# RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

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## Record

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- **Document type:** Court rule

## Text

TITLE 210
APPELLATE PROCEDURE
Part

Chap.

I.
II.
III.

RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
INTERNAL OPERATING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
APPEALS FROM THE COURT OF JUDICIAL DISCIPLINE . . . . . . . . 101

Source
The provisions of this Title 210 amended June 25, 1976, 6 Pa.B. 1460; amended July 13, 1979,
effective July 13, 1979, 9 Pa.B. 2323, unless otherwise noted.

PART I. RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
Art.

Chap.

I.
II.
III.

PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
APPELLATE PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

ARTICLE I. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
Chap.

1.
3.
5.
7.

Rule

GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
ORDERS FROM WHICH APPEALS MAY BE TAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
PERSONS WHO MAY TAKE OR PARTICIPATE IN APPEALS . . . . . . 501
COURTS TO WHICH APPEALS SHALL BE TAKEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Editorial Note
Under the Commonwealth Documents Law the text of documents published in this title acquires
no special status by reason of such publication. For the official text of judicial documents reference
should be made to the Prothonotary of the Supreme Court or to the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts, as appropriate. See 201 Pa. Code Rule 103.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
IN GENERAL
Rule

101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.

Title and Citation of Rules.
Definitions.
Scope of Rules.
Rules of Court.
Application of Rules and Enlargement of Time.
Original Jurisdiction Matters.
Construction of Rules.
Date of Entry of Orders.

DOCUMENTS GENERALLY
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.

Entry of Appearance.
Filing and Service.
Content and Form of Proof of Service.
Applications for Relief.
Form of Documents. Number of Copies to be Filed.
Electronic Filing.

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126.
127.

RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE

Citations of Authorities.
Confidential Information and Confidential Documents. Certification.

IN GENERAL

Rule 101. Title and Citation of Rules.
These rules shall be known as the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure
and may be cited as ‘‘Pa. R.A.P.’’

Rule 102. Definitions.
Subject to additional definitions contained in subsequent provisions of these
rules which are applicable to specific provisions of these rules, the following
words and phrases when used in these rules shall have, unless the context clearly
indicates otherwise, the meanings given to them in this rule:
Action.—Any action or proceeding at law or in equity.
Argument.—Where required by the context, the term includes submission on
briefs.
Administrative office.—The Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts.
Appeal.—Any petition or other application to a court for review of subordinate governmental determinations. The term includes an application for certiorari under 42 Pa.C.S. § 934 (writs of certiorari) or under any other provision
of law. Where required by the context, the term includes proceedings on petition for review and petition for specialized review.
Official Note: Under these rules a ‘‘subordinate governmental determination’’ includes an
order of a trial court. The definition of ‘‘government unit’’ includes courts, and the definition of
‘‘determination’’ includes action or inaction by (and specifically an order entered by) a court or
other government unit. In general, any appeal now extends to the whole record, with like effect
as upon an appeal from a judgment entered upon the verdict of a jury in an action at law and
the scope of review of an order on appeal is not limited as on broad or narrow certiorari. See
42 Pa.C.S. § 5105(d) (scope of appeal).

Appellant.—Includes petitioner for review or specialized review.
Appellate court.—The Supreme Court, the Superior Court, or the Commonwealth Court.
Appellee.—Includes a party named as respondent in a petition for review or
specialized review.
Application.—Includes a petition or a motion.
Appropriate security.—Security that meets the requirements of Pa.R.A.P.
1734 (appropriate security).
Children’s Fast Track Appeal. Any appeal from an order involving dependency, termination of parental rights, adoptions, custody, paternity, or delinquency, except out-of-home placements under Pa.R.A.P. 1612. See 42 Pa.C.S.
§§ 6301 et seq.; 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2511 et seq.; 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101 et seq.; 23
Pa.C.S. §§ 5321 et seq.; 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5102 et seq.
Clerk.—Includes prothonotary.
Counsel of record.—All attorneys who were counsel of record in the trial
court at the time of the filing of the notice of appeal will be counsel of record

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GENERAL PROVISIONS

in the appellate courts. For a criminal defendant, the representation extends up
to and including the filing of a petition for allowance of appeal and the handling of such an appeal if granted, unless (1) substitute counsel has entered an
appearance and is expressly identified in the praecipe as substitute, rather than
additional, counsel; (2) the Court of Common Pleas has entered on the docket
an order permitting the attorney to withdraw; or (3) an application for withdrawal is granted by the appellate court.
Determination.—Action or inaction by a government unit which action or
inaction is subject to judicial review by a court under Section 9 of Article V of
the Constitution of Pennsylvania or otherwise. The term includes an order
entered by a government unit.
Docket entries.—Includes the schedule of proceedings of a government unit.
General rule.—A rule or order promulgated by or pursuant to the authority
of the Supreme Court.
Government unit.—The Governor and the departments, boards, commissions,
officers, authorities, and other agencies of the Commonwealth, including the
General Assembly and its officers and agencies and any court or other officer
or agency of the unified judicial system, and any political subdivision or
municipal or other local authority or any officer or agency of any such political
subdivision or local authority. The term includes a board of arbitrators whose
determination is subject to review under 42 Pa.C.S. § 763(b) (awards of arbitrators).
Hybrid representation.—An attempt to act as counsel for oneself when one
has counsel of record.
Judge.—Includes a justice of the Supreme Court.
Matter.—Action, proceeding, or appeal. The term includes a petition for
review or petition for specialized review.
Order.—Includes judgment, decision, decree, sentence, and adjudication.
Orphans’ Court Appeal.—Any appeal from an order of the Orphans’ Court
Division as set forth in Pa.R.A.P. 342 or an appeal from an order from the First
Judicial District Family Division deciding an adoption petition.
Petition for allowance of appeal.—
(a)
A petition under Pa.R.A.P. 1112 (appeals to the Supreme Court by
allowance); or
(b)
a statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) (discretionary aspects of
sentence). See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781.
Petition for permission to appeal.—A petition under Pa.R.A.P. 1311 (interlocutory appeals by permission).
Petition for review.—A petition under Chapter 15.
Petition for specialized review.—A petition under Chapter 16.
President judge.—When applied to the Supreme Court, the term means the
Chief Justice of Pennsylvania.
Pro se.—A party representing himself or herself without counsel.
Proof of service.—Includes acknowledgment of service endorsed upon a
pleading.

