# Appendix — Milliken v. Bradley

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## Record

- **Collection:** Supreme Court brief
- **Document type:** Appendix
- **Published:** January 1, 1974
- **Citation:** 418 U.S. 717

## Text

Ve

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO APPENDIX

PAGE

Excerpts from Supplemental Memorandum of Decision,
December 6, 1973, United States of America, et al. v.
The Board of School Commissioners of Indianapolis,

et al. (S D Ind: No. IP-68-C-225)’........¢.... Al1-Al0
Growth of Non-White Population in Major Central Cities,

PE Sb 4 Gee Sse cin dace cane bea sugewew ees All
Bureau of Census—Table on birth expectations for report-

ing wives, 18 to 39 years old, 1967 and 1972 ........ Al2
Bureau of Census—Births to date per 1,000 wives to 18 to

PO, BOUOE OR BOTS. inn ccc nae osanne tenets es Al3
Bureau of Census—School Enrollment, 3 to 34 youre old

Sr Wee OS 1978 wis i Sis iiss iW Chases Al4

Chart of optimum school district size recommendations .. Al5

APPENDIX

UNITED STATES DistrICT CouRT
Southern District of Indiana
Indianapolis Division

UNITED STATES OF AMERICAN, et al., )
Plaintiffs,
vs.
>Cause No. IP-68-C-225
THE BOARD OF SCHOOL COMMISSION-
ERS OF INDIANAPOLIS, et al
Defendants.

7

EXCERPTS FROM —
SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

(December 6, 1973)

I. Introduction

Heretofore, on August 18, 1971, the Court filed herein its
Memorandum of Decision, incorporating its findings of fact and
conclusions of law, and making certain interim orders, with
respect to the issues presented by the complaint of the original
plantiff, United States of America, and the answer of the
original defendants, The Board of School Commissioners of the
City of Indianapolis, the individual members of such Board, and
the Board’s appointed Superintendent of schools. Such decision,
which will be referred to hereafter as “Indianapolis I,” is re-
ported in 332 F. Supp. 655, aff'd 474 F. 2d 81 (7 Cir. 1973),
cert. den. 37 L. Ed. 2d 1041 (1973).

Thereafter, on July 20, 1973, the Court filed herein a second
Memorandum of Decision, incorporating its findings of fact and
conclusions of law, and making certain interim orders, with re-
spect to certain issues presented by the complaint of the original

A2

and added plaintiffs, Donny Brurell Buckley, et al, and the
answers of the original and added defendants. Such decision
will be referred to hereafter as “Indianapolis Il,” is reported
eneme F. Supp. ., 37 Ind. Dec. 524, and is now on appeal
to the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Nos. 73-1968
to 73-1984, incl.

The key decision made in Indianapolis I was that the India-
napolis public school system (hereafter “IPS”) was being oper-
ated by the original defendants, and had been operated by their
predecessors in office, as a system practicing de jure segregation
of students of the Negro race. It was therefore held that the
Negro students were being denied the equal protection of the
laws, as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown vy,
Board of Education, 347 U. S. 483 (1954). Certain interim
measures tending to prevent further ‘segregation were ordered,
pending consideration of the questions to be presented and later
decided in Indianapolis II, it being understood that the law re-
quired the.defendants to take affirmative action to desegregate
IPS Green v. Country School Board, 391 U. S. 430 (1968).

The key decisions made in Indianapolis II were that (1) asa
practical matter, desegregation promising a reasonable degree of
permanence could not be accomplished within the present boun-
daries of IPS, and (2) added defendant officials of the State of
Indiana, their predecessors in office, the added defendant The
Indiana State Board of Education, and the State itself have, by
various acts and omissions, promoted segregation and inhibited
desegregation within IPS, so that the State, as the agency ult
matedy charged under Indiana law with the operation of the
public schools, has an affirmative duty to desegregate IPS.

The Court also held in Indianapolis II that IPS could be effec-
tively desegregated either by combining its territory with that
of all or part of the territory served by certain added defendant
school corporations, into a metropolitan system or systems, and
then reassigning pupils within the expanded system or systems
thus created, or by transferring Negro students from IPS to

A3

added defendant school corporations, either on a one-way or an
exchange basis.~ It further held that the State, through its Gen-
eral Assembly, should be first afforded the opportunity to select
its own plan, but that if it failed to do so within a reasonable
time, the Court would have the power and the duty to promul-
gate its own plan, and place it in effect. Bradley, et al, v. Milli-
ken, et al, ............ ey eon . (6 Cir. 1973). See Baker v. Carr,
369 U. S. 186 (1962); Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U. S. 533 (1964).

