# Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR46341 ## Record - **Collection:** Congressional research report - **Document type:** CRS Report - **Published:** December 17, 2020 - **Citation:** R46341 ## Text Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Updated December 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46341 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 President Trump’s budget request for FY2021 includes approximately $142.2 billion for research and development (R&D) for FY2021, $13.8 billion (8.8%) below the FY2020 enacted level of $156.0 billion. In constant FY2020 dollars, the President’s FY2021 R&D request would result in a decrease of $16.6 billion (10.6%) from the FY2020 level. R46341 December 17, 2020 John F. Sargent Jr., Coordinator Specialist in Science and Technology Policy In 2017, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) adopted a change to the definition of development, applying a more narrow treatment that it describes as “experimental development.” This change was intended to harmonize the reporting of U.S. R&D funding data with the approach used by other nations. The new definition is used in this report. Federal Research and Development Funding, FY2019-FY2021 In billions of dollars Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few departments and agencies. In FY2020, five federal agencies received 93.2% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD, 41.4%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 26.2%) combined accounting for more than two-thirds of all federal R&D funding. In the FY2021 request, the top five R&D agencies would account for 93.8%, with DOD accounting for 42.1% and HHS for 26.6%. Under the President’s FY2021 budget request, nearly all federal agencies would see their R&D funding decline relative to FY2020. The only exception is the Department of Veterans Affairs, which would increase by $38 million (2.9%) in FY2021 to $1.351 billion. The largest dollar reductions in R&D funding would be made to the DOD (down $4.713 billion), the Department of Energy (down $3.168 billion), and HHS (down $2.843 billion). The largest percentage declines in R&D funding would be at the Department of Transportation (down 47.6%), the Environmental Protection Agency (down 35.4%), and Department of the Interior (down 25.5%) Source: CRS analysis of data from OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020. The President’s FY2021 budget request would reduce funding for basic research by $2.822 billion (6.5%), applied research by $5.125 billion (11.7%), development by $3.466 billion (5.5%), and facilities and equipment by $2.375 billion (39.6%). Several multiagency R&D initiatives continue under the President’s FY2021 budget. Some activities supporting these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and are reported in the agency analyses in this report. However, comprehensive aggregate budget information on these initiatives will likely not be available until budget supplements for each are released later in the year. The request represents the President’s R&D priorities. Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it may express different priorities through the appropriations process. As of the date of this report, the House has passed 10 of the 12 regular annual appropriations acts through the use of two consolidated bills, H.R. 7608 and H.R. 7617; the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act is the only appropriations act that includes R&D that the House has not yet passed. The Senate had not passed an appropriations act, but on November 11, 2020, the Senate Committee on Appropriations posted all 12 of the FY2021 appropriations acts on its webpage. Though not passed by the Senate, these bills were presented by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House. In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. On September 30, 2020, Congress passed the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act (P.L. 116-159) that, among other things, provides funding for most federal agencies through December 12, 2020. Completing the process after the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of continuing resolutions can affect agencies’ execution of their R&D budgets, including the delay or cancellation of planned R&D activities and acquisition of R&D-related equipment. Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 The President’s FY2021 Budget Request........................................................................................ 3 Federal R&D Funding Perspectives ................................................................................................ 3 Federal R&D by Agency ........................................................................................................... 3 Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment ............................................... 5 Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work ..................................................................... 5 Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined .................................................... 6 Multiagency R&D Initiatives .......................................................................................................... 7 Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD) ................................................................................................................................. 8 U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) ................................................................. 9 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) ............................................................................. 10 Other Highlighted R&D in the President’s FY2021 Budget .................................................... 11 Science and Technology Supporting the “Industries of the Future” .................................. 11 National Security .............................................................................................................. 13 FY2020 Appropriations Status ...................................................................................................... 13 Department of Defense .................................................................................................................. 15 Department of Health and Human Services .................................................................................. 20 National Institutes of Health ................................................................................................... 20 Department of Energy ................................................................................................................... 28 National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........................................................................... 31 National Science Foundation ......................................................................................................... 35 Department of Agriculture ............................................................................................................. 40 Agricultural Research Service ................................................................................................. 41 National Institute of Food and Agriculture ............................................................................. 42 National Agricultural Statistics Service .................................................................................. 43 Economic Research Service .................................................................................................... 44 Office of the REE Under Secretary and Office of the Chief Scientist .................................... 44 Department of Commerce ............................................................................................................. 46 National Institute of Standards and Technology ..................................................................... 46 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ................................................................ 50 Department of Veterans Affairs ..................................................................................................... 53 Department of Transportation........................................................................................................ 57 Federal Aviation Administration ............................................................................................. 57 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ................................................................... 58 Other DOT Components ......................................................................................................... 58 Department of the Interior ............................................................................................................. 59 U.S. Geological Survey ........................................................................................................... 60 Other DOI Components .......................................................................................................... 60 Department of Homeland Security ................................................................................................ 61 Environmental Protection Agency ................................................................................................. 63 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Figures Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development by Funding Sector, 2018.................................................................................................................... 6 Tables Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2019-FY2021 ..................... 4 Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2019-FY2021 .......................................................................................................................... 5 Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2019 Actual, FY2020 Enacted, and FY2021 Request................................... 7 Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2019-FY2021 ........................................................................................................... 9 Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2019-FY2021 ............................... 10 Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2019-FY2021 ...................................... 11 Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills ......................... 14 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E ..................................................................................... 18 Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding.............................................................................. 25 Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities ...................................................... 30 Table 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D .................................................. 34 Table 12. National Science Foundation Funding........................................................................... 39 Table 13. U.S. Department of Agriculture R&D ........................................................................... 45 Table 14. National Institute of Standards and Technology Funding.............................................. 49 Table 15. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R&D ............................................. 53 Table 16. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D ............................................................................ 55 Table 17. Department of Veterans Affairs R&D by Designated Research Area ............................ 56 Table 18. Department of Transportation R&D Activities and Facilities........................................ 58 Table 19. Department of the Interior R&D.................................................................................... 61 Table 20. Department of Homeland Security R&D Accounts ....................................................... 63 Table 21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science and Technology (S&T) Account ...................................................................................................................................... 68 Appendixes Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................... 71 Appendix B. CRS Contacts for Agency R&D ............................................................................... 76 Contacts Author Information........................................................................................................................ 