# Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR47161 ## Record - **Collection:** Congressional research report - **Document type:** CRS Report - **Published:** June 10, 2022 - **Citation:** R47161 ## Text Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 June 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47161 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering research and development (R&D). Its purposes include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security; advancing knowledge generally; developing the U.S. scientific and engineering workforce; strengthening the capacity of U.S. institutions and firms to conduct cutting-edge scientific research and develop innovative technologies; and enhancing the competitiveness of the United States in the global economy. Most of the R&D funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual funding agencies. R47161 June 10, 2022 Laurie A. Harris, Coordinator Analyst in Science and Technology Policy President Biden’s budget request for FY2023 includes approximately $204.9 billion for R&D, $45.3 billion (28%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $159.6 billion. In constant FY2023 dollars (estimated), the FY2023 R&D request represents an increase of $41.8 billion (26%) above the FY2022 estimated level. Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few federal departments and agencies. In FY2022, six agencies received nearly 95% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD, 41%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 26%) combined accounting for more than two-thirds of all federal R&D funding. In the FY2023 request, the top six R&D agencies would account for just over 95%, with DOD accounting for 41% and HHS for 30%. Federal Research and Development Funding, FY2021-FY2023 In billions of dollars Under the President’s FY2023 budget request, nearly all federal agencies would see their R&D funding increase relative to FY2022. The only exceptions are the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which would decrease by $67 million (9%) in FY2023 to $681 million, and the Department of Education (ED), which would decrease by $3 million (1%) in FY2023 to $402 million. The largest dollar increases in R&D funding would be for HHS (up $19.8 billion, 47%), DOD (up $18.1 billion, 28%), the Department of Energy (up $2.7 billion, 13%), and the National Science Foundation (up $1.4 billion, 20%). The largest percentage increases in R&D funding would be at HHS (up 47%), DOD (up 28%), and the Department of the Interior (up 28%). The President’s FY2023 budget request would increase funding for basic research by $13.9 billion (33%), applied research by $11.7 billion (28%), development by $19.1 billion (27%), and R&D facilities and equipment by $563 million (13%). Source: CRS analysis of data from OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, Research and Development, April 2022. Several multiagency R&D initiatives continue under the President’s FY2023 budget request. Some activities supporting these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications. However, comprehensive aggregate budget information on these initiatives will likely not be available until budget supplements for each are released later in the year. The request represents the President’s R&D priorities. Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it may express different priorities through the appropriations process. Congress provides annual R&D appropriations through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations bills. In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. Completing the process after the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of continuing resolutions can affect agencies’ execution of their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment. Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 The President’s FY2023 Budget Request........................................................................................ 3 Federal R&D Funding Perspectives ................................................................................................ 3 Federal R&D by Agency ........................................................................................................... 3 Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment ............................................... 5 Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work ..................................................................... 5 Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined .................................................... 6 Multiagency R&D Initiatives .......................................................................................................... 7 Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program ............................ 8 U.S. Global Change Research Program .................................................................................... 9 National Nanotechnology Initiative ........................................................................................ 10 FY2023 Appropriations Status ....................................................................................................... 11 Department of Defense .................................................................................................................. 12 Department of Health and Human Services .................................................................................. 16 National Institutes of Health ................................................................................................... 16 Department of Energy ................................................................................................................... 21 National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........................................................................... 24 National Science Foundation ......................................................................................................... 26 Department of Agriculture ............................................................................................................. 31 Agricultural Research Service ................................................................................................. 32 National Institute of Food and Agriculture ............................................................................. 32 National Agricultural Statistics Service .................................................................................. 34 Economic Research Service .................................................................................................... 34 Office of the REE Under Secretary and Office of the Chief Scientist .................................... 35 Department of Commerce ............................................................................................................. 36 National Institute of Standards and Technology ..................................................................... 36 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ................................................................ 39 Department of Veterans Affairs ..................................................................................................... 42 Department of Transportation........................................................................................................ 45 Federal Aviation Administration ............................................................................................. 45 Federal Highway Administration ............................................................................................ 46 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ................................................................... 46 Other DOT Components ......................................................................................................... 46 Department of the Interior ............................................................................................................. 47 U.S. Geological Survey ........................................................................................................... 48 Other DOI Components .......................................................................................................... 48 Department of Homeland Security ................................................................................................ 50 Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................................................. 51 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Figures Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development by Funding Sector, 2020.................................................................................................................... 6 Tables Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2021-FY2023 ..................... 4 Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2021-FY2023 .......................................................................................................................... 5 Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2021 Actual, FY2022 Estimated, and FY2023 Request ............................... 7 Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2019-FY2023 ........................................................................................................... 9 Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2020-FY2023 ............................... 10 Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2020-FY2023 ...................................... 11 Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills ......................... 12 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E ..................................................................................... 14 Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding.............................................................................. 19 Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities ...................................................... 23 Table 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D .................................................. 25 Table 12. National Science Foundation Funding........................................................................... 30 Table 13. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D ........................................................................... 35 Table 14. National Institute of Standards and Technology Funding.............................................. 39 Table 15. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R&D ............................................. 41 Table 16. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D ............................................................................ 44 Table 17. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area ............................ 44 Table 18. Department of Transportation R&D Activities and Facilities........................................ 47 Table 19. Department of the Interior R&D.................................................................................... 49 Table 20. Department of Homeland Security R&D Accounts ....................................................... 51 Table 21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science and Technology Account ................... 52 Appendixes Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................... 54 Appendix B. CRS Contacts for Agency R&D ............................................................................... 59 Contacts Author Information........................................................................................................................ 60 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Introduction The 117th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating funding for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the internet to communications satellites and defenses against disease. In recent years, federal budget caps have driven executive and legislative branch decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio. The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering R&D. Its purposes include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security; advancing knowledge generally; developing the U.S. scientific and engineering workforce; strengthening the capacity of U.S. institutions and firms to conduct cutting-edge scientific research and develop innovative technologies; and enhancing the competitiveness of the United States in the global economy. Most of the R&D funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual funding agencies. The federal R&D budget is an aggregation of the R&D activities of these agencies. There is no single, centralized source of R&D funds. Agency R&D budgets are developed internally as part of each agency’s overall budget development process. R&D funding may be included either in accounts that are entirely devoted to R&D or in accounts that also include funding for non-R&D activities. Agency budgets are subjected to review, revision, and approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and become part of the President’s annual budget submission to Congress. The federal R&D budget is then calculated by aggregating the R&D activities of each federal agency. Congress plays a central role in defining the nation’s R&D priorities as it makes decisions about the level and allocation of R&D funding—overall, within agencies, and for specific programs. As Congress acts to complete the FY2023 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the amount of the federal budget to be spent on federal R&D and the prioritization and allocation of the available funding. This report begins with a discussion of the overall level of R&D in President Biden’s FY2023 budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, collectively, account for approximately 99% of total federal R&D funding. Selected terms associated with federal R&D funding are defined in the text box on the next page. Appendix A provides a list of acronyms and abbreviations. Appendix B lists the primary CRS experts on R&D funding for the agencies