (or termination of authority) provision for DRA’s authority and allow the DRA to collect and spend fees to cover the costs of operating a visa sponsorship program.40 President Biden’s budget would have allowed funding provided by the Denali Commission to be considered a nonfederal match in projects for which the Denali Commission was not the primary funding source and proposed that the nonfederal costshare maximum be 80% for certain construction projects.41 The FY2025 request also proposed to waive the 10% limit on FY2025 funding that may be used for administrative expenses for the NBRC.42 40 The FY2025 budget request included proposed appropriations language to repeal section 382N of the Delta Regional Authority Act of 2000 (7 U.S.C. 2009aa–13). See Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Appendix: Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2025 (2024), p. 1143, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2025APP/pdf/BUDGET-2025-APP.pdf. 41 OMB, Appendix: Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2025 (2024), p. 1144, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2025-APP/pdf/BUDGET-2025-APP.pdf. 42 OMB, Appendix: Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2025 (2024), p. 1201, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BUDGET-2025-APP/pdf/BUDGET-2025-APP.pdf. The authorizing statute for several regional commissions and authorities (including the Northern Border Regional Commission (NBRC)) limits the amount of appropriated funding that may be used for administrative expenses to 10% of appropriated funds, unless less than $10 million is provided in a fiscal year (see 40 U.S.C. §15751(b)). The exception to the 10% limit on administrative expenses for the NBRC was previously included in the FY2024 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 118-42). For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF12165, Federal Regional Commissions and Authorities: Administrative Expenses, by Julie M. Lawhorn. Congressional Research Service 21 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations The funding amounts proposed in the FY2025 House committee and Senate committee bills for the federal regional commissions and authorities were the same for ARC and varied by $1 million to $5 million for the other commissions and authorities. The exception was the amount proposed for the Southwest Border Regional Commission, which was $5 million in the House committee bill and $14 million in the Senate committee bill. The FY2025 House committee and Senate committee bills included several provisions that were also similar to each other and to the President’s FY2025 budget request. For instance, as proposed in the House committee and Senate committee bills, the DRA sunset provision would not apply. Also as proposed in the House committee and Senate committee bills, funding provided by the Denali Commission could be considered a nonfederal match in projects for which the Denali Commission was not the primary funding source. In the Senate committee bill the nonfederal cost-share maximum would be 90% for certain Denali Commission construction projects; in the House committee bill the nonfederal cost-share maximum for certain Denali Commission construction projects would be 80%. The House committee and Senate committee bills would both waive the 10% limit on FY2025 funding that may be used for administrative expenses for the NBRC. Proposed Ban on Federal Funding for Private Consolidated Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Facilities and Proposed DOE Pilot Section 504 of the House committee bill would have barred all federal funding for private-sector spent nuclear fuel consolidated interim storage facilities (CISFs) that are not currently operating and are not specifically authorized under federal law “until such time that host state and local governments and any affected Indian tribes have formalized their consent.” NRC has issued licenses to CISFs in New Mexico and Texas—currently under legal challenge—that are strongly opposed by their respective state governments. A ban on federal funding could affect federal licensing, permits, and safety regulation, as well as potential federal payments to CISF operators pursuant to spent fuel disposal contracts with DOE. Section 312 of the Senate committee bill would have authorized DOE to conduct a pilot program to license, construct, and operate at least one federal CISF “using a consent-based siting process.” Similar language has been included in previous Senate E&W bills but has never been enacted. The House and Senate committee provisions were not included in P.L. 119-4. Bill Status and Recent Funding History Table 4 indicates major congressional actions taken during consideration of FY2025 Energy and Water Development appropriations. (For more details, congressional staff may see the CRS Appropriations Status Table at http://www.crs.gov/AppropriationsStatusTable/Index.) Table 4. Status of Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2025 Subcommittee Markup Final