# Transcript of Record — DeForest Radio Co. v. General Elec. Co. > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386008_0055%3A01 ## Record - **Collection:** Supreme Court brief - **Document type:** Transcript of Record - **Published:** January 1, 1931 - **Citation:** 283 U.S. 664 ## Text e vol 1 te _ TRANSCRIP OF RECORD. 1 — et Supreme ( Couns of 50 United States orca en an, . 955 ree ee . ; : : 1 : 9 *. i 55. Ne DeFOREST RADIO COMPANY, PETITIONER, 1 Vs. Wes N iu GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY — ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES crRcurr | 2 1 COURT e APPEALS WOR SEN EMER EEN Ore, ‘ N * . 5 ee e ee ue ae Es S2) ee ‘INDEX. aN 1 ptEapinas AND*TESTIMONY. e 4 Docket Entries in ue $89... i ee Docket Entries in No. 58 e ‘Tuite has Oy Dim of Complaint in No. 589 .. SR e FFV * ® Answer as Amended in No. 8 e 1 0 eiendant's Bill of WWoicularr O ·· . ECM / _ Defendant's Supplemental Bill of Particulars ....... r weaver I 2. : im of Complaint in No. 59 . e 1. 5 Answer as Amended in No. 598 m.. 2 „eee wena I. D 8 o ˙7˙òÜĩ qĩ§ ae e le hae 5 r ET 1 138. i _ Plaintiff's Prima Facie Proofs ............ ö ꝶ³＋3＋0*ã-„„33* I 335 Defendantes Proofs ...... 3 eee 1. 08 Deſendant's De positions „„ A. dee Il 959 "Plaintiff's Rebuttal Pro eee i Deſendant a Sur-Rebuttal Proo ts cata ‘III. 1789. * | Plaintiff's Sur-Rebuttal Prob H „ e e III 1910 Anpendix to Plaintiff's Re cori e e III 1940 sa “Opinion of the Court . r III 10.3 ‘ Gabberee in No: od e III 18111 Plaintiff's Petition for Appeal in No. 589 ùũ0 e . III 19822 Order Allowing Appell SS skate vows cehaneg III i983 intiff’s Assignments’ of Error in No. 8mũ- III 1984 tion on Plaintiff's Appeal in No. 589 ...... e ( ee III 1985 tion as to Transerjpt in No. 588d III 1987 Order Approving Stipulation e 12 e ar . TH 1988 Decree’ in No. 8993 75 45265 „ TIL 196 Plaintiff's Petition tor Appeal in No. 598 gine oaks 8ue tenes Anka „ * eee, „„ . eee Maintiff’s Assignments-of Error in No. 5 . . III 1993 ion on Plaintiff's Appeal in No. 598 ........ Wee Perr Yefendant’s Petition for Appeal in No, $98 . at «seeker e Order Allowing Appell. ©, spas Spee bi dy cates NN ie ndant’s n No. 598 (on ec ee tion on Defendant's Appeal in No. 598 ꝶ 99 III 6999 tion as to Transcript in No. 5 pada sek wives TIT 200 Order Approving Stipulation ........./........0005 „ III 2001 J 's Certißeatte e III. 2002 4 4 0 * _, __ INDEX—Continued. res ee PLAINTIFE'S PRIMA 1 FACIE PROOFS. - ee ae e John V. 8 e 3 res Vol. Page 4 Direct Examination ....’....... 55 1 39: Cross- Examination ene C ˙· béaws 11 94 Re- Direct Examination E 5 5 7 4 f 1 126 Re- Cross- Examination „ „l e 1 135 nen e.. N —2—9—5VTk̃ N “at I 144 — eee "DEFENDANTS PROOFS. 7 a Direct Examination . 8 Be 1.665 „Cross- Examination r * 1 628 Re Direct Examination Ne esos . * Il 746 _ Re-Cross-Examination ....... 9 o 11 765 on Re-Direct Examination eee Need eee ** 7 Re- Cross- Examination . r Il 785 b.. Ralph R— 75 ; ms n Direct Examington . ... . . . b etüe, II 1016 . l II 102 deen Lacken eee. 4 ae A ae _ Cross-Examination . FF 1 eee es fa aaa me 4 Direct Efamination 8 II 802 15 + Direct Eramination ...... . . . . . . II 1005 * ee eee ee eee II i eee, II ‘ “Hyde, Ralph -- piel Voi. Page Direct Examination bee eee 9.324 Cross- Examination 79＋59ꝙ＋22 eee e ee 998 Re- Direct Examinagion ..... 