By way of affirmative relief pending action by the General
Assembly, the Court ordered IPS to effect pupil reassignments
for the 1973-74 school year sufficient to bring the number of
Negro pupils in each of its elementary schools to approximately
15%, which has been accomplished. The Court also directed
IPS to transfer to certain added defendant school corporations,
and for such corporations to receive and enroll, a number of
Negro students-equal to 5% of the 1972-73 enrollment of each
transferee school, with certain exceptions. This order was, on
August 8, 1973, stayed by the Court until the 1973-74 school
year by an order made in open court but not previously reduced
to writing.

At this time, certain matters have been presented to the
Court, both formally and informally, which require further rul-
ings in the premises. Such rulings are now made, as hereafter
set out, as supplementary to or, in some instances, in lieu of
tulings heretofore entered in Indianapolis II, as heretofore

IV. Guidelines of this Court—General

It is, of course, recognized by the Court that it cannot
issue a positive order to the General Assembly to enact specific
legislation. It is, for such reason that the Court has suggested
several different methods by which the General Assembly

could approach the problem of effectively desegregating IPS,

A4

and it does not imply that there may not be other equally
effective methods which may occur to that body.

Within the context of what has been suggested as possible
alternatives, however, the Court offers further observations, as
follows:

(1) With respect to the concept of one metropolitan school
district, embracing the area designated in Figure 1, attached
to the Court’s opinion in /ndianapolis I/, it is apparent that
some advantages would be obtained from such a system. To
name a few, a uniform tax base would be provided for the
education of the more than 200,000 pupils in the combined
system, and economy in operation could be achieved through
central purchasing and reduction of administrative overhead.
Complete desegregation would be simplified. On the other
hand, it may be that such a system would be too large in terms
of difficulty of administration and remoteness of the central
office from school patrons.

(2) With respect to the concept of creating various new
metropolitan districts—for example, six or eight to replace the
present twenty-four pictured on Figure 1, it is apparent that
some of the advantages above noted would be reduced, and
some of the disadvantages improved. Another alternate of
course, would be to create one metropolitan system for taxing
purposes, which in turn would be subdivided into several semi-
autonomous local districts. So long as IPS and the local districts
are each effectively desegregated, the method used would be

(3) With respgct to the concept of permitting the present
school corporations shown on said Figure 1 to remain as is,
insofar as geography and control is concerned, such a solution
would of course preserve local autonomy, and this Court would
have no reason to disapprove such a solution, so long as each such
corporation is required to participate in the desegregation of
IPS. Put in other terms, local autonomy for such corporations
is, under the law of Indiana, a privilege—not a right—all

AS

as discussed in detail in Indianapolis II. The consideration
for permitting the various corporations to continue their separate
existences‘ might therefore be stated to be their participation in
a meaningful plan to desegregate IPS. Some of the pertinent
facts which the General Assembly may wish to consider in
this regard are set out in the next two sections hereof.

V. Transfer of Pupils

When speaking of the transfer of pupils, the first logical
question is as to the numbers involved. In this connection, the
focus must be on the elementary schools within IPS which
were not affected by the interim plan adopted by the Court for
the present school year, and~:which have an enrollment of
Negro pupils exceeding 80%. There are nineteen such schools,
fourteen of which have Negro enrollments in excess of 97%.
Two additional schools have enrollments exceeding 60%, and
should also be considered. The total enrollment of black
students in these 21 schools, excluding kindergarten and special
education students, is approximately 11,500.

The General Assembly might order the exchange of all
or a substantial part of these 11,500 students with students
from the suburban school corporations. For purposes of illustra-
tion, if it were determined to desegregate such schools on the
basis of approximately 85% white—15% black, then about
9,775 black children would need to be transferred to suburban
schools, and about the same number of non-black children
would need to be transferred to IPS.

There is case law to the effect that transfers of students
must be made on an approximately equal basis insofar as the
faces are concerned, unless there is good reason why this
should not be done. In such cases it has been held that to
impose the “burden” of being transported wholly or largely
upon students of one race is yet another from of racial dis-
crimination and in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment
fights of the group transported. United States v. Texas Educa-

a

A6

tion Agency, 467 F. 2d 848 (5 Cir. 1972); Lee v. Macon
County Board of Education, 448 F. 2d 746 (5 Cir. 1971);
Haney v. County Board of Education of Sevier County, 429
F. 2d 364 (8 Cir. 1970). Such cases, if followed, would
seem to mandate so-called “two-way” busing, absent compelling
reasons to the contrary.