Approval House Senate House Comm. House Passed Senate Comm. Senate Passed Conf. Report House Senate Public Law 6/28/24 — 7/9/24 — 8/1/24 — — 3/11/25 3/14/25 3/15/25 Source: CRS Appropriations Status Table. Congressional Research Service 22 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Table 5 includes budget totals for regular (excluding supplementals) energy and water development appropriations enacted for FY2020 through FY2025. Table 5. Energy and Water Development Appropriations, FY2020-FY2025 (budget authority in billions of current dollars) FY2020 FY2021 FY2022 FY2023 FY2024 FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp 48.4 49.5 55.6 59.2 61.4 61.3 62.4 65.3 61.3 Source: Compiled by CRS from totals provided by congressional budget documents. Notes: Figures exclude permanent budget authorities, scorekeeping adjustments, rescissions, and emergency funding. See Table 1 for emergency funding for these fiscal years. Figures are not adjusted for inflation. Description of Major Energy and Water Programs The annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill includes four titles: Title I—Corps of Engineers—Civil; Title II—Department of the Interior (Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project); Title III—Department of Energy; and Title IV—Independent Agencies, as shown in Table 6. Major programs in the bill are described in this section in the approximate order they appear in the bill. Previous appropriations and recent budget requests are shown in the accompanying tables, and additional details about many of these programs are provided in separate CRS reports as indicated. For a discussion of current funding issues related to these programs, see “Funding Issues and Initiatives,” above. Congressional clients may obtain more detailed information by contacting CRS analysts listed in CRS Report R42638, Appropriations: CRS Experts, by James M. Specht and Justin Murray. Table 6. Energy and Water Development Appropriations Summary (budget authority in millions of current dollars) FY2021 Approp FY2022 Approp FY2023 Approp FY2024 Approp FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp Title 1: USACE 7,795 8,343 8,310 8,703 7,220 9,957 10,345 8,703 Title II: CUP and Reclamation 1,691 1,924 1,954 1,923 1,616 1,951 2,043 1,882 Title III: Department of Energy 39,625 44,856 48,445 50,247 51,978 49,935 52,371 50,190 Title IV: Independent Agencies 414 454 494 502 519 520 526 502 49,525 55,576 59,204 61,375 61,333 62,364 65,285 61,277 -73 -2,704 -2,202 -22 -1,365 -3,174 -67 -22 49,452 52,872 57,002 61,353 59,968 59,190 65,218 61,255 Title Subtotal Rescissions and Scorekeeping Adjustmentsa E&W Total Sources: P.L. 119-4; S.Rept. 118-205; H.Rept. 118-580; FY2025 Administration budget request; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; FY2022 agency budget justifications; explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; FY2021 agency budget justifications; Congressional Research Service 23 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Excludes emergency appropriations. Subtotals may include other adjustments. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding and adjustments. Notes: a. Budget “scorekeeping” refers to determinations of spending amounts for congressional budget enforcement purposes. These scorekeeping adjustments may include rescissions and offsetting revenues from various sources. Agency Budget Justifications FY2025 budget justifications for the largest agencies funded by the annual Energy and Water Development appropriations bill can be found through the links below. The justifications provide detailed descriptions and funding breakouts for programs, projects, and activities under the agencies’ jurisdiction. Title I: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civil Works, https://www.usace.army.mil/missions/civilworks/budget (see Table 7) Title II (see Table 8) • • Bureau of Reclamation, https://www.usbr.gov/budget Central Utah Project, https://www.doi.gov/sites/default/files/documents/202403/fy2025-508-cupca-greenbook.pdf Title III: Department of Energy, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/articles/fy-2025-budget-justification (see Table 9) Title IV: Independent Agencies (see Table 14) • • • • • • • • Appalachian Regional Commission, https://www.arc.gov/budget-performanceand-policy Delta Regional Authority, https://dra.gov/accountability/congressional-budgetjustification Denali Commission, https://www.denali.gov/finance/congressional-budgetjustifications Northern Border Regional Commission, https://www.nbrc.gov/content/CJ Southeast Crescent Regional Commission, https://scrc.gov/sites/default/files/Reports2024/scrc_fy_2025_budget_justification_final.pdf Nuclear Regulatory Commission, https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doccollections/nuregs/staff/sr1100 Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, https://www.dnfsb.gov/about/ congressional-budget-requests Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, http://www.nwtrb.gov/about-us/plans Army