5 ede e e ee Re- Cross- Examination . de: „ „ „ II 1004 Jewett, Frank B— — 55 ; ; ee. * a Direct Examination l i th 80 cross-Examiua tion VVV dee, aT MIMO: ᷑ ̃m . c ovicecdesobvewe chet: 1. 436 Re-Cross-Examinatiorn e 14 Kelly; Marvin 9 -; ee Ss Direct-Examination ........ 5 8 . „„ 2H Cross- Examination. 5, . S renne II. 857 Re-Direct Examinatile ee e e RES Lamc it, G. E. . 15 ’ 1 . „Direct Examination e * e II 1025 Direct Examination (Resumed) ...........°: Rand II 1065 Cross- Examination . Wenn 3 2 . II 1067 Re- Direct Examination eee eal tut ane "Mittixan, Rober! A.— „„ W Direct Examihatiooꝶnmn e in 1 440 Crose- Examination e I 450 Re- Direct Examination’ ............ N seaviabedn e G le Direct Examination N II 61057 Sarnoff, David (Stipulated Testimony) . e „ III 1446 Lek Austin Y—. . Derren vs WN tek) i Direct Examination MMA FFC ; Woterman, Frank N. (Stipulated rea . e . TIT 1486 Watkins, James O— oy Direct Examination 4 Mb ovine’ ele K % II 1083 Cross- Examination 8 3* “é »“m» 2 . II 1055 Re- Direct Examination W eee; II 1055 PLAINTIFF'S REBUTTAL PROOFS Alexanderson, Ernst F. W.— 1 . | oe Py 0 Examination „%%% Laney co mag III 1 Cross-Examination ise Sh e eee eee III 1 Deer Examination ....4.,.00 . be in %% ͤ „ b c 111 1832 * „ ( 0 f 7 5 ” od b 1 Oe N n a be mag ‘Hogan, John V. I. - f Vol. Page Direct Examinadtocn eee II 1583 Cross-Examinatickrtn e eee eee 111 1639 Direct Examination (Resumed ) n III 165, Direct Examination (Resumed) ....:........ enn Cross-Examination Wen — 5 4 4 1 „ „-U Lene ee : eee: NE NE mme li 1079 " Cross-Examination © ..........\se00es e avers 1 „ IE 1299 - Re-Direct Examination 2 N 111 166 Re-Cross-Exatni nation e 8 111 1 White, William C.— ; Direct Examination ............ R III 1467 S b e ee 6 a II 1490, : DEFENDANT'S SUR-REBUTTAL PROOFS, Arnold, Harold D. (Recalied)— — ‘Direct Examination SENN EM rep TRON Ro 4a III i Cross-Examination, ..... 855 Tee en III 1878 Becker, Joseph A.— ‘ wee hne 1 1789 Cross-Examiination, zz PT ere III 1824 Re-Direct Examination n III. 1847 Re- Cross-Examinatioctrn „e des eee III. 1847 Folk, George E.— . 8 Direct. Examinatioor nn 5 % %j, 6444144 .. III 1882 Cross- Examina tion ee en nne ere III 162 Re-Direct ists saat III 1807 Hunter, Frederick L.— P Direct Examination „Nee eee. en III 1993 r bbb e ne III. 1006 Re-Direct Examination ———— —2—[ ( . . III 190 RNe-Crose Examination lan „ III 197 Direct . ee N . III 166 ba ca ‘PLAINTIF’S SUR-REBUTTAL PROOFS. * Direct Examination ........ NPE e III 1910 r e ebe ede u III 10 Langmuir, Irving 8 40 N Be Direct Examination ...........- „% T 1 1 i : 1 “Opinion of Court of Appeals, District of Ch. bia, in Langmuir v. ‘Amold, dated June 1, 1928. II 935 4 _PLAINTIFF’S EXHIBITS. e | GENERAL INDEX. | Ex 3 Admitted Printed, No. Vol. Page Vol. Page 1. Langmuir U. — 1588436, Oct. 20; 1905. I a 2. Langmuir U. S. Patent No. 1,244,216, Oct. 23, 1017. Is 36 V 11 3. Langmuir U. S. Patent No. 1,244,217, Oct. 23, 1917. 1 36 IV 16 4. Langmuir U. S. Patent No. 17829, 597, Mar. 10, 1928. 1 36 IV 20 5. DeForest Type H Rectifier Tube Pigs cg N 1 51 — — 6. DeForest Type H Audion Tube .................. 