The Supreme Court has not specifically addressed itself to
this question. However, it is worthy of note that in McDaniel
v. Barresi, 402 U. S. 39 (1971), that Court approved a de-
segregation plan adopted by the Clarke County (Ga.) Board
of Education which reassigned pupils in five heavily Negro
“‘pockets’” to other attendance zones, busing many of them,
without any corresponding busing of whites. Other “one-way”
busing plans have likewise been approved, depending on the
factual setting. Hart v. County School Board, 459 F. 2d 981
(4 Cir. 1972); Norwalk Core v. Norwalk Board of Education,
423 F. 2d 121 (2 Cir.-1970). Indeed, the Fourth Circuit has
flatly held that a pattern of assigning Negro students to formerly
all-white schools, without requiring similar travel on the part
of whites, does not violate the equal protection clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment. Allen v. Asheville City Board of
Education, 434 F. 2d 902 (4 Cir. 1970). Moreover, analysis
of the cases cited in the preceding paragraph indicates that
they have been decided on their particular facts, even though
some of the language is in terms of absolute requirements.

The Court does not find it necessary to attempt to resolve
this question in terms of constitutional absolutes, nor could it
appropriately do so on the present record, since the question
has not been squarely presented. However, the record does
contain undisputed evidence that virtually all of the twenty-one
IPS elementary schools above referred to (located as shown in
Figure 13, attached) are substantially out of line with the re
quirements of present Indiana law and regulations establishing
minimum acreage requirements for elementary schools. The
regulations require seven acres for schools with 200 or less

A7

pupils, plus an additional acre for each additional 100 pupils |
or major fraction thereof. Burns Indiana Rules & Regs., § (28-
415)-3. As reflected in Figure 14, attached, only one of these
schools meets acreage requirements. Most schools are grossly
deficient in the space required—for example, the pupil density
at School 66 is 544.21 pupils per acre, and is 493.57 per acre
at School 42 and 481.33 per acre at School 73. By way of
comparison, the pupil density at School 42, taking into con-
sideration its enrollment and the State formula, should be 57.58
pupils per acre. It is thus overcrowded by 857.18%!

The evidence further shows that, with a few exceptions, the
twenty-one schools in question are among the older schools in
the IPS~system—some dating back 100 years, more or less.
Although there is no evidence that the Board of School Com-
missioners has not maintained such schools as well as could be
expected under the circumstances, it is a fair inference, subject
to further proof, that the type of construction, use of flammable
materials, etc., would fail by a wide margin to meet safety
standards for newly constructed schools. On the other hand,
the evidence discloses that the school plants maintained by
added defendant school corporations are, for the most part,
felatively new and in compliance with acreage and safety
standards.

On the basis of the foregoing facts, therefore, this Court
would not feel justified in condemning out of hand a “one-
way” suburban busing plan involving pupils from such of the
twenty-one schools as may seem to the Board, on analysis, to
afford inadequate educational plant facilities, viewed in the
light of current standards. Additionally, such a plan would
involve transportation of substantially fewer pupils, and there-
fore be less expensive.

Finally, unless convinced to the contrary by additional evi-
dence in an appropriate hearing, this Court is not prepared
to characterize busing as an unmitigated “burden.” Although
it might appear to a child to be “burdensome” to be deprived

a,

A8

of walking to school in the warm days of May and September
(which presupposes that children do not like to ride in motor
vehicles with their neighborhood friends—a somewhat nove
concept to the Court), the Court doubts that it would seem
such a burden to be trarisporied in a heated bus through &.,'
rain, sleet, and snow so familiar in this latitude during other
months of the school term. As pointed out in Jndianapolis Ii,
nearly 80% of suburban pupils (more than 80% since the
elimination of Greenfield) are bused to school at the present
time, without complaint.

The Court is not of the opinion that it would be wise to
require transportation of kindergarten pupils, primarily because
of their age, nor to transport special education pupils because
of the various special problems which would inevitably arise
in this regard. Further, the Court recognizes that special prob-
lems arise with respect to high school pupils, which might
render their transfer counter-productive once their high school
training has begun. As to pupils in grades 1-8, however, the
Court knows of no reason why transfer of pupils, in whatever
fashion the General Assembly may elect, would not be reason-
able and practical to accomplish the constitutional duty imposed
by the Supreme Court, with the understanding, of course, that
a transferred elementary pupil would thereafter routinely con-
tinue to be transferred to the same transferee school corpora-
tion for continued education through high school.