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Quasijudicial order.—An order of a government unit, made after notice and
opportunity for hearing, which is by law reviewable solely upon the record
made before the government unit, and not upon a record made in whole or in
part before the reviewing court.
Reargument.—Includes reconsideration and rehearing, and is requested
through an application filed in accordance with Pa.R.A.P. 2541—2547.
Reproduced record.—That portion of the record which has been reproduced
for use in an appellate court. The term includes any supplemental reproduced
record.
Rule of court.—A rule promulgated by a court regulating practice or procedure before the promulgating court(s).
Trial court.—The court from which an appeal is first taken or to be taken.
Verified statement.—A document filed with a clerk under these rules containing statements of fact and a statement by the signatory that it is made subject
to the penalties of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904 (unsworn falsification to authorities).
Comment:
Based on 42 Pa.C.S. § 102 (definitions). The definition of ‘‘determination’’ is not intended to
affect the scope of review provided by 42 Pa.C.S. § 5105(d) (scope of appeal) or other provision of
law.
The addition of ‘‘delinquency’’ within the definition of ‘‘Children’s Fast Track Appeal’’ extends
expedited review to orders involving those adjudications.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 102 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802; amended September 10, 2008, effective December 1, 2008, 38 Pa.B. 5257; amended
January 13, 2009, 39 Pa.B. 1094, effective as to all appeals filed 60 days or more after adoption;
amended May 28, 2014, effective July 1, 2014, 44 Pa.B. 3493; amended January 7, 2020, effective
May 1, 2020, 50 Pa.B. 535; amended January 7, 2020, effective August 1, 2020, 50 Pa.B. 505;
amended July 26, 2024, effective October 1, 2024, 54 Pa.B. 5079; amended January 8, 2025, effective April 1, 2025, 55 Pa.B. 659. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (420436) to
(420438).

Rule 103. Scope of Rules.
These rules govern practice and procedure in the Supreme Court, the Superior
Court and the Commonwealth Court, including procedure in appeals to such
courts from lower courts and the procedure for direct review in such courts of
determinations of government units.

Rule 104. Rules of Court.
(a) General rule.—Each appellate court may from time to time make and
amend rules of court governing its practice:
(1) On any subject within the scope of Chapter 23 (sessions and arguments) notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of such chapter.
(2) On any subject covered by these rules where these rules expressly
authorize the adoption of a rule of court inconsistent with a provision of these
rules applicable to appellate courts generally.
(3) On any other subject, if such rule of court is not inconsistent with these
rules.
All rules of court and changes therein adopted pursuant to this rule shall be
promulgated as amendments to Chapters 33, 35 or 37, as appropriate. In all

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GENERAL PROVISIONS

cases not provided for by rule, the appellate courts may regulate their practice
in any manner not inconsistent with these rules.
(b) Briefs and reproduced records in Commonwealth Court evidentiary hearing matters.—The Commonwealth Court may from time to time make and amend
rules of court governing its practice in matters which under the applicable law
may be determined in whole or in part upon the record made before the court,
notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of Chapter 21 (briefs and reproduced
record) or Chapter 25 (post-submission proceedings).
Note: Under 42 Pa.C.S. § 323 (powers) every court has, except as otherwise prescribed by
general rules, power to make such rules and orders of court as the interest of justice or the business of the court may require.
All rules of court must be adopted in compliance with Pa. R.J.A. No. 103, which (except in
the case of Supreme Court rules of court) requires filing in the Administrative Office prior to
the effectiveness of such rules.
Rules contained in Chapters 33, 35 and 37 applicable to a particular appellate court should
always be examined to determine whether they have superseded provisions of these rules applicable to appellate courts generally. Also, review of any applicable internal operating procedures
may afford material guidance. See, e.g. 210 Pa. Code Ch. 67 (internal operating procedures of
the Commonwealth Court).
Source
The provisions of this Rule 104 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802; amended February 27, 1980, 10 Pa.B. 1038, effective date as set forth at 10 Pa.B. 1038.
Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (39540).