1. - = 7. DeForest DV s Vacuum Tube . e 131 — = 8. Le Forest DVS Vacuum Tube sae ah 1 81 — — SA. Data sheet accompanying DeForest DV 5 Vacuum 7 \ P 8 „ 7 hn, ae aa 9. De ſendants Circular . ee ties: Wa teonesine Si IV 28 10. Defendant’s Leaſet Stina: BARRA eee I.. 1 a ee u. Hogan Fig. 1; Diagram bi Two Electrode Tube. ern 12. Hogan Fig. 2, Diagramsof Three electrode tube. 1 52 IV. 32 13, Hogan Table I showing Power of Numbers 5 r ht ewe 4. Chart A of Table I, Simple Powers of Men 3 N bers, Arithmptie Pahe r I 0 l 34 15. Hogan Chart B of Table 1, Simple Powers of Non. 1 — 5 5 bers, Logarithmic Paper 1 70 IV 35 16. Plaintiff's UV 199 Tube ** 192 — 16-A. Data sheet @nclosed with UV 199 tube. I 92 ly 36 . Plaintiff's UX 201A Tube. . ae al. 17-A, Data sheet enclosed with UX 201A Tube I 93-IV 37 18 Hoga} Drawing illustrating Plff.’s UX 201A tube... 1 94: IV 38 13. Hogan Drawing illustrating Defendant's DV 5 tube. I 94 IV 39 [Nos. 20 to 161, incl. Langmuir Exhibits in Interfert ;, or _ ence Record and not reprinted. Ser Separate In- ö NN PLAINTIFE'S EXHIBITS—GENERAL INDEX.—Continued, VV ee „ Admitted Printed ER a a 1 Vol. 98985 Vol. Page i de, Yama pot of vile late and eri ait e. „„ aise rent audion No. ..0....0...ccesseeees . ap 1198 IV 2 167. Langmuir explanatory’ en j —b 9168. Langmuir explanatory diagram K revere eds . Ak Ma 168-K. Langmuir explanatory diagram Al ............... II 1267 IV 51 1 68-B. Langmuir explanatory diagram . II 1267 IV 52 5 168-C. Langmuir explanatory diagram Bi R FFF 53 ' 168-D. Langmuir explanatory diagram D „„ Ae daa Ie. Ge 638-E. Langmuir explanatory. diagram E II 1267 IV 55 168-F. Langmuir explanatory diagram F . II 1267 IV 56 169. Letter from Alexanderson to Patent Department * ö g General Electric Co., February . III 1452 IV 37 170. Eile wrapper and contents Arnold U. 8. — No. a 3 13'297, 309, March 18, 1999 ee, ee 171. White notebook No. 462 (certain pages only) III 1468 IV 279i 122. Wnite test records (Card & 7 sheets) III 14% IV 108 ; 173. 2 White report on relaying of high frequency currents anions by means of improved audions ................... III 1483 IV 115 17, TCooclidge notebook No. 3277 6 . III 1506 IV 121 n Coolidge notebook No. 446, extract from III 1518 IV 128 176. Hogan diagram of vapor pressures of sodium. III 1612 IV 19 17. DeForest Bulletin B-14 of 1914 N III 1682 IV 10 118. DeForest Bulletin B-18 of he „ III 1632 IV. 134 179. DeForest Bulletin C-16 of 1910. III 1633 IV 149 180. DeForest Catalogue nn PRET III 1633 IV 153 181. DeForest Catalogue B of 191999... . III 1633 IV 186 182. DeForest type T. audion Tube III 1633 183. Circular of Sterling Reactivato r III 1638 Ju 161 184. Hewlett sketch of circutt . 3 II 1639 IV 166 188. Letter and data sheets furnished by witness Kelly. III 1738 IV 10 186. Hogan Logarithmic plot of Audion 64.91. I 1744 IVt 17s 187. Hogan Logarithmic plot of Kelly data for tube 102 D AGI 1745 IV 176 o * 188. Hogan Logarithmic aict of characteristic small re- 3 unt ceiving, tube-corrected for contact differential. III 1748 IV 177 1 155 Hogan plot (Anod! Current)’ 2½-Anede Vene , Characteristics of Tre 0. beer Tube .. . III 17% IV 178 ; (vi) * oe 8 0 my fees: = my ale 8 55 a (ice bee 5 SE Pee CRS 8 ? _ 2 5 rlamerirrs EXHIBITS—GENERAL INDEX Continued, 5 E. No. 4, 190; 9 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198, » 199. 