# Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR46869 ## Record - **Collection:** Congressional research report - **Document type:** CRS Report - **Published:** January 19, 2022 - **Citation:** R46869 ## Text Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Updated January 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46869 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 President Biden’s budget request for FY2022 includes approximately $171.3 billion for research and development (R&D), $13.5 billion (8.5%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $157.8 billion. In constant FY2022 dollars, the FY2022 R&D request represents an increase of $10.6 billion (6.6%) above the FY2021 estimated level. R46869 January 19, 2022 John F. Sargent Jr., Coordinator Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few federal departments and agencies. In FY2021, five agencies received 93.0% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD, 40.1%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 27.6%) combined accounting for more than two -thirds of all federal R&D funding. In the FY2022 request, the top five R&D agencies would account for 92.4%, with DOD accounting for 36.7% and HHS for 29.9%. Federal Research and Development Funding, FY2020-FY2022 In billions of dollars Under the President’s FY2022 budget request, nearly all federal agencies would see their R&D funding increase relative to FY2021. The only exception is DOD, which would decrease by $550 million (0.9%) in FY2022 to $62.8 billion. The largest dollar increases in R&D funding would be made to HHS (up $7.7 billion, 17.8%), the Department of Energy (up $2.1 billion, 11.1%), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (up $1.3 billion, 10.1%). The largest percentage increases in R&D funding would be at the Department of the Interior (up 30.8%), the Department of Commerce (up 29.3%), and the Department of Agriculture (up 21.7%). The President’s FY2022 budget request would increase funding for basic research by $4.4 billion (10.2%), applied research by $6.3 billion (14.0%), development by $2.4 billion (3.6%), and R&D facilities and equipment by $380 million (9.0%). Source: CRS analysis of data from OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021. Several multiagency R&D initiatives continue under the President’s FY2022 budget request. Some activities supporting these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications. However, comprehensive aggregate budget information on these initiatives will likely not be available until budget supplements for each are released later in the year. The request represents the President’s R&D priorities. Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it may express different priorities through the appropriations process. Congress provides annual R&D appropriations through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations bills . In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. Completing the process after the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of continuing resolutions can affect agencies’ execution of their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment. Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 The President’s FY2022 Budget Request ............................................................................ 3 Federal R&D Funding Perspectives ................................................................................... 3 Federal R&D by Agency............................................................................................. 3 Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment......................................... 5 Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work ............................................................ 5 Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined ............................................. 6 Multiagency R&D Initiatives ............................................................................................ 7 Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program......................... 8 U.S. Global Change Research Program ......................................................................... 9 National Nanotechnology Initiative ............................................................................ 10 FY2022 Appropriations Status ........................................................................................ 11 Department of Defense .................................................................................................. 12 Department of Health and Human Services ....................................................................... 16 National Institutes of Health ...................................................................................... 17 Department of Energy.................................................................................................... 24 National Aeronautics and Space Administration ................................................................. 27 National Science Foundation .......................................................................................... 30 Department of Agriculture .............................................................................................. 36 Agricultural Research Service ................................................................................... 37 National Institute of Food and Agriculture ................................................................... 38 National Agricultural Statistics Service ....................................................................... 40 Economic Research Service ...................................................................................... 40 Office of the REE Under Secretary and Office of the Chief Scientist ............................... 41 Department of Commerce .............................................................................................. 43 National Institute of Standards and Technology ............................................................ 43 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ....................................................... 46 Department of Veterans Affairs ....................................................................................... 49 Department of Transportation.......................................................................................... 52 Federal Aviation Administration................................................................................. 52 Federal Highway Administration................................................................................ 53 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .......................................................... 53 Other DOT Components ........................................................................................... 53 Department of the Interior .............................................................................................. 55 U.S. Geological Survey ............................................................................................ 55 Other DOI Components ............................................................................................ 56 Department of Homeland Security ................................................................................... 57 Environmental Protection Agency.................................................................................... 59 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Figures Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development by Funding Sector, 2019 .................................................................................................... 6 Tables Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2020-FY2022 .................. 4 Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2020-FY2022 .......................................................................................................... 5 Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2020 Actual, FY2021 Estimated, and FY2022 Request............................ 7 Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2019-FY2022............................................................................................. 9 Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2019-FY2022 ........................... 10 Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2019-FY2022 ................................ 11 Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills ...................... 11 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E .......................................................................... 15 Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding ................................................................... 22 Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities............................................... 26 Table 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D ........................................... 29 Table 12. National Science Foundation Funding................................................................. 34 Table 13. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D ................................................................. 42 Table 14. National Institute of Standards and Technology Funding........................................ 45 Table 15. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R&D ....................................... 48 Table 16. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D.................................................................. 50 Table 17. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area ........................ 51 Table 18. Department of Transportation R&D Activities and Facilities .................................. 54 Table 19. Department of the Interior R&D ........................................................................ 57 Table 20. Department of Homeland Security R&D Accounts ............................................... 59 Table 21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science and Technology Account ................ 61 Appendixes Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................ 63 Appendix B. CRS Contacts for Agency R&D .................................................................... 68 Contacts Author Information ....................................................................................................... 69 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Introduction The 117th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the internet to communications satellites, shale gas extraction, and defenses against disease. In recent years, federal budget caps have driven executive and legislative branch decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio. The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering R&D. Its purposes include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security; advancing knowledge generally; developing the scientific and engineering workforce; and strengthening U.S. innovation and competitiveness in the global economy. Most of the R&D funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual funding agencies. The federal R&D budget is an aggregation of the R&D activities of these agencies. There is no single, centralized source of R&D funds. Agency R&D budgets are developed internally as part of each agency’s overall budget development process. R&D funding may be included either in accounts that are entirely devoted to R&D or in accounts that also include funding for non-R&D activities. Agency budgets are subjected to review, revision, and approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and become part of the President’s annual budget submission to Congress. The federal R&D budget is then calculated by aggregating the R&D activities of each federal agency. Congress plays a central role in defining the nation’s R&D priorities as it makes decisions about the level and allocation of R&D funding—overall, within agencies, and for specific programs. As Congress acts to complete the FY2021 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the amount of the federal budget to be spent on federal R&D and the prioritization and allocation of the available funding. This report begins with a discussion of the overall level of R&D in President Biden’s FY2022 budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, collectively, account for approximately 99% of total federal R&D funding. Selected terms associated with federal R&D funding are defined in the text box on the next page. Appendix A provides a list of acronyms and abbreviations. Appendix B lists the primary CRS experts on R&D funding for the agencies covered in this report. Congressional Research Service 1 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Definitions Associated with Federal Research and Development Funding Two key sources of definitions associated with federal research and development funding are the White House Office of Management and Budget and the National Science Foundation. Office of Management and Budget. The Office of Management and Budget provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in OMB Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget.”1 This document provides guidance to agencies in the preparation of the President’s annual budget and instructions on budget execution. In 2017, OMB adopted a refinement to the categories of R&D, replacing “development” with “experimental development,” which more narrowly defines the set of activities to be included. This definition is used in the President’s FY2022 budget. The new definition has resulted in lower reported R&D by some agencies, including the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). For FY2022, OMB has also opted to exclude DOD budget activity 6.6 (“Management Support”) funding from its R&D calculations; historically, this funding has been included in the DOD