covered in this report. Congressional Research Service 1 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Definitions Associated with Federal Research and Development Funding Two key sources of definitions associated with federal research and development funding are the White House Office of Management and Budget and the National Science Foundation. Office of Management and Budget. The Office of Management and Budget provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in OMB Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget.”1 This document provides guidance to agencies in the preparation of the President’s annual budget and instructions on budget execution. In 2017, OMB adopted a refinement to the categories of R&D, replacing “development” with “experimental development,” which more narrowly defines the set of activities to be included. This definition is used in the President’s FY2023 budget. The new definition resulted in lower reported R&D by some agencies, including the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). For FY2023, OMB has opted to include DOD budget activity 6.6 (“Management Support”) funding as part of its R&D calculations (categorized as experimental development); historically, this funding had been included in the DOD R&D total and federal R&D total figures, but it was excluded in the FY2022 budget request. DOD R&D funding in Table 1 and Table 3 reflects this change for FY2021 and FY2022 (applied retroactively), as well as for FY2023. Conduct of R&D. Research and experimental development (R&D) activities are defined as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge. Basic Research. Basic research is defined as experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts. Basic research may include activities with broad or general applications in mind, such as the study of how plant genomes change, but excludes research directed towards a specific application or requirement, such as the optimization of the genome of a specific crop species. Applied Research. Applied research is defined as original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. Applied research is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. Experimental Development. Experimental development is defined as creative and systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, which is directed at producing new products or processes or improving existing products or processes. Like research, experimental development will result in gaining additional knowledge. R&D Equipment. R&D equipment includes amounts for major equipment for research and development. It includes acquisition, design, or production of major movable equipment, such as mass spectrometers, research vessels, DNA sequencers, and other major movable instruments for use in R&D activities. It includes programs of $1 million or more that are devoted to the purchase or construction of major R&D equipment. R&D Facilities. R&D facilities includes amounts for the construction of facilities that are necessary for the execution of an R&D program. This may include land, major fixed equipment, and supporting infrastructure such as a sewer line or housing at a remote location. National Science Board/National Science Foundation. The National Science Board/National Science Foundation (NSB/NSF) provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in its report Science and Engineering Indicators: 2020.2 Research and Development (R&D): Research and experimental development comprise creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture, and society—and its use to devise new applications of available knowledge.3 Basic Research: Experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view. Applied Research: Original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge—directed primarily, however, toward a specific, practical aim or objective. Development (or Experimental Development): Systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes. 1 The White House, Office of Management and Budget, Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget,” August 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf. 2 National Science Board/National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2020, January 2020, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/glossary. Congressional Research Service 2 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 The President’s FY2023 Budget Request On March 28, 2022, President Biden released his proposed FY2023 budget. President Biden is proposing $204.9 billion for R&D for FY2023, an increase of $45.3 billion (28%) above the FY2022 estimated level of $159.6 billion. Adjusted for inflation to FY2023 dollars, the President’s FY2023 R&D request represents a constant-dollar increase of 26% above the FY2022 estimated level.4 The President’s request includes continued R&D funding for existing single-agency and multiagency programs and activities, as well as new initiatives. This report provides governmentwide, multiagency, and individual agency analyses of the President’s FY2023 request as it relates to R&D and related activities. More information will become available as the House and Senate act on the President’s budget request through appropriations bills. Factors Affecting Analysis of the FY2023 Budget Request Certain factors complicate the analysis of changes in R&D funding for FY2023, both in aggregate and for selected agencies. Inconsistency among agencies in the reporting of R&D and the inclusion of R&D activities in accounts with non-R&D activities may result in different figures being reported by OMB and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including those shown in Table 1, and those in agency budget analyses that appear later in this report. Additionally, the data in this report include a combination of FY2022 estimates and FY2022 enacted appropriations, due to the late completion of the appropriations process. Federal R&D Funding Perspectives Federal R&D funding can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives that provide different insights. The following sections examine the data by agency, by the character of the work supported, and by a combination of these two perspectives. Federal R&D by Agency Congress makes decisions about R&D funding through the authorization and appropriations processes primarily from the perspective of individual agencies and programs. Table 1 provides data on R&D funding by agency for FY2021 (actual), FY2022 (estimate), and FY2023 (request).5 Under the request, eight federal agencies would receive over 97% of total federal R&D funding in FY2023: the Department of Defense (DOD), 40.9%; Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 30.2%; Department of Energy (DOE), 11.6%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 6.6%; National Science Foundation (NSF), 4.1%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1.7%; Department of Commerce 3 In the 2022 version of the Science and Engineering Indicators report, the definitions for R&D and experimental R&D are combined: “Research and [experimental] development (R&D): Creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture, and society—and its use to devise new applications of available knowledge”; NSF/NSB Science and Engineering Indicators 2022, January 2022, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20221/glossary. In this CRS report, the definitions are kept separate for clarity and alignment with definitions in OMB Circular No. A-11. 4 As calculated by CRS using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (chained) price index for FY2022-FY2023 in Table 10.1, “Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2027,” Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/hist10z1_fy2023.xlsx. 5 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, Research and Development, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ap_18_research_fy2023.pdf. Congressional Research Service 3 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 (DOC), 1.4%; and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 0.8%. This report provides an analysis of the R&D budget requests for these agencies, as well as for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Transportation (DOT), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With the exception of DHS, all of these federal agencies would see their R&D funding increase under the President’s FY2023 request compared with their FY2022 estimated levels. The agencies with the largest R&D funding increases (measured in dollars) in the FY2023 request compared with FY2022 estimated levels are HHS (up $19.79 billion), DOD (up $18.08 billion), and DOE (up $2.70 billion). DHS R&D funding would decline by $67 million (down 9%). The agencies with the largest percentage increases in R&D funding in the FY2023 request compared with the FY2022 estimated level are HHS (up 47%), DOC (up 46%), DOD (up 28%), DOI (up 28%), and NSF (up 20%). See Table 1. Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2021-FY2023 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) FY2022-FY2023 Department/Agency FY2021 Actual FY2022 Estimate FY2023 Request Dollar Change Percentage Change Department of Defense 70,079a 65,691a 83,769a 18,078 28% Dept. of Health and Human Services 42,226 42,023 61,816 19,793 47% Department of Energy 17,788 21,027 23,731 2,704 13% NASA 12,176 12,279 13,547 1,268 10% National Science Foundation 7,515 7,065 8,448 1,383 20% Department of Agriculture 3,031 3,193 3,579 386 12% Department of Commerce 2,099 1,994 2,918 924 46% Department of Veterans Affairs 1,445 1,436 1,655 219 15% Department of Transportation 1,070 1,281 1,498 217 17% Department of the Interior 1,009 1,123 1,443 320 28% Department of Homeland Security 590 748 681 -67 -9% Environmental Protection Agency 524 523 614 91 17% Department of Education 364 405 402 -3 -1% Smithsonian Institution 324 332 355 23 7% Other 484 493 480 -13 -3% Total 160,724 159,613 204,936 45,323 28% Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, Research and Development, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ ap_18_research_fy2023.pdf. Notes: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. The FY2022 Estimate column applies the main 2023 Budget approach of using annualized appropriations provided by the 2022 Continuing Resolution as well as including enacted legislation as of January 2022 (including P.L. 117-58, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act). Congressional Research Service 4 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 a. Per the EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, Research and Development, April 2022: “As part of the effort to refine DOD’s contribution to overall Federal R&D, DOD Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) Budget Activity 6.6 is now included as part of experimental development. This change is reflected across fiscal years 2021–2023 in the table and accounts for $8.3 billion in the FY 2023 Budget, which was not previously captured as R&D. Total experimental development spending includes DOD RDT&E Budget Activities 6.3 through 6.6 (Advanced Technology Development; Advanced Component Development and Prototypes; System Development and Demonstration; and Management Support).” Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment Federal R&D funding can also be examined by the character of work it supports—basic research, applied research, or development—and by funding provided for construction of R&D facilities and acquisition of major R&D equipment. (See Table 2.) President Biden’s FY2023 request includes $564.544 billion for basic research, up $13.952 billion (33%) from the FY2022 estimated level; $54.311 billion for applied research, up $11.754 billion (28%); $89.226 billion for development, up $19.054 billion (27%); and $4.855 billion for R&D facilities and equipment, up $563 million (13%). Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2021-FY2023 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2022FY2023 Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment FY2021 Actual FY2022 Estimated FY2023 Request Dollars Percentage Basic research 42,784 42,592 56,544 13,952 33% Applied research 43,283 42,557 54,311 11,754 28% Development 70,334 70,172 89,226 19,054 27% Facilities and Equipment 4,323 4,292 4,855 563 13% 117,940 159,613 204,936 45,323 28% Total Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, Research and Development, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ ap_18_research_fy2023.pdf. Note: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work A primary policy justification for public investments in basic research and for incentives (e.g., tax credits) for the private sector to conduct research is the view, widely held by economists, that the private sector will, left on its own, underinvest in basic research from a societal perspective. The usual argument for this view is that the social returns (i.e., the benefits to society at large) exceed the private returns (i.e., the benefits accruing to the private investor, such as increased revenues or higher stock value). Other factors that may inhibit corporate investment in basic research include long time horizons for achieving commercial applications (diminishing the potential returns due to the time value of money), high levels of technical risk and uncertainty, shareholder demands for shorter-term returns, and asymmetric and imperfect information. Congressional Research Service 5 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 The federal government is the nation’s largest supporter of basic research, funding 41% of U.S. basic research in 2020 (the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available). Business funded 34% of U.S. basic research in 2020, with state governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funding the remaining 26%.6 For U.S. applied research, business is the primary funder, accounting for an estimated 56% in 2020, while the federal government accounted for an estimated 31%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funded the remaining 12%. Business also provides the vast majority of U.S. funding for development. Business accounted for 87% of development funding in 2020, while the federal government provided 11%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funded the remaining 2% (see Figure 1).7 Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development by Funding Sector, 2020 Source: CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2019-20 Data Update, NSF 22-320, Tables 7-9, February 22, 2022. Notes: Components may not add to total due to rounding. Data are preliminary and may be revised. Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined Federal R&D funding can also be viewed from the combined perspective of each agency’s contribution to federal basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment. Table 3 lists the three agencies with the most funding in each of these categories as proposed in the President’s FY2023 budget. The overall federal R&D budget reflects a wide range of national priorities, including supporting innovation in critical and emerging technologies, pandemic preparedness and prevention, STEM education and engagement, and understanding climate change and developing mitigation and adaptation solutions. These priorities and the mission of each individual agency contribute to the composition of that agency’s R&D spending (i.e., the allocation of R&D funding among basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment). In President Biden’s FY2023 budget request, the Department of Health and Human Services, primarily NIH, would account for more than half (56%) of all federal funding for basic research. 6 Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. 7 CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2019-20 Data Update, NSF 22- 320, Tables 7-9, February 22, 2022. Data are preliminary and may be revised. Components may not add to total due to rounding. Congressional Research Service 6 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 HHS would also be the largest federal funder of applied research, accounting for about 54% of all federally funded applied research in the President’s FY2023 budget request. DOD would be the primary federal funder of experimental development, accounting for 84% of total federal development funding in the President’s FY2023 budget request. DOE would be the primary federal funder of R&D facilities and equipment, accounting for 58% of total federal R&D facilities and equipment funding in the President’s FY2023 budget request.8 Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2021 Actual, FY2022 Estimated, and FY2023 Request (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2022-FY2023 FY2021 Actual FY2022 Estimate FY2023 Request Dollars Percentage Health and Human Services 21,051 20,951 31,911 10,960 52% NSF 5,974 5,664 6,787 1,123 20% Energy 5,526 5,623 6,373 750 13% Health and Human Services 20,876 20,744 29,480 8,736 42% Energy 6,360 6,130 7,129 999 16% Defense 6,438 5,625 6,028 403 7% Defense 61,101 57,750 75,325 17,575 30% Energy 3,023 6,501 7,433 932 14% NASA 4,306 4,048 4,323 275 7% 2,879 2,773 2,796 23 1% Commerce 296 357 642 285 80% NSF 573 522 546 24 5% Character of Work/Agency Basic Research Applied Research Experimental Development Facilities and Equipment Energy Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2023, Research and Development, April 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ ap_18_research_fy2023.pdf. Note: This table shows only the top three funding agencies in each category, based on the FY2023 request. Multiagency R&D Initiatives For many years, presidential budgets have reported on multiagency R&D initiatives. Often, they have also provided details of agency funding for these initiatives. Some of these efforts have a statutory basis—for example, the Networking and Information Technology Research and 8 CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Congressional Research Service 7 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Development (NITRD) program, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). These programs generally produce annual budget supplements identifying objectives, activities, funding levels, and other information, usually published shortly after the presidential budget release. Other multiagency R&D initiatives have operated at the discretion of the President, without a specific statutory mandate, and may be eliminated at the discretion of the President. Some activities related to these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and may be addressed in the agency analyses later in this report. This section provides available multiagency information on these initiatives and will be updated as additional information becomes available. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program9 Established by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program is the primary mechanism by which the federal government coordinates its unclassified networking and information technology R&D investments in areas such as supercomputing, high-speed networking, cybersecurity, software engineering, and information management. The NITRD National Coordination Office (NCO) coordinates the information technology R&D activities of 24 federal agency members and more than 45 other participating agencies with program interests and activities in IT R&D. NITRD efforts are further coordinated by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) NITRD Subcommittee.10 P.L. 102-194, as reauthorized by the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017 (P.L. 114-329), requires the director of the NITRD NCO to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress along with the President’s budget request. This annual report, often referred to as a budget supplement, is to include, among other things, detailed information on the program’s budget for the current and previous fiscal years and the proposed budget for the next fiscal year. The latest annual report was published in August 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget request. For additional information on the NITRD Program, see https://www.nitrd.gov. 9 For additional information on the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development program, please contact Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy. 10 The NSTC was established by Executive Order 12881 in 1993. According to the White House, “This Cabinet-level Council is the principal means within the Executive Branch to coordinate science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development enterprise. Chaired by the President, the membership of the NSTC is made up of the Vice President, Cabinet Secretaries and Agency Heads with significant science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials. In practice, the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Policy oversees the NSTC’s ongoing activities.” (Source: EOP, Office of Science and Technology Policy, “NSTC,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.) For more information on the NSTC, see https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/. Congressional Research Service 8 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2019-FY2023 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, NITRD FY2019 Actual FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request FY2023 Request 6,472.1 7,092.7 7,175.4 7,777.3 n/a Source: NITRD, Supplement to the President’s FY2021 Budget, August 14, 2020, p. 9, https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/FY2021-NITRD-Supplement.pdf; and NITRD and the National Artificial Intelligence Initiative Office (NAIIO), Supplement to the President’s FY2022 Budget, December 2021, p. 15, https://www.nitrd.gov/fy2022-nitrd-naiio-supplement/. Note: n/a = not available. U.S. Global Change Research Program11 The U.S. Global Change Research Program coordinates and integrates federal research and investments to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. The program seeks to advance global climate change science and to “build a knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global change through coordinated and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication, and decision support.”12 In FY2021, 10 departments and agencies received appropriations for their USGCRP participation; in FY2022, the Administration requested increased funding for each department and agency. USGCRP efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Each agency develops and carries out its activities as its contribution to the USGCRP, and funds are appropriated to each agency for those activities; those activities may or may not be identified as associated with the USGCRP in agency budget justifications or other program materials available publicly. Complementing USGCRP activities are many federal climate change or global changerelated activities with programmatic missions, not predominantly scientific. These are reported separately in budget justifications. The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (GCRA, P.L. 101-606) requires each federal agency or department involved in global change research to report annually to Congress on each element of its proposed global change research activities, as well as the portion of its budget request allocated to each element of the program.13 The President is also required to identify those activities and the annual global change research budget in the President’s annual budget request. The President’s budget requests for years later than FY2017 do not report these budget data required by the GCRA, although some agencies report their contributions in their budget justifications to Congress. In addition, in the 20 years prior to FY2018, language in appropriations laws required the President to submit a comprehensive report to the appropriations committees “describing in detail all Federal agency funding, domestic and international, for climate change programs, projects, and activities … including an accounting of funding by agency….”14 As these are no longer 11 For additional information on the U.S. Global Change Research Program, please contact Jane A. Leggett, Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy. 12 U.S. Global Change Research Program website, http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan. 13 Directives to report annually to Congress on budget requests and spending occur in several sections of P.L. 101-606, including Sections 105(b) and (c) on Budget Coordination, and Section 107, Annual Report. 14 See, most recently, P.L. 115-31, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 416. Congressional Research Service 9 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 reported by OMB, Table 5 presents data compiled by CRS from the “Budget” section of the “About USGCRP” website for the USGCRP.15 For additional information on the USGCRP, see http://www.globalchange.gov. Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2020-FY2023 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, USGCRP FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request FY2023 Request 2,461 3,270 4,822 n/a Source: GlobalChange.gov, “Budget,” https://www.globalchange.gov/about. Notes: n/a = not available. Funding for activities that contribute to the USGCRP has been appropriated to more than a dozen federal departments and agencies in the past, and some spending of it is transferred or coordinated through interagency agreements. Almost all of the funding is spent directly by agencies on research and related activities; a small percentage is spent for interagency coordination and communications in the USGCRP program office. National Nanotechnology Initiative16 Launched in FY2001, the National Nanotechnology Initiative is a multiagency R&D initiative to advance understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, where the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and sometimes useful ways from the properties of individual atoms or bulk matter.17 In 2003, Congress enacted the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153), providing a legislative foundation for some of the activities of the NNI. NNI efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET). For FY2022, the President’s request included NNI funding for 11 federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with budgets dedicated to nanotechnology R&D.18 The federal organizations with the largest proposed FY2022 investments in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology R&D (representing 96% of the total) were HHS (including NIH), NSF, DOE, DOD, and NIST. The NSET membership includes other federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with responsibilities for health, safety, and environmental regulation; trade; education; intellectual property; international relations; and other areas that might affect or be affected by nanotechnology. P.L. 108-153 requires the NSTC to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress at the time the President’s budget request is sent to Congress. This annual report, often referred to as a budget supplement, is to include detailed information on the program’s budget for the current fiscal year and the program’s proposed budget for the next fiscal year, as well as additional information and data related to the performance of the program. The latest annual report was published in March 2022 and related to the FY2022 budget request. President Biden requested 15 GlobalChange.gov, “Budget,” https://www.globalchange.gov/about. 16 For additional information on the National Nanotechnology Initiative, please contact John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy. 17 In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by side in a line. 18 EOP, NSTC, The Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2022 Budget, March 2022, p. 4, https://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/NNI-FY22-Budget-Supplement.pdf. Congressional Research Service 10 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 $1.975 billion for NNI research in FY2022, a decrease of $3.101 billion (61%) from the enacted FY2021 level.19 For additional information on the NNI, see http://www.nano.gov. Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2020-FY2023 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, NNI FY2020 Estimated FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request FY2023 Request 3,465.4 5,076.1 1,975.4 n/a Source: EOP, NSTC, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2022 Budget, March 2022. Notes: n/a = not available. FY2023 Appropriations Status The remainder of this report provides a more in-depth analysis of R&D in 12 federal departments and agencies that, in aggregate, receive nearly 99% of total federal R&D funding. Agencies are presented in order of the size of their FY2023 R&D budget requests, with the largest presented first. Annual appropriations for these agencies are provided through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations bills. For each agency covered in this report, Table 7 shows the corresponding regular appropriations bill that provides primary funding for the agency, including its R&D activities. Because of the way that agencies report budget data to Congress, it can be difficult to identify the portion that is R&D. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may differ from R&D data in the President’s budget or otherwise provided by OMB. Funding for R&D is often included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, in such cases, it may not be possible to identify precisely how much of the funding provided in appropriations laws is allocated to R&D specifically. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after departments and agencies allocate their appropriations to specific activities and report those figures. In addition to this report, CRS produces individual reports on each of the appropriations bills and for a number of federal agencies. These reports can be accessed via the CRS website at http://www.crs.gov/iap/appropriations. Also, the status of each appropriations bill is available on the CRS web page “Appropriations Status Table,” available at http://www.crs.gov/ AppropriationsStatusTable/Index. 19 Ibid. While this appears to be a substantial decrease, the NNI Supplement to the President’s 2022 Budget document notes (p. 6), “A significant proportion of agencies’ nanotechnology investments now come from “core” R&D programs, which makes it difficult to predict the number of and success rate of nanotechnology-related proposals. As a result, the actual investments reported are often higher than the previously published estimates or proposed values. For example, the actual NNI investment for 2020 (nearly $3.5 billion, including $1.4 billion from BARDA for COVID diagnostics and vaccine research) is much higher than the 2020 estimated level ($1.84 billion) published in the NNI Supplement to the President’s 2021 Budget, or the 2020 requested value published in the 2020 supplement ($1.47 billion).” Congressional Research Service 11 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills Department/Agency Regular Appropriations Bill Department of Defense Department of Defense Appropriations Act Department of Health and Human Services - National Institutes of Health (1) Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (2) Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Energy Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act National Science Foundation Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Agriculture Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Commerce - National Institute of Standards and Technology - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Veterans Affairs Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of the Interior Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Transportation Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act Environmental Protection Agency Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Source: CRS Report R40858, Locate an Agency or Program Within Appropriations Bills, by Justin Murray. Department of Defense20 The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide “the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation’s security.”21 Congress supports DOD R&D activities through the department’s Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) funding. These funds support the development of the nation’s future military hardware and software and the science and technology base on which those products rely. Most of what DOD spends on RDT&E is appropriated in Title IV (Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation) of the annual defense appropriations bill. Title IV RDT&E funds support activities such as R&D performed by academic institutions, DOD laboratories, and companies, as well as test and evaluation activities at specialized DOD facilities. 20 This section was written by Marcy E. Gallo, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 21 Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/. Congressional Research Service 12 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 However, RDT&E funds are also appropriated in other parts of the bill, including Title V (Revolving and Management Funds) and Title VI (Other Department of Defense Programs). For example:    The Defense Health Program (DHP) supports the delivery of health care to DOD personnel and their families. DHP funds (including RDT&E funds) are requested through the Defense-wide Operations and Maintenance request. The program’s RDT&E funds support congressionally directed research on breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer; traumatic brain injuries; orthotics and prosthetics; and other medical conditions. Congress appropriates funds for this program in Title VI. The Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program supports activities to destroy the U.S. inventory of lethal chemical agents and munitions to avoid future risks and costs associated with storage. Funds for this program are requested through the Defense-wide Procurement request. Congress appropriates funds for this program also in Title VI. The National Defense Sealift Fund supports procurement, operation and maintenance, and R&D associated with the nation’s naval reserve fleet as well as a U.S.-flagged merchant fleet that can serve in times of need. In some fiscal years, RDT&E funding for this effort is requested in the Navy’s Procurement request and appropriated in Title V. For more than a decade, RDT&E funds also have been requested and appropriated as part of DOD’s separate funding for efforts known variously as the Global War on Terror (GWOT) and Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). Typically, RDT&E funds appropriated for OCO/GWOT activities were directed toward specified Program Elements (PEs) in Title IV. President Biden’s FY2023 request does not include separate OCO/GWOT funding. For FY2023, the Biden Administration is requesting $130.097 billion for DOD’s Title IV RDT&E PEs, $10.803 billion (9.1%) above the FY2022 enacted level. (See Table 8.) In addition, the FY2023 request includes $910 million in RDT&E through the Defense Health Program (down $1.724 billion, 65.4%, from FY2022), $975 million in RDT&E through the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program (down $25 million, 2.5%, from FY2022), and $2 million for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities (down less than $1 million, 21.2%, from FY2022). The FY2023 budget includes no RDT&E funding via the National Defense Sealift Fund (the same as FY2022). DOD RDT&E funding can be characterized organizationally. Each military department requests and receives its own RDT&E funding. So, too, do various DOD agencies (e.g., the Missile Defense Agency and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency); these are aggregated in the Defense-wide account. DOD RDT&E funding can also be characterized by budget activity, i.e., the type of RDT&E supported. The budget activities designated as 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 (basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development, respectively) constitute what is called DOD’s Science and Technology (S&T) program and represent the more research-oriented part of the RDT&E program. Budget activities 6.4 and 6.5 focus on the development of specific weapon systems or components for which an operational need has been determined and an acquisition program established. Budget activity 6.6 provides management support, including support for test and evaluation facilities. Budget activity 6.7 supports the development of system improvements in existing operational systems. A new budget activity, 6.8, was added in the FY2021 budget and Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 supports software and digital technology pilot programs.22 Note that OMB data on R&D funding exclude budget activity 6.7. Many congressional policymakers are particularly interested in DOD S&T program funding, since these funds support the development of new technologies and the science that underlies them. Some in the defense community see ensuring adequate support for S&T activities as imperative to maintaining U.S. military superiority into the future. The knowledge generated at this stage of development may also contribute to advances in commercial technologies. The FY2023 request for Title IV S&T funding is $16.457 billion, $2.379 billion (12.6%) below the FY2022 enacted level. Within the S&T program, basic research (6.1) receives special attention, particularly by the nation’s universities, as over half of DOD’s basic research budget is spent at universities. The Biden Administration is requesting $2.376 billion for DOD basic research for FY2023, $381.7 million (13.8%) below the FY2022 enacted level. The proposed FY2023 cuts in S&T are spread across a variety of program elements in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Defensewide accounts. The Army would see the largest cut in both dollars and percentage ($1.6 billion, 37%), followed by the Navy ($531 million, 17.9%), the Air Force ($415 million, 13.4%) and Defense-wide ($133 million, 1.7%). Among the proposed FY2023 program element cuts are the University Research Initiatives program elements in the Army ($20 million, 22.4%), Navy ($85 million, 48.5%), and Air Force ($16 million, 8.7%). Increases in S&T funding would be provided to the Space Force ($283 million, 53.9%). While DOD is not the largest federal funder of basic research, it is a substantial source of federal funds for university R&D in certain fields, such as aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering (64%); industrial and manufacturing engineering (60%); electrical, electronic, and communications engineering (59%); mechanical engineering (50%); computer and information sciences (47%); metallurgical and materials engineering (42%); and materials science (39%).23 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E (total obligational authority, in millions of dollars) Budget Account FY2022 Enacteda FY2023 Request FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Enacted Title IV—Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (by Organization) Army 14,528.3 13,710.3 Navy 22,152.4 24,078.7 Air Force 41,640.4 44,134.3 Space Force 11,597.4 15,819.4 Defense-wide 29,099.2 32,077.6 Director, Operational Test and Evaluation 276.6 277.2 Total Title IV 119,294.3 130,097.4 Title IV—Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (by Budget Activity) 6.1 Basic Research 2,757.6 2,375.9 22 For additional information on the structure of Defense RDT&E, see CRS Report R44711, Department of Defense Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E): Appropriations Structure, by John F. Sargent Jr. 23 CRS analysis of data from NSF, Higher Education Research and Development Survey, Fiscal Year 2020, Table 13, December 27, 2021, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf22311. Congressional Research Service 14 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Budget Account FY2022 Enacteda FY2023 Request 6.2 Applied Research 6,906.0 5,791.1 6.3 Advanced Technology Development 9,171.6 8,287.7 22,471.2 18,341.7 6.4 Advanced Component Development and Prototypes 32,796.0 34,198.3 6.5 Systems Dev. and Demonstration 15,080.3 23,426.6 6.6 Management Supportb 8,378.0 8,252.7 6.7 Operational Systems Developmentb 43,462.9 45,980.3 6.8 Software and Digital Technology Pilot Projectsb 741.8 1,784.8 119,294.3 130,097.4 Subtotal Defense S&T (6.1-6.3) Total Title IV FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Enacted Title V—Revolving and Management Funds National Defense Sealift Fund 0.0 0.0 Defense Health Program 2,633.5 910.0 Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction 1,000.1 975.2 2.4 1.9 122,930.3 131,984.5 Title VI—Other Defense Programs Inspector General Grand Total, RDT&Ec Source: CRS analysis of Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2023, RDT&E Programs (R‑1), April 2022; P.L. 117-103 and joint explanatory statements accompanying the bill at https://docs.house.gov/floor/Default.aspx? date=2022-03-07. Notes: n/a = not available. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. According to DOD, “Total Obligation Authority (TOA) is the sum of (1) all budget authority (BA) granted (or requested) from the Congress in a given year, (2) amounts authorized to be credited to a specific fund, (3) BA transferred from another appropriation, and (4) Unobligated balances of BA from previous years which remain available for obligation. In practice, this term is used primarily in discussing the DOD budget, and most often refers to TOA as the ‘direct program,’ which equates to only (1) and (2) above.” DOD defines “budget authority” as “the authority becoming available during the year to enter into obligations that result in immediate or future outlays of Government funds.” See DOD 7000.14-R, “Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation,” http://comptroller.defense.gov/ fmr.aspx. a. In addition to base funding, includes supplemental funding provided in Division N, Ukraine Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022, of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103). b. Includes funding for Classified Programs. c. The Grand Total, RDT&E amounts for FY2022 and FY2023 include funding for budget activity 6.7 that OMB no longer counts as R&D. For these and other reasons, these amounts do not align with the DOD totals in Table 1. Congressional Research Service 15 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Department of Health and Human Services The mission of the Department of Health and Human Services is “to enhance and protect the health and well-being of all Americans ... by providing for effective health and human services and fostering advances in medicine, public health, and social services.”24 This section focuses on HHS research and development funded through the National Institutes of Health, an HHS agency that accounts for nearly 97% of total HHS R&D funding.25 Other HHS agencies that support R&D include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and Administration for Children and Families (ACF); additional R&D funding is attributed to departmental management.26 National Institutes of Health27 NIH is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in training biomedical researchers and disseminating health information. The NIH mission is “to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability.”28 The agency consists of the NIH Office of the Director (OD) and 27 institutes and centers (ICs), 25 of which manage research programs. Each IC plans and manages its own research programs in coordination with OD. FY2022 appropriations established a new entity that has been placed within NIH: the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) as discussed further in this report. According to NIH, about 10% of the NIH budget supports intramural research projects conducted by the nearly 6,000 NIH federal scientists, most of whom are located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD. All 25 research ICs have an intramural research program of varying sizes. More than 80% of NIH’s budget goes to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and other awards. This funding supports research performed by more than 300,000 nonfederal scientists and technical personnel who work at more than 2,500 universities, hospitals, medical schools, and other research institutions.29 Funding for NIH comes primarily from the annual Labor, HHS, and Education (LHHS) appropriations act, with an additional amount for Superfund-related activities at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences from the Interior/Environment appropriations act.30 24 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About,” http://www.hhs.gov/about. 25 Unpublished data provided to CRS by the Office of Management and Budget. Email communication, May 28, 2021. 26 Ibid. 27 This section was written by Kavya Sekar, Analyst in Health Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division, with support from Isaac Nicchitta, Research Assistant, and John Gorman, Research Assistant, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. 28 HHS, National Institutes of Health, “About NIH, What We Do, Mission and Goals,” http://www.nih.gov/about-nih/ what-we-do/mission-goals. 29 NIH, “What We Do: Budget,” https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget. 30 The Superfund program was created to carry out the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA; P.L. 96-510), which authorized the federal government to prioritize contaminated sites in the United States for cleanup in coordination with the states in which the sites are located and to make the “potentially responsible parties” connected to those sites financially liable for the cleanup costs. The Superfund program is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. For more information on the Superfund program, Congressional Research Service 16 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Those two appropriations acts provide NIH’s discretionary budget authority. In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150 million annually that is provided in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B, for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes, most recently extended through FY2023 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260; Division BB, Title III). NIH also receives some funding subject to unique transfer authorities (the PHS Evaluation set-aside)31 and budget enforcement rules (21st Century Cures Act Innovation account).32 As shown in Table 9, separate appropriations are provided to 24 of the 27 ICs, as well as to OD, the Innovation Account (established by the 21st Century Cures Act in 2016, P.L. 114-255), and an intramural Buildings and Facilities account. The other three centers, which perform centralized support services, are funded through transfers from the other ICs. FY2022 Enacted Appropriations On March 15, 2022, Congress and President Biden finalized NIH FY2022 appropriations by enacting the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103), which includes final FY2022 LHHS appropriations in Division H and Interior/Environment appropriations in Division G. The enacted FY2022 NIH program level is made up of the following:     $43.65 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority; $1.309 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer; $83 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and $141 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program.33 In total, the NIH FY2022 program level as enacted is $45.183 billion. In addition, the law provided $1 billion for ARPA-H to a new account under the Office of the Secretary. The law see CRS Report R41039, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: A Summary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act, by David M. Bearden. 31 The PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also known as the PHS Evaluation Tap transfer authority, under Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §238j). This provision allows the Secretary of HHS, with the approval of appropriators, to redistribute a portion of eligible PHS agency appropriations across HHS for program evaluation purposes. Although the PHS Act limits the tap to no more than 1% of eligible appropriations, in recent years, annual LHHS appropriations acts have specified a higher amount (2.5% in FY2022, P.L. 117-103, Division H). Those acts also have typically directed specific amounts of funding from the tap for transfer to a number of HHS programs, including at NIH, particularly for the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). Funding amounts in this report show amounts “transferred in” to NIH under the PHS evaluation set-aside, but do not show amounts “transferred out” under the same authority. 32 Appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account created by the 21 st Century Cures Act (“the Cures Act,” P.L. 114255) fund programs authorized by that act. Appropriations of funds in this account are, in effect, not subject to discretionary spending limits. The NIH Director may transfer these amounts from the NIH Innovation Account to other NIH accounts but only for the purposes specified in the Cures Act. All amounts authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated to the Innovation Account since FY2017, including $496 million for FY2022. For FY2023, $1.085 billion is authorized to be appropriated. See section on 21st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by Judith A. Johnson and Kavya Sekar. 33 The FY2022 amount shown for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program differs from the FY2022 amount authorized and appropriated by PHSA Section 330B of $150 million, as amended in P.L. 116-260, Division BB, Title III. According to the budget request, the FY2022 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 million. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 44, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/ Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. Congressional Research Service 17 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 allowed the HHS Secretary to place the new agency anywhere within the department within 30 days of enactment. On March 30, 2022, HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra submitted a notice to the appropriations committees that ARPA-H is to reside within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Accounting for the ARPA-H appropriation and other transfers, FY2023 budget documents show the enacted FY2022 NIH program level as $46.178 billion.34 FY2023 Budget Request President Biden’s FY2023 budget request proposes that NIH be provided with a total program level of $62.503 billion, an increase of $16.32 billion (+35.3%) from FY2022 enacted levels. The proposed FY2023 program level would be made up of35      $48.957 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer); $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer; $83 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; $141 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program;36 and $12.05 billion in new mandatory appropriations for pandemic preparedness.37 Under this request, approximately half of existing IC accounts would receive increases compared with FY2022 enacted levels (see Table 9). Funding for the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) would increase by the greatest percentage amount (+$201 million, +43.7%) and funding for OD would decrease by the greatest amount (-$319 million, 12.2%). In addition, the full amount ($1.085 billion) authorized by the 21st Century Cures Act for FY2023 (P.L. 114-255) would be appropriated to the Innovation Account. The FY2023 budget request also proposes $5 billion for ARPA-H, an increase of $4 billion from the FY2022-enacted level.38 Under the pandemic preparedness proposal, NIH would be provided $12.05 billion in new mandatory appropriations over five years. This new appropriation makes up 73.8% of the proposed increase of $16.32 billion relative to the FY2022 enacted program level. The pandemic preparedness proposal generally does not designate specific amounts for NIH ICs, but describes a number of activities the new funding would support, including vaccine and therapeutic 34 HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2023, pp. 53-54, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2023-budget-in-brief.pdf. 35 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2023, “Budget Request by IC (Summary Table),” March 28, 2022, p. 86, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. 36 This proposed amount for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program differs from the $150 million for FY2023 that was authorized and appropriated in PHSA Section 330B, as amended in P.L. 116-260, Division BB, Title III. According to the budget request, the FY2023 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 million. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 44, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/ Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. 37 The FY2023 budget request proposes an HHS-wide total of $81.7 billion for pandemic preparedness to “transform U.S. capabilities to prepare for and respond rapidly and effectively to future pandemics and other high consequence biological threats.” The $12.05 billion directed to NIH is for “NIH research and development of vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics against high priority viral families, biosafety and biosecurity, and to expand laboratory capacity and clinical trial infrastructure.” See HHS, Budget in Brief: FY2023, p. 55, https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2023budget-in-brief.pdf. 38 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2023, “Budget Request by IC (Summary Table),” March 28, 2022, p. 86, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. Congressional Research Service 18 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 development; diagnostic test development and innovation; research infrastructure for clinical trials; and laboratory biosafety and biosecurity.39 If enacted, these mandatory appropriations generally would be controlled outside the annual appropriations process by authorizing law. Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) in the FY2022 Budget Request President Biden’s FY2022 budget request to Congress proposed the creation of an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The budget request included $6.5 billion for ARPA-H “to build platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and other diseases.” Funding was requested for a period of three years to “allow for both scale-up in FY 2022 and redeployment of resources in the next two years if projects fail to meet performance milestones.” The vast majority of funding was intended to support extramural research, with a small amount reserved for staffing and administrative functions. Unlike NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs), ARPA-H would not have its own intramural research program. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103) provides $1 billion to HHS to establish ARPA-H. The law created a new ARPA-H account at HHS, with funding available until September 30, 2024, and allowed the HHS Secretary to place the new agency anywhere within the department within 30 days of enactment. On March 30, 2022, HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra submitted a notice to the appropriations committees that ARPA-H is to reside within the National Institutes of Health (NIH), while the ARPA-H Director is to report directly to the HHS Secretary. As proposed in the FY2022 request, ARPA-H is modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which primarily works with the Department of Defense (DOD), and would contain several “DARPA model” characteristics, including a flat and nimble organizational structure staffed by tenure-limited program managers with a high degree of autonomy to select and fund projects using a milestone-based contract approach. While this organizational structure would be “operationally unique” from NIH ICs, ARPA-H would still coordinate research and activities with NIH ICs and other HHS agencies. The FY2022 budget request described four broad project areas that ARPA-H would fund:  tackling bold challenges requiring large scale, sustained, cross-sector coordination;  creating new capabilities (e.g., technologies, data resources, disease models);  supporting high-risk exploration that could establish entirely new paradigms; and  overcoming market failures through critical solutions, including financial incentives. Most ARPA-H awards would be given to industry, universities, and nonprofit research institutions, and may involve some agreements with other federal agencies. For further information and analysis regarding ARPA-H, see CRS Report R47074, Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Congressional Action and Selected Policy Issues, by Kavya Sekar and Marcy E. Gallo. Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2022 Enacted FY2023 Request Cancer Institute (NCI) $6,913 $6,714 Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) $3,808 $3,823 Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) $501 $513 Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)a $2,204 $2,206 Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS) $2,611 $2,768 Institutes/Centers FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Final 39 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2023, pp. 17-20, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/ Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. Congressional Research Service 19 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 FY2022 Enacted FY2023 Request Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) $6,323 $6,268 General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)b $1,783 $1,826 Child Health/Human Development (NICHD) $1,683 $1,675 National Eye Institute (NEI) $864 $853 Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)c $842 $932 $4,220 $4,011 Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases (NIAMS) $656 $676 Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD) $515 $509 Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA) $574 $567 Nursing Research (NINR) $181 $199 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) $1,595 $1,843 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) $2,217 $2,211 Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) $639 $629 Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB) $425 $419 Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH) $159 $183 Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD) $459 $660 Fogarty International Center (FIC) $87 $96 National Library of Medicine (NLM) $479 $472 Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) $882 $874 Institutes/Centers National Institute on Aging (NIA) Office of Director (OD)d $2,629 $2,310 Innovation Accounte $150 $419 Buildings and Facilities (B&F) $250 $300 Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) $1,000f $5,000 Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary BA) $44,650 $48,957 PHS Program Evaluation (provided to NIGMS) $1,309 $1,272 Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS)g $83 $83 Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to NIDDK)h $141 $141i Pandemic Preparednessj — $12,050 NIH Program Level $46,183 $62,503 Congressional Research Service FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Final 20 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Sources: The FY2023 Request program levels are from NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2023, “Budget Request by IC (Summary Table),” March 28, 2022, p. 86, https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. The FY2022 program levels are from Rep. Nancy Pelosi, “Explanatory Statement Submitted by Ms. DeLauro, Chair of the House Committee on Appropriations, Regarding the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2471, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022,” House of Representatives, Congressional Record, daily edition, vol. 168, part No. 42—Book IV (March 9, 2022), pp. H2862-H2865. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. Amounts in table may differ from actuals in many cases. By convention, budget tables such as Table 9 do not subtract the amount of transfers to the evaluation tap from the agencies’ appropriation. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergency requirements are excluded from these totals. a. Amounts for the NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note i). b. Amounts for NIGMS do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act). c. Amounts for NIEHS do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research (see note g). d. Includes $12.6 million transfer from the Pediatric Research Initiative Fund (PRIF) as authorized by the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act. e. The amount shown for the NIH Innovation Account in each column represents only a portion of the total appropriation to the account ($496 million for FY2022; $1.085 billion for FY2023). The remaining funds for this account are reflected, where applicable, in the totals for other ICs. For FY2022, this includes $194 to NCI for cancer research and $76 million to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN Initiative ($152 million total). For FY2023, this includes $216 million to NCI for cancer research and $225 million to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN Initiative ($450 million total). f. Funding for ARPA-H in P.L. 117-103 was provided to a new ARPA-H account under the HHS Office of the Secretary. A proviso accompanying the appropriation gave HHS Secretary Becerra the ability to transfer the new agency anywhere within the department within 30 days of enactment. On March 30, 2022, HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra submitted a notice to the appropriations committees that ARPA-H is to reside within the NIH, therefore the ARPA-H appropriation is shown within NIH in this table presentation. g. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) research activities related to Superfund research. h. Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHSA Sec. 330B, which was most recently extended through FY2023 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260, Division BB, Title III). i. The FY2022 and FY2023 proposed amounts for the type I diabetes research program ($141 million) are lower than the funding level authorized and appropriated in PHSA 330B for FY2022 and FY2023 ($150 million). According to the budget request, the FY2022 and FY2023 amounts reflect sequestration of $8.55 million. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 44 in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY23/br/ Overview%20of%20FY%202023%20Presidents%20Budget.pdf. j. The FY2023 request proposes new mandatory funding for pandemic preparedness to be available for five years. The request proposes an HHS-wide total of proposes an HHS-wide total of $81.7 billion for pandemic preparedness with $12.05 billion of the total designated for NIH. Department of Energy40 The Department of Energy was established in 1977 by the Department of Energy Organization Act (P.L. 95-91), which combined energy-related programs from a variety of agencies, particularly defense-related nuclear programs that dated back to the Manhattan Project. Today, DOE conducts basic scientific research in fields ranging from nuclear physics to the biological and environmental sciences; basic and applied R&D relating to energy production and use; and R&D on nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense nuclear reactors. The department 40 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 21 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 has a system of 17 national laboratories around the country, mostly operated by contractors, that together account for about 40% of all DOE expenditures. The Administration’s FY2023 budget request for DOE includes about $21.233 billion for R&D and related activities, including programs in three broad categories: science, national security, and energy. This request is about 11.1% more than the comparable enacted FY2022 amount of $19.108 billion. (See Table 10 for details.) The request for the DOE Office of Science is $7.799 billion, an increase of 4.3% from the FY2022 appropriation of $7.475 billion. Funding would increase for all of the office’s major research programs, led by Basic Energy Sciences (up $112 million, 4.9%) and Biological and Environmental Research (up $89 million, 10.9%). In Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a fusion energy demonstration and research facility in France, would be $240 million (down from $242 million in FY2022). The request for DOE national security R&D is $5.724 billion, an increase of 3.6% from $5.523 billion in FY2022. In the Weapons Activities account, funding for Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering would increase overall by $52 million (1.8%), including increases for Assessment Science ($855 million, up from $769 million) and Engineering and Integrated Assessments ($366 million, up from $342 million) and a decrease for Inertial Confinement Fusion ($544 million, down from $580 million). Funding for Naval Reactors would increase overall by $163 million (8.5%), including increases for Development ($799 million, up from $641 million) and Operations and Infrastructure ($695 million, up from $594 million) and a decrease for refueling of the land-based S8G prototype submarine reactor ($20 million, down from $126 million) as that project nears completion. The request for DOE energy R&D is $7.710 billion, an increase of 26.2% from $6.110 billion in FY2022.41 Funding for energy efficiency and renewable energy R&D would increase overall by 44.9%, including increases in nearly all major research areas. An 8.3% increase for the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management account would be focused on climate-centric activities such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage ($335 million, up from $225 million). The Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E), which is intended to advance high-impact energy technologies that have too much technical and financial uncertainty to attract near-term privatesector investment, would receive $700 million (up 55.6%). The Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C), proposed in the FY2022 budget but not funded by Congress, does not appear in the FY2023 budget. 41 DOE energy R&D received substantial additional appropriations for FY2022 and FY2023 in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58). Congressional Research Service 22 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2022 Enacted FY2023 Request 7,475 7,799 Basic Energy Sciences 2,308 2,420 High Energy Physics 1,078 1,122 Biological and Environmental Research 815 904 Nuclear Physics 728 739 1,035 1,069 Fusion Energy Sciences 713 723 Isotope R&D and Production 82 97 Accelerator R&D and Production 18 27 Other 698 697 5,523 5,724 Weapons Activities Stockpile RT&E 2,843 2,895 Naval Reactors 1,918 2,081 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D 729 720 Def. Environmental Cleanup Tech. Dev. 33 28 6,110 7,710 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 2,773a 4,019 Fossil Energy and Carbon Management 825 893 1,655 1,675 Electricity 277 297 CESER Risk Management Technology and Tools 130 125 Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy 450 700 19,108 21,233 Science Advanced Scientific Computing Research National Security Energy Nuclear Energy DOE, Total FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Enacted Sources: FY2022 enacted from P.L. 117-103 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, March 9, 2022, Book III. FY2023 request from DOE FY2023 congressional budget justification, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/ articles/fy-2023-budget-justification. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. RT&E = Research, Technology, and Engineering. CESER = Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. a. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities. Congressional Research Service 23 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 National Aeronautics and Space Administration42 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. NASA has research programs in planetary science, Earth science, astrophysics, heliophysics, the biological and physical sciences, aeronautics, and astronaut health and performance, as well as development programs for future human spacecraft and for multipurpose space technology such as advanced propulsion systems. In addition, NASA operates the International Space Station (ISS) as a facility for R&D and other purposes. The Administration has requested $25.974 billion for NASA in FY2023. This would be 8.0% more than the FY2022 level of $24.041 billion.43 For a breakdown of these amounts, see Table 11. About half of NASA funding supports R&D. Some accounts (such as Science and Space Technology) fund R&D almost exclusively, while others (such as Exploration and Space Operations) fund a mix of R&D, testing and demonstration, operations, and other activities. The table indicates the estimated R&D share of each account, based on OMB data for the FY2023 request. Those shares may be different for FY2022 and for FY2023 appropriations provided by Congress. The FY2023 request for Science is $7.988 billion, an increase of 4.9% from $7.614 billion in FY2022. A requested 17% increase for Earth Science includes $212 million for early work on a system of future satellites known as the Earth System Observatory, based on recommendations from the 2018 National Academies decadal survey of Earth science; and $107 million for the Sustainable Land Imaging program, which supports the development of the next generation of Landsat satellites.44 The request for Astrophysics includes $173 million for operation of the James Webb Space Telescope, launched in December 2021, which was previously budgeted separately. Also in Astrophysics, the request proposes to terminate the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), with $10 million requested for closeout costs versus FY2022 funding of $85 million. SOFIA was also proposed for termination in the FY2021 and FY2022 budgets, but Congress continued to fund it. The FY2023 request for Aeronautics is $972 million, an increase of 10.3% from $881 million in FY2022. The request for the Integrated Aviation Systems program includes $107 million for continued development of a full-scale demonstrator aircraft with an electrified powertrain. The FY2023 request for Space Technology is $1.438 billion, an increase of 30.7% from $1.100 billion in FY2022. The bulk of the requested increase would be for the Technology Maturation program ($472 million). In the Technology Demonstration program, the request proposes $45 million for space nuclear technologies, including $15 million for nuclear propulsion (versus $110 million for nuclear thermal propulsion in FY2022). The FY2023 request for Deep Space Exploration Systems (currently Exploration) is $7.478 billion, an increase of 10.1% from $6.792 billion in FY2022. Within this account, the request for Common Exploration Systems Development (currently Exploration Systems Development) includes $1.339 billion for the Orion crew capsule (down from $1.407 billion in FY2022) and 42 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 43 This FY2022 amount does not include a supplemental appropriation of $321 million to repair hurricane damage at NASA facilities. 