200. 201. 189 -A. Hogan plot of “Anode Curgent—anode Hiace Char- 7 acteristics ‘of Type 1 Power Tube Hogan logarithmic plot of plate currentplte voltage 28 UX-201A Tube (H- 20) Logarithmic plot of Kelly’s data on 1 Tube 105. ‚GB— H 22222 lines thereon. Hogan Logarithmic plot N Type 7510 with nitrogen. . ‘Physical Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, October, 1925, pp. 436-435, “Probability of. Ionization of Cas Molecules by Electron Impacts,” by e and Van Voorhis ‚— R * * ‚—ͤ— U Uni ** . Paper No. 4, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 Paper No. 6, Arnold v. Langmuir Inter ference 40,380 Paper No. 9, Arnold v. Langmuir N 40,380 Paper No. 10, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 g Paper No. 32, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 Paper No. 85, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 Option Agreement, Dec. 16, 1912, between Hewett and A. T. & T. Co. ‚J—U—— nũ B ũßũ. 6666666650 201-K. Agreement A, between Hewett and A. T. & T. Co. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. . 210. Hewett U. S. Patent No. 781 ,001, Jany. 31, 1908... Hewett U. S: Patent No. 781,002, Jany. 31, 1905... * Hewett U. S. Patent No. 749,791, Jany. 19; 1904. Hewett’ U. S. Patent No. 749,792, Jany. 19, 1904. Hewett U. S. Patent No. 749,793, Jany. 19, 1904., Hewett:U. S. Patent No. 758,650, May: 3, 100. Hewett U. S. Patent No. 954,434, Apr. 12, 1910 Hewett U. S. Patent No. 991,304, May 2, 1911 Table of Mechanical Repeater Installatioas, 1904- 1918, in Gherardi depition © . . — — 210-A. Table of Repeater Installations, ae Gherardi 211. — 8 deposition Philosophical Magazine (1912), Vol. 23 pp. 192.300, Loniatios Produced by Carbon at High Tempera- ‚J— UU UU mœPœPœ P HHV Ww ˖˖[ĩ＋p 1um2*ãm 2 2 36666 tures,” by Pring & Parker 3 8 5 12 * ene U. Se Patent No. 954, 619, April 12. 1910. 55 ; 72 ee ae III — ee III III 1749 IV 5 III 1750 IV. „ H 1782 ‘IV Hogan copy of Deft’s Exhibit 54-A\ ‘with additional” III 1755 IV. TL, 1758 Iv | ¥ eo. ra * Ill 1761 IV III 1762 IV III 1762 “IV III 1762. IV III 1762. IV. IIE 1762 IV III 1763 IV ‘IIL 1763 Iv 111 1765 IV 1763 IV 111 III III III 1763_.1V 1763 IV 1763 IV 111 III. 1765 IV ORD 1766 1 1763 IV 1763 1 1763 IV" 1763 IV ” Admitted Printed Vol. Page Vol. er * PLAINTIF®’S EXHIBITS—GENERAL INDEX—Continued | “ Ex. . 5 3 . Admitted. Printdi- A = ; Vol. Page Vol. Page 213. De Forest U. 8 Patent No. 879,832, Feby. 18, 1908 III 1766 IV 273 214. Modification of license agreement dated July 1, 1920 a 5 between General Electric Co. and A. T. & T. Co... III 1786 IV 27 TLangmuir N. S. Patent No, 1,558,437, Oct. 20, 1925. III 1820 IV 313 5 Nicolson. notebook (Not printed in full ) II 901 216-A. Certain pages · of Nicolson notebook: .............. II 501 IV 22 217. ‘DeForest U. S. Patent No, 1,201,273, Oct. 17, 1916.. III 1887 IV 328 218. Certain pages of book of O. W. Richardson entitled 0 7 “The Emission of Electricity fra Hot Bodies“. III 1891 IV 332 219A. Langmuir replot of data taken from Defendant's Bs fi oo Bible Me: s . e un TV. "$86 219-B. Langmuir Parabolic Plots of currents taken from . Defendant’s Exhibit No. 299 99 . III 1930 IV 359 219-C. Langmuir Parabolic plot of currents taken from 1. Defendant's Exhibit No. W . III 1930 IV 360 220. Langmuir Logarithmic current voltage curve for dif- : “ ferent pressures of nitrogen e . III 1831 IV 361. ° N 0 a : ee 176. 