77 Congressional Research Service Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Introduction The 116th Congress continues its interest in U.S. research and development (R&D) and in evaluating support for federal R&D activities. The federal government has played an important role in supporting R&D efforts that have led to scientific breakthroughs and new technologies, from jet aircraft and the internet to communications satellites, shale gas extraction, and defenses against disease. In recent years, federal budget caps have driven executive and legislative branch decisions about the prioritization of R&D, both in the context of the entire federal budget and among competing needs within the federal R&D portfolio. The Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019, among other things, increased the previously established FY2020 and FY2021 discretionary spending limits for defense and nondefense spending. This act reduced some of the budgetary constraints affecting R&D decisions. The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering R&D. Its purposes include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy security; advancing knowledge generally; developing the scientific and engineering workforce; and strengthening U.S. innovation and competitiveness in the global economy. Most of the R&D funded by the federal government is performed in support of the unique missions of individual funding agencies. The federal R&D budget is an aggregation of the R&D activities of these agencies. There is no single, centralized source of R&D funds. Agency R&D budgets are developed internally as part of each agency’s overall budget development process. R&D funding may be included either in accounts that are entirely devoted to R&D or in accounts that also include funding for non-R&D activities. Agency budgets are subjected to review, revision, and approval by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and become part of the President’s annual budget submission to Congress. The federal R&D budget is then calculated by aggregating the R&D activities of each federal agency. Congress plays a central role in defining the nation’s R&D priorities as it makes decisions about the level and allocation of R&D funding—overall, within agencies, and for specific programs. In recent years, some Members of Congress have expressed concerns about the level of federal spending (for R&D and for other purposes) in light of the federal deficit and debt. Other Members of Congress have expressed support for increased federal spending for R&D as an investment in the nation’s future competitiveness. As Congress acts to complete the FY2021 appropriations process, it faces two overarching issues: the amount of the federal budget to be spent on federal R&D and the prioritization and allocation of the available funding. This report begins with a discussion of the overall level of R&D in President Trump’s FY2021 budget request, followed by analyses of R&D funding in the request from a variety of perspectives and for selected multiagency R&D initiatives. The remainder of the report discusses and analyzes the R&D budget requests of selected federal departments and agencies that, collectively, account for approximately 98% of total federal R&D funding. Selected terms associated with federal R&D funding are defined in the text box on the next page. Appendix A provides a list of acronyms and abbreviations. Congressional Research Service 1 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Definitions Associated with Federal Research and Development Funding Two key sources of definitions associated with federal research and development funding are the White House Office of Management and Budget and the National Science Foundation. Office of Management and Budget. The Office of Management and Budget provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in OMB Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget.”1 This document provides guidance to agencies in the preparation of the President’s annual budget and instructions on budget execution. In 2017, OMB adopted a refinement to the categories of R&D, replacing “development” with “experimental development,” which more narrowly defines the set of activities to be included. The new definition has resulted in lower reported R&D by some agencies, including the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This definition is used in the President’s FY2021 budget. Conduct of R&D. Research and experimental development (R&D) activities are defined as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge. Basic Research. Basic research is defined as experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts. Basic research may include activities with broad or general applications in mind, such as the study of how plant genomes change, but excludes research directed towards a specific application or requirement, such as the optimization of the genome of a specific crop species. Applied Research. Applied research is defined as original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. Applied research is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective. Experimental Development. Experimental development is defined as creative and systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, which is directed at producing new products or processes or improving existing products or processes. Like research, experimental development will result in gaining additional knowledge. R&D Equipment. R&D equipment includes amounts for major equipment for research and development. It includes acquisition, design, or production of major movable equipment, such as mass spectrometers, research vessels, DNA sequencers, and other major movable instruments for use in R&D activities. It includes programs of $1 million or more that are devoted to the purchase or construction of major R&D equipment. R&D Facilities. R&D facilities includes amounts for the construction of facilities that are necessary for the execution of an R&D program. This may include land, major fixed equipment, and supporting infrastructure such as a sewer line or housing at a remote location. National Science Board/National Science Foundation. The National Science Board/National Science Foundation provides the following definitions of R&D-related terms in its report Science and Engineering Indicators: 2020.2 Research and Development (R&D): Research and experimental development comprise creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture, and society—and its use to devise new applications of available knowledge. Basic Research: Experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view. Applied Research: Original investigation undertaken to acquire new knowledge; directed primarily, however, toward a specific, practical aim or objective. Development (or Experimental Development): Systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes. 1 The White House, Office of Management and Budget, Circular No. A-11, “Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget,” December 18, 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/a11.pdf. 2 National Science Board/National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2020, January 2020, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20201/glossary. Congressional Research Service 2 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 The President’s FY2021 Budget Request On February 10, 2020, President Trump released his proposed FY2021 budget. President Trump is proposing $142.2 billion for R&D for FY2021, a decrease of $13.8 billion (8.8%) below the FY2020 level of $156.0 billion. Adjusted for inflation to FY2021 dollars, the President’s FY2021 R&D request represents a constant-dollar decrease of 10.6% from the FY2020 actual level.3 The President’s request includes continued R&D funding for existing single-agency and multiagency programs and activities, as well as new initiatives. This report provides governmentwide, multiagency, and individual agency analyses of the President’s FY2021 request as it relates to R&D and related activities. Additional information and analysis will be included as the House and Senate act on the President’s budget request through appropriations bills. It is not yet clear how the national response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will affect Administration and congressional priorities for FY2021 R&D funding, or the congressional authorization and appropriations processes for enacting that funding. Factors Affecting Analysis of the FY2021 Budget Request Two factors complicate the analysis of changes in R&D funding for FY2021, both in aggregate and for selected agencies:  Beginning in FY2018, OMB replaced the R&D category “development” with a subset referred to as “experimental development” in an effort that OMB asserts better aligns its data with the survey data collected by the National Science Foundation, and for greater consistency with international standards. The new definition excludes some activities, primarily at the Department of Defense (DOD) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that had been characterized as development in previous budgets. The new definition (experimental development) is used throughout this report for FY2017 and later years, except in the section “Department of Defense,” which treats non-experimental development funding as part of its total research, development, testing, and evaluation budget in line with DOD practice.  Inconsistency among agencies in the reporting of R&D and the inclusion of R&D activities in accounts with non-R&D activities may result in different figures being reported by OMB and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), including those shown in Table 1, and those in agency budget analyses that appear later in this report. Federal R&D Funding Perspectives Federal R&D funding can be analyzed from a variety of perspectives that provide different insights. The following sections examine the data by agency, by the character of the work supported, and by a combination of these two perspectives. Federal R&D by Agency Congress makes decisions about R&D funding through the authorization and appropriations processes primarily from the perspective of individual agencies and programs. Table 1 provides data on R&D funding by agency for FY2019 (actual), FY2020 (enacted), and FY2021 (request).4 3 As calculated by CRS using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (chained) price index for FY2020-FY2021 in Table 10.1, “Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940–2022,” Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/hist10z1-fy2019.xlsx. 4 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2020, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Congressional Research Service 3 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Under the request, eight federal agencies would receive nearly 98% of total federal R&D funding in FY2021: the Department of Defense (DOD), 42.1%; Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), primarily the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 26.6%; Department of Energy (DOE), 11.3%; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 9.4%; National Science Foundation (NSF), 4.5%; Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1.9%; Department of Commerce (DOC), 1.1%; and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), 1.0%. This report provides an analysis of the R&D budget requests for these agencies, as well as for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Department of the Interior (DOI), Department of Transportation (DOT), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). All but one federal agency would see their R&D funding decrease under the President’s FY2021 request compared to their FY2020 enacted level. The only agency that would see an increase in R&D funding in FY2021 relative to the FY2020 level would be the VA (up $38 million, 2.9%). The agencies with the largest R&D funding declines (measured in dollars) in the FY2021 request compared to FY2020 enacted level are DOD (down $4.713 billion), DOE (down $3.168 billion), HHS (down $2.943 billion), NASA (down $723 million), and DOT (down $540 million). See Table 1. The agencies with the largest percentage declines in R&D funding in the FY2021 request compared to FY2020 enacted level are DOT (down 47.6%), EPA (down 35.4%), DOI (down 25.5%), DOC (down 22.7%), and DOE (down 16.5%). See Table 1. Table 1. Federal Research and Development Funding by Agency, FY2019-FY2021 (budget authority, dollar amounts in millions) FY2020-FY2021 Dollar Percent Change Change Department/Agency FY2019 Actual FY2020 Enacted Department of Defense 54,691 64,544 59,831 -4,713 -7.3% Dept. of Health and Human Services 38,511 40,818 37,875 -2,943 -7.2% Department of Energy 18,271 19,219 16,051 -3,168 -16.5% NASA 10,698 14,057 13,334 -723 -5.1% National Science Foundation 6,586 6,752 6,328 -424 -6.3% Department of Agriculture 3,026 2,941 2,769 -172 -5.8% Department of Commerce 1,959 1,948 1,506 -442 -22.7% Department of Veterans Affairs 1,370 1,313 1,351 38 2.9% Department of Transportation 1,071 1,134 594 -540 -47.6% Department of the Interior 958 973 725 -248 -25.5% Department of Homeland Security 668 532 450 -82 -15.4% Smithsonian Institution 339 330 328 -2 -0.6% Environmental Protection Agency 489 492 318 -174 -35.4% Department of Education 248 259 230 -29 -11.2% Other 1,249 661 495 -166 -25.1% Total 140,134 155,973 142,185 -13,788 -8.8% Congressional Research Service FY2021 Request 4 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/ 02/ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Note: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Federal R&D by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment Federal R&D funding can also be examined by the character of work it supports—basic research, applied research, or development—and by funding provided for construction of R&D facilities and acquisition of major R&D equipment. (See Table 2.) President Trump’s FY2021 request includes $40.638 billion for basic research, down $2.822 billion (6.5%) from FY2020 enacted level; $38.805 billion for applied research, down $5.125 billion (11.7%); $59.112 billion for development, down $3.466 billion (5.5%); and $3.630 billion for facilities and equipment, down $2.375 billion (39.6%). Table 2. Federal R&D Funding by Character of Work and Facilities and Equipment, FY2019-FY2021 (budget authority, dollar amounts in billions) Change, FY2020-FY2021 Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment FY2019 Actual FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request Dollars Percent Basic research 39.316 43.460 40.638 -2.822 -6.5% Applied research 42.964 43.930 38.805 -5.125 -11.7% Development 53.369 62.578 59.112 -3.466 -5.5% Facilities and Equipment 4.485 6.005 3.630 -2.375 -39.6% 140.134 155.973 142.185 -13.788 -8.8% Total Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/ 02/ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Note: Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. Federal Role in U.S. R&D by Character of Work A primary policy justification for public investments in basic research and for incentives (e.g., tax credits) for the private sector to conduct research is the view, widely held by economists, that the private sector will, left on its own, underinvest in basic research from a societal perspective. The usual argument for this view is that the social returns (i.e., the benefits to society at large) exceed the private returns (i.e., the benefits accruing to the private investor, such as increased revenues or higher stock value). Other factors that may inhibit corporate investment in basic research include long