R&D total and federal R&D total figu res. DOD R&D funding in Table 1 and Table 3 reflect this change for FY2020 and FY2021 (applied retroactively), as well as for FY2022. OMB and DOD are currently evaluating whether budget activity 6.6 may be categorized as experimental development in the future. Conduct of R&D. Research and experimental development (R&D) activities are defined as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge. Basic Research. Basic research is defined as experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts. Basic research may include activities with broad or general applications in mind, such as the study of how plant genomes change, but excludes research directed towards a specific application or requirement, such as the optimization of the genome of a specific crop species. Applied Research. Applied research is defined as original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. Applied research is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. Experimental Development. Experimental development is defined as creative and systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, which is directed at producing new products or processes or improving existing products or processes. Like research, experimental development will result in gaining additional knowledge. R&D Equipment. R&D equipment includes amounts for major equipment for research and development. I t includes acquisition, design, or production of major movable equipment, such as mass spectrometers, research vessels, DNA sequencers, and other major movable instruments for use in R&D activities. It includes programs of $1 million or more that are devoted to the purchase or construction of major R&D equipment . R&D Facilities. R&D facilities includes amounts for the construction of facilities that are necessary for the execution of an R&D program. This may include land, major fixed equipment, and supporting infrastructure such as a sewer line or housing at a remote location. National Science Board/National Science Foundation. The National Science Board/National Science Foundation (NSB/NSF) provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in its report Science and Engineering Indicators: 2020.2 Research and Development (R&D): Research and experimental development comprise creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture, and society—and its use to devise new applications of available knowledge. Basic Research: Experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view . Applied Research: Original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge—directed primarily, however, toward a specific, practical aim or objective. Development (or Experimental Development): Systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes. 1 T he White House, Office of Management and Budget, Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget,” April 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf. 2 National Science Board/National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2020, January 2020, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/glossary. Congressional Research Service 2 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 The President’s FY2022 Budget Request On May 28, 2021, President Biden released his proposed FY2022 budget. President Biden is proposing $171.3 billion for R&D for FY2022, an increase of $13.5 billion (8.5%) above the FY2021 level of $157.8 billion. Adjusted for inflation to FY2022 dollars, the President’s FY2022 R&D request represents a constant-dollar increase of 6.6% above the FY2021 actual level. 3 The President’s request includes continued R&D funding for existing single-agency and multiagency programs and activities, as well as new initiatives. This report provides governmentwide, multiagency, and individual agency analyses of the President’s FY2022 request as it relates to R&D and related activities. More information will become available as the House and Senate act on the President’s budget request through appropriations bills. Factors Affecting Analysis of the FY2022 Budget Request Several factors complicate the analysis of changes in R&D funding for FY2022, both in aggregate and for selected agencies:  R&D included in President’s Biden’s proposed American Jobs Plan is not included in his FY2022 budget request. The American Jobs Plan includes $50 billion for the National Science Foundation, $30 billion for R&D at other agencies, and $40 billion to upgrade research infrastructure.  Inconsistency among agencies in the reporting of R&D and the inclusion of R&D activities in accounts with non-R&D activities may result in different figures being reported by OMB and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including those shown in Table 1, and those in agency budget analyses that appear later in this report. Federal R&D Funding Perspectives Federal R&D funding can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives that provide different insights. The following sections examine the data by agency, by the character of the work supported, and by a combination of these two perspectives. Federal R&D by Agency Congress makes decisions about R&D funding through the authorization and appropriations processes primarily from the perspective of individual agenc ies and programs. Table 1 provides data on R&D funding by agency for FY2020 (actual), FY2021 (estimate), and FY2022 (request). 4 Under the request, eight federal agencies would receive 97% of total federal R&D funding in FY2022: the Department of Defense (DOD), 36.7%; Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 29.9%; Department of Energy (DOE), 12.5%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 8.5%; National Science Foundation (NSF), 4.8%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2.1%; Department of Commerce (DOC), 1.6%; and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 0.9%. This report provides an analysis of the R&D budget requests for these agencies, as well as for the Department of Homeland Security 3 As calculated by CRS using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (chained) price index for FY2021 -FY2022 in T able 10.1, “Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical T ables: 1940 –2026,” Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/hist10z1_fy22.xlsx. 4 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. Congressional Research Service 3 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 (DHS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Transportation (DOT), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With the exception of DOD, all federal agencies would see their R&D funding increase under the President’s FY2022 request compared to their FY2021 estimated levels. The agencies with the largest R&D funding increases (measured in dollars) in the FY2022 request compared to FY2021 estimated levels are HHS (up $7.738 billion), DOE (up $2.140 billion), and NASA (up $1.339 billion). DOD R&D funding would decline by $550 million (down 0.9%). See Table 1. The agencies with the largest percentage increases in R&D funding in the FY2022 request compared to the FY2021 estimated level are DOT (up 30.8%), DOC (up 29.3%), USDA (up 21.7%), DOI (up 18.2%), and HHS (up 17.8%). See Table 1. Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2020-FY2022 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) FY2021-FY2022 FY2020 Actual FY2021 Estimate Department of Defense 62,438 a 63,350 a Dept. of Health and Human Services 44,455 Department of Energy Dollar Change Percentage Change 62,800 -550 -0.9% 43,494 51,232 7,738 17.8% 19,476 19,312 21,452 2,140 11.1% NASA 14,801 13,226 14,565 1,339 10.1% National Science Foundation 6,800 7,408 8,173 765 10.3% Department of Agriculture 2,989 2,965 3,609 644 21.7% Department of Commerce 1,953 2,122 2,743 621 29.3% Department of Veterans Affairs 1,366 1,420 1,498 78 5.5% Department of Transportation 1,043 1,024 1,339 315 30.8% Department of the Interior 1,094 1,033 1,221 188 18.2% Department of Homeland Security 532 590 627 37 6.3% Smithsonian Institution 516 524 585 61 11.6% Environmental Protection Agency 237 445 473 28 6.3% Department of Education 344 322 346 24 7.5% Other 582 563 597 34 6.0% Total 158,626 157,798 171,260 13,462 8.5% Department/Agency FY2022 Request Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. Notes: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. a. DOD R&D in this table does not include funding for budget activity (BA) 6.6 and BA 6.7. OMB considers BA 6.6 to be “non-investment activities” and BA 6.7 to be considered nonexperimental development. Combined BA 6.6 and BA 6.7 funding is $46.2 billion in FY2021 and $48.0 billion for FY2022. Congressional Research Service 4 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment Federal R&D funding can also be examined by the character of w ork it supports—basic research, applied research, or development—and by funding provided for construction of R&D facilities and acquisition of major R&D equipment. (See Table 2.) President Biden’s FY2022 request includes $47.387 billion for basic research, up $4.402 billion (10.2%) from the FY2021 estimated level; $51.126 billion for applied research, up $6.283 billion (14.0%); $68.136 billion for development, up $2.397 billion (3.6%); and $4.611 billion for R&D facilities and equipment, up $380 million (9.0%). Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2020-FY2022 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2021-FY2022 Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment FY2020 Actual FY2021 Estimated FY2022 Request Dollars Percentage Basic research 44,290 42,985 47,387 4,402 10.2% Applied research 45,992 44,843 51,126 6,283 14.0% Development 62,124 65,739 68,136 2,397 3.6% Facilities and Equipment 6,220 4,231 4,611 380 9.0% 158,626 157,798 171,260 13,462 8.5% Total Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. Note: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work A primary policy justification for public investments in basic research and for incentives (e.g., tax credits) for the private sector to conduct research is the view, widely held by economists, that the private sector will, left on its own, underinvest in basic research from a societal perspective. The usual argument for this view is that the social returns (i.e., the benefits to society at large) exceed the private returns (i.e., the benefits accruing to the private investor, such as increased revenues or higher stock value). Other factors that may inhibit corporate investment in basic research include long time horizons for achieving commercial applications (diminishing the potential returns due to the time value of money), high levels of technical risk and uncertainty, shareholder demands for shorter-term returns, and asymmetric and imperfect information. The federal government is the nation’s largest supporter of basic research, funding 41% of U.S. basic research in 2019 (the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available). Business funded 31% of U.S. basic research in 2019, with state governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funding the remaining 29%. 5 For U.S. applied research, business is the primary funder, accounting for an estimated 55% in 2019, while the federal government accounted for an estimated 33%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit 5 Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. Congressional Research Service 5 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 organizations funded the remaining 12%. Business also provides the vast majority of U.S. funding for development. Business accounted for 86% of development funding in 2019, while the federal government provided 13%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funded the remaining 2% (see Figure 1). 6 Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development by Funding Sector, 2019 Source: CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2018–19 Data Update, NSF 21-325, Tables 7-9, April 9, 2021. Notes: Components may not add to total due to rounding. Data are preliminary and may be revised. Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined Federal R&D funding can also be viewed from the combined perspective of each agency’s contribution to basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment. Table 3 lists the three agencies with the most funding in each of these categories as proposed in the President’s FY2022 budget. The overall federal R&D budget reflects a wide range of national priorities, including supporting advances in spaceflight, developing new and affordable s ources of energy, and understanding and deterring terrorist groups. These priorities and the mission of each individual agency contribute to the composition of that agency’s R&D spending (i.e., the allocation of R&D funding among basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment). In President Biden’s FY2022 budget request, the Department of Health and Human Services, primarily NIH, would account for more than half (50.7%) of all federal funding for basic research. HHS would also be the largest federal funder of applied research, accounting for about 52.5% of all federally funded applied research in the President’s FY2022 budget request. DOD would be the primary federal funder of experimental development, accounting for 80.5% of total federal development funding in the President’s FY2022 budget request. DOE would be the 6 CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2018–19 Data Update, NSF 21- 325, T ables 6-9, April 9, 2021. Data are preliminary and may be revised. Components may not add to total due to rounding. Congressional Research Service 6 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 primary federal funder of R&D facilities and equipment, accounting for 58.2% of total federal R&D facilities and equipment funding in the President’s FY2022 budget request. 