Rule 105. Application of Rules and Enlargement of Time.
(a) Application. These rules shall be liberally applied to secure the just,
speedy, and inexpensive determination of every matter to which they are applicable. In the interest of expediting decision, or for other good cause shown, an
appellate court may, except as otherwise provided in subdivision (b), disregard
the requirements or provisions of any of these rules in a particular case on application of a party or on its own motion and may order proceedings in accordance
with its direction.
(b) Enlargement of Time. An appellate court for good cause shown may upon
application enlarge the time prescribed by these rules or by its order for doing any
act, or may permit an act to be done after the expiration of such time, but the
court may not enlarge the time for filing a notice of appeal, a petition for allowance of appeal, a petition for permission to appeal, a petition for review, or a
petition for specialized review.
Comment:
42 Pa.C.S. § 5504 provides that the time limited by, inter alia, Chapter 55D of the Judicial Code
shall not be extended by order, rule, or otherwise, except that the time limited may be extended to
relieve fraud or its equivalent, but there will be no extension of time as a matter of indulgence or with
respect to any criminal proceeding. However, under 42 Pa.C.S. § 5571(a), statutory time limits under
Chapter 55D do not apply to appeals to or other judicial review by the Supreme, Superior, or Commonwealth Courts.
Subdivision (b) of this rule is not intended to affect the power of a court to grant relief in the case
of fraud or breakdown in the processes of a court.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 105 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802; amended January 7, 2020, effective August 1, 2020, 50 Pa.B. 505; amended November
3, 2023, effective January 1, 2024, 53 Pa.B. 7132. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages
(401589) to (401590).

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RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE

Rule 106. Original Jurisdiction Matters.
Unless otherwise prescribed by these rules the practice and procedure in matters brought before an appellate court within its original jurisdiction shall be in
accordance with the appropriate general rules applicable to practice and procedure in the courts of common pleas, so far as they may be applied.
Official Note: Based on former Commonwealth Court Rule 119. The last clause of the rule
refers to provisions which must be adapted to the nature and jurisdiction of the court involved.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 106 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (27895).

Rule 107. Construction of Rules.
In the construction of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, the principles set forth in Pa.R.J.A. 104 to 115 shall be observed.
(Editor’s Note: The following order was published at 54 Pa.B. 5611 (September 7, 2024):
Temporary Modification and Suspension of the Rules of Appellate
Procedure and Judicial Administration for Appeals Arising under the
Pennsylvania Election Code; No. 622 Judicial Administration Docket
Order
Per Curiam
And Now, this 27th day of August, 2024, upon consideration of the requirements of the Electoral Count Reform Act of 2022, see 3 U.S.C. § 5, to expedite
appeals in matters arising under the Pennsylvania Election Code with respect to
the November 5, 2024 General Election, and pursuant to Article V, Section 10 of
the Pennsylvania Constitution, it is Ordered as follows:
Rule 903(c)(1)(ii) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, which
provides for a 10-day appeal period from an order in any matter arising under the
Pennsylvania Election Code, is Temporarily Modified to provide for a 3-day
appeal period; further, Pa.R.A.P. 1113(c)(1), which provides for a 10-day period
for filing a petition for allowance of appeal from an order in any matter arising
under the Pennsylvania Election Code, is Temporarily Modified to provide for a
3-day period. All cross-appeals and cross-petitions for allowance of appeal must
also be filed within 3 days of the challenged order.
Additionally, Pa.R.A.P. 107 and Pa.R.J.A. 107 are Temporarily Suspended to
the extent they specify that weekends and holidays are to be excluded in calculating the above 3-day periods.
Answers to jurisdictional statements and petitions for allowance of appeal, and
separate motions to quash or dismiss appeals, will not be received in these matters. Any objection to the propriety of the appeal, including questions surrounding the appellate court’s jurisdiction, are to be raised in the appellees’ merits
briefs.
In appeals that fall within the purview of this order, appellants shall file briefs
within 24 hours of the filing their notice of appeal and, where applicable, jurisdictional statement. Appellees’ briefs are due within 24 hours of the filing of
appellants’ briefs. Further, Pa.R.A.P. 2113 (regarding reply briefs) is Temporarily
Suspended in these matters; no reply briefs will be permitted absent order of
court.

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GENERAL PROVISIONS

All filings related to matters encompassed by this order shall be filed electronically when counsel or the litigants have a PACFile account. Otherwise, counsel
or the litigants shall contact the relevant filing office to make alternative arrangements to ensure that the filing office receives the submissions by the applicable
deadline.
Pa.R.A.P. 1931(a) and (c) (regarding the deadline for transmittal of the record
when complete) are Temporarily Suspended in matters subject to this order, and
the record shall be transferred as soon as practicable. The lower court may transmit partially completed records in the interest of facilitating prompt resolution of
any appeal in these matters.
Applications for reconsideration or reargument will not be received on matters
falling under this order.
Any court deciding a matter that arises under the Pennsylvania Election Code
in relation to the November 5, 2024 General Election shall append a copy of this
order to its decision.
This order shall be effective August 29, 2024, and shall apply to appeals or
petitions for allowance of appeal filed from orders entered after that date.
This order shall remain in effect pending further order of this Court.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 107 amended November 3, 2023, effective January 1, 2024, 53 Pa.B.
7132. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (401590).