time horizons for achieving commercial applications (diminishing the potential returns due to the time value of money), high levels of technical risk and uncertainty, shareholder demands for shorter-term returns, and asymmetric and imperfect information. The federal government is the nation’s largest supporter of basic research, funding 42% of U.S. basic research in 2018 (the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available). Business funded 29% of U.S. basic research in 2018, with state governments, universities, and Congressional Research Service 5 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 other nonprofit organizations funding the remaining 30%.5 For U.S. applied research, business is the primary funder, accounting for an estimated 54% in 2018, while the federal government accounted for an estimated 34%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funded the remaining 11%. Business also provides the vast majority of U.S. funding for development. Business accounted for 85% of development funding in 2018, while the federal government provided 13%. State governments, universities, and other nonprofit organizations funded the remaining 2% (see Figure 1).6 Figure 1. Composition of U.S. Basic Research, Applied Research, and Development by Funding Sector, 2018 Source: CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2017–18 Data Update, NSF 20-307, Tables 6-9, January 8, 2020. Notes: Components may not add to total due to rounding. Data are preliminary and may be revised. Federal R&D by Agency and Character of Work Combined Federal R&D funding can also be viewed from the combined perspective of each agency’s contribution to basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment. Table 3 lists the three agencies with the most funding in each of these categories as proposed in the President’s FY2021 budget. The overall federal R&D budget reflects a wide range of national priorities, including supporting advances in spaceflight, developing new and affordable sources of energy, and understanding and deterring terrorist groups. These priorities and the mission of each individual agency contribute to the composition of that agency’s R&D spending (i.e., the allocation of R&D funding among basic research, applied research, development, and facilities and equipment). In the President’s FY2021 budget request, the Department of Health and Human Services, primarily NIH, would account for nearly half (47.1%) of all federal funding for basic research. HHS would also be the largest federal funder of applied research, accounting for about 47.3% of all federally funded applied research in the President’s FY2021 budget request. DOD would be the primary federal funder of development, accounting for 88.0% of total federal development funding in the President’s FY2021 budget request. DOE would be the primary federal funder of 5 Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. 6 CRS analysis of National Science Foundation, National Patterns of R&D Resources: 2017–18 Data Update, NSF 20- 307, Tables 6-9, January 8, 2020. Components may not add to total due to rounding. Congressional Research Service 6 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 facilities and equipment, accounting for 58.7% of total federal facilities and equipment funding in the President’s FY2021 budget request.7 Table 3. Selected R&D Funding Agencies by Character of Work, Facilities, and Equipment, FY2019 Actual, FY2020 Enacted, and FY2021 Request (budget authority, dollar amounts in billions) Change, FY2020-FY2021 Character of Work/Agency FY2019 Actual FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request Dollars Percent Basic Research Health and Human Services 19.082 20.492 19.154 -1.338 -6.5% NASA 4.948 6.880 6.110 -0.770 -11.2% Energy 5.103 5.514 5.461 -0.053 -1.0% Health and Human Services 19.110 20.026 18.336 -1.690 -8.4% Energy 8.318 8.351 6.526 -1.825 -21.9% Defense 6.071 6.288 5.506 -0.782 -12.4% Defense 46.106 53.775 51.994 -1.781 -3.3% NASA 2.890 4.121 3.767 -0.354 -8.6% Energy 2.606 2.982 1.935 -1.047 -35.1% Energy 2.244 2.372 2.129 -0.243 -10.2% National Science Foundation 0.663 0.623 0.523 -0.100 -16.1% Health and Human Services 0.243 0.265 0.350 0.085 32.1% Applied Research Experimental Development Facilities and Equipment Source: CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/ 02/ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Note: This table shows only the top three funding agencies in each category, based on the FY2021 request. Multiagency R&D Initiatives For many years, presidential budgets have reported on multiagency R&D initiatives. Often, they have also provided details of agency funding for these initiatives. Some of these efforts have a statutory basis—for example, the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program, the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), and the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). These programs generally produce annual budget supplements identifying objectives, activities, funding levels, and other information, usually published shortly after the presidential budget release. Other multiagency R&D initiatives have 7 CRS analysis of data from EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. Congressional Research Service 7 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 operated at the discretion of the President, without such a basis, and may be eliminated at the discretion of the President. President Trump’s FY2021 budget is largely silent on funding levels for these efforts and whether any or all of the nonstatutory initiatives will continue. Some activities related to these initiatives are discussed in agency budget justifications and may be addressed in the agency analyses later in this report. This section provides available multiagency information on these initiatives and will be updated as additional information becomes available. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD)8 Established by the High-Performance Computing Act of 1991 (P.L. 102-194), the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development program is the primary mechanism by which the federal government coordinates its unclassified networking and information technology R&D investments in areas such as supercomputing, high-speed networking, cybersecurity, software engineering, and information management. According to NITRD, it coordinates the information technology R&D activities of 24 federal agency members and more than 45 other participating agencies with program interests and activities in IT R&D. NITRD efforts are coordinated by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development.9 P.L. 102-194, as reauthorized by the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017 (P.L. 114-329), requires the director of NITRD to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress along with the President’s budget request. This annual report, often referred to as a budget supplement, is to include, among other things, detailed information on the program’s budget for the current and previous fiscal years and the proposed budget for the next fiscal year. The latest annual report was published in September 2019 and related to the FY2020 budget request. President Trump requested $5.506 billion for NITRD research in FY2020, a decrease of $195 million (3.4%) from the estimated FY2019 level (see Table 4).10 For additional information on the NITRD program, see CRS Report RL33586, The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities, by Patricia Moloney Figliola. Additional NITRD information also can be obtained at https://www.nitrd.gov. 8 For additional information on the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development program, please contact Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy. 9 The NSTC was established by Executive Order 12881 in 1993. According to the White House, “This Cabinet-level Council is the principal means within the Executive Branch to coordinate science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development enterprise. Chaired by the President, the membership of the NSTC is made up of the Vice President, Cabinet Secretaries and Agency Heads with significant science and technology responsibilities, and other White House officials. In practice, the Assistant to the President for Science and Technology Policy oversees the NSTC’s ongoing activities.” (Source: The White House, Office of Science and Technology Policy, “NSTC,” https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/.) For more information on the NSTC, see CRS Report R43935, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP): History and Overview, by John F. Sargent Jr. and Dana A. Shea; and https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc/. 10 EOP, National Science and Technology Council, The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Supplement to the President’s FY2020 Budget, September 2019. Congressional Research Service 8 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Table 4. Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program Funding, FY2019-FY2021 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, NITRD FY2019 Actual FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request 6,472.1 6,692.2a 6,505.0 Source: EOP, National Science and Technology Council, The Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Supplement to the President’s FY2021 Budget, August 14, 2020. Note: n/a = not available. a. Includes $6,666.5 million in regular appropriations and additional $25.7 million in supplemental appropriation. U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)11 The U.S. Global Change Research Program coordinates and integrates federal research and applications to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. The program seeks to advance global climate change science and to “build a knowledge base that informs human responses to climate and global change through coordinated and integrated Federal programs of research, education, communication, and decision support.”12 In FY2019, 10 departments and agencies received appropriations for their USGCRP participation. USGCRP efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Each agency develops and carries out its activities as its contribution to the USGCRP, and funds are appropriated to each agency for those activities; those activities may or may not be identified as associated with the USGCRP in agency budget justifications or other program materials available publicly. Complementing USGCRP activities are many federal climate change or global changerelated activities with programmatic missions, not predominantly scientific. These are reported separately in budget justifications. The Global Change Research Act of 1990 (GCRA) (P.L. 101-606) requires each federal agency or department involved in global change research to report annually to Congress on each element of its proposed global change research activities, as well as the portion of its budget request allocated to each element of the program.13 The President is also required to identify those activities and the annual global change research budget in the President’s annual budget request. The President’s budget requests for years later than FY2017 do not report these budget data required by the GCRA, although some agencies report their contributions in their budget justifications to Congress. In addition, in the 20 years prior to FY2018, language in appropriations laws required the President to submit a comprehensive report to the appropriations committees “describing in detail all Federal agency funding, domestic and international, for climate change programs, projects, and activities … including an accounting of funding by agency….”14 As these are no longer 11 For additional information on the U.S. Global Change Research Program, please contact Jane A. Leggett, Specialist in Energy and Environmental Policy. 12 U.S. Global Change Research Program website, http://www.globalchange.gov/about/mission-vision-strategic-plan. 13 Directives to report annually to Congress on budget requests and spending occur in several sections of P.L. 101-606, including Sections 105(b) and (c) on Budget Coordination, and Section 107, Annual Report. 14 See, most recently, P.L. 115-31, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, Section 416. Congressional Research Service 9 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 reported by the Office of Management and Budget, Table 5 presents data compiled by CRS from communications with departments and agencies that participated in the USGCRP in FY2018. For additional information on the USGCRP, see CRS Report R43227, Federal Climate Change Funding from FY2008 to FY2014, by Jane A. Leggett, Richard K. Lattanzio, and Emily Bruner. Additional USGCRP information can be obtained at http://www.globalchange.gov. Table 5. U.S. Global Change Research Program Funding, FY2019-FY2021 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, USGCRP FY2019 Enacted FY2020 Request FY2021 Request 2,436 1,943 n/a Source: GlobalChange.gov, https://www.globalchange.gov/about. Notes: n/a = not available. Funding for activities that contribute to the USGCRP has been appropriated to more than a dozen federal departments and agencies in the past, and some spending of it is transferred or coordinated through interagency agreements. Almost all of the funding is spent directly by agencies on research and related activities; a small percentage is spent for interagency coordination and communications in the USGCRP program office. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)15 Launched in FY2001, the National Nanotechnology Initiative is a multiagency R&D initiative to advance understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, where the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and sometimes useful ways from the properties of individual atoms or bulk matter.16 In 2003, Congress enacted the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (P.L. 108-153), providing a legislative foundation for some of the activities of the NNI. NNI efforts are coordinated by the NSTC Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET). For FY2020, the President’s request included NNI funding for 15 federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with budgets dedicated to nanotechnology R&D. The NSET includes other federal departments and independent agencies and commissions with responsibilities for health, safety, and environmental regulation; trade; education; intellectual property; international relations; and other areas that might affect or be affected by nanotechnology. P.L. 108-153 requires the NSTC to prepare an annual report to be delivered to Congress at the time the President’s budget request is sent to Congress. This annual report, often referred to as a budget supplement, is to include detailed information on the program’s budget for the current fiscal year and the program’s proposed budget for the next fiscal year, as well as additional information and data related to the performance of the program. The latest annual report was published in August 2019 and related to the FY2020 budget request. President Trump requested $1.469 billion for NNI research in FY2020, a decrease of $103 million (6.6%) from the estimated FY2019 level.17 15 For additional information on the National Nanotechnology Initiative, please contact John F. Sargent, Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy. 16 In the context of the NNI and nanotechnology, the nanoscale refers to lengths of 1 to 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, or about the width of 10 hydrogen atoms arranged side by side in a line. 17 EOP, National Science and Technology Council, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2020 Budget, August 2019. Congressional Research Service 10 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 For additional information on the NNI, see CRS Report RL34401, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Overview, Reauthorization, and Appropriations Issues, by John F. Sargent Jr. Additional NNI information can be obtained at http://www.nano.gov. Table 6. National Nanotechnology Initiative Funding, FY2019-FY2021 (budget authority, in millions of current dollars) Total, NNI FY2019 Estimated FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request 1,858.3 1,839.7 1,723.2 Source: EOP, National Science and Technology Council, The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Supplement to the President’s 2021 Budget, October 2020. Other Highlighted R&D in the President’s FY2021 Budget The President’s FY2021 budget highlights R&D spending in several areas discussed in the following sections. Science and Technology Supporting the “Industries of the Future” The President’s FY2021 budget states the Administration’s prioritization for areas of science and technology that it asserts will underpin the Industries of the Future (IotF),18 among other prioritizations and reallocations in lower priority areas. For 2021, the Administration is prioritizing the science and technology that underpin the Industries of the Future (IotF)—artificial intelligence (AI), quantum information science (QIS), 5G/advanced communications, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing. Relative to the 2020 President’s Budget, this includes major increases in QIS and nondefense AI R&D as part of a commitment to double Federal AI and QIS R&D investments by 2022. R&D investments in AI and QIS, in particular, act as innovation multipliers and employment drivers, not only by promoting S&T progress across many disciplines, but also by helping to build a highly-skilled American workforce. Other IotF areas, such as biotechnology and advanced manufacturing, are poised for potentially transformative advances. Together, IotF investments are vital to the Nation’s global competitiveness and the health, prosperity, and security of the American people. 19 Artificial Intelligence (AI)20 On February 11, 2019, President Trump issued Executive Order 13859,21 “Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence,” launching the American AI Initiative and later that year 18 “Industries of the Future” is a term that generally refers to new industries that are expected to emerge out of leading- edge technologies. 19 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, February 10, 2020, p. 235, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ ap_17_research_fy21.pdf. 20 For additional information on artificial intelligence and the American AI Initiative, please contact Laurie A. Harris, Analyst in Science and Technology Policy. 21 Executive Order 13859, “Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence,” 84 Federal Register 39673972, February 14, 2019. Congressional Research Service 11 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 defined the effort’s priority investment areas in The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan: 2019 Update.22 The FY2021 budget states that AI “is transforming every segment of American life, with applications ranging from medical diagnostics and precision agriculture, to autonomous transportation, job reskilling and upskilling and national defense, and beyond.”23 The FY2021 budget includes increases in the AI R&D budget as part of its efforts to double nondefense AI R&D funding by FY2022. The President’s proposed AI R&D funding for FY2021 includes  A 76% increase in the AI R&D budget of the National Science Foundation to $868 million over the FY2020 level, for AI-related research and the creation of several National AI Research Institutes, in collaboration with USDA, DHS, DOT, and VA. The institutes are to support multisector, multidisciplinary research and workforce efforts among academia, industry, federal agencies, and nonprofits.  An additional $100 million for the USDA Agriculture and Food Research Initiative (AFRI) for AI and machine learning research to promote advanced manufacturing in the food and agricultural sciences, as well as to continue efforts in robotics and the application of big data to precision agriculture. $125 million for DOE’s Office of Science, a $54 million increase over the FY2020 request. $50 million for NIH research on chronic diseases using AI and related approaches.     $459 million for DARPA AI R&D, an increase of $50 million from the FY2020 request. $290 million for DOD’s Joint AI Center, up from $242 million in FY2020.24 Quantum Information Science25 The FY2021 budget seeks an increase of more than 50% for federal quantum information science (QIS) funding over the FY2020 budget as part of the Administration’s goal of doubling funding for QIS by FY2022. The President’s proposed QIS R&D funding for FY2021 includes  $230 million for NSF to support the National Quantum Initiative, $120 million above the FY2020 level. 22 EOP, NSTC, Committee on Technology, Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD), The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan: 2019 Update, June 21, 2019, https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/National-AI-RD-Strategy-2019.pdf. 23 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, p. 235, February 10, 2020. 24 Ibid., pp. 235-236; The White House, Fact Sheets, “President Trump’s FY 2021 Budget Commits to Double Investments in Key Industries of the Future,” February 11, 2020, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/ president-trumps-fy-2021-budget-commits-double-investments-key-industries-future/; NSF, FY 2021 Budget Request to Congress, February 10, 2020, p. Overview-3; and NSF, FY2020 Budget Request to Congress, March 18, 2019, p. Overview-9. 25 For additional information on quantum information science and the National Quantum Initiative, please contact Patricia Moloney Figliola, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy. Congressional Research Service 12 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021   $237 million for the DOE Office of Science, an increase of approximately $75 million, for QIS work at the national laboratories and in academia and industry. $25 million for the DOE Office of Science to support early stage research for a quantum internet. Additionally, the budget provides    funding for NIST work in QIS standards and engineering efforts in quantum systems; funding for the defense and intelligence community for QIS science and technology, new applications, and industrial engagement; and initial funding for NASA to explore the potential for a space-based quantum entanglement experiment.26 The President’s budget also includes an additional $50 million for NSF, compared to the 2020 budget, for education and workforce development for AI and QIS, with focused outreach efforts to community colleges, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), and Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs). National Security The President’s FY2021 budget also highlights investments in national security-related R&D, including more than $59 billion in research, engineering, and prototyping activities in FY2021 to enable advanced military capabilities, including work in “offensive and defensive hypersonic weapons capabilities, resilient national security space systems, and modernized and flexible strategic and nonstrategic nuclear deterrent capabilities.”27 The FY2021 budget request for Department of Homeland Security R&D includes $83 million for detection and defense against radiological, nuclear, chemical, and biological threats; $44 million for improving resilience to natural disasters and physical threats, for first responder technologies and public safety, and for cross-border threat screening and supply chain defense; and $38 million for cybersecurity. FY2020 Appropriations Status The remainder of this report provides a more in-depth analysis of R&D in 12 federal departments and agencies that, in aggregate, receive nearly 99% of total federal R&D funding. Agencies are presented in order of the size of their FY2020 R&D budget requests, with the largest presented first. Annual appropriations for these agencies are provided through 9 of the 12 regular appropriations bills. For each agency covered in this report, Table 7 shows the corresponding regular appropriations bill that provides primary funding for the agency, including its R&D activities. Because of the way that agencies report budget data to Congress, it can be difficult to identify the portion that is R&D. Consequently, R&D data presented in the agency analyses in this report may differ from R&D data in the President’s budget or otherwise provided by OMB. 26 EOP, OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2021, Research and Development, p. 236, February 10, 2020. 27 Ibid., p. 236. Congressional Research Service 13 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Funding for R&D is often included in appropriations line items that also include non-R&D activities; therefore, in such cases, it may not be possible to identify precisely how much of the funding provided in appropriations laws is allocated to R&D specifically. In general, R&D funding levels are known only after departments and agencies allocate their appropriations to specific activities and report those figures. As of the date of this report, the House had completed action on 10 of the 12 appropriations acts through passage of two consolidated appropriations bills, H.R. 7608 and H.R. 7617. The only appropriations bill containing R&D funding that the House has not yet acted upon is the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2021. In the absence of passage of appropriations acts at the end of the fiscal year, on September 30, 2020, Congress passed the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021 and Other Extensions Act (P.L. 116-159) that, among other things, provides funding for most federal agencies through December 12, 2020. As of the date of this report, the Senate had not passed an appropriations act. On November 11, 2020, the Senate Committee on Appropriations posted all 12 of the FY2021 appropriations acts on its webpage. Though not passed by the Senate, these bills were presented by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House. In addition to this report, CRS produces individual reports on each of the appropriations bills and for a number of federal agencies. These reports can be accessed via the CRS website at http://www.crs.gov/iap/appropriations. Also, the status of each appropriations bill is available on the CRS web page “Appropriations Status Table,” available at http://www.crs.gov/ AppropriationsStatusTable/Index. Table 7. Alignment of Agency R&D Funding and Regular Appropriations Bills Department/Agency Regular Appropriations Bill Department of Defense Department of Defense Appropriations Act Department of Health and Human Services - National Institutes of Health (1) Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (2) Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Energy Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act National Aeronautics and Space Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act National Science Foundation Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Agriculture Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Commerce - National Institute of Standards and Technology - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Veterans Affairs Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of the Interior Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Transportation Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Department of Homeland Security Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act Congressional Research Service 14 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Department/Agency Regular Appropriations Bill Environmental Protection Agency Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Source: CRS Report R40858, Locate an Agency or Program Within Appropriations Bills, by Justin Murray. Department of Defense28 The mission of the Department of Defense is to provide “the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation’s security.”29 Congress supports research and development activities at DOD primarily through the department’s Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) funding. These funds support the development of the nation’s future military hardware and software and the science and technology base upon which those products rely. Most of what DOD spends on RDT&E is appropriated