44 Here and elsewhere in this section, where FY2022 amounts are not stated, they were not specified by Congress in the FY2022 appropriations act or explanatory statement. NASA’s spending plan for FY2022 was not yet available when the FY2023 budget request was released. Congressional Research Service 24 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 $2.580 billion for the Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket (SLS, down from $2.600 billion in FY2022). As the Orion and SLS programs mature, they are focusing more on testing and production of flight hardware, with less R&D content than in previous years. The proposed 18.5% increase for Artemis Campaign Development (currently Exploration R&D) would support continued development of the Gateway outpost in lunar orbit ($779 million, down from $785 million in FY2022) and the lunar Human Landing System (HLS, $1.486 billion, up from $1.195 billion in FY2022). The Deep Space Exploration Systems request includes separate funding for Human Exploration Requirements and Architecture and for Mars Campaign Development, both previously included in Exploration R&D. In the Space Operations account, requests for R&D-related activities include $1.308 billion for the ISS; $118 million for the Commercial Crew program (in Space Transportation); $151 million for the Human Research Program (in Space and Flight Support); and $224 million for Commercial LEO Development (up from $101 million in FY2022). Commercial crew transport activities have largely transitioned from development to operations (which is funded separately). SpaceX launched its first post-certification crewed flight to the ISS in November 2020; a crewed test flight of Boeing’s competing commercial crew system is planned for late 2022 or early 2023. Table 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D (budget authority, in millions of dollars) Est. R&D Share FY2022 Enacted FY2023 Request 99% 7,614 7,988 Earth Science 2,065 2,412 Planetary Science 3,120 3,160 Astrophysics 1,394 1,556 James Webb Space Telescope 175 —a Heliophysics 778 760 Biological and Physical Sciences 83 100 Science Aeronautics 79% 881 972 Space Technology 98% 1,100 1,438 Exploration / Deep Space Exp. Systems 22% 6,792 7,478 (Common) Exploration Systems Development 4,597 4,668 Exp. R&D / Artemis Campaign Development 2,195 2,600 Human Exp. Requirements and Architecture — 48 Mars Campaign Development — 161 4,041 4,266 International Space Station n/s 1,308 Space Transportation n/s 1,760 Space and Flight Support n/s 975 Commercial LEO Development 101 224 Space Operations 34% STEM Engagement 0% 137 150 Safety, Security, and Mission Services 7% 3,021 3,209 Congressional Research Service FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Enacted 25 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 Est. R&D Share FY2022 Enacted FY2023 Request Construction and Environmental C&R 25% 410b 424 Inspector General 0% 45 48 52% 24,041b 25,974 NASA, Total FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Enacted Sources: Estimated R&D share calculated by CRS based on OMB data for R&D and R&D-related facilities and equipment funding in the FY2023 request. FY2022 enacted from P.L. 117-103 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, March 9, 2022, pp. H1796-H1799. FY2023 request from NASA FY2023 congressional budget justification, http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. n/s = not specified. LEO = Low Earth Orbit. C&R = Compliance and Remediation. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. a. Included in Astrophysics. b. Does not include supplemental $321 million for hurricane repairs provided in P.L. 117-43. National Science Foundation45 The National Science Foundation supports basic research and education in the nonmedical sciences and engineering. Congress established the foundation as an independent federal agency in 1950 to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes.”46 The NSF is a major source of federal support for U.S. university research, especially in the social sciences, mathematics, and computer science. It is also responsible for significant shares of the federal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education program portfolio and federal STEM student aid and support. NSF has six appropriations accounts: Research and Related Activities (RRA, the main research account), STEM Education (EDU, the main education account),47 Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC), Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM), the National Science Board (NSB), and the Office of Inspector General (OIG). Appropriations are generally provided at the account level, while program-specific direction may be included in appropriations acts, or accompanying conference reports or explanatory statements. Funding for R&D is included in the RRA, EDU, and MREFC accounts. (The RRA and EDU accounts also include non-R&D funding.) Together, these three accounts comprise over 95% of the total requested funding for NSF. Actual R&D obligations for each account are known after NSF allocates funding appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures.48 The budget 45 This section was written by Laurie Harris, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 46 The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-507). 47 In the FY2023 budget request, NSF proposed changing the name of the Directorate for Education and Human Resources (EHR) to the Directorate for STEM Education (EDU). For consistency with the budget request, this report refers to the directorate and associated appropriations account as EDU. 48 R&D actual (FY2021) and requested (FY2023) amounts are reported in the “Quantitative Data Tables” section of the NSF FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, March 28, 2022, pp. QDT-1 – QDT-7. R&D estimated (FY2022) amounts at the account level are from data provided by email to CRS from OMB as of April 1, 2022; per OMB, the FY2022 data use “annualized appropriations provided by the 2022 Continuing Resolution as well as including enacted legislation as of January 2022.” Congressional Research Service 26 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 request specifies R&D funding for the conduct of research, including basic and applied research, and for physical assets, including R&D facilities and major equipment. Funding amounts for FY2020 actual, FY2021 enacted (or estimated, for subaccount and R&D amounts as noted), and FY2023 requested levels are reported by account, including amounts for R&D conduct and physical assets where applicable, in Table 12. Funding for NSF for FY2022 was enacted on March 15, 2022.49 Additionally, NSF received $600 million in supplemental two-year appropriations in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARP Act; P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and existing research grants, cooperative agreements, scholarships, fellowships, and apprenticeships, and related administrative expenses to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.”50 Funding details for FY2022 enacted amounts below the account level were not available at the time the FY2023 budget request was prepared. Therefore, at the account level, the FY2023 request amounts are compared with the FY2022 enacted amounts in this analysis; below the account level, the FY2023 request amounts are compared with FY2021 actual amounts for subaccounts and R&D amounts. FY2022 enacted/estimated and FY2023 requested amounts are reported by account and for R&D conduct and facilities and equipment in Table 12. Overall. The Administration is requesting $10.5 billion for the NSF in FY2023, $1.65 billion (18.7%) more than the FY2022 enacted amount. The request would increase budget authority in two of three R&D accounts relative to the FY2022 enacted level: RRA by $1.27 billion (17.7%) and EDU by $371 million (36.9%); the request would decrease budget authority in the remaining R&D account relative to the FY2022 enacted level: MREFC by $61.8 million (-24.8%). Overall, NSF estimates that, under the FY2023 request, agency-wide funding rates for competitive awards (i.e., the percentage of submitted proposals that are successfully awarded funding after competitive review) would increase slightly from 26% to 27%, with an estimated 13,500 awards. For FY2023, $8.45 billion is requested for R&D activities, a $1.38 billion (19.6%) increase from FY2021 actual funding for R&D. R&D activities account for approximately 80% of NSF’s total funding. The total request for R&D activities includes $7.90 billion (94%) for the conduct of R&D, and $545 million (6%) for R&D facilities and major equipment. Of funding requested for the conduct of R&D, 86% is requested for basic research, and 14% for applied research. Overall funding for R&D facilities and major equipment supports not only the construction and acquisition phases, funded through MREFC ($187 million requested), but also planning, design, and post-construction operations and maintenance, funded through RRA ($358 million requested). Research. The Administration seeks $8.43 billion for RRA in FY2023, a $1.33 billion (18.7%) increase compared to the FY2021 actual funding. Within the RRA account, the FY2023 request includes $7.56 billion for R&D, an increase of $1.15 billion (17.9%) compared with the FY2021 actual amount. Of this amount, the majority ($7.20 billion, 95%) is requested for the conduct of research, including $6.52 billion for basic research and $682 million for applied research. Compared with the FY2021 actual amounts, the FY2023 request includes funding increases for all 11 RRA subaccounts. This includes a request of $880 million for the newly created Directorate 49 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103); H.Rept. 117-97; and Explanatory Statement, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022, Division B (Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022), Congressional Record, vol. 168, no. 42—Book III (March 9, 2022), pp. H1799-H1800. 50 ARP Act amounts are included in the FY2021 actual amounts; these funds are not included in the FY2022 enacted/estimated funding amounts because they are two-year funds allocated over FY2021 and FY2022; for further information, see NSF FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, p. Performance and Management-41. Congressional Research Service 27 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (TIP), meant to support crosscutting programs and activities, accelerate the translation of research to market, and catalyze partnerships across academia, industry, government, investors, and civil society.51 The FY2023 request also includes $247 million for the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), a $47.1 million (23.5%) increase compared with FY2021 actual funding. Education. The FY2023 request for the EDU account is $1.38 billion, $371 million (37%) more than the FY2022 enacted amount. By program division, in terms of both dollars and percent, the Division of Equity for Excellence in STEM would receive the largest increase, $110 million (51%) over the FY2021 actual level.52 EDU programs of particular interest to congressional policymakers include the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) and National Research Traineeship (NRT) programs. The FY2023 request for GRFP is $355 million, an increase of $71.1 million (25%) from the FY2021 actual level.53 The FY2023 request for NRT is $62.5 million, an increase of $4.5 million (7.8%) from the FY2021 actual level. Within EDU, requested funding for R&D is $698 million, which is $217 million (45%) more than the FY2021 actual funding amount and accounts for approximately 10% of the agency’s total R&D request. All of the requested funding would support the conduct of R&D, including $265 million for basic research and $433 million for applied research. Construction. The MREFC account supports large construction projects and larger mid-scale research infrastructure, with all of the funding supporting R&D facilities. The construction phases of such large-scale projects tend to span multiple years; therefore, NSF provides out-year estimates of funding for major facilities for the duration of the anticipated timeline, which are updated annually. This section of the analysis includes comparisons with FY2022 requested funding for specific projects, based on these projections. The Administration is seeking $187 million for MREFC in FY2023, $62 million (16%) less than the FY2022 enacted amount. Requested MREFC funding would support continued construction on four ongoing major facility projects:54   the Antarctic Infrastructure Recapitalization program (AIR; $60.0 million requested)55; upgrades to the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC; $33.0 million requested)56; 51 For more information on the TIP Directorate, see NSF, FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, pp. TIP-1 – TIP-10, https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2023/pdf/75_fy2023.pdf. 52 This division was formerly named the Division of Human Resource Development (HRD); NSF proposed to change the name in the FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, pp. EDU-1, EDU-8 – EDU-9. 53 The subset of GRFP funds provided through RRA in prior years was consolidated within EDU beginning in FY2022. The FY2023 budget request restates prior year funding for FY2021 within EDU for comparability across fiscal years. See NSF, FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, p. Cross-Theme Topics – 49. 