If, for example, transfer were made of Negro pupils from
those of the twenty-one schools failing to meet modern stand-
ards to the schools of added defendants situate within the
geographical area depicted in said Figure 1, all of those trans-
ferred would be afforded education in a desegregated setting.
It should be no great task to desegregate the remaining school
or schools within IPS. The Court estimates, based on the
statistics and projections in the record, that it would be neces
sary for the suburban schools within such Figure 1 area, ex
cluding the Washington Township and Pike Township schools,

AQ

to accept transfer of IPS elementary pupils in grade‘ 1-8 in
number equivalent to approximately 15% of their 1973-74
enrolments in the same grades in order to accomplish this
result. :

After such transfers were accomplished, the racial percentages
in each school to which transfers were made would be approxi-
mately 87% white and 13% Negro—a ratio which, by coin-
cidence, would approximate that of the nation as a whole. As
regards Washington Township, its minority percentage as pro-
jected for the present school year is already this high, so that
general 1-8 transfers to this defendant would not appear to be
indicated; however, the acceptance of pupil initiated transfers
from IPS to its Everett J. Light Industrial Center, to the extent
that vacancies exist, might well be required. Pike Township
likewise has a substantial minority percentage at this time; how-
ever, a number of transfers sufficient to increase such percent-
age to a figure approximating that of the other suburban schools
should be considered.

VI. Costs and Mechanics of Transfers

One advantage of the dual transfer system would be that if
approximately equal numbers of pupils were transferred to and
from suburban schools, tuition, transportation, and other costs
would balance out as between IPS and the various other cor-
porations, and no additions to school plants would be necessary.
On the other hand, more pupils would be transported, thus in-
creasing this total cost, and such a system would continue the
use of the IPS antique buildings and grounds.

_A one-way transfer plan would involve substantial tuition
payments from IPS to the transferee schools. To the extent that
such tuition applied only to the actual per capita cost of instruc-
tion, utilities, maintenance service, etc., no hardship would be
imposed upon IPS, because it is apparant that IPS expense for
such services would be correspondingly reduced. However, the

Al0

present transfer law, [.C. 1971, 20-8.1-6-1 through 20-8.1-6-15,
as amended, Burns $§ 28-5001 through 28-5015, also contem.
plate charges related to the fair value of the transferee school
plant, tax levies for building purposes, and other items related
to capita! outlay of the transferee school. Considering that the
State of Indiana is itself at fault in this matter, as previously
found, the General Assembly should consider whether the State
should be required to contribute the necessary amount to com-
pensate the transferee corporations for the use of their respective
plants. Such a provision, with an appropriate formula, could be
adopted as an amendment to the existing transfer law.

It is possible that the General Assembly could discharge its
duty in this matter simply by amending the existing transfer
law. The purpose of such law, as the Court understands it, is
to permit. the, better accommodation of school children. As
pointed out in Section III hereof, the Supreme’ Court Of the
United States has held that for a minority child to be compelled
to attend a segregated school denies the Fourteenth Amendment
rights of such child: in effect, the child is not properly accom-
modated. Therefore, if the transfer law were amended to recog-
nize transfers to accomplish desegregation of a school system
which has been finally adjudged to have been segregated de jure
(as is true in the case of IPS), a basis would be established for
other necessary changes regarding time of payment of tuition,
the share to be borne by the State, the matter of responsibility
for and payment of the cost of transportation, and similar details.
Since the actual number or percentage of pupils to be trans-
ferred is more of an administrative detail than a legislative fune-
tion, this matter could be left to the discreation of the local
school board or boards, subject to the approval of the court
having jurisdiction of the case.