in Title IV of the annual defense appropriations bill. (See Table 8.) Title IV RDT&E funds support activities such as R&D performed by academic institutions, DOD laboratories, and companies, as well as test and evaluation activities at specialized DOD facilities, among other things. However, RDT&E funds are also appropriated in other parts of the bill. For example, RDT&E funds are appropriated as part of the Defense Health Program, the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program, and the National Defense Sealift Fund. The Defense Health Program (DHP) supports the delivery of health care to DOD personnel and their families. DHP funds (including the RDT&E funds) are requested through the Defense-wide Operations and Maintenance appropriations request. The program’s RDT&E funds support congressionally directed research on breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer; traumatic brain injuries; orthotics and prosthetics; and other medical conditions. Congress appropriates funds for this program in Title VI (Other Department of Defense Programs) of the defense appropriations bill. The Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction Program supports activities to destroy the U.S. inventory of lethal chemical agents and munitions to avoid future risks and costs associated with storage. Funds for this program are requested through the Defense-wide Procurement appropriations request. Congress appropriates funds for this program also in Title VI. The National Defense Sealift Fund supports the procurement, operation and maintenance, and research and development associated with the nation’s naval reserve fleet and supports a U.S. flagged merchant fleet that can serve in time of need. In some fiscal years, RDT&E funding for this effort is requested in the Navy’s Procurement request and appropriated in Title V (Revolving and Management Funds) of the appropriations bill. RDT&E funds also have been requested and appropriated as part of DOD’s separate funding to support efforts in what the George W. Bush Administration termed the Global War on Terror (GWOT) and what the Obama and Trump Administrations have referred to as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO). In appropriations bills, the term Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terror (OCO/GWOT) has been used; President Trump’s FY2021 budget uses the term Overseas Contingency Operations. Typically, the RDT&E funds appropriated for OCO activities go to specified Program Elements (PEs) in Title IV. 28 This section was written by John F. Sargent Jr., Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 29 Department of Defense, https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/. Congressional Research Service 15 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 According to the Comptroller of the Department of Defense, the FY2021 OCO request is divided into two requirement categories—direct and enduring war, and OCO for base requirements.30 For purposes of this report, these categories of OCO funding requests are reported collectively. In addition, OCO/GWOT-related requests/appropriations have included money for a number of transfer funds. In the past, these have included the Iraqi Freedom Fund (IFF), the Iraqi Security Forces Fund, the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund, and the Pakistan Counterinsurgency Capability Fund. Congress typically has made a single appropriation into each such fund and authorized the Secretary of Defense to make transfers to other accounts, including RDT&E, at his discretion. These transfers are eventually reflected in Title IV prior-year funding figures. For FY2021, the Trump Administration is requesting $106.555 billion for DOD’s Title IV RDT&E PEs (base plus OCO), $1.159 billion (1.1%) above the enacted FY2020 level. (See Table 8.) In addition, the FY2021 request includes $562.5 million in RDT&E through the Defense Health Program (DHP; down $1.744 billion, 75.6% from FY2020), $782.2 million in RDT&E through the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program (down $93.7 million, 10.7% from FY2020), and $1.1 million for the Inspector General for RDT&E-related activities (down $1.9 million, 63.0% from FY2020). The FY2021 budget includes no RDT&E funding via the National Defense Sealift Fund, the same as the FY2020 enacted level. On July 31, the House passed H.R. 7617, the Defense, Commerce, Justice, Science, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Government, Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, Transportation, Housing, and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2021, a consolidated bill that incorporates the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2021 as Division A. The House-passed bill would appropriate $104.794 billion in Title IV and OCO R&D funding, a decrease of $601.6 million (0.6%) from the FY2020 enacted level and a decrease of $1.761 billion (1.7%) from the request. In addition, Title VI of the House-passed bill would provide $1.669 billion for the Defense Health Program ($637.4 million (27.6%) less than the FY2020 enacted level and $1.106 billion (196.7%) more than the request); $782.2 million for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program ($93.7 million (10.7%) less than the FY2020 enacted level and the same as the request); and $1.1 million for the Inspector General for RDT&E ($1.9 million (63.4%) less than the FY2020 enacted level and about the same as the request). On November 11, the Senate Committee on Appropriations posted all 12 of the FY2021 appropriations acts on its webpage, including the appropriations act for the Department of Defense. While not passed by the Senate, these bills were presented by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House. The Senate bill, as posted, would appropriate $104.4 billion in Title IV and OCO R&D funding, a decrease of $1.020 billion (1.0%) from the FY2020 enacted level, a decrease of $2.179 billion (2.0%) from the request, and a decrease of $418.3 million (0.4%) from the House-passed level. In addition, Title VI of the Senate bill would provide $1.750 billion for the Defense Health Program, $556.5 million (24.1%) less than the FY2020 enacted level, $1.027 billion (142.0%) more than the request, and $80.9 30 “Direct War Requirements” reflect combat or combat support costs that are not expected to continue once combat operations end at major contingency locations. “OCO for Enduring Requirements” reflects enduring in-theater and CONUS costs that will remain after combat operations end. “OCO for Base Requirements” reflects funding for base budget requirements, which support the National Defense Strategy, such as defense readiness, readiness enablers, and munitions, financed in the OCO budget to comply with the base budget defense caps included in current law. Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)/Chief Financial Officer, Defense Budget Overview: Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2020 Budget Request, March 19, 2019, https://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2020/ fy2020_Budget_Request_Overview_Book.pdf. Congressional Research Service 16 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 million (4.8%) more than the House-passed level; $782.2 million for the Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction program, $93.7 million (10.7%) less than the FY2020 enacted level and the same as the request and the House-passed levels; and $1.1 million for the Inspector General for RDT&E ($1.9 million (63.4%) less than the FY2020 enacted level and the same as the request and the House-passed levels). RDT&E funding can be analyzed in different ways. RDT&E funding can be characterized organizationally. Each military department requests and receives its own RDT&E funding. So, too, do various DOD agencies (e.g., the Missile Defense Agency and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), collectively aggregated within the Defense-Wide account. RDT&E funding also can be characterized by budget activity (i.e., the type of RDT&E supported). Those budget activities designated as 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3 (basic research, applied research, and advanced technology development, respectively) constitute what is called DOD’s Science and Technology (S&T) program and represent the more research-oriented part of the RDT&E program. Budget activities 6.4 and 6.5 focus on the development of specific weapon systems or components for which an operational need has been determined and an acquisition program established. Budget activity 6.6 provides management support, including support for test and evaluation facilities. Budget activity 6.7 supports the development of system improvements in existing operational systems. Budget activity 6.8 was added in the FY2021 budget and supports software and digital technology pilot programs.31 Many congressional policymakers are particularly interested in DOD S&T program funding, since these funds support the development of new technologies and the science that underlies them. Some in the defense community see ensuring adequate support for S&T activities as imperative to maintaining U.S. military superiority into the future. The knowledge generated at this stage of development may also contribute to advances in commercial technologies. The FY2021 request for Title IV S&T funding (base plus OCO) is $14.071 billion, $1.991 billion (12.4%) below the FY2020 enacted level. The Senate bill, as posted, would provide $15.188 billion, $874.1 million (5.4%) below the FY2020 enacted level, and $1.117 billion (7.9%) more than the request for Title IV S&T funding (base plus OCO). Within the S&T program, basic research (6.1) receives special attention, particularly by the nation’s universities, as over half of DOD’s basic research budget is spent at universities. The Trump Administration is requesting $2.319 billion for DOD basic research for FY2021, $284.2 million (10.9%) below the FY2020 enacted level. The Senate bill, as posted, would provide $2.407 billion for DOD basic research for FY2021, $196.2 million (7.5%) below the FY2020 enacted level and $88.0 million (3.8%) more than the request. While DOD is not the largest federal funder of basic research, it is a substantial source of federal funds for university R&D in certain fields, such as aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering (60%); electrical, electronic, and communications engineering (58%); industrial and manufacturing engineering (48%); mechanical engineering (46%); computer and information sciences (44%); metallurgical and materials engineering (39%); and materials science (33%).32 Congress also provided the DOD Defense Health Program with $415.0 million in RDT&E funding under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136). 31 For additional information on the structure of Defense RDT&E, see CRS Report R44711, Department of Defense Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E): Appropriations Structure, by John F. Sargent Jr. 32 CRS analysis of data from NSF, Higher Education Research and Development Survey, Fiscal Year 2017, data tables, November 20, 2018, https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2017/. Congressional Research Service 17 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Table 8. Department of Defense RDT&E (total obligational authority, in millions of dollars) FY2020 Enacted Budget Account FY2021 Request FY2021 Senatea FY2021 House FY2021 Enacted Base + OCO Base OCO Total Base OCO Total Base OCO Total Army 12,690.7 12,587.3 182.8 12,770.2 13,138.5 175.8 13,314.3 12,812.7 148.2 12,960.8 Navy 20,450.0 21,427.0 59.6 21,486.6 20,186.6 59.6 20,246.1 19,758.5 59.6 19,818.1 Air Force 45,695.2 37,391.8 5.3 37,397.1 36,070.6 $5.3 36,075.9 35,695.3 5.3 35,700.6 10,327.6 0.0 10,327.6 10,191.8 0.0 10,191.8 10,434.3 Space Forceb Base 10,434.3 Defense-wide 26,332.3 24,280.9 82.8 24,363.7 24,675.2 80.8 24,756.0 25,122.2 Director, Operational Test and Evaluation 227.7 210.1 0.0 210.0 210.1 0.0 210.1 257.2 Total Title IV—By Account 105,395.9 106,224.8 330.5 106,555.3 104,472.8 321.5 104,794.3 104,080.2 295.8 104,376.0 6.1 Basic Research 2,603.3 2,319.1 0.0 2,319.1 c c c 2,407.1 0.0 2,407.1 6.2 Applied Research 6,071.4 5,391.1 5.7 5,396.8 c c c 5,997.7 5.7 6,003.4 6.3 Advanced Technology Development 7,386.9 6,331.4 23.1 6,354.6 c c c 6,753.9 23. 6,777.0 6.4 Advanced Component Development and Prototypes 27,207.1 28,390.6 77.9 28,468.5 c c c 27,887.8 77.9 27,965.7 6.5 Systems Dev. and Demonstration 16,778.2 16,426.9 99.0 16,525.8 c c c 15,435.9 64.3 15,500.3 6.6 Management Supportd 7,216.9 6,981.6 5.1 6,986.8 c c c 7,189.2 5.1 7,194.3 6.7 Operational Systems Developmente 38,132.2 39,687.4 119.7 39,807.0 c c c 37,691.4 119.7 37,811.1 6.8 Software and Digital Technology Pilot Projects 0.0 696.7 696.7 c c c 692.0 0 692.0 25.0 0 25.0 104,080.2 295.8 104,376.0 82.8 25,205.0 257.2 Budget Activity Undistributed Total Title IV—by Budget Activity 105,395.9 106,224.8 330.5 Congressional Research Service 106,555.3 104,472.8 321.5 104,794.3 18 OCO Total Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 FY2020 Enacted Budget Account Base + OCO FY2021 Request Base OCO FY2021 Senatea FY2021 House Total Base OCO Total Base OCO FY2021 Enacted Total Base Title V— Revolving and Management Funds National Defense Sealift Fund 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,306.1 562.5 0.0 562.5 1,668.7 0.0 Chemical Agents and Munitions Destruction 875.9 782.2 0.0 782.2 782.2 Inspector General 3.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 Grand Total 108,580.9 107,570.6 330.5 107,901.1 CARES Act 415.0f 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,668.7 1,749.6 0.0 1,749.6 0.0 782.2 782.2 0.0 782.2 1.1 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.0 1.1 106,924.8 0.0 106,924.8 106,613.0 295.8 106,908.9 Title VI— Other Defense Programs Defense Health Program (P.L. 116-136) Source: CRS analysis of Department of Defense Budget, Fiscal Year 2021, RDT&E Programs (R‑1), February 2020; P.L. 116-36; H.R. 7617; Senate Department of Defense appropriation bill, as posted on Senate Appropriations Committee website on November 11, 2020, https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/committee-releasesfy21-bills-in-effort-to-advance-process-produce-bipartisan-results. Notes: n/a = not available. Figures for the column headed “FY2021 Enacted” will be added, if available, as action is completed. Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. According to DOD, “Total Obligation Authority (TOA) is the sum of (1) all budget authority (BA) granted (or requested) from the Congress in a given year, (2) amounts authorized to be credited to a specific fund, (3) BA transferred from another appropriation, and (4) Unobligated balances of BA from previous years which remain available for obligation. In practice, this term is used primarily in discussing the DOD budget, and most often refers to TOA as the ‘direct program,’ which equates to only (1) and (2) above.” DOD defines “budget authority” as “the authority becoming available during the year to enter into obligations that result in immediate or future outlays of Government funds.” See DOD 7000.14-R, “Department of Defense Financial Management Regulation,” http://comptroller.defense.gov/fmr.aspx. a. This bill was not passed by the Senate, but was presented by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House. b. The Space Force was established in December 2019. Its FY2020 RDT&E activities are largely supported by funds appropriated to the Air Force. c. CRS was unable to determine these amounts due to amendments to overall accounts that were not reflected in the budget activity funding levels included in H.R. 7617. d. Includes funding for Director of Test and Evaluation. e. Includes funding for Classified Programs. f. Funding provided by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) for the Defense Health Program, “to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, domestically or internationally.” Congressional Research Service 19 OCO Total Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Department of Health and Human Services The mission of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is “to enhance and protect the health and well-being of all Americans ... by providing for effective health and human services and fostering advances in medicine, public health, and social services.”33 This section focuses on HHS research and development funded through the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an HHS agency that accounts for nearly 97% of total HHS R&D funding.34 Other HHS agencies that support R&D include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and Administration for Children and Families (ACF); additional R&D funding is attributed to departmental management.35 National Institutes of Health36 NIH is the primary agency of the federal government charged with performing and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in training biomedical researchers and disseminating health information. The NIH mission is “to seek fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness and disability.”37 The agency consists of the NIH Office of the Director (OD) and 27 institutes and centers (ICs). Each IC plans and manages its own research programs in coordination with OD. As shown in Table 9, separate appropriations are provided to 24 of the 27 ICs, as well as to OD, the Innovation Account (established by the 21st Century Cures Act in 2016, P.L. 114-255), and an intramural Buildings and Facilities account. The other three centers, which perform centralized support services, are funded through transfers from the other ICs. According to NIH, about 10% of the NIH budget supports intramural research projects conducted by the nearly 6,000 NIH federal scientists, most of whom are located on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD. All research ICs have an intramural research program of varying sizes. More than 80% of NIH’s budget goes to the extramural research community in the form of grants, contracts, and other awards. This funding supports research performed by more than 300,000 nonfederal scientists and technical personnel who work at more than 2,500 universities, hospitals, medical schools, and other research institutions.38 Funding for NIH comes primarily from the annual Labor, HHS, and Education (LHHS) appropriations act, with an additional amount for Superfund-related activities from the 33 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “About,” http://www.hhs.gov/about. 34 CRS analysis of data from OMB, Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2020, 2019, p. 268, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/spec-fy2020.pdf. 35 Ibid. 36 This section was written by Kavya Sekar, Analyst in Health Policy, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division, with support from Isaac Nicchitta, Research Assistant, CRS Domestic Social Policy Division. For background information on NIH, see CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues, by Judith A. Johnson and Kavya Sekar. 37 HHS, National Institutes of Health, “About NIH, What We Do, Mission and Goals,” http://www.nih.gov/about-nih/ what-we-do/mission-goals. 38 NIH, “What We Do: Budget,” https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budget. Congressional Research Service 20 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Interior/Environment appropriations act.39 Those two appropriations acts provide NIH’s discretionary budget authority. In addition, NIH has received mandatory funding of $150 million annually that is provided in Public Health Service Act (PHSA) Section 330B, for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes, most recently extended through FY2020 by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136), with additional partial-year FY2021 funding of $25.1 million to cover the period of October 1, 2020, through November 30, 2020. Some funding is also pursuant to the PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also known as the PHS Evaluation Tap transfer authority, under Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. §238j). This provision allows the Secretary of HHS, with the approval of appropriators, to redistribute a portion of eligible PHS agency appropriations across HHS for program evaluation purposes.40 Although the PHS Act limits the tap to no more than 1% of eligible appropriations, in recent years, annual LHHS appropriations acts have specified a higher amount (2.5% in FY2020, P.L. 116-94). Those acts also have typically directed specific amounts of funding from the tap for transfer to a number of HHS programs, including at NIH—particularly for the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS). Readers should note that funding amounts in this report show amounts “transferred in” to NIH under the PHS evaluation set-aside, but do not show amounts “transferred out” under the same authority. NIH also receives funding through LHHS appropriations that is subject to different budget enforcement rules than the rest of the NIH funding in the act—appropriations to the NIH Innovation Account created by the 21st Century Cures Act (“the Cures Act,” P.L. 114-255) to fund programs authorized by that act. Appropriations of funds in this account are, in effect, not subject to discretionary spending limits.41 The NIH Director may transfer these amounts from the NIH Innovation Account to other NIH accounts but only for the purposes specified in the Cures Act. If the NIH Director determines that the funds for any of the four Innovation Projects are not necessary, the amounts may be transferred back to the NIH Innovation Account. All amounts authorized by the Cures Act have been fully appropriated to the Innovation Account since FY2017, including $492 million for FY2020. For FY2021, $404 million is authorized to be appropriated.42 For FY2020, NIH has a program level of $41.915 billion (Table 9) and has separately received emergency supplemental appropriations in three coronavirus relief measures totaling over $3.59 billion.43 According to the Senate Appropriations committee majority draft explanatory statement 39 The Superfund program was created to carry out the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA; P.L. 96-510), which authorized the federal government to prioritize contaminated sites in the United States for cleanup in coordination with the states in which the sites are located and to make the “potentially responsible parties” connected to those sites financially liable for the cleanup costs. The Superfund program is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency. For more information on the Superfund program, see CRS Report R41039, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act: A Summary of Superfund Cleanup Authorities and Related Provisions of the Act, by David M. Bearden. 40 For more information on the PHS evaluation tap, or PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, see discussion in CRS Report R44916, Public Health Service Agencies: Overview and Funding (FY2016-FY2018), coordinated by C. Stephen Redhead and Agata Dabrowska. 41 See section on 21st Century Cures Act in CRS Report R41705, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Background and Congressional Issues. 42 P.L. 114-255, Sec. 1001. 43 CRS Report R43341, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1995-FY2021, by Kavya Sekar. FY2020 program level updated based on totals in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 10, 2020, pp. 250-252. Congressional Research Service 21 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 accompanying its proposed FY2021 LHHS appropriations, the Administration’s FY2021 budget estimate44 would provide NIH with a total program level of $39.133 billion, a decrease of $2.78 billion (-6.6%) from FY2020 enacted levels (regular appropriations). The proposed FY2021 program level would be made up of 45      $38.07 billion in LHHS budget authority (BA); $741.0 million pursuant to the PHS Evaluation Tap authority; $73.69 million for the Superfund Research Program in Interior/Environment appropriations; $150.0 million in proposed annual funding for the mandatory type 1 diabetes program; and $98.5 million from the mandatory Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF).46 Under the President’s FY2021 request, all existing IC accounts would receive a decrease compared to FY2020 funding levels, except for (1) the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which would receive an increase in regular budget authority from $5.876 billion in FY2020 to $5.885 billion in FY2021, and (2) the Building and Facilities account, which would receive an increase of $100 million in LHHS Discretionary BA (though a decrease in funding of $125 million when accounting for the FY2020 transfer from the Nonrecurring Expenses Fund to this account (see Table 9)).47 In addition, the full amount ($404 million) authorized by the 21st Century Cures Act for FY2021 (P.L. 114-255) would be appropriated to the Innovation Account. The FY2021 budget request proposes consolidating the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) into NIH, forming a 28th IC—the National Institute for Research on Safety and Quality (NIRSQ). The creation of a new NIH institute generally would require amendments to the PHSA, especially Section 401(d), which specifies that “[i]n the National Institutes of Health, the number of national research institutes and national centers may not exceed a total of 27.” Under 44 President Trump released the first budget request for NIH on February 10, 2020, and then subsequently on March 17, 2020, the Office of Management and Budget submitted an amendment that would increase funding for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) by $440 million relative to the original request. This amendment is reflected in the budget tables of Senate appropriations committee documents. See Letter from Michael R. Pence, President of the Senate, to Donald Trump, President of the United States, March 17, 2020, at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Letter-regarding-additional-funding-to-support-the-UnitedStates-response-to-COVID-19-3.17.2020.pdf, and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 10, 2020, pp. 250-252. 45 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, Report to accompany H.R. 7614, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., July 15, 2020, H.Rept. 116-450 (Washington: GPO, 2020). 46 The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF) is a 10-year, multibillion dollar trust fund, established by The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA, P.L. 111-148), that is used to fund clinical research, specifically those research activities at the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), and would be provided to the proposed NIRSQ. For more information about the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Fund, see CRS Insight IN11010, Funding for ACA-Established Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF) Extended Through FY2029, by Amanda K. Sarata. 