54 NSF has addressed timeline and funding impacts to MREFC projects from the COVID-19 pandemic, stating, “Funding for FY 2022, the FY 2023 Request, and out-year forecasts for all projects have been adjusted from previous estimates based on NSF’s current assessment of COVID-19 impacts. As appropriate, re-baselining of several projects will continue to take place, as cost and schedule impacts become better known.” See NSF, FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, p. Research Infrastructure – 10. 55 The FY2023 funding for AIR is requested as part of re-baselining of the Antarctic Infrastructure Modernization for Science (AIMS) program, which encountered significant disruptions and delays due to COVID-19 restrictions as field work and on-ice construction work was in the early stages; NSF, FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, p. Research Infrastructure – 12. 56 NSF’s HL-LHC upgrade program represents about 7% of the global high luminosity upgrade effort at the LHC, Congressional Research Service 28 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023   the Vera C. Rubin Observatory ($15.0 million requested)57; and Regional Class Research Vessels (RCRV; $1.98 million requested).58 Additionally, $76.2 million is requested for Mid-scale Research Infrastructure projects (those projects with funding amounts in the $20 million to $100 million range), equal to the FY2022 request; this was a new funding line-item in the MREFC account as of FY2020, meant to manage support for upgrades to major facilities and stand-alone projects in this range as a portfolio. Other Initiatives. The FY2023 NSF budget request includes funding for multiple agency-wide investments, including the Big Ideas, as well as multiagency initiatives. This funding is included in multiple NSF appropriations accounts, and R&D amounts are not separately provided. For FY2023, NSF requests funding for eight Big Ideas, including five Research and three Enabling Big Ideas. The Big Ideas were first proposed in 2016 as an “endeavor to break down the silos of conventional scientific research … to define and push the frontiers of global science and engineering leadership and to invest in fundamental research.”59 Requested funding amounts for each of the Big Ideas compared with the FY2021 actual amounts include the following:60         Harnessing the Data Revolution for 21st-Century Science and Engineering (HDR): $182 million requested, down $9.7 million (-5%) from FY2021. The Future of Work at the Human Technology Frontier (FW-HTF): $176 million requested, up $2.9 million (2%) from FY2021. Navigating the New Arctic (NNA): $35.2 million requested, down $4.9 million (-12%) from FY2021. Understanding the Rules of Life (URoL): Predicting Phenotype: $94 million requested, down $20 million (-18%) from FY2021. Windows on the Universe (WoU): $62 million requested, down $13 million (-17%) from FY2021. Inclusion across the Nation of Communities of Learners of Underrepresented Discoverers in Engineering and Science (NSF INCLUDES): $51 million requested, up $30 million (143%) from FY2021. Growing Convergence Research at NSF (GCR): $16 million requested, equal to the FY2021 actual amount. Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure: $126 million requested, up $20 million (19%) from FY2021.61 which is being supported by 45 funding agencies internationally, including the U.S. Department of Energy; see NSF, FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, pp. Research Infrastructure – 21. 57 The Rubin Observatory is a joint program between NSF and DOE. FY2023 represents the 10 th year construction, originally planned to last 99 months. This project is currently being rebaselined to account for impacts of the COVID19 pandemic, which have shifted expectations for completion to FY2024. See FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, p. Research Infrastructure – 38. 58 The FY2023 request of $1.98 million is the current estimated amount needed to address the remaining impacts due to COVID-19; see FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, p. Research Infrastructure – 35. 59 NSF, FY2021 Budget Request to Congress, February 10, 202, pp. Overview-9 – Overview-10. 60 For more information on the Big Ideas, see NSF, FY2023 Budget Request to Congress, pp. Cross-Theme Topics 15 – Cross-Theme Topics-20. 61 This total includes Mid-scale Research Infrastructure-1, funded through RRA, for projects costing $6 million-$20 million, as well as Mid-scale Research Infrastructure-2, funded through MREFC, for projects costing $20 million-$100 million. Congressional Research Service 29 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 The budget request also includes multi-agency initiatives. The National Nanotechnology Initiative would receive $435 million, $177 million (29%) less than the FY2021 actual amount. The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development program would receive $2.11 billion, an increase of $393 million (23%). The U.S. Global Change Research Program would receive $913 million, $345 million (61%) more than the FY2021 actual amount. Table 12. National Science Foundation Funding (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2021 Actuala FY2022 Enacted/ Estimated FY2023 Request Research and Related Activities (RRA) 7,099.1 7,159.4 8,426.0 R&D, RRA Total 6,413.1 6,239.0 7,561.6 Conduct of R&D 6,150.4 5,983.0 7,203.6 262.6 256.0 358.0 992.7 1,006.0 1,377.2 Account R&D Facilities and Major Equipment Education and Human FY2023 House FY2023 Senate FY2023 Enacted Resources (EDU) R&D, EDU Total 480.8 560.0 698.2 Conduct of R&D 480.8 560.0 698.2 R&D Facilities and Major Equipment Major Research Equipment 0.0 0.0 0.0 170.2 249.0 187.2 170.2 249.0 187.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 170.2 249.0 187.2 396.5 400.0 473.2 Office of the Inspector General (OIG)b 17.6 19.0 23.4 National Science Board (NSB)b 4.4 4.6 5.1 NSF, Total Discretionaryc 8,680.5 8,838.0 10,492.1 R&D, NSF Total 7,064.1 7,048.0 8,447.0 Total, Conduct of R&D 6,631.3 6,543.0 7,901.8 432.9 505.0 545.3 and Facilities Construction (MREFC) R&D, MREFC Total Conduct of R&D R&D Facilities and Major Equipment Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM)b Total, R&D Facilities & Major Equipment Sources: Data in the columns titled “FY2021 Actual,” “FY2022 Enacted/Estimated,” and “FY2023 Request” are from P.L. 117-103; email communications from OMB to CRS as of April 1, 2022; and the NSF FY2023 Budget Request to Congress. Notes: n/a = not available. Appropriations accounts are in bold. NSF total may differ from the sum of the accounts due to rounding. Nonbold R&D funding amounts are a subset of funding for the specified accounts. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. a. FY2022 account funding amounts (bold) are as enacted (P.L. 117-103). FY2021 R&D funding amounts (nonbold) are as reported in the NSF FY2023 Budget Request to Congress; these amounts include a portion of Congressional Research Service 30 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 b. c. $600 million in two-year appropriations for NSF as enacted in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and existing research grants, cooperative agreements, scholarships, fellowships, and apprenticeships, and related administrative expenses to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.” The AOAM, NSB, and OIG accounts have no reported R&D funding. In addition to discretionary funding, NSF reports mandatory funding from H-1B visa and donation sources, which are not included in this total. Department of Agriculture62 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) was created in 1862 to support agricultural research in an expanding, agriculturally dependent country. Today, USDA conducts intramural research at federal facilities with federally employed scientists, and supports extramural research at universities and other facilities through competitive grants and capacity (formula-based) funding. The breadth of contemporary USDA research spans traditional agricultural production practices, as well as organic and sustainable agriculture, bioenergy, nutritional needs and food composition, food safety, animal and plant health, pest and disease management, economic decisionmaking, and other social sciences affecting consumers, farmers, and rural communities. The four agencies of USDA’s Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area carry out the Department’s research and education activities.63 These agencies are the Agricultural Research Service (ARS), the principal intramural research agency; the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), the principal extramural research agency; the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), which undertakes a variety of surveys to capture relevant data; and the Economic Research Service (ERS), which applies economic analysis to a wide range of topics related to food and agriculture. In addition to the four REE agencies, the Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS), a staff office within the Office of the Under Secretary for REE, coordinates science activities across the department. USDA’s FY2022 enacted discretionary appropriations and the Administration’s FY2023 budget request for the four REE agencies and OCS are discussed below, with funding amounts presented in Table 13. In annual agriculture appropriations acts, Title I (Agricultural Programs) provides regular discretionary appropriations for USDA, including the REE agencies and OCS. REE agencies and programs receive additional funding from sources other than this title, including discretionary funding from Title VII (General Provisions), mandatory funding authorized by the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334 and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), nonfederal matching contributions, and private donations and grants.64 Funding from these other sources is discussed separately in the text, and is not presented in Table 13. FY2022 enacted appropriations (P.L. 117-103 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 provide a total of $3,676.1 million in discretionary spending for the REE agencies through Division A (Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022), Title I.65 Title VII (General Provisions) of P.L. 117-103 provides an 62 This section was written by Genevieve K. Croft, Analyst in Agricultural Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 63 For additional information, see CRS Report R40819, Agricultural Research: Background and Issues, by Genevieve K. Croft. 64 Ibid. 65 FY2022 enacted appropriations and related congressional directives presented in this report section derive from P.L. 117-103; the accompanying Explanatory Statement, Division A—Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022; H.Rept. 117-182 (to accompany the House-reported Congressional Research Service 31 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 additional $13.7 million. The Administration is requesting a total of $4,042.0 million for these agencies in FY2023, a 10% increase ($365.9 million), including increases of 8% to 14% for each agency. Agricultural Research Service ARS is USDA’s in-house basic and applied research agency, and has major responsibilities for conducting and leading the national agricultural research effort. ARS operates approximately 90 laboratories, with about 5,300 permanent employees, including approximately 2,000 research scientists. ARS laboratories include a focus on efficient and sustainable food and fiber production, development of new products and uses for agricultural commodities, development of effective controls for pest management, and support of USDA regulatory and technical assistance programs. ARS also operates the National Agricultural Library (NAL). NAL is the world’s largest agricultural research library, and is a primary information repository for food, agriculture, and natural resource sciences. For FY2022, P.L. 117-103 provides $1,633.5 million for ARS salaries and expenses, and $127.8 million for buildings and facilities. For FY2023, the Administration is requesting $1,858.7 million for ARS salaries and expenses, an increase of $225.2 million (13.8%) above the FY2022 discretionary appropriation. This request includes increases of $101.0 million for clean energy research and $109.0 million for climate science. The FY2023 request for buildings and facilities is $45.4 million, a decrease of $82.4 million (-64.5%) from the FY2022 appropriation. ARS continues to coordinate with the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) on the new National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), which DHS is constructing to replace the outdated Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC).66 In January 2019, USDA and DHS signed a Memorandum of Agreement to govern the transition of NBAF from DHS to USDA, with ownership to transfer upon its completion and commissioning.67 USDA projects the transfer of the operations from PIADC to NBAF will be completed by December 2023, a date delayed from earlier projections, including most recently due to the COVID-19 pandemic.68 FY2022 enacted appropriations for ARS Salaries and Expenses provide an additional $49.0 million for initial costs, operation, and maintenance of NBAF. For FY2023, the Administration is requesting a total of $47.5 million for NBAF within ARS salaries and expenses, and an increase of $10.6 million for NBAF capital improvement and maintenance within the ARS buildings and facilities account. National Institute of Food and Agriculture NIFA is USDA’s principal extramural research agency. It provides federal funding for research, education, and extension projects conducted in partnership with land-grant colleges and universities (LGUs), State Agricultural Experiment Stations, the Cooperative Extension System, FY2022 agriculture appropriations bill, H.R. 3456); and S.Rept. 117-34 (to accompany the Senate-reported agriculture appropriations bill, S. 2599). 66 For additional information, see CRS In Focus IF11492, National Bio a [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR47161. Public record. Not legal advice.