Rule 108. Date of Entry of Orders.
(a) General Rule.
(1) Except as otherwise prescribed in this rule, in computing any period of
time under these rules involving the date of entry of an order by a court or
other government unit, the day of entry shall be the day the clerk of the court
or the office of the government unit mails or delivers copies of the order to the
parties, or if such delivery is not otherwise required by law, the day the clerk
or office of the government unit makes such copies public. The day of entry of
an order may be the day of its adoption by the court or other government unit,
or any subsequent day, as required by the actual circumstances.
(2) When pursuant to law a determination of a government unit other than
a court is deemed to have been made by reason of the expiration of a specified
period of time after submission of a matter to the government unit or after
another prior event, any person affected may treat the expiration of such period
as equivalent to the entry of an order for the purposes of appeal (in which event
the notice of appeal or other document seeking review shall set forth briefly
facts showing the applicability of this subdivision) and shall so treat the expiration of the period where the person has actual knowledge (other than knowledge of the mere lapse of time) that the implied determination has occurred.
(b) Civil Orders.—The date of entry of an order in a matter subject to the
Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure shall be the date on which the clerk makes
the notation in the docket that written notice of entry of the order has been given
as required by Pa.R.Civ.P. 236(b).
(c) Orphans’ Court Orders.—The date of entry of an order in a matter subject to the Pennsylvania Rules of Orphans’ Court Procedure shall be the date on
which the clerk makes the notation in the docket that written notice of entry of
the order has been given as required by Pa.R.O.C.P. 4.6.

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(d) Criminal Orders.
(1) In determining the date of entry of criminal orders, subdivision (a)(1)
shall apply except as provided in subdivision (d)(2).
(2) In a criminal case in which no post-sentence motion has been filed, the
date of imposition of sentence in open court shall be deemed to be the date of
entry of the judgment of sentence.
(e) Emergency Appeals.—Notwithstanding the provisions of this rule, an
order subject to Pa.R.A.P. 301(e) (emergency appeals) shall be deemed entered
for the purposes of these rules when the party intending to appeal has complied
with such rule to the extent practicable under the circumstances.
Comment:
Based in part on 42 Pa.C.S. § 5572 (time of entry of order) (which is not applicable to appeals to
or judicial review of quasijudicial orders by the Supreme, Superior, or Commonwealth Courts; see 42
Pa.C.S. § 5571(a) (appeals generally)) and 1 Pa. Code § 31.13. The purpose of this rule is to fix a
date from which the time periods such as those set forth in Pa.R.A.P. 903 (time for appeal), Pa.R.A.P.
1113 (time for petitioning for allowance of appeal), Pa.R.A.P. 1311 (interlocutory appeals by permission), Pa.R.A.P. 1512 (time for petitioning for review), Pa.R.A.P. 1602 (filing), and Pa.R.A.P. 2542
(time for application for reargument) are computed. Pa.R.A.P. 5101(g) (statutes suspended) suspends
all inconsistent statutes so that all appellate time periods are computed on the same basis.
Subdivision (a)(2) is patterned after 42 Pa.C.S. § 5571(c)(6) (implied determinations). See Comment to Pa.R.A.P. 903 (time for appeal). The purpose of the provision is: (1) to permit an aggrieved
party to appeal immediately after the expiration of the period notwithstanding the failure of the government unit to take formal action; and (2) to eliminate complicated calendar watching by forcing the
government unit or another affected person to notify all parties of the expiration of the period as a
prerequisite to commencement of the running of the appeal period for the purpose of the finality of
the implied determination. See, e.g., Pa.R.A.P. 1571(b)(3) (determinations of the Board of Finance and
Revenue).
Subdivision (d)—See Pa.R.A.P. 301(a)(1) and (2), Pa.R.A.P. 903(c)(3), and Pa.R.Crim.P. 462, 720,
and 721 governing criminal appeals. When no post-sentence motion is filed, the time for appeal
begins to run from the date of imposition of sentence. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 462(H)(2), 720(A)(3) and (D),
and 721(B)(2)(a)(ii), Pa.R.A.P. 301(a)(2) and 903(c)(3). See also Commonwealth v. Green, 862 A.2d
613 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc), petition for allowance of appeal denied, 882 A.2d 477 (Pa. 2005).
When post-sentence motions are denied by operation of law, the appeal period shall run from the date
of entry of the order denying the motion by operation of law. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(A)(2)(c).
Historical Commentary
The following commentary is historical in nature and represents statements of the Committee at the
time of rulemaking:
Explanatory Comment—1979
Where a determination is implied by the passage of time without action by a government unit, an
aggrieved party is given the option either to appeal at once at the expiration of the period or to rely
on the government unit or other affected person to give notice that an implied determination has been
made.
Explanatory Comment—2007
New subdivision (d) governs criminal appeals. Under new subdivision (d), when no post-sentence
motion is filed, the time for appeal begins to run from the date of imposition of sentence. See
Pa.R.Crim.P. 462(G)(2), 720(A)(3) and (D), and 721(B)(2)(a)(ii), and the conforming amendments to
Pa.R.A.P. 301(a)(2) and 903(c)(3), and 2006 Explanatory Comment thereto. See also Commonwealth
v. Green, 862 A.2d 613 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc), allocatur denied, 584 Pa. 692, 882 A.2d 477
(2005). When post-sentence motions are denied by operation of law, the appeal period shall run from
the date of entry of the order denying the motion by operation of law. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(c).

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GENERAL PROVISIONS

Source
The provisions of this Rule 108 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802; amended May 16, 1979, effective September 30, 1979, 9 Pa.B. 1740; amended February
27, 1980, 10 Pa.B. 1038, effective date as set forth at 10 Pa.B. 1038; amended January 18, 2007,
effective August 1, 2007, 37 Pa.B. 521; amended July 26, 2024, effective October 1, 2024, 54 Pa.B.
5079. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (417042) and (401591) to (401592).