7 Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2020 Actual, FY2021 Estimated, and FY2022 Request (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) Change, FY2021-FY2022 FY2020 Actual FY2021 Estimate FY2022 Request Dollars Percentage Health and Human Services 21,826 21,872 24,022 2,150 9.8% NSF 5,437 5,966 6,532 566 9.5% Energy 5,494 5,519 5,892 373 6.8% Health and Human Services 22,081 21,297 26,835 5,538 26.0% Energy 8,444 7,395 7,669 274 3.7% Defense 6,274 6,654 5,559 -1,095 -16.5% Defense 51,764 54,045 54,859 814 1.5% NASA 5,430 5,990 5,915 -75 -1.3% Energy 3,060 3,715 5,206 1,491 40.1% 2,478 2,683 2,685 2 0.1% Commerce 366 352 657 305 86.6% NSF 529 594 594 0 0.0% Character of Work/Agency Basic Research Applied Research Experimental Development Facilities and Equipment Energy Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2022, Research and Development, May 28, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/ ap_14_research_fy22.pdf. Note: This table shows only the top three funding agencies in each category, based on the FY20 22 request. Multiagency R&D Initiatives For many years, presidential budgets have reported on multiagency R&D initiatives. Often, they have also provided details of agency funding for these initiatives. Some of these efforts have a statutory basis—for example, the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). These programs generally produce annual budget supplements identifying objectives, activities, funding levels, and other information, usually published shortly after the presidential budget release. Other multiagency R&D initiatives have 7 CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Congressional Research Service 7 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 operated at the discretion of the President, without a specific statutory mandate, and may be eliminated at the discretion of the President. President Biden’s FY2022 budget is largely silent on funding levels for these efforts and whether any or all of the nonstatutory initiatives will continue. Some activities related to these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and may be addressed in the agency analyses later in this report. This section provides available multiagency information on these initiatives and will be updated as additional information becomes available. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program8 Established by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program is the primary mechanism by which the federal government coordinates its unclassified networking and information technology R&D investments in areas such as supercomputing, high-speed networking, cybersecurity, software engineering, and information management. The NITRD National Coordination Office (NCO) coordinates the information technology R&D activities of 24 federal agency members and more than 45 other participating agencies with program interests and activities in IT R&D. NITRD efforts are further coordinated by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) NITRD Subcommittee. 9 P.L. 102-194, as reauthorized by the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017 (P.L. 114-329), requires the director of the NITRD NCO to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress along with the President’s budget request. This annual report, often referred to as a budget supplement, is to include, among other things, detailed information on the program’s budget for the current and previous fiscal years and the proposed budget for the next fiscal year (FY). The latest annual report was published in August 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget request. For additional information on the NITRD program, see CRS Report RL33586, The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities, by Patricia Moloney Figliola. Additional information on the NITRD Program can be obtained at https://www.nitrd.gov. 8 For additional information on the Networking and Information T echnology Research and Development program, please contact Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Internet and T elecommunications Policy. 9 T he NST C was established by Executive Order 12881 in 1993. According to the White House, “T his Cabinet -level Council is the principal means within the Executive Branch to coordinate science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development enterprise. Chaired by the President, the membership of the NST C is made up of the Vice President, Cabinet Secretaries and Agency Heads with significant science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials. In practice, the Assistant to the President for Science and T echnology Policy oversees the NST C’s ongoing activities.” (Source: EOP, Office of Science and T echnology Policy, “NST C,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.) For more information on the NST C, see CRS Report R43935, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): History and Overview, by John F. Sargent Jr. and Dana A. Shea; and https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/. Congressional Research Service 8 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2019-FY2022 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) FY2019 Actual FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request 6,472.1 7,092.7 7,175.4 7,777.3 Total, NITRD Source: NITRD Dashboard, accessed January 19, 2022, https://www.nitrd.gov/apps/itdashboard/dashboard/ #NITRD-RD-Budgets-Fiscal-Years-19922022. U.S. Global Change Research Program10 The U.S. Global Change Research Program coordinates and integrates federal research and applications to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. The program seeks to advance global climate change science and to “build a knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global change through coordinated and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication, and decision support.”11 In FY2019, 10 departments and agencies received appropriations for their USGCRP participation. USGCRP efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Each agency develops and carries out its activities as its contribution to the USGCRP, and funds are appropriated to each agency for those activities; those activities may or may not be identified as associated with the USGCRP in agency budget justifications or other program materials available publicly. Complementing USGCRP activities are many federal climate change or global changerelated activities with programmatic missions, not predominantly scientific. These are reported separately in budget justifications. The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (GCRA, P.L. 101-606) requires each federal agency or department involved in global change research to report annually to Congress on each element of its proposed global change research activities, as well as the portion of its budget request allocated to each element of the program. 12 The President is also required to identify those activities and the annual global change research budget in the President’s annual budget request. The President’s budget requests for years later than FY2017 do not report these budget data required by the GCRA, although some agencies report their contributions in their budget justifications to Congress. In addition, in the 20 years prior to FY2018, language in appropriations laws required the President to submit a comprehensive report to the appropriations committees “describing in detail all Federal agency funding, domestic and international, for climate change programs, projects, and activities … including an accounting of funding by agency….”13 As these are no longer reported by OMB, Table 5 presents data compiled by CRS from communications with departments and agencies that participated in the USGCRP in FY2018. 10 For additional information on the U.S. Global Change Research Program, please contact Jane A. Leggett, Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy. 11 U.S. Global Change Research Program website, http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan. 12 Directives to report annually to Congress on budget requests and spending occur in several sections of P.L. 101-606, including Sections 105(b) and (c) on Budget Coordination, and Section 107, Annual Report. 13 See, most recently, P.L. 115-31, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 416. Congressional Research Service 9 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 For additional information on the USGCRP, see CRS Report R43227, Federal Climate Change Funding from FY2008 to FY2014, by Jane A. Leggett, Richard K. Lattanzio, and Emily Bruner. Additional USGCRP information can be obtained at http://www.globalchange.gov. Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2019-FY2022 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, USGCRP FY2019 Enacted FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request FY2022 Request 2,451 2,461 1,915 n/a Source: GlobalChange.gov, https://www.globalchange.gov/about. Notes: n/a = not available. Funding for activities that contribute to the USGCRP has been appropriated to more than a dozen federal departments and agencies in the past, and some spending of it is transferred or coordinated through interagency agreements. Almost all of the funding is spent directly by agencies on research and related activities; a small percentage is spent for interagency coordination and communications in the USGCRP program office. National Nanotechnology Initiative14 Launched in FY2001, the National Nanotechnology Initiative is a multiagency R&D initiative to advance understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, where the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and sometimes useful ways from the properties of individual atoms or bulk matter. 15 In 2003, Congress enacted the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153), providing a legislative foundation for some of the activities of the NNI. NNI efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET). For FY2020, the President’s request included NNI funding for 15 federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with budgets dedicated to nanotechnology R&D. The NSET includes other federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with responsibilities for health, safety, and environmental regulation; trade; education; intellectual property; international relations; and other areas that might affect or be affected by nanotechnology. P.L. 108-153 requires the NSTC to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress at the time the President’s budget request is sent to Congress. This annual report, often referred to as a budget supplement, is to include detailed information on the program’s budget for the current fiscal year and the program’s proposed budget for the next fiscal year, as well as additional information and data related to the performance of the program. The latest annual report was published in October 2020 and related to the FY2021 budget request. President Trump requested $1.723 billion for NNI research in FY2021, a decrease of $117 million (6.3%) from the enacted FY2020 level. 16 For additional information on the NNI, see CRS Report RL34401, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues, by John F. Sargent Jr. Additional NNI information can be obtained at http://www.nano.gov. 14 For additional information on the National Nanotechnology Initiative, please contact John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy. 15 In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by side in a line. 16 EOP, NST C, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2020 Budget, August 2019. Congressional Research Service 10 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2019-FY2022 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, NNI FY2019 Estimated FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request FY2022 Request 1,858.3 1,839.7 1,723.2 n/a Source: EOP, NSTC, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2021 Budget, October 2020. FY2022 Appropriations Status The remainder of this report provides a more in-depth analysis of R&D in 12 federal departments and agencies that, in aggregate, receive nearly 99% of total federal R&D funding. Agencies are presented in order of the size of their FY2020 R&D budget requests, with the largest presented first. Annual appropriations for these agencies are provided through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations bills. For each agency covered in this report, Table 7 shows the corresponding regular appropriations bill that provides primary funding for the agency, including its R&D activities. Because of the way that agencies report budget data to Congress, it can be difficult to identify the portion that is R&D. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may differ from R&D data in the President’s budget or otherwise provided by OMB. Funding for R&D is often included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, in such cases, it may not be possible to identify precisely how much of the funding provided in appropriations laws is allocated to R&D specifically. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after departments and agencies allocate their appropriations to specific activities and report those figures. As of the date of this report, the House has acted on six of the nine appropriations bills that provide R&D funding; the Senate has not acted on any of the appropriations acts. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022; the other three acts had previously been reported by committee. In addition to this report, CRS produces individual reports on each of the appropriations bills and for a number of federal agencies. These reports can be accessed via the CRS website at http://www.crs.gov/iap/appropriations. Also, the status of each appropriations bill is available on the CRS web page “Appropriations Status Table,” available at http://www.crs.gov/ AppropriationsStatusTable/Index. Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills Department/Agency Regular Appropriations Bill Department of Defense Department of Defense Appropriations Act Department of Health and Human Services - National Institutes of Health (1) Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (2) Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Energy Congressional Research Service Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act 11 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Department/Agency Regular Appropriations Bill National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act National Science Foundation Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Agriculture Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Commerce - National Institute of Standards and Technology - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Veterans Affairs Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of the Interior Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Transportation Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act Environmental Protection Agency Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Source: CRS Report R40858, Locate an Agency or Program Within Appropriations Bills, by Justin Murray. Department of Defense17 The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide “the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation’s security.”18 Congress supports research and development activities at DOD primarily through the department’s Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) funding. These funds support the development of the nation’s future military hardware and software and the science and technology base upon which those products rely. This section includes funding for budget activities 6.6 and 6.7 which OMB no longer counts as R&D. Most of what DOD spends on RDT&E is appropriated in Title IV of the annual defense appropriations bill. (See Table 8.) Title IV RDT&E funds support activities such as R&D performed by academic institutions, DOD laboratories, and companies, as well as test and evaluation activities at specialized DOD facilities, among other things. However, RDT&E funds are also appropriated in other parts of the bill. For example, RDT&E funds are appropriated as part of the Defense Health Program, the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program, and the National Defense Sealift Fund.  The Defense Health Program (DHP) supports the delivery of health care to DOD personnel and their families. DHP funds (including the RDT&E funds) are requested through the Defense-wide Operations and Maintenance appropriations request. The program’s RDT&E funds support congressionally directed research on breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer; traumatic brain injuries; orthotics and prosthetics; and other medical conditions. Congress appropriates funds for this 17 T his section was written by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 18 Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/. Congressional Research Service 12 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 program in Title VI (Other Department of Defense Programs) of the defense appropriations bill.  The Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program supports activities to destroy the U.S. inventory of lethal chemical agents and munitions to avoid future risks and costs associated with storage. Funds for this program are requested through the Defense-wide Procurement appropriations request. Congress appropriates funds for this program also in Title VI.  The National Defense Sealift Fund supports the procurement, operation and maintenance, and research and development associated with the nation’s naval reserve fleet and supports a U.S. flagged merchant fleet that can serve in time of need. In some fiscal years, RDT&E funding for this effort is requested in the Navy’s Procurement request and appropriated in Title V (Revolving and Management Funds) of the appropriations bill. For more than a decade, RDT&E funds also have been requested and appropriated as part of DOD’s separate funding to support efforts in what the George W. Bush Administration termed the Global War on Terror (GWOT) and what the Obama and Trump Administrations referred to as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). In appropriations bills, the term Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terror (OCO/GWOT) was used. Typically, the RDT&E funds appropriated for OCO activities were directed toward specified Program Elements (PEs) in Title IV. President Biden’s FY2022 request does not include separate OCO/GWOT funding. For FY2022, the Biden Administration is requesting $111.964 billion for DOD’s Title IV RDT&E PEs, $4.509 billion (4.2%) above the estimated FY2021 level. (See Table 8.) In addition, the FY2022 request includes $630.7 million in RDT&E through the Defense Health Program (DHP; down $1.762 billion, 73.6% from FY2021), $1.001 billion in RDT&E through the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program (up $58.7 million, 6.2% from FY2021), and $2.4 million for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities (up $1.3 million, 118.2% from FY2021). The FY2022 budget includes no RDT&E funding via the National Defense Sealift Fund, the same as the FY2021 estimated level. On July 13, 2021, the House Appropriations Committee reported the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 4432). The act would provide $110.369 billion in Title IV RDT&E, an increase of $2.914 billion (2.7%) over FY2021 funding and $1.595 billion (1.4%) below the request. The act would also provide $1.839 billion for Defense Health Program R&D, down $553.9 million (23.2%) from the FY2021 level and up $1.208 billion (191.5%) from the request; $1,001.2 billion for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program, up $58.7 million (6.2%) from the FY2021 level and equal to the request; and $2.4 billion for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities, up $1.3 (115.4%) million from the FY2021 level and nearly the same as the request. On October 18, 2021, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority released nine draft appropriations acts for FY2022. One of these acts was the Department of Defense appropriations act, which was subsequently introduced as S. 3023. The act would provide $116.152 billion in Title IV RDT&E, an increase of $8.698 billion (8.1%) over FY2021 funding, an increase of $4.188 billion (3.7%) over the request, and an increase of $5.784 billion (5.2%) over the House Committee-passed level. In addition, it would provide $1.850 billion for Defense Health Program R&D, down $543.0 million (22.7%) from the FY2021 level and up $1.219 billion (193.3%) from the request; $1.094 billion for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program, up $151.9 million (16.1%) from the FY2021 level and up $93.2 million (9.3%) from the request; and Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 $2.4 billion for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities, up $1.3 (115.4%) million from the FY2021 level and nearly the same as the request. RDT&E funding can be analyzed in different ways. RDT&E funding can be characterized organizationally. Each military department requests and receives its own RDT&E funding. So, too, do various DOD agencies (e.g., the Missile Defense Agency and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), collectively aggregated within the Defense-wide account. RDT&E funding also can be characterized by budget activity (i.e., the type of RDT&E supported). Those budget activities designated as 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 (basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development, respectively) constitute what is called DOD’s Science and Technology (S&T) program and represent the more research-oriented part of the RDT&E program. Budget activities 6.4 and 6.5 focus on the development of specific weapon systems or components for which an operational need has been determined and an acquisition program established. Budget activity 6.6 provides management support, including support for test and evaluation facilities. 19 Budget activity 6.7 supports the development of system improvements in existing operational systems. 20 A new budget activity, 6.8, was added in the FY2021 budget and supports software and digital technology pilot programs. 21 Many congressional policymakers are particularly interested in DOD S&T program funding, since these funds support the development of new technologies and the science that underlies them. Some in the defense community see ensuring adequate support for S&T activities as imperative to maintaining U.S. military superiority into the future. The knowledge generated at this stage of development may also contribute to advances in commercial technologies. The FY2022 request for Title IV S&T funding is $14.685 billion, $2.131 billion (12.7%) below the FY2021 estimated level. Within the S&T program, basic research (6.1) receives special attention, particularly by the nation’s universities, as over half of DOD’s basic research budget is spent at universities. The Biden Administration is requesting $2.283 billion for DOD basic research for FY2022, $342.9 million (13.1%) below the FY2021 estimated level. The proposed FY2022 cuts in S&T are spread across a variety of program elements in the Army, Navy, and Air Force accounts. The Army would see the largest cut in both dollars and percentage ($1.3 billion, 33%), followed by the Air Force ($560 million, 18.1%), and the Navy ($309 million, 11.6%). Among the proposed FY2022 program element cuts are the University Research Initiatives program elements in the Army ($18 million, 20.9%), Navy ($27 million, 18.5%), and Air Force ($34 million, 17.4%). Increases in S&T funding would be provided to the Space Force ($36 million, 16.4%) and Defense-wide accounts ($29 million, 0.4%). H.R. 4432, as reported by the House Appropriations Committee, would provide $16.019 billion for Defense S&T, including $2.446 billion for basic research. S. 3023, as introduced, would provide $17.672 billion for Defense S&T, including $3.005 billion for basic research. While DOD is not the largest federal funder of basic research, it is a substantial source of federal funds for university R&D in certain fields, such as aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering (65%); electrical, electronic, and communications engineering (58%); industrial and 19 Beginning in FY2022, budget activity 6.6 is no longer counted as research and development funding by OMB. 20 Beginning in FY2018, budget activity 6.7 is no longer counted as research and development funding by OMB. 21 For additional information on the structure of Defense RDT &E, see CRS Report R44711, Department of Defense Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E): Appropriations Structure , by John F. Sargent Jr. Congressional Research Service 14 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 manufacturing engineering (58%); mechanical engineering (49%); computer and information sciences (48%); materials science (44%); and metallurgical and materials engineering (41%). 22 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E (total obligational authority, in millions of dollars) Budget Account FY2021 Estimatea FY2022 Request FY2022 H. Cmte. H.R. 4432 F2022 Senate Draft S. 3023 FY2022 Enacted Army 14,144.9 12,799.6 13,381.4 13,467.9 Navy 20,138.4 22,639.4 20,694.7 21,546.5 Air Force 36,360.8 39,184.3 39,062.4 40,098.7 Space Force 10,540.1 11,266.4 10,774.3 11,642.6 Defense-wide 26,013.5 25,857.9 26,239.5 29,120.2 Director, Operational Test and Evaluation 257.1 216.6 216.6 276.6 Total Title IV—By Account 107,454.8 111,964.2 110,368.8 116,152.5 6.1 Basic Research 2,625.8 2,282.9 2,445.5 3,005.4 6.2 Applied Research 6,436.3 5,508.9 5,917.3 6,531.9 6.3 Advanced Technology Development 7,754.4 6,893.5 7,655.7 8,134.8 6.4 Advanced Component Development and Prototypes 27,997.3 31,255.3 30,256.1 32,486.4 6.5 Systems Dev. and Demonstration 15,748.0 15,760.8 15,121.1 14,865.0 6.6 Management Support b 7,626.8 7,387.3 7,567.9 8,719.1 6.7 Operational Systems Development c 38,602.8 40,591.5 40,106.9 41,704.7 6.8 Software and Digital Technology Pilot Projects 663.4 2,284.1 1,320.4 705.2 Budget Activity Undistributed Reducions Total Title IV—by Budget Activity -22.0 107,454.8 111,964.2 110,368.8 116,152.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,392.6 630.7 1,838.7 1,849.6 Title V—Revolving and Management Funds National Defense Sealift Fund Title VI—Other Defense Programs Defense Health Program 22 CRS analysis of data from NSF, Higher Education Research and Development Survey, Fiscal Year 2019, T able 13, January 2021, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf21314 . Congressional Research Service 15 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Budget Account Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction FY2021 Estimatea FY2022 Request FY2022 H. Cmte. H.R. 4432 F2022 Senate Draft S. 3023 FY2022 Enacted 942.5 1,001.2 1001.2 1,094.4 1.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 Grand Total, RDT&Ed 110,790.9 113,598.5 113,211.1 119,098.9 Defense S&T (6.1-6.3) 16,816.5 14,685.3 16,018.4 17,672.1 Inspector General Source: CRS analysis of Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2022, RDT&E Programs (R ‑ 1), May 2021; H.R. 4432; and S. 3023 and explanatory statement accompanying the Senate draft bill at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-relea ses-rema ining-nine-senateappropriations-bills. Notes: n/a = not available. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. According to DOD, “Total Obligation Authority (TOA) is the sum of (1) all budget authority (BA) granted (or requested) from the Congress in a given year, (2) amounts authorized to be credited to a specific fund, (3) BA transferred from another appropriation, and (4) Unobligated balances of BA from previous years which remain available for obligation. In practice, this term is used primarily in discussing the DOD budget, and most often refers to TOA as the ‘direct program,’ which equates to only (1) and (2) above.” DOD defines “budget authority” as “the authority becoming available during the year to enter into obligations that result in immediate or future outlays of Government funds.” See DOD 7000.14-R, “Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation,” http://comptroller.defense.gov/ fmr.aspx. a. Includes funding provided in Division C, Title IX and Division J, Title IV of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260). b. Includes funding for Director of Test and Evaluation. c. Includes funding for Classified Programs. d. The Grand Total, RDT&E amounts for FY2021 and FY2022 include funding for budget activities 6.6 and 6.7 that OMB no longer counts as R&D. For these and other reasons, these amounts do not align with the DOD totals in Table 1. Department of Health and Human Services The mission of the Department of Health and Human Services is “to enhance and protect the health and well-being of all Americans ... by providing for effective health and human services and fostering advances in medicine, public health, and social services.”23 This section focuses on HHS research and development funded through the National Institutes of Health, an HHS agency that accounts for nearly 97% of total HHS R&D funding. 24 Other HHS agencies that support R&D include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and Administration for Children and Families (ACF); additional R&D funding is attributed to departmental management. 25 23 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About,” http://www.hhs.gov/about. 24 Unpublished data provided to CRS by the Office of Management and Budget. Email communication, May 28, 2021. 25 Ibid. Congressional Research Service 16 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 National Institutes of Health26 NIH is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in training biomedical researchers and disseminating health information. The NIH mission is “to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability.”27 The agency consists of the NIH Office of the Director (OD) and 27 institutes and centers (ICs), 25 of which manage research programs. Each IC plans and manages its own research programs in coordination with OD. According to NIH, about 10% of the NIH budget supports intramural research projects conducted by the nearly 6,000 NIH federal scientists, most of whom are located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD. All 25 research ICs have an intramural research program of varying sizes. More than 80% of NIH’s budget goes to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and other awards. This funding supports research performed by more than 300,000 nonfederal scientists and technical personnel who work at more than 2,500 universities, hospitals, medical schools, and other research institutions. 28 Funding for NIH comes primarily from the annual Labor, HHS, and Education (LHHS) appropriations act, with an additional amount for Superfund-related activities from the Interior/Environment appropriations act. 29 Those two appropriations acts provide NIH’s discretionary budget authority. In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150 million annually that is provided in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B, for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes, most recently extended through FY2023 with an annual funding level of $150 million by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260; Division BB, Title III). As shown in Table 9, separate appropriations are provided to 24 of the 27 ICs, as well as to OD, the Innovation Account (established by the 21 st Century Cures Act in 2016, P.L. 114-255), and an intramural Buildings and Facilities account. The other three centers, which perform centralized support services, are funded through transfers from the other ICs. Some funding is also pursuant to the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also known as the PHS Evaluation Tap transfer authority, under Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §238j). This provision allows the Secretary of HHS, with the approval of appropriators, to redistribute a portion of eligible PHS agency appropriations across HHS for program evaluation purposes.30 Although the PHS Act limits the tap to no more than 1% of eligible appropriations, in recent years, annual LHHS 26 T his section was written by Kavya Sekar, Analyst in Health Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division, with support from Isaac Nicchitta, Research Assistant, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For background information on NIH, see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by Judith A. Johnson and Kavya Sekar. HHS, National Institutes of Health, “About NIH, What We Do, Mission and Goals,” http://www.nih.gov/about-nih/ what-we-do/mission-goals. 27 28 NIH, “What We Do: Budget,” https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget. 29 T he Superfund program was created to carry out the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA; P.L. 96-510), which authorized the federal government to prioritize contaminated sites in the United States for cleanup in coordination with the states in which the sites are located and to make the “ potentially responsible parties” connected to those sites financially liable for the cleanup costs. T he Superfund program is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. For more information on the Superfund program, see CRS Report R41039, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: A Summary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act, by David M. Bearden. 30 For more information on the PHS evaluation tap, or PHS Evaluation Set -Aside, see discussion in CRS Report R44916, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2016 -FY2018), coordinated by C. Stephen Redhead and Agata Dabrowska. Congressional Research Service 17 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 appropriations acts have specified a higher amount (2.5% in FY2021, P.L. 116-260, Division H). 31 Those acts also have typically directed specific amounts of funding from the tap for transfer to a number of HHS programs, including at NIH—particularly for the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). Readers should note that funding amounts in this report show amounts “transferred in” to NIH under the PHS evaluation set-aside, but do not show amounts “transferred out” under the same authority. NIH also receives funding through LHHS appropriations that is subject to different budget enforcement rules than the rest of the NIH funding in the act—appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account created by the 21st Century Cures Act (“the Cures Act,” P.L. 114-255) to fund programs authorized by that act. Appropriations of funds in this account are, in effect, not subject to discretionary spending limits. 32 The NIH Director may transfer these amounts from the NIH Innovation Account to other NIH accounts but only for the purposes specified in the Cures Act. If the NIH Director determines that the funds for any of the four Innovation Projects are not necessary, the amounts may be transferred back to the NIH Innovation Account. All amounts authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated to the Innovation Account since FY2017, including $404 million for FY2021. For FY2022, $496 million is authorized to be appropriated. 33 On December 27, 2020, Congress and the President enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), which included final FY2021 LHHS appropriations in Division H, Interior/Environment appropriations in Division G, and full year mandatory type 1 diabetes funding in Division BB. The enacted FY2021 NIH program level is $43.084 billion and is made up of the following:34   $41.356 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer); $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer and a $225 million transfer from the HHS nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF; this amount is not reflected in the program level total shown above); 35  $81.5 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and $150 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program.  31 Specifically, P.L. 116-260, Division H, T itle II, Section 204. 32 See section on 21 st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues. 33 P.L. 114-255, Section 1001. 34 T his report uses numbers from U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Report Accompanying Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 117 th Cong., July 19, 2021, H.Rept. 117-96 as amended by H.R. 2502 passed by the House on July 29, 2021. In some cases, there are discrepancies between the numbers in H.Rept. 117-96 and the FY2021 and FY2022 amounts as enacted in P.L. 116-260, Division H and in NIH FY2022 budget request documents. 35 T he nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF) permits HHS to transfer unobligated balances of expired discretionary funds from FY2008 and subsequent years into the NEF account. T he uses of funds include capital acquisitions such as information technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42 U.S.C. §3514a). Congress may direct uses of NEF in appropriations laws. Congressional Research Service 18 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 President Biden’s FY2022 budget request proposes that NIH be provided with a total program level of $51.883 billion, an increase of $8.799 billion (+20%) from FY2021-enacted levels. The proposed FY2022 program level would be made up of 36   $50.378 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer); $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;  $83.5 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and $150 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program. 37  Under the President’s FY2022 request, all existing IC accounts would receive an increase compared to FY2021 funding levels, except for the OD, which would receive a decrease of $174 million (-7%). In addition, the full amount ($496 million) authorized by the Cures Act for FY2022 would be appropriated to the Innovation Account. The Buildings and Facilities (B&F) account would receive an increase of $50 million (+25%) in LHHS discretionary budget authority, but an overall decrease of $175 million (-41%) when accounting for the additional NEF transfer of $225 million directed to the B&F account in FY2021 appropriations. 38 The FY2022 budget request also proposes the creation of an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) within NIH. The budget request includes $6.5 billion for ARPA-H “to build platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and other diseases.”39 The $6.5 billion for ARPA-H would account for 74% of the FY2022 budget request’s $8.799 billion increase from FY2021 enacted levels. The creation of a new NIH component may require amendments to the PHSA, especially Section 401(d), which specifies that “[i]n the National Institutes of Health, the number of national research institutes and national centers may not exceed a total of 27.” Further information on the ARPA-H proposal is provided below. 36 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, pp. 89-91, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/ br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf . 37 T he FY2022 NIH budget request shows sequestration of $8.55 million for the $150 million in mandatory appropriations for FY2022. See “Budget Mechanism T able,” p. 92 in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/ 2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf. 38 Accounting for the directed NEF transfer, the Buildings and Facilities account has a total FY2021 funding level of $425 million. 39 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, p . 10, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/ 2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf. Congressional Research Service 19 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) in the FY2022 Budget Request The budget request includes $6.5 billion for a new Advanced Research P rojects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) “to build platforms and capabilities to deliver cures for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and other diseases.” Funding was requested for a period of three years to “allow for both scale-up in FY 2022 and redeployment of resources in the next two years if projects fail to meet performance milestones.” The vast majority of funding would support extramural research, with a small amount of funding reserved for staffing and administrative functions. Unlike extant NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs), ARPA-H would not have its own intramural research program. ARPA-H would be modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and would have several “DARPA model” characteristics, including a flat and nimble organizational structure, tenure-limited program managers with a high degree of autonomy to select and fund projects, and a milestone-based contract approach. While this organizational structure would be “operationally unique” from NIH ICs, ARPA-H would still coordinate research and activities with NIH ICs and other HHS agencies. The FY2022 budget request describes four broad project areas that ARPA-H would fund:  tackling bold challenges requiring large scale, sustained, cross-sector coordination;  creating new capabilities (e.g., technologies, data resources, disease models);  supporting high-risk exploration that could establish entirely new paradigms; and  overcoming market failures through critical solutions, including financial incentives. Most ARPA-H awards would be given to industry, universities, and nonprofit research institutions, and could involve some agreements with other federal agencies. ARPA-H would make use of some of NIH’s flexible hiring and funding authorities, such as its Other Transaction Authority mechanisms. 