Corps of Engineers USACE is an agency in the Department of Defense with both military and civilian responsibilities. Under its civil works program, which is funded by the Energy and Water Development appropriations bill, USACE plans, builds, operates, and in some cases maintains Congressional Research Service 24 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations water resource facilities for coastal and inland navigation, riverine and coastal flood risk reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.43 In recent decades, Congress has generally authorized USACE studies, construction projects, and other activities in omnibus water authorization bills, typically titled as Water Resources Development Acts, prior to funding them through appropriations legislation. Recent Congresses enacted omnibus water resources authorization acts in 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022. (The latest WRDA was Title I of the Thomas R. Carper Water Resources Development Act of 2024 (P.L. 118-272).) These acts consisted largely of authorizations for new USACE studies and projects, and they altered numerous USACE policies and procedures.44 Unlike for highways and in municipal water infrastructure programs, federal funds for USACE are not distributed to states or projects based on formulas or delivered via competitive grants. Instead, USACE generally is directly involved in planning, designing, and managing the construction of projects that are cost-shared with nonfederal project sponsors. Policies in the 112th through the 116th Congresses limited congressionally directed funding of sitespecific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. For FY2011FY2021, Congress appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without identifying specific projects. During that period, after congressional enactment of the appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for use of the additional funding, the Administration developed a work plan that reported on (1) the studies and construction projects selected to receive funding for the first time (new starts) and (2) the specific studies and projects receiving additional funds. For FY2022 through FY2024, Congress approved earmarks in specified categories, in addition to providing additional funding for specific categories for USACE to allocate in work plans.45 House and Senate rules again allowed USACE earmarks for FY2025; however, Section 1111 of P.L. 119-4 establishes that the act does not provide for earmarks. For more information, see CRS Report R46320, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Annual Appropriations Process, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Table 7 shows USACE appropriations accounts from FY2021 through FY2024, as well as appropriations action for FY2025. 43 Military responsibilities are funded through the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. 44 For more information on USACE authorization legislation, see CRS In Focus IF11322, Water Resources Development Acts: Primer and Action in the 118th Congress, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand, and CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes, by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand. 45 USACE work plans are available at USACE, “Civil Works Budget and Performance,” at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/#Work-Plans. Congressional Research Service 25 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Table 7. Army Corps of Engineers (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Program FY2021 FY2022 Approp Approp FY2023 Approp FY2024 Approp FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp Investigations 153.0 143.0 172.5 143.0 110.6 159.0 107.8 143.0 Planning, Engineering, and Design — — — — — — 200.0 — Construction 2,692.6 2,492.8 1,808.8 1,854.7 1,958.4 3,010.0 2,979.0 1,854.7 Mississippi River and Tributaries (MR&T) 380.0 370.0 370.0 368.0 244.8 370.0 375.5 368.0 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 3,849.7 4,570.0 5,078.5 5,552.8 2,469.5 5,714.0 5,849.1 5,552.8 Regulatory 210.0 212.0 218.0 221.0 221.0 218.0 224.0 221.0 General Expenses 206.0 208.0 215.0 216.0 231.2 231.0 224.0 216.0 FUSRAP 250.0 300.0 400.0 300.0 200.3 200.0 325.0 300.0 Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE) 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 35.0 Office of the Asst. Secretary of the Army 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.4 5.0 5.5 5.0 WIFIA Programa 14.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.0 5.0 10.0 7.2 Harbor Maintenance Trust Fundb — — — — 1,726.0 — — — 7,795.5 8,343.0 8,310.0 8,702.7 7,220.2 9,957.0 10,344.9 8,702.7 -0.5 — — -22.2 — — — -22.2 7,795.0 8,343.0 8,310.0 8,680.5 7,220.2 9,957.0 10,344.9 8,680.5 Total approp Rescissions Total Title I Sources: P.L. 119-4; S.Rept. 118-205; H.Rept. 118-580; FY2025 Administration budget request; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024; USACE Civil Works FY2024 Budget and USACE Civil Works FY2022 Budget at https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Budget/; FY2024 Budget Appendix for Corps of Engineers—Civil Works at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BUDGET-2024-APP/BUDGET2024-APP-1-20; Division D of P.L. 117-328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244. Notes: FUSRAP = Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program; WIFIA = Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act. Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Congressional Research Service 26 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations a. b. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, created a new USACE account to support direct loans and for the cost of guaranteed loans, as authorized by the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (WIFIA, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121). In the Administration’s FY2025 request, as with previous requests, some activities that are funded in the O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts were proposed to be funded directly from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF) account. That is, the Administration proposed funding eligible USACE activities directly from the trust fund. This would replace the current practice of having USACE’s O&M, Construction, and MR&T accounts incur expenses for HMTF-eligible activities, and for these expenses to be reimbursed from the HMTF accounts. For example, HMTF-eligible maintenance dredging would no longer be funded by the O&M account and reimbursed by the HMTF; instead, the dredging would be funded directly from the HMTF account. These proposals were not enacted in FY2024 or FY2025. Similar proposals also were not enacted in FY2019, FY2020, FY2021, FY2022, and FY2023. In addition to the regular appropriations for FY2022 through FY2025, USACE received the following supplemental appropriations: • • • • • $5.711 billion in Division B of P.L. 117-43; $14.969 billion for FY2022, $1.080 billion for FY2023, and $1.050 billion for FY2024 in the IIJA (P.L. 117-58); $1.480 billion in Division N of P.L. 117-328;46 $20 million in the FY2023 continuing resolution (P.L. 117-180); and $1.515 billion in the American Relief Act, FY2025 (P.L. 118-158). For more information on USACE supplemental funding, see CRS In Focus IF11945, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Supplemental Appropriations, by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter. Bureau of Reclamation and Central Utah Project Most of the large dams and water diversion structures in the West were built by, or with the assistance of, the Bureau of Reclamation. While USACE built hundreds of flood control and navigation projects, Reclamation’s original mission was to develop water supplies, primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West for farming and ranching. Reclamation has evolved into an agency that assists in meeting the water demands in the West while working to protect the environment and the public’s investment in Reclamation infrastructure. The agency’s municipal and industrial water deliveries have more than doubled since 1970. Today, Reclamation manages hundreds of dams and diversion projects, including more than 300 storage reservoirs, in 17 western states. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million acres of farmland and 31 million people. Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier of water in the 17 western states and the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the nation. Reclamation facilities also provide substantial flood control, recreation, and other benefits. Reclamation facility operations are often controversial, particularly for their effect on fish and wildlife species and because of conflicts among competing water users during drought conditions. As with USACE, the Reclamation budget is made up largely of individual project funding lines, rather than general programs that would not be covered by congressional earmark requirements. Therefore, as with USACE, these Reclamation projects have often been subject to earmark disclosure rules. The moratorium on earmarks through FY2021 restricted congressional steering 46 Of the $1.480 billion in emergency supplemental funds provided by the Disaster Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2023 (Division N of P.L. 117-328), $350 million was made available for USACE to allocate in a work plan for construction and O&M of certain categories of projects (i.e., similar to additional funding provided through annual appropriations in FY2014-FY2022). USACE allocated the $350 million from Division N along with additional funding provided by Division D in its FY2023 work plan. Congressional Research Service 27 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations of money directly toward specific Reclamation projects. For FY2022 through FY2025, the House and Senate rules allowed congressionally directed funding for specific Reclamation projects. For FY2025, Section 1111 of P.L. 119-4 establishes that the