DOCUMENTS GENERALLY

Rule 120. Entry of Appearance.
Any counsel filing papers required or permitted to be filed in an appellate court
must enter an appearance with the prothonotary of the appellate court unless that
counsel has been previously noted on the docket as counsel pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
907(b), 1112(f), 1311(d), 1514(d), or 1602(d). New counsel appearing for a party
after docketing pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 907(b), 1112(f), 1311(d), 1514(d), or
1602(d) shall file an entry of appearance simultaneously with or prior to the filing of any papers signed by new counsel. The entry of appearance shall specifically designate each party the attorney represents, and whether the attorney is
entering an appearance as substitute or additional counsel. The attorney shall file
a certificate of service pursuant to paragraph (d) of Pa.R.A.P. 121 and to
Pa.R.A.P. 122. If an attorney enters an appearance as substitute counsel for a
party, the original counsel of record for that party may withdraw by praecipe,
without filing an application for permission to withdraw.
Official Note:

For admission pro hac vice, see Pa.B.A.R. 301.

Source
The provisions of this Rule 120 adopted March 15, 2004, effective 60 days after adoption, 34 Pa.B.
1670; amended December 10, 2013, effective February 10, 2014, 43 Pa.B. 7544; amended January 7,
2020, effective May 1, 2020, 50 Pa.B. 535; amended January 7, 2020, effective August 1, 2020, 50
Pa.B. 505. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (400744).

Rule 121. Filing and Service.
(a) Filing.—Papers required or permitted to be filed in an appellate court
shall be filed with the prothonotary. Filing may be accomplished by mail
addressed to the prothonotary, but except as otherwise provided by these rules,
filing shall not be timely unless the papers are received by the prothonotary
within the time fixed for filing. If an application under these rules requests relief
which may be granted by a single judge, a judge in extraordinary circumstances
may permit the application and any related papers to be filed with that judge. In
that event the judge shall note thereon the date of filing and shall thereafter
transmit such papers to the clerk.
(b) Service of all papers required.—Copies of all papers filed by any party
and not required by these rules to be served by the prothonotary shall, concurrently with their filing, be served by a party or person acting on behalf of that
party or person on all other parties to the matter. Service on a party represented
by counsel shall be made on counsel.

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(c) Manner of service.—Service may be:
(1) by personal service, which includes delivery of the copy to a clerk or
other responsible person at the office of the person served, but does not include
inter-office mail;
(2) by first class, express, or priority United States Postal Service mail,
which service is complete upon mailing;
(3) by commercial carrier with delivery intended to be at least as expeditious as first class mail if the carrier can verify the date of delivery to it; or
(4) by facsimile or e-mail with the agreement of the party being served as
stated in the certificate of service.
(d) Proof of service.—Papers presented for filing shall contain an acknowledgement of service by the person served or proof of service certified by the person who made service. Acknowledgement or proof of service may appear on or
be affixed to the papers filed. The clerk may permit papers to be filed without
acknowledgement or proof of service but shall require such to be filed promptly
thereafter.
(e) Additional time after service by mail and commercial carrier.—Whenever
a party is required or permitted to do an act within a prescribed period after service of a paper upon that party (other than an order of a court or other government unit) and the paper is served by United States mail or by commercial carrier, three days shall be added to the prescribed period.
(f) Date of filing for incarcerated persons.—A pro se filing submitted by a
person incarcerated in a correctional facility is deemed filed as of the date of the
prison postmark or the date the filing was delivered to the prison authorities for
purposes of mailing as documented by a properly executed prisoner cash slip or
other reasonably verifiable evidence.
(g) Hybrid representation.—Where there is counsel of record, a party may
file only the following documents pro se: (i) a notice of appeal; (ii) a request to
change or remove counsel; (iii) a response to a motion to withdraw that has been
filed by counsel of record; (iv) a complaint that existing counsel has abandoned
the party; or (v) an application to file a petition for allowance of appeal nunc pro
tunc. Any other document that a party attempts to file pro se will be noted on the
docket but not accepted for filing. This rule is not intended to provide an independent basis for jurisdiction where it does not otherwise exist.
Official Note: Paragraph (a)—The term ‘‘related papers’’ in paragraph (a) of this rule
includes any appeal papers required by Pa.R.A.P. 1702 (stay ancillary to appeal) as a prerequisite to an application for a stay or similar relief.
Paragraph (c)—An acknowledgement of service may be executed by an individual other than
the person served, e.g., by a clerk or other responsible person.
Paragraph (d)—With respect to appearances by new counsel following the initial docketing
of appearances pursuant to paragraph (d) of this rule, please note the requirements of Pa.R.A.P.
120 (entry of appearance).
Paragraph (e)—Paragraph (e) of the rule does not apply to the filing of a notice of appeal,
a petition for allowance of appeal, a petition for permission to appeal, or a petition for reconsideration or reargument, since under these rules the time for filing such papers runs from the
entry and service of the related order, nor to the filing of a petition for review or a petition for
specialized review, which are governed by similar considerations. The amendments to Pa.R.A.P.
903(b), 1113(b), and 1512(a)(2) clarified that paragraph (e) does apply to calculating the deadline for filing cross-appeals, cross-petitions for allowance of appeal, and additional petitions for
review or specialized review.