189-A.. 193. PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBITS. * CLASSIFIED INDEX. Diagram an Drawings. Hewlett sketch bi: cut . „ Hogan Fig. 1, Diagram of Two electrode Tube Hogan Fig. 2, Diagram of Three electrode Tube Hogan Table I showing Power of Numbers. Hogan Chart A of Table I, Simple Powers ¢ of Num- bers, Arithmetic Pwper .......... 8 i Hogan Chart B of Table I, Simple Powers of Num- bers, Logarithmic 1 T Hogan Drawing illustrating Piff.’s UX 201A tube.. Hogan Drawing illustrating Defendant’s DV 5 tube.. Hogan diagram of vapor pressures of sodium Hogan Logarithmic plot of Audion 64-9 11. Hogan Logaritiimic plot of Kelly data for tube 102-D Hogan Logarithmic -plot of characteristics of small receiving tube corrected for contact differential. Hogan plot (Anode Current) .2/3—Anode Voltage’ Characteristics of Type G Power Tube Admitted Printed Vol. Page Vol. Page III 1 I III Ill III All III Hogan plot of Anode current—anode voltage Charac- . teristics of Type G Power Tube ....... . Hogan logarithmic plot of plate current—plate -volt- gage of UX. 201A Tube (H- 2) N Hogan copy of Deft.’s Exhibit 5A. with additional ) d Gn kapecen Aaben ee Hogan Logarithmic plot of Type 7510 with’ nitrogen. „ Logarithmié plot of Kelly’s data on Tube 10s 5 ‘Langmuir explanatory diagram fer ere re re . LangYhuir 2/3 power plot diagram eee e . Langmuir 3/2 power plot diagram „„ Langsauir plot of volts on plate and grid: agains rent audion No. 3 cert baka ks ! Angmuir explanatory diagram V ö 6 HII III III III III II II 1639 52 52 IV 165... IV 31 IV 32 IV | 6 IV „„ 1748 1749 1749 Stes J 1750 1755 1758 1752 1126 1195 1195 1198 1260 V 35 iv 386 ‘IV ‘9 IV. 129 W 128 IV 16 8 | ; y n w 178 IV 7 IV 180 IV. 182 IV 163 IV 181 IV 45 IV 4 IV 47 IV 48 W 49 | 2 _ PLAINTIFF’s EXHIBITS—CLASSIFIED INDEX—Continued. et. 0 ; n Admitted Printed 8 . > Vol. Page Vol. Page 168. Langmuir explanatory diagtam Beh ec vies „ 1 F 1267 IV 80 168-A. Langmuir explanatory diagram A! ..... Sb 4 AO: I. 1267 IV S1 168-B. Langmuir explanatory diagram , H AV. 8 . eee explanatory B ³·*wmꝗwmĩ „ 19 1267 IV * 168-D. Langmuir explanatory diagram )))) I 1267 IV 168-E. Langmuir explanatory Diagtgm E Ser ee II 1267 IV 55 168-F. Langmuir explanatory diagram FFF: II 1267 IV 36 219 A. Langmuir replot of data taken from Defendant’s Ex- . .. i ie BOB Si ccc V III 1930 IV. 358 21948. Langmuir Parabolic Plots of currents taken from De- ap 7 fendant’s Exhibit No. 299 III 1930 IV 359 219.-C. Langmuir Parabolic plot of currents taken fron De- * i fſendant's Exhibit No. 29?7ù̃ sees ‘III 1930 IV 360 5 220. Langmuir Logarithmic current voltage one te «. GG: | different pressures Of nitrogen „ III 1931 IV 361 i : ° Documentary, Miscellaneous. : 201-A. Agreement A, between Hewett and A. T. & T. Co. III 1763 IV 214 183. Circular of Sterling Reactivato r III 1638 IV 161 8. A. Data sheet accompanying DeForest DV 5 Vacuum tube I 93 IV 27 16-A. Data sheet enclosed with UV 199 tube ee ee ie 17-A. Data sheet ‘enclosed, with UX. 201A - ere = ae —-9.