40 For further information and analysis regarding ARPA-H, see CRS Report R46901, Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Potential Questions for Consideration, by Kavya Sekar and Marcy E. Gallo. In July 2021, the House passed a consolidated appropriations bill, H.R. 4502, with proposed FY2022 funding levels for NIH accounts in Division A (LHHS appropriations) and Division E (Interior/Environment appropriations). House-passed appropriations would provide NIH with a FY2022 estimated program level of $49.587 billion, an increase of $6.503 billion (+15%) from FY2021-enacted levels and a decrease of $2.296 billion (-4%) from the FY2022 budget request. The House-proposed FY2022 program level includes the following amounts:41   $48.082 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer); $1.272 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer;  $83.5 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and $150 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program.  House-passed appropriations would provide increases to all existing IC accounts compared to FY2021 funding levels. Compared to the FY2022 budget request, House-passed appropriations would provide increases to all existing IC accounts except for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (-$252 million) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (-$1 million). The House also included $3.0 billion for 40 NIH, Congressional Justification: FY2022, May 28, 2021, pp. 10-11, at https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/ br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Volume%20May%2028.pdf and HHS, “FY2022 Budget in Brief,” pp. 59-60, at https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/fy-2022-budget-in-brief.pdf. 41 H.Rept. 117-96, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022, July 19, 2021, pp. 475 -477, at https://www.congress.gov/117/crpt/hrpt96/CRPT117hrpt96.pdf. Congressional Research Service 20 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 ARPA-H available through September 30, 2024, a decrease of $3.5 billion (-54%) compared to the FY2022 budget request, and provided that funding would only be available if legislation specifically establishing ARPA-H is enacted into law. On October 18, 2021, the chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Senator Patrick Leahy, released drafts of nine annual appropriations bills along with draft accompanying explanatory statements. According to the chair, the purpose of this release is to further negotiations toward enacting all 12 annual appropriations bills prior to when the CR expires on December 3. 42 Proposed funding levels for NIH accounts were located in the LHHS and Interior/Environment bills. 43 The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill would provide NIH with a FY2022 estimated program level of $48.073 billion, an increase of $4.99 billion (+12%) from FY2021-enacted levels and a decrease of $3.81 billion (-7%) from the FY2022 budget request. The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill FY2022 program level includes the following amounts:44     $46.624 billion in discretionary LHHS budget authority (nontransfer); $1.215 billion pursuant to the PHS program evaluation transfer; $84.5 million for the Superfund research program and related activities from Interior/Environment appropriations; and $150 million in annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes research program. The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill would provide increases to all existing IC accounts compared to FY2021 funding levels. Compared to the FY2022 budget request, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill would provide decreases to 16 IC accounts and increases to 9 accounts and the Office of the Director. Notable decreases compared to the budget request include the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (-$263 million), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (-$20 million), and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (-$5 million). Notable increases include the Office of the Director (+$301 million), the National Institute on Aging (+$145 million), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (+$97 million). The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bill also included $2.4 billion for ARPA-H available through September 30, 2024, a decrease of $4.1 billion (-63%) compared to the FY2022 budget request, and provided that funding would only be available if legislation specifically establishing ARPA-H is enacted into law. 42 T he text of the Senate majority draft LHHS bill and accompanying committee report is linked to the press release, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bills,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriationsbills. See also “ Shelby: Democrats’ Partisan Bills T hreaten FY22 Appropriations Process,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/shelby-democrats-partisan-bills-threaten-fy22-appropriations-process. 43 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations majority staff, “ Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bills,” press release, October 18, 2021, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/ chairman-leahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bills. 44 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022, Summary of Budget Estimates and Committee Recommendations, 117 th Cong., October 18, 2021, pp. 348-349 and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2022, Summary of Bill, 117 th Cong., October 18, 2021, p. 228. Congressional Research Service 21 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request FY2022 House FY2022 S. Drafte Cancer Institute (NCI) 6,560 6,733 6,994 6,772 Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 3,665 3,846 3,867 3,842 Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) 485 516 519 516 Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK) b 2,132 2,219 2,239 2,217 Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS) 2,513 2,783 2,800 2,786 Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 6,070 6,246 6,558 6,343 General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) c 1,720 1,825 1,868 1,853 Child Health/Human Development (NICHD) 1,590 1,942 1,690 1,679 National Eye Institute (NEI) 836 859 877 858 Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) d 733 854 858 852 3,899 4,036 4,258 4,181 Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases (NIAMS) 634 680 679 675 Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD) 498 512 523 511 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 2,104 2,214 2,223 2,219 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) 1,480 1,853 1,860 1,833 Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA) 555 570 582 570 Nursing Research (NINR) 175 200 201 200 Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 616 633 646 635 Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB) 411 422 431 422 Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD) 391 652 662 651 Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH) 154 184 185 184 Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) 855 879 898 878 Fogarty International Center (FIC) 84 96 97 96 National Library of Medicine (NLM) 464 475 487 476 2,424 2,250 2,680 2,551 Innovation Account f 109 150 150 150 Buildings and Facilities (B&F) g 200 250 250 275 Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) — 6,500 3,000 2,400 41,356 50,378 48,082 46,624 Institutes/Centers National Institute on Aging (NIA) Office of Director (OD) e Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary BA) Congressional Research Service FY2022 Final 22 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request FY2022 House FY2022 S. Drafte PHS Program Evaluation (provided to NIGMS) 1,272 1,272 1,272 1,215 Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS) h 82 84 84 85 Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF) Transfer (to Buildings and Facilities) i 225 — — — Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to NIDDK) j 150 150 k 150 150 43,084 51,883 49,587 48,073 Institutes/Centers NIH Program Level FY2022 Final Sources: FY2021 Enacted, FY2022 Budget Request, and FY2022 House is from U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Report Accompanying Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 117 th Congress, July 19, 2021, H.Rept. 117-96. The FY2022 House numbers incorporate the budgetary effects of the amendments to H.R. 2502 that were adopted by the House on July 29, 2021. FY2022 Senate Majority is from the majority draft bills, majority draft explanatory statements, and majority bill summaries for Senate LHHS and Interior/Environment Subcommittees, linked a t https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairman-leahy-relea ses-rema ining-nine-senateappropriations-bills; and Summary of Budget Estimates and Committee Recommendations, 117 th Congress, October 18, 2021, pp. 348-349; except where noted below. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. Amounts in table may differ from actuals in many cases. By convention, budget tables such as Table 9 do not subtract the amount of transfers to the evaluation tap from the agencies’ appropriation. In general, amounts provided to NIH for emergency requirements are excluded from these totals (e.g., the FY2021 column does not include the amounts provided for COVID response in Division M of P.L. 116-260). a. The LHHS and Interior/Environment appropriations bills have not been reported by the Senate Appropriations Committee, but were released by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House (see the press release, “Chairman Leahy Releases Remaining Nine Senate Appropriations Bills,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/majority/chairmanleahy-releases-remaining-nine-senate-appropriations-bills. See also “Shelby: Democrats’ Partisan Bills Threaten FY22 Appropriations Process,” October 18, 2021, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/ shelby-democrats-partisan-bills-threaten-fy22-appropriations-process.) b. Amounts for the NIDDK do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note i). c. d. Amounts for NIGMS do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act). Amounts for NIEHS do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research (see note g). e. Includes $12.6 million transfer from the Pediatric Research Initiative Fund (PRIF) as auth orized by the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act. f. The amount shown for the NIH Innovation Account in each column represents only a portion of the total appropriation to the account ($404 million for the FY2021; $496 million for FY2022). The remainin g funds for this account are reflected, where applicable, in the totals for other ICs. For FY2022, this includes $194 to NCI for cancer research and $76 million to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN Initiative ($152 million total). g. FY2021 amount for Buildings and Facilities does not reflect directed nonrecurring expenses fund transfer in FY2021 appropriations. See note h. h. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) research activities related to Superfund research. i. The nonrecurring expenses fund permits HHS to transfer unobligated balances of expired discretionary funds from FY2008 and subsequent years into the NEF account. Congress and the President authorized use of the funds for capital acquisitions including information technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42 U.S.C. §3514a). Recent LHHS appropriations, including FY2021 appropriations, have directed that specific NEF funding amounts be transferred to the NIH Buildings and Facilities account. Congressional Research Service 23 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 j. Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research under PHSA Sec. 330B, which was most recently extended through FY2023 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 ( P.L. 116-260, Division BB, Title III). k. FY2022 budget request documents show the FY2022 amount for the type I diabetes research program ($141 million) as lower than enacted funding level for FY2022 ($150 million). According to the budget request, the FY2022 amount reflects sequestration of $8.55 million. See “Budget Mechanism Table,” p. 92 in https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY22/br/2022%20CJ%20Overview%20Supplementary%20Tables.pdf. Department of Energy45 The Department of Energy was established in 1977 by the Department of Energy Organization Act (P.L. 95-91), which combined energy-related programs from a variety of agencies, particularly defense-related nuclear programs that dated back to the Manhattan Project. Today, DOE conducts basic scientific research in fields ranging from nuclear physics to the biological and environmental sciences; basic and applied R&D relating to energy production and use; and R&D on nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense nuclear reactors. The department has a system of 17 national laboratories around the country, mostly operated by contractors, that together account for about 40% of all DOE expenditures. The Administration’s FY2022 budget request for DOE includes about $20.518 billion for R&D and related activities, including programs in three broad categories: science, national security, and energy. This request is about 16.1% more than the comparable enacted FY2021 amount of $17.677 billion. The House bill would provide about $19.376 billion. The Senate bill would provide about $19.574 billion. (See Table 10 for details.) The request for the DOE Office of Science is $7.440 billion, an increase of 5.9% from the FY2021 appropriation of $7.026 billion. Funding would increase for all six of the office’s major research programs. In the largest program, Basic Energy Sciences, requested increases of $109 million for research and $30 million for operations and equipment at scientific user facilities would be partially offset by a requested decrease of $85 million for facility construction. In Biological and Environmental Research, funding for the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences subprogram would increase by $71 million (20.3%), with a focus on Earth system modeling. In Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a fusion energy demonstration and research facility in France, would be $221 million (down from $242 million in FY2021). Following a reorganization of the Office of Science in FY2020, a new program in Isotope R&D and Production ($90 million requested) would support activities previously funded in Nuclear Physics ($75 million in FY2021), while a new program in Accelerator R&D and Production ($24 million requested) would support activities previously funded in High Energy Physics ($17 million in FY2021). The House bill would provide $7.320 billion for the Office of Science, while the Senate bill would provide $7.490 billion. In the House bill, the High Energy Physics and Fusion Energy Sciences programs would receive more than requested, while the other major programs would receive less (although all but Nuclear Physics would receive more than in FY2021). In the Senate bill, all but one of the major programs would receive the requested amount or more, while Fusion Energy Sciences would receive less. Within Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to ITER would be $242 million in the House bill and the requested amount in the Senate bill. 45 T his section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 24 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 The request for DOE national security R&D is $5.252 billion, an increase of 1.5% from $5.175 billion in FY2021. In the Weapons Activities account, funding for Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering would decrease by 4.4%. The bulk of this decrease would be for Assessment Science ($690 million, down from $769 million in FY2021) and Inertial Confinement Fusion ($529 million, down from $575 million in FY2021). Funding for Naval Reactors would increase by $177 million (10.5%), including increases for operations and infrastructure (up $63 million), development (up $73 million) and construction (up $61 million). The House bill would provide $5.398 billion for national security R&D, while the Senate bill would provide $5.339 billion. In Weapons Activities, both bills would provide the FY2021 amount for Assessment Science and $5 million more than the FY2021 amount for Inertial Confinement Fusion. Naval Reactors would receive $6 million (0.3%) more than the Administration request in the House bill and $20 million (1%) less than the request in the Senate bill. Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D would receive $43 million (6.3%) more than the request in the House bill and the requested amount in the Senate bill. The request for DOE energy R&D is $7.826 billion, an increase of 42.9% from $5.477 billion in FY2021. Funding for energy efficiency and renewable energy R&D would increase by 57.9%, with increases in all major research areas and a priority on reducing emissions in the near term (in contrast to Trump Administration budgets, which proposed a focus on early-stage R&D). An 18.7% increase for the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management account (formerly Fossil Energy R&D) would be focused on climate-centric activities such as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (up $117 million, 62.0%) and environmental- and emissions-related natural gas technologies (up $73 million, 128.1%). Funding for nuclear energy R&D would increase by $343 million (22.7%), including increases of $120 million (48.1%) for advanced reactor demonstration and $100 million (222.2%) for the Versatile Test Reactor project. The Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E), which is intended to advance high-impact energy technologies that have too much technical and financial uncertainty to attract near-term privatesector investment, would receive $500 million (up 17.1%), while a proposed new Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate (ARPA-C) would receive $200 million. The House bill would provide $6.658 billion for energy R&D, while the Senate bill would provide $6.745 billion. In both bills, most programs in this category would receive more than in FY2021 but less than the Administration request for FY2022. In Nuclear Energy, neither bill would fund the Versatile Test Reactor project. ARPA-E would receive $100 million (20.0%) more than the request in the House bill and the requested amount in the Senate bill. ARPA-C, however, would not be funded in either bill. The House committee report directs DOE to fund the work proposed for ARPA-C through ARPA-E. The Senate committee report notes that establishing ARPA-C would require legislation and “encourages ARPA-E to consider proposed activities under ARPA-C that are consistent with ARPA-E’s mission and authorization.” Congressional Research Service 25 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2021 Enacted FY2022 Request FY2022 House FY2022 S. Cmte. 7,026 7,440 7,320 7,490 Basic Energy Sciences 2,245 2,300 2,293 2,323 High Energy Physics 1,046 1,061 1,078 1,079 Biological and Environmental Research 753 828 805 828 Nuclear Physics 713 720 665 744 1,015 1,040 1,025 1,040 Fusion Energy Sciences 672 675 698 660 Isotope R&D and Production — 90 82 90 Accelerator R&D and Production — 24 18 24 Other 582 702 656 702 5,175 5,252 5,398 5,339 Weapons Activities Stockpile RT&E 2,814 2,691 2,788 2,793 Naval Reactors 1,684 1,861 1,867 1,841 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&Da 642 673 715 673 Def. Environmental Cleanup Technol. Devel. 35 28 28 33 Science Advanced Scientific Computing Research National Security Energy 5,477 7,826 6,658 6,745 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy b 2,484 3,924 3,188 3,389 Fossil Energy and Carbon Management c 750 890 816 850 1,508 1,851 1,675 1,591 Electricity 212 327 267 303 Cybersec., En. Secy., and Emerg. Respon. R&D 96 135 112 112 Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy 427 500 600 500 Advanced Research Projects Agency–Climate — 200 0 0 17,677 20,518 19,376 19,574 Nuclear Energy DOE, Total FY2022 Enacted Sources: FY2021 enacted from P.L. 116-260 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 21, 2020, Book IV. FY2022 request from DOE FY2022 congressional budget justification, https://www.energy.gov/ cfo/articles/fy-2022-budget-justification. FY2022 House from H.R. 4502 as passed by the House and H.Rept. 11798 (on H.R. 4549). FY2022 Senate committee from S. 2605 as reported and S.Rept. 117-36. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. a. Including National Technical Nuclear Forensics R&D. b. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities. c. Fossil Energy R&D in FY2021. Congressional Research Service 26 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 National Aeronautics and Space Administration46 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was created in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. NASA has research programs in planetary science, Earth science, heliophysics, astrophysics, and aeronautics, as well as development programs for future human spacecraft and for multipurpose space technology such as advanced propulsion systems. In addition, NASA operates the International Space Station (ISS) as a facility for R&D and other purposes. The Administration has requested about $21.751 billion for NASA R&D in FY2022. This would be 7.0% more than the FY2021 level of about $20.324 billion. The House bill would provide about $21.996 billion. The Senate draft bill would provide about $21.789 billion. For a breakdown of these amounts, see Table 11. NASA R&D funding comes through five accounts: Science; Aeronautics; Space Technology; Exploration (called Deep Space Exploration Systems in the Administration’s budget request); and the ISS, Commercial Crew, and Commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Development portions of Space Operations. The OMB figures presented in Table 1 indicate a substantially smaller amount for NASA R&D than the figures presented in this section. To allow consistent tracking as Congress acts on FY2022 appropriations legislation, this section treats the entirety of the Exploration account as R&D. As systems being developed under that account move from R&D to testing and ultimately operations, the share of the account spent on R&D has decreased. OMB considers about half of the Exploration account to be non-R&D. The FY2022 request for Science is $7.931 billion, an increase of 8.6% from FY2021. The request for Earth Science includes funding for the Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) and Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder missions ($119 million and $19 million, respectively). It also includes funding to initiate the development of a system of future satellites known as the Earth System Observatory. The request for Astrophysics includes $502 million for the Roman Space Telescope (formerly the Wide Field Infrared Space Telescope, WFIRST) but no funds for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA, $85 million in FY2021). PACE, CLARREO Pathfinder, WFIRST, and SOFIA were all proposed for termination in previous budgets. A requested reduction in funding for the James Webb Space Telescope in FY2022 reflects that mission’s planned launch in November 2021. The Planetary Science request includes $653 million (up from $246 million in FY2021) for a Mars sample return mission and $472 million (up from $435 million in FY2021) for a mission to orbit Jupiter’s moon Europa. The House bill would provide $38 million more than the request for Science, while the draft Senate bill would provide $30 million less. Both bills would provide the requested funding for PACE, CLARREO Pathfinder, and the Roman Space Telescope. The House bill would fund SOFIA at the FY2021 level; the draft Senate bill does not mention SOFIA. In Planetary Science, the House bill would provide $35 million more than the request for a Mars sample return mission and the requested amount for a Europa mission, with guidance as in past years regarding the launch vehicle for the Europa mission. The draft Senate bill would provide the requested amount for Mars sample return and does not mention Europa. The FY2022 request for Aeronautics is $915 million, an increase of 10.4% from $829 million in FY2021. The budget proposes to initiate a Sustainable Flight National Partnership, including the 46 T his section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. Congressional Research Service 27 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 development of a full-scale demonstrator aircraft with an electrified powertrain ($91 million in FY2022). The House bill would provide $935 million, including $10 million more than the request for hypersonics technology and $10 million more than the request for the Integrated Aviation Systems Program. The draft Senate bill would provide $940 million, including $7 million more than the request for university-led aeronautics materials research and $32 million for the High-Rate Composite Aircraft Manufacturing (HiCAM) project. The FY2022 request for Space Technology is $1.425 billion, an increase of 29.5% from $1.100 billion in FY2021. The bulk of the requested increase would be for the Technology Maturation program ($491 million, up from $227 million). No funds are requested for nuclear propulsion, but the request for Technology Demonstration includes $34 million for nuclear surface power systems for the Moon and Mars. The combined RESTORE/SPIDER mission to demonstrate inspace satellite servicing and robotic manufacturing (also known as On-orbit Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing 1, or OSAM-1) would receive $227 million, the same as in FY2021. In recent years, appropriations report language has directed NASA to focus Space Technology on broad technology goals that can serve all of NASA, not just its human exploration activities. The FY2022 budget justification states, “The Space Technology portfolio is broadening to develop technologies that can benefit other NASA Directorates, the commercial space sector and other government agencies, as appropriate.” The House bill would provide $1.280 billion, while the draft Senate bill would provide $1.250 billion. Both bills would provide $110 million, the FY2021 amount, for nuclear thermal propulsion, and the requested amount for OSAM-1. The House committee report “reaffirms [the committee’s] support for the independence of the Space Technology Mission Directorate” and “directs NASA to preserve the Directorate’s focus across NASA and in support of each of the mission directorates.” The FY2022 request for Deep Space Exploration Systems (currently Exploration) is $6.880 billion, an increase of 5.6% from $6.517 in FY2021. Within this account, the request for Exploration Systems Development includes $1.407 billion for the Orion crew capsule (up from $1.404 billion in FY2021) and $2.487 billion for the Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket (SLS, down from $2.561 billion). The proposed 21.5% increase for Exploration R&D reflects a request for $1.195 billion (up from $928 million) for development of a Human Landing System (HLS) for lunar exploration. NASA’s decision to award a single HLS contract on the grounds of limited funding was protested by the unselected vendors and remains controversial in Congress. NASA has suggested that additional funds (beyond those requested in the budget) might be needed to enable selection of a second HLS contractor. The House bill would provide $399 million more than the request for Exploration, including increases of $149 million for the Space Launch System, $100 million for Exploration Ground Systems, and $150 million for the HLS. Regarding HLS, the