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Paragraph (f)—This recognizes the holding in Smith v. Board of Probation and Parole, 683
A.2d 278, 281 (Pa. 1996) (adopting the prisoner mailbox rule to determine date of filing of a
petition for review). Smith adopted the reasoning of the United States Supreme Court in Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-71 (1988). See also Commonwealth v. Jones, 700 A.2d 423, 426
(Pa. 1997) (extending prisoner mailbox rule to filing of a notice of appeal).
Paragraph (g)—The rule on hybrid representation is premised on Commonwealth v. Ellis,
626 A.2d 1137, 1139-40 (Pa. 1993). See 210 Pa. Code § 65.24. If a pro se notice of appeal is
filed, it will satisfy the timeliness requirement for the filing of a notice of appeal. Counsel of
record will, however, be obligated to prosecute that appeal. There are four other instances in
which pro se documents will be accepted by an appellate court for filing: a request by the party
to change or remove counsel; a response to counsel’s request to withdraw; a complaint that
existing counsel has abandoned the party; and a pro se petition for nunc pro tunc permission to
file a petition for allowance of appeal under Pa.R.A.P. 1113(d). All other documents will be
noted on the docket as received by the appellate court prothonotary’s office but will not be
accepted for filing; instead, the pro se document will be forwarded to counsel of record with, if
the court desires, direction for counsel to respond.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 121 amended July 7, 1997, effective in 60 days, 27 Pa.B. 3503;
amended March 15, 2004, effective 60 days after adoption, 34 Pa.B. 1670; amended September 10,
2008, effective December 1, 2008, 38 Pa.B. 5257; amended April 9, 2012, effective in 30 days, 42
Pa.B. 2269; amended January 7, 2020, effective May 1, 2020, 50 Pa.B. 535; amended January 7,
2020, effective August 1, 2020, 50 Pa.B. 505. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages
(400744) to (400746).

Rule 122. Content and Form of Proof of Service.
(a) Content.—A proof of service shall contain a statement of the date and
manner of service and of the names of the persons served.
(b) Form.—Each name and address shall be separately set forth in the form
of a mailing address, including applicable zip code, regardless of the actual
method of service employed. The proof of service shall also show the telephone
number, the party represented, and, where applicable, an e-mail or facsimile
address. The name, address and telephone number of the serving party shall be
similarly set forth, followed by the attorney’s registration number. A proof of service may be in substantially the following form:
I hereby certify that I am this day serving the foregoing document upon the
persons and in the manner indicated below, which service satisfies the requirements of Pa.
R.A.P. 121:
Service by first class mail addressed as follows:
Name Telephone number
Mailing address
(Party represented)
Acceptance of service endorsed by the following:
Name, Telephone number
Mailing address
(Party represented)
Service in person as follows:
Name, Telephone number
Street address
Mailing address (if different)
(Party represented)

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Service by commercial carrier as follows:
Name of commercial carrier
Addressee’s name, Telephone number
Street address
Mailing address (if different)
(Party represented)
Service by e-mail at following:
E-mail address, with agreement of:
Name, Telephone number
Mailing address
(Party represented)
Service by facsimile at following:
Fax number with the agreement of:
Name, Telephone number
Mailing address
(Party represented)
Date:
(S)
Name, Telephone number
(Attorney Registration No. 00000)
Mailing address
(Party represented)

Official Note: Under 18 Pa.C.S. § 4904 (unsworn falsification to authorities) a knowingly
false proof of service constitutes a misdemeanor of the second degree.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 122 amended February 27, 1980, 10 Pa.B. 1038, effective as set forth
at 10 Pa.B. 1038; amended April 20, 1990, effective May 12, 1990, 20 Pa.B. 2515; amended September 10, 2008, effective December 1, 2008, 38 Pa.B. 5257. Immediately preceding text appears at serial
pages (361136) and (392563).

Rule 123. Application for Relief.
(a) Contents of applications for relief.—Unless another form is elsewhere
prescribed by these rules, an application for an order or other relief shall be made
by filing a written application for such order or relief with proof of service on all
other parties. The application shall contain or be accompanied by any matter
required by a specific provision of these rules governing such an application,
shall state with particularity the grounds on which it is based, and shall set forth
the order or relief sought. If an application is supported by briefs, verified statements, or other papers, they shall be served and filed with the application. An
application may be made in the alternative and seek such alternative relief or