— Defendant's: Circular . Se RW SS 10. Defendant's Leaflet ....... „ e 1 2 5 51 IV. 29 177. DeForest Bulletin B-14 of 1914 r III 1632 IV 130 “178. DeForest Bulletin: B-15 of -1915 ............ N III 1632 IV, 134 179. DeForest Bulletin C-16 of 1910 3 . III 1633 IV 19 180. DeForest Catalogue L.....:....... 5 19 % IEE 1633 TV 163 181. “DeForest Catalogue B of 1919 II 1633 IV 156 169. Letter from Alexanderson to Patent Department, Gen- „ eeral Electric Co., February 5, 1912 III 1452 IV 7 188. Letter and data sheets furnished by Witness Kelly. . III 1738 IV 1670 214. Modification of license agreement dated July 1, 1920 ee * between General Electric Co. and A. T. & T. Co.. III 1786 IV 277 162. Opinion f Court of Appeals, District. of Columbia, ae | in Langmuir v. Arnold, dated June 1, 1925. u 35 W A . . „%% PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBITS—CLASSIFIED INI X—Continued. A “Option ~Agreement, Dec. 16, 1912, between Hewett’ and A. T. & T. „ A 195. Paper No. 4, Arnold v. Langmuir 1 40,380 196: Paper No. 6, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 2 197. Paper No. 9, Arnold v. Langmuir’ Interference 40,380 ca 198. Paper No. 10, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 199. Paper No. 32, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 200. Paper No. 85, Arnold v. Langmuir Interference 40,380 210. Table of Mechanical Repéater Installations, 1904- 1918, in Gherardi deposition 210-A. Table of Repeater Installations, 1904-1918, Gherardi depose /ͤ A eee 172. White test records (Card & 7 sheets 173," White report on relaying of high frequency cur- i rents by means of improved audio nge File Wrapper and e 0 170. File wrapper and contents Arnold U. S. Patent No. 1,297,309, March 18, 1919... .:: * — (ü — ; 174. Coolidge Notebook MO, / w ( 175. Coolidge Notebook No. 446, Extract 9 5 35 992 216. Nicolson ‘notebook (Not printed in full) i „ 216-A.Certain pages of Nicolson notebook d. orca 171. White Notebook No. 462 (Certain pages only) >.5.:: Patents, United Susie: 213. - DeForest, No. 879,532, Feby. 18, 190. ES 217. DeForest, No. 1,201,273, Oct. 17, 1916. 212, Fleming, No. 954,619, April 12, 1910. fo 22. Hewett. No. 781,001, Jany. ee ap 203. Hewett, No. 781,002, Jany. 31, 1505. . 204. Hewett, No. 749,791, Jany. 19, wos aye 9 _ 205. Hewett, No. 749,792, Jany. 19, . 1 Admitted Printed 8 a Vol. Page Vol. Page III 1763 Iv III 1762 IV III 1762 1 411 1762 IV III 1762 ‘IV III 1762 IV III 1763 IV. III 1765 1 III 1766 IV. III 14 IV — II 788 1 III 1506 IV III 1518 IV II 801 Not printed II 801 IV 322 III 1468 -IV III 1766 IV III 1887 1 III 1766 1 III 1763 IV III 1763. IV III 1763 JV 1II 76 “IV 59 121 128 91 — * PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBITS CLASSIFIED INDEX—Continued. Ex. . - Admitt@d "Printed No. . Vol. Page Vol. Page 206. Hewett, No. 749,793, Jany. 19, 190. III 1763 IV 247 207. © Hewett, No. 758,650, May 3, 1904............... III 1763 IV 250 208. Hewett, No. 954,434, Apr. 12, 1910. III 1763 IV 252 209. Hewett, No. 991,304, May 2, 1911. III 1763 IV 255 1. Langmuir, No, 1,558,436, Oct. 20, 192. „ien N 1 2, , Langmuir, No, 1,244,216, Oct. 23, 1917. T ] N 3. Langmuir, No. 1,244,217, Oct. 23, 191772. 