House committee report “urges NASA to bolster competition in lander development and production.” The draft Senate bill would provide $80 million more than the request for Exploration, including increases of $20 million for Orion, $100 million for Exploration Ground Systems, and $100 million for the HLS. At NASA’s request, subsequent to the original budget request, the draft Senate bill would also fund the Human Research Program ($130 million) in the Space Operations account rather than in Exploration. Regarding HLS, the draft Senate report calls on NASA to “ensure redundancy and competition, including robust support for ... no fewer than two HLS teams.” It also criticizes “NASA’s rhetoric of blaming Congress and this Committee for the lack of resources needed to support two HLS teams.” In the Space Operations account, the request includes $1.328 billion for the ISS in FY2022 (up from $1.322 in FY2021); $155 million for the Commercial Crew program (down from $300 million); and $101 million for Commercial LEO Development (up from $17 million). Congressional Research Service 28 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Commercial crew activities are transitioning from development to operations (which is funded separately). SpaceX launched its first post-certification crewed flight to the ISS in November 2020; certification of Boeing’s competing commercial crew system is anticipated in 2022. The Commercial LEO Development program, intended to stimulate a commercial space economy in low Earth orbit, was initiated in the FY2019 budget. The Trump Administration requested $150 million for it each year from then through FY2021; Congress has so far appropriated a total of $72 million. The House and Senate committee reports do not specify how much of their recommended Space Operations funding should be allocated to the ISS or Commercial Crew. The House bill would provide $45 million for Commercial LEO Development, while the draft Senate bill would provide the requested $101 million. Table 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2021 Op. Plan FY2022 Request FY2022 H. Cmte. FY2022 S. Draft Science 7,301 7,931 7,970 7,901 Earth Science 2,000 2,250 2,250 2,230 Planetary Science 2,700 3,200 3,235 3,161 Astrophysics 1,356 1,400 1,446 1,400 James Webb Space Telescope 415 175 175 175 Heliophysics 751 797 773 826 Biological and Physical Sciences 79 109 90 109 Aeronautics 829 915 935 940 Space Technology 1,100 1,425 1,280 1,250 Exploration / Deep Space Expl. Systems 6,517 6,880 7,279 6,960 Exploration Systems Development 4,545 4,484 4,733 4,604 Exploration R&D 1,973 2,397 2,547 2,357 Space Operations a 1,638 1,583 n/s n/s International Space Station 1,322 1,328 n/s n/s Commercial Crew 300 155 n/s n/s Commercial LEO Development 17 101 45 101 18,758e Subtotal R&D 17,385 18,735 18,991e Non-R&D Programsc 2,521 2,627 2,627 e 2,615 e Safety, Security, and Mission Services 2,937 3,049 3,030 3,064 Associated with R&D d 2,565 2,674 2,662 2,689 Construction & Environmental C&R 429 390 390 390 Associated with R&D d 374 342 343 343 NASA, Total (R&D) 20,324 21,751 21,996e 21,789e NASA, Total 23,271 24,801 25,038 24,827 FY2022 Enacted —e Sources: FY2021 operating plan and FY2022 request from NASA FY2022 congressional budget justification, http://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/. FY2022 House committee from H.R. 4505 as reported and H.Rept. 117-97. Congressional Research Service 29 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 FY2022 Senate draft from draft bill and report released by the Senate Appropriations Committee on October 18, 2021. Notes: FY2021 operating plan amounts reflect enacted appropriations adjusted for transfers and reprogramming. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. n/s = not specified. LEO = Low Earth Orbit. C&R = Compliance and Remediation. Figures for the columns currently blank may become available as action is completed. a. Excluding non-R&D activities: Space and Flight Support and Space Transportation other than Commercial Crew. b. Includes CRS estimate of unspecified amounts in Space Operations in order to allow calculation of a total. c. Non-R&D activities in Space Operations (see note a); STEM Engagement; and Inspector General. d. CRS estimates the allocation between R&D and non-R&D in proportion to the underlying program amounts in order to allow calculation of a total for R&D. e. Not shown in table: supplemental $321 million for hurricane repairs provided in P.L. 117-43. National Science Foundation47 The National Science Foundation supports basic research and education in the nonmedical sciences and engineering. Congress established the foundation as an independent federal agency in 1950 to “promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense; and for other purposes.”48 The NSF is a major source of federal support for U.S. university research, especially in the social sciences, mathematics, and computer science. It is also responsible for significant shares of the federal science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education program portfolio and federal STEM student aid and support. NSF has six appropriations accounts: Research and Related Activities (RRA, the main research account), Education and Human Resources (EHR, the main education account), Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC), Agency Operations and Award Management (AOAM), the National Science Board (NSB), and the Office of Inspector General (OIG). Appropriations are generally provided at the account level, while program-specific direction may be included in appropriations acts, or accompanying conference reports or explanatory statements. Funding for R&D is included in the RRA, EHR, and MREFC accounts. (The RRA and EHR accounts also include non-R&D funding.) Together, these three accounts comprise over 95% of the total requested funding for NSF. Actual R&D obligations for each account are known after NSF allocates funding appropriations to specific activities and reports those figures. 49 The budget request specifies R&D funding for the conduct of research, including basic and applied research, and for physical assets, including R&D facilities and major equipment. Funding amounts for FY2021 enacted (or estimated, for subaccount and R&D amounts as noted) and FY2022 requested levels are reported by account, including amounts for R&D conduct and physical assets where applicable, in Table 12. 47 T his section was written by Laurie Harris, Analyst in Science and T echnology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 48 T he National Science Foundation Act of 1950 (P.L. 81 -507). 49 R&D actual (FY2020), estimated (FY2021), and requested (FY2022) amounts are reported in the “Quantitative Data T ables” section of the NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, May 28, 2021, pp. QDT -1 – QDT -7. Congressional Research Service 30 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Funding for NSF for FY2021 was enacted on December 27, 2020.50 Additionally, NSF received $600 million in supplemental two-year appropriations in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) “to fund or extend new and existing research grants, cooperative agreements, scholarships, fellowships, and apprenticeships, and related administrative expenses to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus.”51 Funding details below the account level were not available at the time the FY2022 budget request was prepared. Therefore, at the account level, the FY2022 request amounts are compared to the FY2021 enacted amounts in this analysis; below the account level, the FY2022 request amounts are compared to FY2021 estimated amounts for subaccounts and R&D amounts. FY2021 enacted/estimated and FY2022 requested amounts are reported by account and for R&D conduct and facilities and equipment in Table 12. Overall. The Administration is requesting $10.2 billion for the NSF in FY2022, $1.68 billion (19.8%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount. The request would increase budget authority in all three of the R&D accounts relative to the FY2021 enacted level: RRA by $1.23 billion (17.8%), EHR by $319 million (33.0%), and MREFC by $8.0 million (3.3%). Overall, NSF estimates that, under the FY2022 request, agency-wide funding rates for competitive awards (i.e., the percentage of submitted proposals that are successfully awarded funding after competitive review) would increase slightly from 27% to 29%, with an estimated 13,800 awards. For FY2022, $8.17 billion is requested for R&D activities, a $1.29 billion increase from FY2021 estimated funding for R&D. R&D activities account for approximately 80% of NSF’s total funding. The total request for R&D activities includes $7.58 billion (93%) for the conduct of R&D, and $595 million (7%) for R&D facilities and major equipment. Of funding requested for the conduct of R&D, 86% is requested for basic research, and 14% for applied research. Overall funding for R&D facilities and major equipment supports not only the construction and acquisition phases, funded through MREFC ($249 million requested), but also planning, design, and post-construction operations and maintenance, funded through RRA ($346 million requested). As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2022, would provide $9.6 billion in total discretionary funding for NSF, $535 million (5.3%) below the FY2022 request and $1.1 billion (13.5%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022, committee print would provide $9.5 billion in total discretionary funding for NSF, $682 million (6.7%) below the FY2022 request and $1.0 billion (11.8%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. 52 Research. The Administration seeks $8.14 billion for RRA in FY2022, a $1.23 billion (17.8%) increase compared to the FY2021 enacted funding. Within the RRA account, the FY2022 request includes $7.30 billion for R&D, an increase of $1.13 billion (18.3%) compared to the FY2021 50 T he Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260); and Explanatory Statement, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division B (Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021), Congressional Record, vol. 166, no. 218—Book III (December 21, 2021), pp. H7947-H7948. 51 T hese funds are not included in the FY2021 enacted/estimated funding amounts because they are two -year funds that will not be fully allocated in FY2021; for further information, see NSF FY2022 Budget Request to Congress, p. Performance and Management -12. 52 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Explanatory Statement for the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022 (committee print), 117 th Cong., 1 st sess., October 18, 2021, p. 162, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/download/cjsrept_final. Congressional Research Service 31 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 estimated amount. Of this amount, the majority ($6.96 billion, 95%) is requested for the conduct of research, including $6.30 billion for basic research and $659 million for applied research. Compared to the FY2021 estimated levels, the FY2022 request includes increases for all 11 RRA subaccounts. 53 This includes a request of $865 million for a proposed new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (TIP), meant to support crosscutting programs and activities, accelerate the translation of research to market, and catalyze partnerships across academia, industry, government, investors, and civil society. 54 The FY2022 request also includes $240 million for the Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) program, a $39.6 million (19.8%) increase compared to FY2021 estimated funding. As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505 would provide $7.7 billion for RRA, $444 million (5.5%) below the FY2022 request and $786 million (11.4%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022, committee print would provide $7.7 billion for RRA, $473 million (5.8%) below the FY2022 request and $757 million (11.0%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. 55 Education. The FY2022 request for the EHR account is $1.29 billion, $319 million (33%) more than the FY2021 enacted amount. By program division, in terms of both dollars and percent, the Division of Human Resource Development would receive the largest increase, $92.5 million (43%) over the FY2021 estimated level. EHR programs of particular interest to congressional policymakers include the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) and National Research Traineeship (NRT) programs. The FY2022 request for GRFP is $318 million, an increase of $34.0 million (12%) from the FY2021 estimated level. 56 The FY2022 request for NRT is $58 million, equal to the FY2021 estimated level. Within EHR, requested funding for R&D is $620 million, which is $154 million (33%) more than the FY2021 estimated funding amount and accounts for approximately 7.6% of the agency’s total R&D request. Nearly all of the requested funding would support the conduct of R&D, including $232 million for basic research and $388 million for applied research. As reported by the House Committee on Appropriations on July 19, 2021, H.R. 4505 would provide $1.3 billion for EHR, $13.0 million (1.0%) below the FY2022 request and $306 million (31.6%) above the FY2021 enacted amount. As released by the Senate Committee on Appropriations on October 18, 2021, the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations, 2022, committee print would provide $1.1 billion for EHR, $187 million (14.5%) below the FY2022 request and $132 million (13.6%) above the FY2022 enacted amount. 57 Construction. The MREFC account supports large construction projects and larger mid-scale research infrastructure, with all of the funding supporting R&D facilities. The construction phases 53 T he RRA funding table in the budget request seems to show a decrease for the IA subacc [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR46869. Public record. Not legal advice.