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action by the court as may be appropriate. All grounds for relief demanded shall
be stated in the application and failure to state a ground shall constitute a waiver
thereof. Except as otherwise prescribed by these rules, a request for more than
one type of relief may be combined in the same application.
(b) Answer.—Any party may file an answer to an application within 14 days
after service of the application, but applications under Chapter 17 (effect of
appeals; supersedeas and stays), or for delay in remand of the record, may be
acted upon after reasonable notice, unless the exigency of the case is such as to
impel the court to dispense with such notice. The court may shorten or extend the
time for answering any application. Answers shall be deemed filed on the date of
mailing if first class, express, or priority United States Postal Service mail is utilized.
(c) Speaking applications.—An application or answer which sets forth facts
which do not already appear of record shall be verified by some person having
knowledge of the facts, except that the court, upon presentation of such an application or answer without a verified statement, may defer action pending the filing of a verified statement or it may in its discretion act upon it in the absence
of a verified statement if the interests of justice so require.
(d) Oral argument.—Unless otherwise ordered by the court, oral argument
will not be permitted on any application.
(e) Power of single judge to entertain applications.—In addition to the
authority expressly conferred by these rules or by law or rule of court, a single
judge of an appellate court may entertain and may grant or deny any request for
relief which under these rules may properly be sought by application, except that
an appellate court may provide by order or rule of court that any application or
class of applications must be acted upon by the court. The action of a single judge
may be reviewed by the court except for actions of a single judge under Pa.R.A.P.
3102(c)(2) (relating to quorum in Commonwealth Court in any election matter).
(f) Certificate of compliance with Case Records Public Access Policy of the
Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania.—An application or answer filed under
this Rule shall contain the certificate of compliance required by Pa.R.A.P. 127.
Official Note: The 1997 amendment precludes review by the Commonwealth Court of
actions of a single judge in election matters.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 123 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802; amended December 30, 1987, effective January 16, 1988 and shall govern all matters
thereafter commenced and insofar as just and practicable, matters pending, 18 Pa.B. 245; amended
July 7, 1997, effective in 60 days, 27 Pa.B. 3503; amended September 10, 2008, effective December
1, 2008, 38 Pa.B. 5257; amended January 5, 2018, effective January 6, 2018, 48 Pa.B. 461; amended
June 1, 2018, effective July 1, 2018, 48 Pa.B. 3517. Immediately preceding text appears at serial
pages (389926) to (389927).

Rule 124. Form of Documents. Number of Copies to be Filed.
(a) Size and other physical characteristics.—All documents filed in an appellate court shall be on 8 1/2 inch by 11 inch pages and shall comply with the following requirements:
(1) The documents shall be prepared on white background.
(2) The first page shall contain a three-inch space from the top of the
document for all court stampings, filing notices, etc.

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(3) Text must be double spaced, but quotations more than two lines long
may be indented and single spaced. Footnotes may be single spaced. Except as
provided in paragraph (a)(2), margins must be at least one inch on all four
sides.
(4) Lettering shall be clear and legible and no smaller than 14 point in the
text and 12 point in footnotes. Lettering shall be on only one side of a page,
except that exhibits and similar supporting documents, briefs and reproduced
records may be lettered on both sides of a page.
(5) Any metal fasteners or staples must be covered. Originals must be
unbound. Copies must be firmly bound.
(6) No backers shall be necessary.
(b) Nonconforming documents.—The prothonotary of an appellate court may
accept any nonconforming documents.
(c) Number of copies to be filed.—Unless otherwise directed by the prothonotary or ordered by the court, a party shall file the number of copies as specified in the copy and fee requirements set forth on each appellate court’s web
page.
Official Note: The 2013 amendment increased the minimum text font size from 12 point to
14 point and added a minimum footnote font size of 12 point. This rule requires a clear and legible font. The Supreme, Superior, and Commonwealth Courts use Arial, Verdana, and Times
New Roman, respectively, for their opinions. A brief using the respective court’s font is preferred, but a brief using any of these fonts will be satisfactory.
The number of copies to be filed in the Supreme Court can be found at http://
www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/copy-and-fee-requirements.
The number of copies to be filed in the Superior Court can be found at http://
www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/copy-and-fee-requirements.
The number of copies to be filed in the Commonwealth Court can be found at http://
www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/copy-and-fee-requirements.
Self-represented parties who do not have access to an appellate court’s web page may file an
original document together with a written request to the prothonotary for instructions on the
number of copies required.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 124 amended December 11, 1978, effective December 30, 1978, 8
Pa.B. 3802; amended May 24, 1979, effective September 21, 1979, 9 Pa.B. 1853; amended May 16,
2003, effective 60 days after adoption, 33 Pa.B. 2586; amended September 10, 2008, effective
December 1, 2008, 38 Pa.B. 5257; amended March 27, 2013, effective and applies to all appeals and
petitions for review filed 60 days after adoption, 43 Pa.B. 2007; amended October 28, 2021, effective
April 1, 2022, 51 Pa.B. 7050. Immediately preceding text appears at serial pages (393650) and
(396033).

Rule 125. Electronic Filing.
Electronic filing of documents in the appellate courts shall be through the
PACFile appellate court electronic filing system. Electronic filing of documents
shall be governed by Administrative Orders of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which may be found at http://ujsportal.pacourts.us/refdocuments/
judicialorder.pdf.
Official Note: This is an interim rule permitting electronic filing of documents in the Pennsylvania appellate courts. Initially, electronic filing will be available only in the Supreme Court.
Subsequently, electronic filing will become available in the Superior and Commonwealth

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Courts. After experience is gained with electronic filing, the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate
Procedure will be amended where needed and as appropriate.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 125 adopted October 24, 2012, effective November 1, 2012, 42 Pa.B.
7007; amended December 20, 2013, effective immediately, 44 Pa.B. 8; amended November 13, 2015,
effective immediately, 45 Pa.B. 6808. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (379514).