act does not provide for earmarks. As a result, FY2025 funding for Water and Related Resources excludes $41 million in earmarks that had been enacted for FY2024. Water and Related Resources, Reclamation’s single largest account, encompasses the agency’s traditional programs and projects, including construction, operations and maintenance, dam safety, and ecosystem restoration, among others.47 Reclamation also typically requests funds in a number of smaller accounts, and has proposed additional accounts in recent years. Implementation and oversight of CUP, also funded by Title II, is conducted by a separate office within the Department of the Interior.48 For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12369, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2024 Budget and Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern, and CRS In Focus IF12127, Bureau of Reclamation: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations, by Charles V. Stern. Table 8 shows Reclamation and CUP appropriations accounts from FY2021 through FY2024, as well as appropriations action for FY2025. Table 8. Bureau of Reclamation and CUP (budget authority in millions of current dollars) FY2021 Approp FY2022 Approp FY2023 Approp FY2024 Approp FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp 1,521.1 1,747.1 1,787.2 1,751.7 1,443.5 1,773.0 1,864.6 1,710.7 Policy and Administration 60.0 64.4 65.1 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.8 CVP Restoration Fund (CVPRF) 55.9 56.5 45.8 48.5 55.7 55.7 55.7 48.5 Calif. Bay-Delta (CALFED) 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 Gross Current Reclamation Authority 1,670.0 1,901.0 1,931.0 1,900.0 1,599.0 1,928.5 2,020.0 1,859.0 21.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 20.3 23.0 23.0 23.0 Program Water and Related Resources Central Utah Project (CUP) Completion 47 The Water and Related Resources Account is largely funded by the Reclamation Fund, which receives and distributes receipts related to a number of federal activities (including royalties received from oil and gas leasing on federal lands). For more on this fund and financing of selected Reclamation Projects, see CRS Report R41844, The Reclamation Fund: A Primer, by Charles V. Stern. 48 The Central Utah Project moves water from the Colorado River basin in eastern Utah to the western slopes of the Wasatch Mountain range. It was authorized in 1956 under the Colorado River Storage Project Act (P.L. 84-485). For more information, see the CUP website at https://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=498. Congressional Research Service 28 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Program Reclamation and CUP Offsets and Adjustments Total FY2021 Approp FY2022 Approp FY2023 Approp FY2024 Approp FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp 1,691.0 1,924.0 1,954.0 1,923.0 1,619.3 1,951.5 2,043.0 1,882.0 — — -45.8 — — — — — 1,691.0 1,924.0 1,908.2 1,923.0 1,619.3 1,951.5 2,043.0 1,882.0 Sources: P.L. 119-4; S.Rept. 118-205; H.Rept. 118-580; FY2025 Administration budget request; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024; Reclamation and CUP FY2024 congressional budget justifications; Division D of P.L. 117-328; Division D of P.L. 117-103; Division D of P.L. 116-260; Division C of P.L. 116-94; Division A of P.L. 115-244. Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. CVP = Central Valley Project. IIJA provided $1.660 billion in additional funding for each of FY2022 through FY2026 for Reclamation’s Water and Related Resources account. (For more information, see CRS Report R47032, Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand.) IRA also appropriated additional funds in FY2022 for Reclamation: $4.000 billion for drought mitigation, available through FY2026; $550 million for disadvantaged communities, available through FY2031; $25 million for projects to cover water conveyance facilities with solar panels, available through FY2031; and $13 million for drought relief actions to mitigate drought impacts for tribes affected by the operation of a Reclamation water project, available through FY2031. (For more information, see CRS In Focus IF12437, Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169), by Charles V. Stern and Anna E. Normand.) The American Relief Act, 2025 (P.L. 118-158) included $74 million for Reclamation. Department of Energy The Energy and Water Development appropriations bill has funded all DOE programs since FY2005. Major DOE activities are authorized under multiple energy statutes and include the following: • • • • • • • • R&D on renewable energy, energy efficiency, nuclear power, fossil energy, and electricity; nuclear weapons and nonproliferation; general science; environmental cleanup; energy statistics, projections, and analysis; loan programs; the Strategic Petroleum Reserve; and power marketing administrations. Table 9 provides recent DOE funding history, including appropriations action for FY2025. Most DOE programs funded by these appropriations accounts are briefly described