A ll

MAJOR CENTRAL CITIES - 1960-1970

(2) (3) (4) (s) (6) 7)
Total Total Total Total Total Total Excess of
SMSA Central Central C i Central Central Ron-white Growth
Popula- City City Non- City City City Non- Rate Over White
tion 8 Net White White Popula- White White Growth Rate in
Change Popula- - Popula- alation Popula- Popula- Central City
1960-1970 tion % tion & Change tion Net tion Net (Col. 3 less
Change Change 1960-1970 Migration, Mi¢r=tion Co}. 2)
T960-1970 1960-1970
Rew York, ¥.Y. 7.8 - 9.3 61.6 8.1 ~955,500 435,800 70.9
ep cal. 16.4 4.7 $S.6 12.5 - 67,200 127,700 50.9
Qiicago, tll. 2.2 -18.6 38.4 - $.2 645,600 113,200 $7.0
» Pa.-8.2. 10.9 12.9 25.2 - 2.7 246,400 39,600 12.3
Detroit, Mich. 6 29.1 38.1 - 9.5 386,800 97,500 67.2
« Cak-
= Cal. 17.4 “17.2 $1.3 - 2.8 -154,500 66,900 68.5
Washington, D.C.
m.-¥a. 38.6 39.4 30.7 - 1.0 -138,300 38,300 70.2
Reston, Mase. SSA 6.1 -16.5 69.9 - 8.2 130,600 26,500 86.4
Pittsbergh, Pa. - 0.2 18.0 6.0 13.9 = 99,100 - 6,400 24.0
St. Levis, Mo.-T1l. 12.3 “31.6 19.1 17.0 181,800 - 900 $0.7
+ 4. 14.8 21.4 29.7 - 3.5 -149,700 31,700 $1.1
Cleveland, Ohio 8.1 -26.5 15.7 “14.3 -206, 400 = 2,800 42.2
Seeston, Texas 40.0 -25.5 50.9 31.4 67,200 $5,600 25.4
Severk, B.J. 9.9 -36.7 33.6 - 3.6 106,600 31,500 90.3 |
Simneapolis-St. Paul,
22.4 - 7.9 49.8 - 6.12 = 94,400 7,200 $7.7
tallies, 32.” 39.0 o2 —~?') 2¢.oma T, 508 46,98D.... - 32.2
» Mash. 28.4 - 8.5 43.5 - 4.4 - 72,600 9,800 $2.0
imahein-Santa-Ana-
Garden Grove, Cal. 101.8 $0.8 301.6 54.4 (ma) (WA) 250.8
Silveukee, Wisc. 9.8 “10.4 69.9 - 3.3 128,400 23,000 00.3
Milenta, Ga. 36.7 20.0 37.3 2.0 = 82,500 32,700 $7.3
Cincinnati, Ohio,
Ry-Ind. 9.2 17.2 15.9 10.0 -106,100 = 2,500 33.1
Paterson ~ Clifton- .
Passaic, ¥.3. 14.5 - 9.2 $28.1 1.0 = 25,500 9,800 107.2
San Diego, Cal. 31.4 17.2 72.8 21.6 27,600 17,300 $s.6
teifelo, N.Y. 3.2 -20.7 “3a. “13.1 “111,100 9,000 34.8
Riani, Fla. 35.6 13.5 19.3 14.8 29,400 - $,700 - $.8
Senses City, Mo.-Kans. 14.8 fe) 37.3 6.¢€ - 28,800 13,000 37.3
Denver, Colo. 32.1 - 0.2 60.2 4.2 + = 61,100, 12,200 60.3
Sana Bernardino,
Riverside, Ontario,
Cal. 41.2 33.7 211.1 38.4 77.4
tndpls., Ind. 17.5 3.8 36.0 13.6 - 17,400 15,400 24.2
San Jose, Cal. 65.8 1ll.¢ 318.€ 118.3 (ma) ) 207.2
Sev Orleans, La. 15.3 17.6 14.9 - 5.4 - 91,600 -10,500 32.5
Tampa, St. Peters-
burg, Fla. nu. $.2 24.8 8.3 24,900 24,800 19.6
Portland, Ore.-Wash. 22.8 0.2 43.3 2.7 - 7,600 4,700 43.1
Phoenix, Ariz. 45.8 31.2 $2.2 32.4 71,500 $5,600 21.0
Celumbus, Ohio 21.4 11.3 30.8 24.5 - 10,600 9,400 19.5
Providence, Paw-
tucket, Warwick,
R.l.-Mass., SMSA 10.9 - 6.8 48.8 - 4.8 - 40,000 2,600 $5.6
Rochester, N.Y. 20.5 “17.1 115.1 - 7.0 = 68,500 16,600 132.2
San Antonio, Texas 20.6 3.8 30.6 11.3 = $2,300 $,300 20.8
16.9 17.6 30.7 - 7.1 - 60,300 6,100 48.5

n U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract
of the United States - 1972, Section 33, page 837, et seq. -