Rule 126. Citations of Authorities.
(a) When citing authority, a party should direct the court’s attention to the
specific part of the authority on which the party relies. A party citing authority
that is not readily available shall attach the authority as an appendix to its filing.
If a party cites a decision as authorized in paragraph (b), (c), or (d), the party shall
indicate the value or basis for such citation in a parenthetical following the citation.
(b) Non-Precedential Decisions.
(1) As used in this rule, ‘‘non-precedential decision’’ refers to an unpublished non-precedential memorandum decision of the Superior Court filed after
May 1, 2019 or an unreported memorandum opinion of the Commonwealth
Court filed after January 15, 2008.
(2) Non-precedential decisions as defined in (b)(1) may be cited for their
persuasive value.
(c) Single-Judge Opinions of the Commonwealth Court.
(1) A reported single-judge opinion in an election law matter filed after
October 1, 2013, may be cited as binding precedent only in an election law
matter.
(2) All other single-judge opinions, even if reported, shall be cited only for
persuasive value and not as binding precedent.
(d) Law of the Case and Related Doctrines.—Any disposition may always be
cited if relevant to the doctrine of law of the case, res judicata, or collateral
estoppel, or if relevant to a criminal action or proceeding because it recites issues
raised and reasons for a decision affecting the same defendant in a prior action or
proceeding.
Official Note:
Paragraph (a)
Pa.R.A.P. 126 is intended to ensure that cited authority is readily available to the court and
parties. Paragraph (a) encourages parties to provide citations to the specific pages of cases and
sections or subsections of statutes or rules that are relevant to the reason for the citation.
Although the rule does not establish rules for citation, the following guidelines regarding the
citation of Pennsylvania cases and statutes are offered for parties’ benefit:
Regarding cases, the rule does not require parallel citation to the National Reporter
System and the official reports of the Pennsylvania appellate courts. Parties may cite to
the National Reporter System alone.
Regarding statutes, Pennsylvania has officially consolidated only some of its statutes.
Parties citing a statute enacted in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes may use the
format ‘‘1 Pa.C.S. § 1928.’’ Parties citing an unconsolidated statute may refer to the
Pamphlet Laws or other official collection of the Legislative Reference Bureau, with a
parallel citation to Purdon’s Pennsylvania Statutes Annotated, if available, using the
format, ‘‘Act of February 14, 2008, P.L. 6, 65 P.S. §§ 67.101—67.3104’’ or ‘‘Section
3(a) of the Act of May 16, 1923, P.L. 207, as amended, 53 P.S. § 7106(a).’’ Parties are
advised that Purdon’s does not represent an official version of Pennsylvania statutes.

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In re Appeal of Tenet HealthSystems Bucks Cnty., LLC, 880 A.2d 721, 725-26 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2005), appeal denied, 897 A.2d 1185 (Pa. 2006).
Litigants are directed to provide, as far as practicable, citations to non-precedential decisions
from electronic databases, such as LEXIS or Westlaw or any other readily available website.
Opinions of the appellate courts are posted at http://www.pacourts.us and that website has
searching and filtering capabilities. If another Rule of Appellate Procedure requires a paper
copy, one should be provided.
Prior to Pa.R.A.P. 126, the format for citation was discussed only in Pa.R.A.P. 2119(b), a rule
applicable to briefs. The format guidelines are not mandatory, and a party does not waive an
argument merely by failing to follow the format. The guidelines do, however, provide assistance
to parties looking for generally acceptable citation format in Pennsylvania’s appellate courts.
Paragraph (b)
Paragraph (b) defines non-precedential decisions and their value for citation purposes. The
new term is intended to harmonize the designations of intermediate appellate court opinions.
Thus, ‘‘non-precedential decision’’ encompasses what are referred to as unpublished nonprecedential memorandum decisions of the Superior Court and unreported memorandum opinions of the Commonwealth Court.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 126 adopted November 24, 2015, effective January 1, 2016, 45 Pa.B.
6971; amended March 4, 2019, effective May 1, 2019, 49 Pa.B. 1335. Immediately preceding text
appears at serial page (393652).

Rule 127. Confidential Information and Confidential Documents. Certification.
(a) Unless public access is otherwise constrained by applicable authority, any
attorney or any unrepresented party who files a document pursuant to these rules
shall comply with the requirements of Sections 7.0 and 8.0 of the Case Records
Public Access Policy of the Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania (‘‘Public
Access Policy’’). In accordance with the Policy, the filing shall include a certification of compliance with the Policy and, as necessary, a Confidential Information Form or a Confidential Document Form.
(b) Unless an appellate court orders otherwise, case records or documents that
are sealed by a court, government unit, or other tribunal shall remain sealed on
appeal.
Comment: Paragraph (a)—‘‘Applicable authority’’ includes but is not limited to statute,
procedural rule, or court order. The Case Records Public Access Policy of the Unified Judicial
System of Pennsylvania (‘‘Public Access Policy’’) can be found at https://www.pacourts.
us/public-records. Sections 7.0(D) and 8.0(D) of the Public Access Policy provide that the certification shall be in substantially the following form:
I certify that this filing complies with the provisions of the Case Records Public Access
Policy of the Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania that require filing confidential information and documents differently than non-confidential information and documents.
Appropriate forms can be found at https://www.pacourts.us/public-records. For certification
of the Reproduced Record and Supplemental Reproduced Record in compliance with the Public
Access Policy, see Pa.R.A.P. 2152, 2156, 2171, and accompanying notes.

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Paragraph (b)—Once a document is sealed, it shall remain sealed on appeal unless the appellate court orders, either sua sponte or on application, that the case record or document be
opened.
Source
The provisions of this Rule 127 adopted January 5, 2018, effective January 6, 2018, 48 Pa.B. 461;
amended June 1, 2018, effective July 1, 2018, 48 Pa.B. 3517; amended December 1, 2021, effective
January 1, 2022, 51 Pa.B. 7618. Immediately preceding text appears at serial page (396035).

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/court_rules%3Apa%3Ad3fc7ee8884edb3e. Public record. Not legal advice.