further below. Congressional Research Service 29 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Table 9. Department of Energy (budget authority in millions of current dollars) FY2022 Approp FY2023 Approp FY2024 Approp FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 3,200.0 3,460.0 3,460.0 3,118.0a 1,960.0 3,440.0b 3,460.0 Electricity Delivery 277.0 350.0 280.0 293.0 250.0 280.0 280.0 Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response 185.8 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 1,654.8 1,473.0 1,685.0 1,590.7 1,793.0 1,675.0 1,685.0 825.0 890.0 865.0 900.0 875.0 865.0 865.0 — 222.0 83.7 — — 36.0 — Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves 13.7 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 Strategic Petroleum Reserved 226.4 207.3 213.4 241.3 295.2 213.5 213.5 Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve 6.5 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 Energy Information Administration 129.1 135.0 135.0 141.7 141.7 135.0 135.0 Non-Defense Environmental Cleanup 333.9 358.6 342.0 314.7 324.0 342.0 342.0 Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund 860.0 879.1 855.0 854.2 864.2 865.0 855.0 7,475.0 8,100.0 8,240.0 8,583.0 8,390.0 8,600.0 8,240.0 Office of Technology Transitions 19.5 22.1 20.0 27.1 20.0 34.5 20.0 Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations 20.0 89.0 50.0 180.0 27.5 125.0 50.0 Federal Energy Management Program — — — 64.0 — — — Grid Deployment Office — — 60.0 101.9 60.0 60.0 60.0 Office of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains — — — 113.4 — 20.0 — Office of State and Community Energy Programs — — — 574.0 — — — Advanced Research Projects Agency— Energy (ARPA-E) 450.0 470.0 460.0 450.0 450.0 459.2 460.0 Energy Programs Nuclear Energyc Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Energy Projects Science Congressional Research Service 30 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations FY2022 Approp FY2023 Approp FY2024 Approp FY2025 Request FY2025 H. Com. FY2025 S. Com. FY2025 Approp Nuclear Waste Disposal 27.5 10.2 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Departmental Admin. (net) 240.0 283.0 286.5 334.7 286.5 290.4 286.5 Office of Inspector General 78.0 86.0 86.0 149.0 100.0 86.0 86.0 Office of Indian Energy 58.0 75.0 70.0 95.0 95.0 70.0 70.0 Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM) Loans 5.0 9.8 13.0 27.5 18.0 20.0 13.0 Title 17 Loan Guarantee 29.0 181.2 — -115.0 -115.0 -115.0 — Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee 2.0 4.0 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 Critical and Emerging Technologies — — — 5.0 — — — Total, Energy Programs 16,116.0 17,525.2 17,443.2 18,281.4 16,073.5 17,740.1 17,359.5 Weapons Activities 15,920.0 17,116.1 19,108.0 19,848.6 20,338.8 19,930.0 19,293.0 Nuclear Nonproliferation 2,354.0 2,490.0 2,581.0 2,465.1 2,445.0 2,630.0 2,396.0 Naval Reactors 1,918.0 2,081.5 1,946.0 2,118.8 2,118.8 2,077.0 1,946.0 464.0 475.0 500.0 564.5 564.5 564.0 500.0 20,656.0 22,162.6 24,135.0 24,997.0 25,467.0 25,201.0 24,135.0 6,710.0 7,025.0 7,285.0 7,059.7 7,132.0 7,550.0 7,285.0 Defense Uranium Enrichment D&D 573.3 586.0 285.0 385.0 — 577.0 285.0 Other Defense Activities 985.0 1,035.0 1,080.0 1,140.0 1,179.0 1,188.0 1,107.0 Southwestern 10.4 10.6 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 Western 90.8 98.7 99.9 100.9 99.9 100.9 99.9 Falcon and Amistad O&M 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Total, PMAs 101.4 109.6 111.5 112.5 111.5 112.5 111.5 General Provisions -286.1 2.0 -93.0 2 -28 2 -93.0 DOE Total Appropriations 44,855.6 48,445.4 50,246.8 51,977.6 49,935.0 52,370.6 50,190.0 Offsets and Adjustments — -2,202.0 — -300.0 — -67.0 — Total, DOE 44,855.6 46,243.4 50,246.8 51,677.6 49,935.0 52,303.6 50,190.0 Office of Admin./Salaries and Expenses Total, NNSA Defense Environmental Cleanup Congressional Research Service 31 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Sources: P.L. 119-4; S.Rept. 118-205; H.Rept. 118-580; FY2025 Administration budget request; explanatory statement for Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024; DOE FY2024 budget justification; P.L. 117-328 and explanatory statement; H.Rept. 117-98; DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, explanatory statement for H.R. 133, 116th Congress; H.Rept. 116-449; explanatory statement for Division C of H.R. 1865, 116th Congress. Notes: Columns may not sum to totals because of rounding. Table includes some category adjustments for comparability. a. Excludes requests for the FEMP, MESC, and SCEP accounts. b. Excludes recommendation for MESC account. c. Includes $178 million from defense budget function. d. Includes Strategic Petroleum Reserve Petroleum Account and rescissions. As well as the regular annual appropriations shown in Table 9, DOE received additional appropriations from IIJA; the additional amounts for FY2023, FY2024, and FY2025 are shown in Table 10. Additional appropriations also became available to DOE from IRA, beginning in FY2022 as shown in Table 11. Additional amounts for FY2023 were appropriated by Divisions M and N of P.L. 117-328, as shown in Table 12. Table 10. Additional FY2023-FY2025 DOE Funding Under IIJA (budget authority in millions of current dollars) IIJA FY2023 Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy IIJA FY2024 IIJA FY2025 2,221.8 1,945 1,945.