A

12

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
STATUS OF THE BLACK POPULATION IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1972, RPT. P-23 NO. 26, (1973)

TABLE 59. SELECTED DATA ON BIRTH EXPECTATIONS FOR REPORTING
WIVES, 18 TO 39 YEARS OLD: 1967 AND 1972
Age of Wife
Subject Total,
18 to 39 | 38 to 24] 25 to 29] 30 to 34 [35 to 39}
years
1967
; number of reporting
wives:
Negro---------~thousands-~ 1,280 342 307 309 321
White----------thousands- 14,440 3,798 3,420 3,390 3,831 7
rage number of births
to date:
egro-~ 3.2 1.8 3.0 3.9 4.2
te- 2.4 1.1 2.3 3.0 3.1
number of total
births expected:
Negro- 3.7 2.8 3.4 4.3 4.24
te- 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2
cent of expected children
already born:
Segro- 87 64 88 92 98
White- 77 39 75 93 97
1972
otal number of reporting
Fives : Be
kegro-----~----thousands-- 1,449 400 353 347 348
White- the as-- 16,681 4,670 4,392 3,909 3,711
werage number of births
to date:
Negro - 267 1.3 2.1 3.5 3.9
te 2.0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.1
rage number of total
births expected:
Regro 3.2 2.4 2.8 Se? 4.0
White-- 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.2
teent of expected children
already born:
Negro- 84 55 76 95 99
White- 77 40 74 94 99

U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and
Administration Bureau of the Census.

Economic Statistics

A 13

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A 14

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
STATUS OF THE BLACK POPULATION IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1972, RPT. P-23 NO. 26, (1973)

TABLE 46. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT OF PERSONS 3 TO 34 YEARS OLD,
BY LEVEL: 1967 AND 1972

(Numbers in thousands. Minus sign (-)
denotes decrease)

level of school and race Percent
1967 1972 change

BLACK
6,826 7,959 16.6
140 185 32.1
418 448 7.2
school 4,618 4,573 -1.0
= 1,651 2,025 22.7
370 727 96.5

WHITE
43,816 51,314 17.1
564 1,079 91.3
2,840 2,633 -7.3
tary school 28,415 27,185 -4.3
11,997 12,959 8.0
5,905 7,458 26.3

U. S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics

Source:
. Administration, Bureau of the Census.

A 15
OPTIMUM SCHOOL DISTRICT SIZE

by Michael E. Hickey
December 1969

Table V.

Summary of Optimum Size Recommendations

Criterion

Community control
Community control
General quality
General quality
General quality
General quality
General quality
General quality

Quality/economy
Quality/economy
Quality/economy
Quality/economy
Effectiveness

Cost/pupil

Tax effort required
Special staffing

Net current expenditure
Blementary school unit
Secondary school unit

Administrative de-
centralization
Administrative de-
centralization
Administrative de-
centralization
Administrative district

Miministrative @istrict
Mainistrative district

Special Services:

Adult education
Business administration
Electronic Data Pro-
cessing

Special Education

Optimum Size

50,000 total population
7,000-8,000 pupils
10,000 pupils (min.)
28,000 pupils

50,000 pupils

1,500 pupils (min.)
10,000 pupils

25,000 pupils

10,000-20,000 pupils
5,000 pupils (min.)
$,000-6,000 pupils (min.)
12,000 pupils

10,000 pupils

50,000 pupils
12,000 pupils
25,000 pupils
$0,000 pupils
$00 pupils (max.)
700-1,000 pupils

300, 000-S500,000
total pop.

20,000 pupils

12,000-40,000 pupils
20,000-50,000 pupils

15,000-20,000 pupils
10,000-12,000 pupils
20,000 (min.)

35,000-S0,000 pupils

100,000 pupils
20,000 pupils

Source

Havighurst (1968)
Havighurst (1968)
State of California
Swanson (1962)
Benson (1965)
Conant (1969)
Packard (1963)
Comm. for Economic
Development (1960)
Paber (1966)
Fitzwater (1958)

School District
Reorg. (1948)
Hanson (1962)
Vincent (1966)
Vincent (1966)
Vincent (1966)
NEA DEP (1954)
White House Conf.
on Education

Havighurst (1968)
Passow (1967) ~

Bundy (1967)

IAR, Columbia
Univ. (1961)
Peabody Coll. (1965)
AASA (1959)

Great Plains
School District
Organization
Project (1968)

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386414_0342%3A23. Public record. Not legal advice.