47 P.L. 116-94 directed a transfer of $225 million from the HHS Nonreccurring Expenses Fund to the NIH Buildings and Facilities account in FY2020 enacted appropriations. Congressional Research Service 22 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 the FY2021 request, NIRSQ would receive a total appropriation of $355.1 million, including $256.7 million in discretionary LHHS budget authority and $98.5 million in mandatory appropriations from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF) in Social Security Act Section 1181. Congress did not adopt the Administration’s similar proposals to consolidate AHRQ into NIH as NIRSQ in FY2018, FY2019, or FY2020.48 In July 2020, the House passed two consolidated appropriations bills with proposed funding levels for NIH accounts: H.R. 7617 with proposed LHHS appropriations in Division E49 and H.R. 7608 with proposed Interior/Environment appropriations in Division C.50 In summary, the Housepassed legislation would provide NIH FY2021 funding levels made up of    $40.647 billion provided through LHHS appropriations (including the full amount authorized by the Cures Act); $1.341 billion pursuant to the PHS evaluation transfer directed in the LHHS appropriations bill; and $83 million provided through Interior/Environment appropriations for Superfund-related activities. In total, the House legislation discussed above would provide NIH discretionary BA of $42.071 billion—$306 million (+0.7%) more than the FY2020 discretionary BA and $3.2 billion (+8.2%) more than the discretionary BA proposed by the Administration’s FY2021 budget request. The House appropriations bills would provide an increase to all IC accounts in discretionary BA compared to FY2020 funding levels, except for the National Institute of Nursing Research (decrease of $1.8 million compared to FY2020). The Buildings and Facilities which would receive level funding in LHHS discretionary BA, but a decrease of $225 million in funding when accounting for the NEF transfer to this account in FY2020.51 Consistent with the FY2021 budget request, the full amount ($404 million) authorized by the 21st Century Cures Act for FY2021 (P.L. 114-255) would be appropriated to the Innovation Account.52 With the inclusion of estimated full-year mandatory funding for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes at current-law levels ($150 million), the total House-proposed FY2021 NIH program level would be $42.221 billion.53 With this estimated funding, the House-proposed 48 See NIH sections of CRS Report R44888, Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2018; CRS Report R45150, Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2019; and CRS Report R45715, Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2020. 49 The Defense, Commerce, Justice, Science, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Government, Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, Transportation, Housing, and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2021. 50 The State, Foreign Operations, Agriculture, Rural Development, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act, 2021. 51 In FY2020, the Buildings and Facilities account received $200 in appropriations from the LHHS bill and a transfer of $225 million from the Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF). 52 This paragraph uses budget request funding levels from U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 10, 2020, pp. 249-252. 53 $150 million is the funding amount for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes, distributed to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in the FY2021 House Appropriations Committee Report on H.R. 7614. Full year appropriations for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes have not yet been enacted. Congressional Research Service 23 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 program level would be $306 million (+0.7%) more than the FY2020 enacted program level and $3.1 billion (+7.9%) more than the FY2021 program level proposed by the Administration. The House LHHS appropriations bill (in Title VI of Division E) also includes $5 billion in emergency funding “to support biomedical research—including support for current grantees to cover the shutdown costs, startup costs, and other costs related to delays in research in 2020.”54 The $5 billion would be appropriated to the Office of the Director (OD). Of this total, the NIH Director is directed to transfer not less than $2.5 billion to the IC accounts “in proportion to the amounts otherwise made available” in FY2020 enacted LHHS appropriations, and to transfer the full FY2020 enacted amount to the Building and Facilities account.55 As shown in the House report, this funding would be distributed to all NIH accounts, except the Innovation Account, with funding levels ranging from the lowest amount of $5 million for the Fogarty International Center to the highest amount of $2.275 billion for the Office of the Director account.56 On November 10, 2020, the chair of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, Senator Richard Shelby, released drafts of all 12 annual appropriations bills along with draft accompanying explanatory statements. Proposed funding levels for NIH accounts were located in the LHHS and Interior/Environment bills.57 In summary, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft legislation would provide NIH FY2021 funding levels made up of    $41.869 billion provided through LHHS appropriations (including the full amount authorized by the Cures Act) $1.586 billion pursuant to the PHS evaluation transfer directed in the LHHS appropriations bill; and $81.5 million provided through Interior/Environment appropriations for Superfund-related activities In total, the Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bills would provide NIH discretionary BA funding of $43.766 billion—$2.0 billion (+4.8%) more than FY2020 discretionary BA funding and $4.88 billion (+12.6%) more than the discretionary BA funding proposed by the Administration’s FY2021 budget request. The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft bills would provide an increase to all IC accounts compared to FY2020 enacted levels, The Buildings and Facilities account would receive the same funding level as FY2020 in LHHS Discretionary BA, though a decrease of $225 million when accounting for the NEF transfer in FY2020. Consistent with the FY2021 budget request, the full amount ($404 million) authorized by the 21st Century Cures Act for FY2021 (P.L. 114-255) would be appropriated to the Innovation Account.58 54 Ibid. 55 H.R. 7617, Division E, Title VI 56 Ibid. 57 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations majority staff, “Committee Releases FY21 Bills in Effort to Advance Process, Produce Bipartisan Results,” press release, November 10, 2020, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/committee-releases-fy21-bills-in-effort-to-advance-process-producebipartisan-results. 58 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 10, 2020, pp. 249-252 and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., November 10, 2020, p. 2. Congressional Research Service 24 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 With the inclusion of estimated full-year mandatory funding for the Special Diabetes Program for type 1 diabetes at current-law levels ($150 million), the total FY2021 NIH program level would be $43.916 billion, per the Senate majority draft bills. With this estimated funding, the program level would be $2.0 billion (+4.8%) more than the FY2020 enacted program level and $4.8 billion (+12.2%) more than the FY2021 program level proposed by the Administration.59 Neither the Senate majority draft of the LHHS bill, nor the House-passed LHHS proposal would adopt the Administration’s proposal to consolidate the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality into NIH. The report accompanying the LHHS appropriations bill (H.Rept. 116-450) did not address this proposal.60 The Senate Appropriations Committee majority draft explanatory statement states, “The Committee rejects the budget’s request to create a new National Institute for Research on Safety and Quality by consolidating the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality into NIH.”61 Table 9. National Institutes of Health Funding (budget authority, in millions of dollars) Institutes/Centers FY2020 Final FY2021 Request FY2021 Housepassed FY2021 Senatea Cancer Institute (NCI) 6,440 5,881 6,494 6,723 Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) 3,625 3,298 3,655 3,728 Dental/Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) 478 435 482 493 Diabetes/Digestive/Kidney (NIDDK)b 2,115 1,924 2,132 2,169 Neurological Disorders/Stroke (NINDS) 2,447 2,245 2,465 2,256 Allergy/Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 5,876 5,885 6,013 6,143 General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)c 1,706 1,931 1,631 1,461 Child Health/Human Development (NICHD) 1,557 1,416 1,582 1,658 National Eye Institute (NEI) 823 749 831 850 Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)d 803 730 810 829 3,546 3,226 3,609 4,015 Arthritis/Musculoskeletal/Skin Diseases (NIAMS) 625 568 635 645 Deafness/Communication Disorders (NIDCD) 491 446 495 507 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) 2,043 1,845 2,060 2,139 National Institute on Aging (NIA) FY2021 Enacted 59 Ibid. 60 U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Department of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, Report to accompany H.R. 7614, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., July 15, 2020, H.Rept. 116-450 (Washington: GPO, 2020). 61 U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 10, 2020, p. 84. Congressional Research Service 25 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 FY2021 Request FY2021 Housepassed 1,458 1,432 1,477 1,505 Alcohol Abuse/Alcoholism (NIAAA) 547 497 550 564 Nursing Research (NINR) 172 157 171 178 Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 604 612 624 Biomedical Imaging/Bioengineering (NIBIB) 405 407 418 Minority Health/Health Disparities (NIMHD) 336 349 392 Complementary/Integrative Health (NCCIH) 152 153 157 Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) 833 788 840 890 Fogarty International Center (FIC) 81 74 86 83 National Library of Medicine (NLM) 457 416 461 472 Institutes/Centers National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Office of Director (OD)e FY2020 Final FY2021 Senatea 550 368 305 138 2,252 2,099 2,337 2,391 Innovation Accountf 157 109 109 109 Buildings and Facilities (B&F) 200 300 200 200 National Institute for Research on Safety and Quality (NIRSQ) — 257 — — Subtotal, NIH (LHHS Discretionary BA) 40,228 38,070 40,647 41,869 PHS Program Evaluation (provided to NIGMS) 1,231 741 1,341 1,586 Superfund (Interior approp. to NIEHS)g 81 74 83 81.5 Nonrecurring Expenses Fund (NEF) Transfer (to Buildings and Facilities)h 225 — — 229 Mandatory type 1 diabetes funds (to NIDDK)i 150 150 150j 150j Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Trust Fund (PCORTF, to NIRSQ) — 98 — — 41,915 39,133 42,221 43,916 not less than 3,587k — 5,000 — NIH Program Level Emergency Funding FY2021 Enacted Source: For FY2020, FY20201 Budget Request, and Senate: U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, “Committee Releases FY21 Bills in Effort to Advance Process, Produce Bipartisan Results,” press release, November 10, 2020, at https://www.appropriations.senate.gov/news/committee-releases-fy21-bills-ineffort-to-advance-process-produce-bipartisan-results and U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies, Explanatory Statement for Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, committee print, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., November 10, 2020, pp. 249-252. For House-passed, U.S. Congress, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Department of Labor, Health, and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill, 2021, Report to accompany H.R. 7614, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., July 15, Congressional Research Service 26 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 2020, H.Rept. 116-450 (Washington: GPO, 2020), H.R. 7617, Division E as passed by the House, except as noted below. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the column headed “FY2021 Enacted” will be added, if available, as action is completed. Amounts in table may differ from actuals in many cases. By convention, budget tables such as Table 9 do not subtract the amount of transfers to the evaluation tap from the agencies’ appropriation. Figures for the column headed “FY2021 Senate” will be added, if available, as the action is completed. Emergency funding is shown in this table presentation to reflect the NIH budget and appropriations process for FY2021. a. This bill was not passed by the Senate, but was presented by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House. b. Amounts for the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) do not include mandatory funding for type 1 diabetes research (see note i). c. Amounts for National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) do not include funds from PHS Evaluation Set-Aside (§241 of the PHS Act). Though the FY2021 budget request provides an increase to NIGMS through discretionary LHHS budget authority (BA) compared to FY2020, the total amount for NIGMS with the PHS evaluation transfer included is less than FY2020 enacted levels. Similarly, the FY2021 House passed legislation funding for NIGMS is lower than FY2020 in discretionary LHHS BA, but higher than FY2020 with the PHS evaluation transfer included. d. Amounts for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) do not include Interior/Environment Appropriations amount for Superfund research (see note f). e. Includes $12.6 million for the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act. f. The amount shown for the NIH Innovation Account in each column represents only a portion of the total appropriation to the account ($492 million for the FY2020; $404 million for FY2021). The remaining funds for this account are incorporated, where applicable, into the totals for other ICs. For FY2021, this includes $195 to NCI for cancer research and $50 million to each of NINDS and NIMH for the BRAIN Initiative. g. This is a separate account in the Interior/Environment appropriations for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) research activities related to Superfund research. h. The nonrecurring expenses fund (NEF) permits HHS to transfer unobligated balances of expired discretionary funds from FY2008 and subsequent years into the NEF account. Congress authorized use of the funds for capital acquisitions including information technology (IT) and facilities infrastructure (42 U.S.C. §3514a). i. Mandatory funds are available to NIDDK for type 1 diabetes research are under PHSA Sec. 330Bm, most recently extended through FY2020 by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136), with additional partial-year FY2021 funding of $25.1 million to cover the period of October 1, 2020 through November 30, 2020. j. Cited House and Senate source documents show an estimated FY2021 funding level of $150 million, though full year appropriations have not yet been enacted. k. FY2020 emergency funding to NIH was provided in three coronavirus supplemental appropriations measures: $836 million in P.L. 116-123; $945.4 million in P.L. 116-136; and transfers from the Public Health and Social Services Emergency Fund (PHSSEF) directed in P.L. 116-139 to three NIH accounts totaling not less than $1.806 billion. By convention, CRS does not add amounts pursuant to an emergency requirement to program level totals. Congressional Research Service 27 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Department of Energy62 The Department of Energy was established in 1977 by the Department of Energy Organization Act (P.L. 95-91), which combined energy-related programs from a variety of agencies with defense-related nuclear programs that dated back to the Manhattan Project. Today, DOE conducts basic scientific research in fields ranging from nuclear physics to the biological and environmental sciences; basic and applied R&D relating to energy production and use; and R&D on nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation, and defense nuclear reactors. The department has a system of 17 national laboratories around the country, mostly operated by contractors, that together account for about 40% of all DOE expenditures. The Administration’s FY2021 budget request for DOE includes about $13.853 billion for R&D and related activities, including programs in three broad categories: science, national security, and energy. This request is about 19.1% less than the comparable enacted FY2020 amount of $17.124 billion. The House bill would provide $17.453 billion for these programs in regular appropriations and an additional $11.125 billion in emergency supplemental appropriations. The Senate bill would provide $17.610 billion. (See Table 10 for details.) The request for the DOE Office of Science is $5.838 billion, a decrease of 16.6% from the FY2020 appropriation of $7.000 billion. Funding would decrease for five of the office’s six major research programs. In the largest program, Basic Energy Sciences, almost two-thirds of the proposed 16.6% decrease would result from spending less on facility construction. Most of the remainder would result from spending less on existing scientific user facilities, in some cases by reducing hours of operation. Funding for Biological and Environmental Research would decrease by 31.1%, with reductions concentrated in the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences subprogram as proposed in other recent Administration budgets. Funding for Fusion Energy Sciences would decrease by 36.6%. Within Fusion Energy Sciences, the U.S. contribution to construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), a fusion energy demonstration and research facility in France, would be $107 million (down from $242 million in FY2020). The one major research program receiving an increase would be Advanced Scientific Computing Research (up 0.8%). Within Advanced Scientific Computing Research, an increase of $109 million for research would be partly offset by a decrease of $81 million for facilities; the Office of Science Exascale Computing Project would receive $169 million, down from $189 million in FY2020.63 The House bill would provide regular appropriations of $7.055 billion for the Office of Science, 20.9% above the request and 0.8% above FY2020. All six of the office’s major research programs would receive increases relative to FY2020. In Biological and Environmental Research, the Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences subprogram would receive not less than $355 million, an increase of $10 million from FY2020 and $177 million more than the request. The U.S. contribution to ITER would be $260 million. The House bill would also provide emergency supplemental appropriations of $6.250 billion for the Office of Science, with an emphasis on the High Energy Physics, Basic Energy Sciences, and Fusion Energy Sciences programs. The Senate bill would provide $7.026 billion for the Office of Science, 20.4% above the request and 0.4% above FY2020. Five of the six major programs would receive more than in FY2020, while Fusion Energy Sciences would receive 4.6% less. The Senate explanatory statement does not specify an allocation for Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences, but it recommends more 62 This section was written by Daniel Morgan, Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, CRS Resources, Science, and Industry Division. 63 This project is part, but not all, of the DOE-wide Exascale Computing Initiative. Congressional Research Service 28 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 funding than requested for selected projects within the program. The U.S. contribution to ITER would be $211 million. The request for DOE national security R&D is $5.066 billion, an increase of 6.3% from $4.765 billion in FY2020. In Weapons Activities, the request for Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering would be an increase of 9.0% above the comparable FY2020 amount.64 The bulk of the increase would be for Assessment Science ($773 million, up from $595 million in FY2020) and Weapon Technology and Manufacturing Maturation ($298 million, up from $222 million in FY2020). A proposed increase of 7.2% for R&D in the Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation account reflects $40 million requested for National Technical Nuclear Forensics R&D, a program formerly funded in DHS. The House bill would provide regular appropriations of $5.021 billion for national security R&D, 0.9% below the request and 5.4% above FY2020. In Weapons Activities, the bill would provide $65 million less than the request for Engineering and Integrated Assessments, $13 million less than the request for Assessment Science, and $64 million less than the request for Weapon Technology and Manufacturing Maturation. Funding for R&D in the Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation account would be $70 million more than the request; it would include funds for National Technical Nuclear Forensics R&D at the requested level. The emergency supplemental appropriations in the House bill do not include DOE national security R&D. The Senate bill would provide regular appropriations of $5.103 billion for national security R&D, 0.7% above the request and 7.1% above FY2020. In Weapons Activities, the bill would provide the requested amounts for Engineering and Integrated Assessments, Assessment Science, and Weapon Technology and Manufacturing Maturation. Funding for R&D in the Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation account would be $15 million more than the request but would include only half the requested amount for National Technical Nuclear Forensics R&D. The request for DOE energy R&D is $2.949 billion, a decrease of 45.0% from $5.360 billion in FY2020. Many of the proposed reductions in this category are similar to the Administration’s FY2019 and FY2020 budget proposals. Funding for energy efficiency and renewable energy R&D would decrease by 70.1%, with reductions in all major research areas and a shift in emphasis toward early-stage R&D rather than later-stage development and deployment. In the Fossil Energy R&D account, an increase of $172 million for Advanced Energy Systems would be largely offset by decreases for carbon capture, utilization, and storage ($123 million, down from $218 million in FY2020), natural gas technologies ($15 million, down from $51 million), and oil technologies ($17 million, down from $46 million). The request for nuclear fuel cycle R&D is $187 million (down from $305 million), and nuclear energy as a whole would decrease by 20.1%, with no funding requested for the Integrated University Program ($5 million in FY2020) or the Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) R&D initiative ($5 million in FY2020). The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), which is intended to advance highimpact energy technologies that have too much technical and financial uncertainty to attract nearterm private-sector investment, would be terminated. The House bill would provide regular appropriations of $5.376 billion for DOE energy R&D, 82.3% above the request and 0.3% above FY2020. The allocation to major program areas would be similar to FY2020. ARPA-E would not be terminated; the committee report directs DOE not to “use any appropriated funds to plan or execute the termination of ARPA-E” and to “disburse funds appropriated for ARPA-E within a reasonable time period.” The House bill would also 64 The structure of the Weapons Activities account has been reorganized in the FY2021 budget. This item is not directly comparable to any single item in the FY2020 enacted appropriation, but the FY2021 budget justification provides a crosswalk for comparison purposes. Congressional Research Service 29 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 provide emergency supplementation appropriations of about $4.875 billion for energy R&D activities in Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fossil Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electricity, and ARPA-E. The Senate bill would provide $5.480 billion for DOE energy R&D, 85.8% above the request and 2.3% above FY2020. The allocation to major program areas would be similar to FY2020. ARPAE would not be terminated; the explanatory statement states that “the Committee continues to definitively reject the short-sighted proposal to terminate ARPA-E” and includes language similar to the House report language prohibiting the use of appropriated funds to plan ARPA-E’s termination and directing DOE to disburse ARPA-E funds in a timely manner. Table 10. Department of Energy R&D and Related Activities (budget authority, in millions of dollars) FY2020 Enacted FY2021 Request FY2021 House (Reg.) FY2021 House (Supp.) FY2021 Senatea 7,000b 5,838 7,055 6,250 7,026 Basic Energy Sciences 2,213 1,936 2,242 1,301 2,215 High Energy Physics 1,045 818 1,050 2,271 1,050 Biological and Environmental Research 750 517 760 150 750 Nuclear Physics 713 653 715 48 725 Advanced Scientific Computing Research 980 988 1,020 877 1,029 Fusion Energy Sciences 671 425 680 309 640 Other 628 501 588 1,293 617 4,765 5,066 5,021 — 5,103 Weapons Activities Stockpile RT&E 2,553c 2,782 2,660 — 2,798 Naval Reactors 1,648 1,684 1,684 — 1,684 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation R&D 533 572d 642d — 587d Def. Environmental Cleanup Technol. Devel. 30 28 35 — 35 5,360 2,949 5,376 4,875 5,480 2,406f 720 2,472 1,625 2,476 Fossil Energy R&D 750 731 735 1,250 750 Nuclear Energy 1,493 1,180 1,436 1,250 1,505 Electricity 190 195 195 500 223 Cybersec., En. Secy., and Emerg. Respon. R&D 95 103 104 — 96 425 21g 435 250 430 17,124 13,853 17,453 11,125 17,610 Science National Security Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energye Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy DOE, Total FY2021 Enacted Source: FY2020 enacted from P.L. 116-94 and explanatory statement, Congressional Record, December 17, 2019, Book III. FY2021 request from DOE FY2021 congressional budget justification, https://www.energy.gov/cfo/ downloads/fy-2021-budget-justification. FY2021 House from H.R. 7617 as passed by the House and H.Rept. 116449 (on H.R. 7613). FY2021 Senate from draft released by the Committee on Appropriations. Column currently blank will be added as Congress acts. Notes: Totals may differ from the sum of the components due to rounding. Figures for the column headed “FY2021 Enacted” will be added, if available, as action is completed. The House bill would provide emergency Congressional Research Service 30 Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 supplemental appropriations separately from regular appropriations in Title VI, “Additional Infrastructure Investments.” The R&D portion of these additional amounts is estimated by CRS based on descriptions in the bill text. a. This bill was not passed by the Senate, but was presented by the Senate Majority Leader as a basis for discussions and negotiation with the House. b. Does not include additional $99.5 million appropriated by the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136). c. FY2020 enacted amount is as given in the FY2021 budget justification for comparison with FY2021. Stockpile Research, Technology, and Engineering is part of a new budget structure for FY2021. d. Includes National Technical Nuclear Forensics R&D (funded in DHS before FY2021). e. Excluding Weatherization and Intergovernmental Activities. f. Reduced for $71 million in rescissions of prior-year unobligated balances. Some of that rescission may be of funds appropriated for non-R&D activities. g. The request also proposes to cancel $332 million provided to ARPA-E in prior years. National Aeronautics and Space Administration65 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (P.L. 85-568) to conduct civilian space and aeronautics activities. NASA has research programs in planetary science, Earth science, heliophysics, astrophysics, and aeronautics, as well as development programs for future human spacecraft and for multipurpose space technology such as advanced propulsion systems. In addition, NASA operates the International Space Station (ISS) as a facility for R&D and other purposes. The Administration has requested about $22.243 billion for NASA R&D in FY2021. This would be 14.4% more than the FY2020 level of about $19.439 billion. The House bill would provide about $19.448 billion. The Senate bill would provide about $20.332 billion. For a breakdown of these amounts, see Table 11. NASA R&D funding comes through five accounts: Science; Aeronautics; Space Technology (called Exploration Technology in the Administration’s budget request); Exploration (Deep Space Exploration Systems in the request); and the ISS, Commercial Crew, and Commercial Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Development portions of Space Operations (called LEO and Spaceflight Operations in the request). The OMB figures presented in Table 1 indicate a substantially smaller amount for NASA R&D than the figures presented in this section, and a decrease in the FY2021 request relative to FY2020 rather than an increase. The main reason for this appears to be that OMB treats only about half of the Exploration account as R&D (somewhat more than half in FY2020, somewhat less than half in FY2021). As systems being developed under that account move from R&D to [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/crs%3AR46341. Public record. Not legal advice.