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electricity 1,610.0 1,610.0 1,610.0 Nuclear Energy 1,200.0 1,200.0 1,200.0 Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 1,444.5 1,447.0 1,449.5 Carbon Dioxide Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Program Account 2,097.0 — — Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations 4,426.3 4,476.3 4,526.3 13,099.6 10,778.3 10,830.8 Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response Total Sources: H.Rept. 117-394, DOE FY2024 and FY2025 congressional budget justifications. Table 11. Additional FY2023 DOE Funding Under IRA (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Program IRA Section Approp Fiscal Years Home Energy Efficiency Rebates 50121 4,300 FY2022-FY2031 Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, States 50122 4,275 FY2022-FY2031 Home Electric Efficiency Rebates, Tribes 50122 225 FY2022-FY2031 Home Efficiency Contractor Training Grants 50123 200 FY2022-FY2031 Building Energy Code Adoption 50131(b) 330 FY2022-FY2029 Building Energy Code Adoption 50131(c) 670 FY2022-FY2029 Title 17 Loan Guarantees 50141 3,600 FY2022-FY2026 ATVM Loans 50142 3,000 FY2022-FY2028 Congressional Research Service 32 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations Program IRA Section Approp Fiscal Years Domestic Manufacturing Conversion Grants 50143 2,000 FY2022-FY2031 Energy Infrastructure Reinvestment 50144 5,000 FY2022-FY2026 Tribal Energy Loan Guarantees 50145 75 FY2022-FY2028 Electric Transmission Facility Financing 50151 2,000 FY2022-FY2030 Transmission Line Siting Grants 50152 760 FY2022-FY2029 Offshore Wind Planning 50153 100 FY2022-FY2031 Advanced Industrial Facilities Deployment 50161 5,812 FY2022-FY2026 Inspector General 50171 20 FY2022-FY2031 National Laboratory Infrastructure 50172 Office of Science FY2022-FY2027 50172(a) Science Laboratory Infrastructure Projects 133 High Energy Physics Construction and Equipment 304 Fusion Energy Construction and Equipment 280 Nuclear Physics Construction and Equipment 217 Advanced Scientific Computing Facilities 164 Basic Energy Sciences Projects 295 Isotope Research and Development Facilities 158 Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 50172(b) 150 Office of Nuclear Energy 50172(c) 150 Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 50172(d) 150 50173 700 Availability of High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium DOE Total FY2022-FY2026 35,067 Source: P.L. 117-169. Appropriations for items in Section 50172 are for the same fiscal year period. Table 12. Additional FY2023 Funding for DOE in Divisions M and N of P.L. 117-328 (budget authority in millions of current dollars) Program Division M Division N Total Advanced Nuclear Fuel Availability 100.0 — 100.0 Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program 60.0 — 60.0 National Reactor Innovation Center 20.0 — 20.0 Risk Reduction for Future Demonstrations 120.0 — 120.0 125.3 — 125.3 Electricity (Puerto Rico electricity grid resilience) — 1,000.0 1,000.0 Western Area Power Administration — 520.0 520.0 425.3 1,520.0 1,945.3 Nuclear Energy Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (Ukraine-related activities) Total Source: P.L. 117-328, Divisions M and N. Congressional Research Service 33 Energy and Water Development: FY2025 Appropriations DOE Crosscutting Activities Crosscutting activities consist of activities that draw funding and resources from multiple DOE program offices and their corresponding appropriations accounts. Crosscutting activities are identified in the FY2025 budget justification,49 as shown in Table 13. Final FY2025 crosscuts are not specified in P.L. 119-4. Table 13. DOE Crosscutting Initiatives (FY2025 budget request in millions of current dollars) Crosscut EERE FECM Science CESER OE MESC NNSA Other Total Carbon Dioxide Removal 13.3 130.2 94.0 — — — — — 237.5 Clean Energy Technology Manufacturing 370.3 6.0 17.0 — — 93.4 — — 486.6 Clean Fuels and Products 353.9 128.5 417.7 — — — — — 900.1 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 76.0 — 259.0 — — — 114.1 6.0 455.1 Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing 103.8 — 804.9 — — — — — 908.7 Microelectronics 24.5 — 94.7 — — — 157.0 — 276.2 Quantum Information Systems — — 280.4 — — — 9.0 — 289.4 Critical Minerals 192.2 74.0 25.0 — — 34.4 — — 325.5 Energy Cybersecurity 12.8 1.5 — 123.5 15.0 — — 6.6 159.4 Energy Storage 415.3 6.0 128.3 — 94.8 34.4 — 16.6 695.3 EnergyWater Systems 31.8 — 14.5 — — — — 2.3 48.5 Fusion — — 118.8 — — — 26.9 — 145.6 49 DOE, FY 2025 Congressional Justification, vol. 2, March 2024, p. 237, https:/ [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR48097. Public record. Not legal advice.