1 36 IV. 16 4. Langmuir, No. 1,529,597, Mar. 10, 1925. I 36 IV 20 215. Langmuir, No. 1,558,437, Oct. 20, 1928. III 1820 IV 313 — 1 (1912), Vol. 23, pp. 192-200, “Ionization. Produced by Carbon at High Temper- atures,” by Pring & Parker III 1766 IV 263 194, Physical Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, October, 1935, pp. 436-435, “Probability of . Ionization of Gas Mole- cules by Electron . 5 by Compton and Van : RR ea SSC SIE ree St ope HI 1761 IV 185 218. _ Certain pages of book of: O. W. Richardson, on es j “The Emission of Electricity from Hot Bodies“. III 1891 IV 332 Physical Exhibits. % » A ee 6. . DeForest Type H Audion Tue Gee a a ae 7. DeForest DV 5 Vacuum Tube .................. 1 81 — — 8. DeForest DV 5 Vacuum Tube th 182. DeForest type T audion Tube 47 „ III 463 = 16. Plaintiff's UV 199 Tutte eote, Et GR — 2 Plaintiff's UX 201A Tube TT.. vie sch oR AE ee 1 > Ba a (xii). e f * 0 ; . 9 1 INDEX TO PLAINTIFFS EXHIBITS. - in | _ INTERFERENCE RECORD.* ; Inter. Trial. ; A Inter Ex. Ex. 5 Record No. No. a d Page 1. 20. Diagram, Figl Nell S ee 1018 2. 21. Physical Review Paper of W 191. Not pr inteſ 3. 22. Diagram, Fig. 8 ee dc e e ee 4042 4. 23. Diagram, Fig. 3 n Reer 1 %% Mem 5. 24. Diagram, Fig. 4 rere sn denen 1052 6 285. American Electro-Chemical Society Paper of 1016 40. Not printed 8 7. 26. American Chemical Society Paper of November; 1916. . . Not printed 8 27. Diagram, Fig. FC 1090. 9. 28. Diagram, Fig. 6 32322 65 ee ee eee -» 1094 10. 29. , Diagrall Fig. 7 ...... arb ee ee eee 11. 30. Diagram, Fig. S8 l „FFF 1097 n M. Dine Big. 9 ecreds vel yviewtbe ce FCC 13 32. Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Regulator eae Kenotron with High Vacuuunnn „ 14 33. Volt-Ampere Characteristies 90 Regulator Kenotron with Ver High Vacuum 1% eid ceuses 2. He 15. 34. Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Regulatér / _ Kenotron: with Filament Current at 1.25 Amperes and with. High Vacuum e 1120 16 35. Volt - Ampere Characteœistics 1 Regulator Kenotron with Fila- pares i ment Current at 1.25 Ampe és and with High Vacuum 9 1121 17. 36. Logarithmic Plot of Volt- Ampere Characteristics of Regu-: ntor Kenptron with Mercury Vapor Present woos 1128 18. 37 Volt- Ampere Characteristics of Regulator Kenotron with'Mer- _- f oP cury Vapor Present e e bees e 19. 38. Diagram of Circuit Connections e 3 20. 39. Regulator Kenotron with Appendix and Charcoal Tube (Pho- ; 25 2 tis : tograph printed % 1109 21. 40. Nickel Anode Tube (Photograph printed) —— 2 aes 1130 21-A. 41. Curve eri eg of Nickel Anode Tube 22 Serre S522 2 1141. *Referred to in Interference record as “Langmuir Exhibite*§—— (xiii) Pe Viti . INDEX TO PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD uid Inter. Trial Inter 1 | W nae Record No. No. ‘ Puaze 22. 42. Standard Coolidte Sion ‘Tube (Photograph printed) ....... 1151 — 23. 43 Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Standard Coolidge X-ray Tube 1157 24 44 Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Standard Coolidge X-ray Tube ee V 11586 28. 45. Standard Coolidge X-ray Tube with Cathode Shield Removed 5 : (Photograph printed) ...... N n „ 2EMRa 26: 46. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Standard Coolidge X-ray Tube: 0 with Cathode Shield Remove. a 27 47. Logarithmic Plot of Vojt-Ampere Characteristics of Standard 7 Coolidge X-ray Tube with Cathode Shield Removed ...... 1160 28. 48. Radiator Type Coolidge X-ray Tube (Photograph printed). 1151 29 49. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Coolidge ae Tube, Radi- ator Type . ˙—˙ Viweiones s . . 1163 30. 50. Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Coolidge os X-ray Tube, Radiator Type dee 8 1164 31 51. Type P Pliotron (Photograph printed) C 8 118 8 Volt-Ampcre Characteristics of T ype P Pliotro˖n . 167 . Logarithmic riq: of Volt-Ampere Characteristies of 1 8 Pliotron oe JJJ/%% AAO ̃ HaT ee de® oa « 1168 34 54. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Type P Pliotron, ‘taken with Rotating Commutator :..,.... 4 1169 35. 55. . Logarithmic Plot of Volt- Ampere Characteristics ofsType P : Pliotron, taken with Rotating Commutator JJC wes ex ee 36. 56. Rotating Commutator 3 F e . 57. Diagram of Circuit Confebtions . 1172 38. 38. Type U Pliotron (Photograph printed) . = per e 1152 . 589. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Type JJ Pliotrag u 17 40. 60. Logarithmic. Plot of * t Ampere Characteristics of Type oo See : Pliotron FCC erin’ — 2 „%„%„4 444 ͥ 1176 41, 61. Type T Pliotron (Photograph printed) ie eee 11¶53 42. 62. Vo t-Ampere Characteristics of Type T Pliotron ........ wees HDS 43. 63. Logarithmic Plot: of eee eee of. Type T 4 Pei OO Woe as atte hen tm eadle ⁵ hate tleTt ok man ve bS Sos 1 44. 64 ‘Type G Pliotron vr. 11 ‘(Photograph printed) „ 45. 65. Type G VI. is mme printed n eee, MRES 6 5 A 7M Qe Oe * ‘INDEX TO PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD Inter. Trial Inter. No. & e 7 Page 60. Volt Ampere Characteristics mn { Type G Pliotron VI. 11 „ 1183 67. Logarithmic Plot of 1 8 ge men of Typ G ; W evaeti aaa ae: Ss 68. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of: Type G Pliotron VT. I3, with 5 Grid connected to Negative End of Fllament 1185 . 69. Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Type G ; Pliotron VT-13, with Grid connected to Negative End of rb Re Conese tee ace wens “1186 70. Volt-Ampere — of Type G Pliotron VT-13, Grid eee ere, dence a ia » 1187 71. Logarithmic Plot -f Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Type G Pliotron VT-13, Grid connected to Anodle 1188 $2, 72. Kenotron Regulator Tube, Type TBA. (Photograph printed) 1184 53. 73. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Kenotron Regulator Tube, : %%% :.:. PLAGE bho 1191 . 74. Logarithmic Plot of Volt Ampere Chart 8 S I. * 75. Kenotron, with Filamentary Anode (Photograph printed). 1154 56.: 76. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Kenotron with Filamentary aie pete aN Anode at Different Filament Temperatures ........ Coveuds SOO | 57. 77. Temperature Current Characteristics of ‘Reaotron with Fila- aaa mentary JJV gis oe her eo 1194 58. 78. Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics a Keno- tron with Filamentary Anode „ N 1198 * bb e 60 80. Diagram, Fig. 111 o N 1204 61. 81. Diagram, Fig. 1222 e e N 6. 82. Diagram, Fig. 122 e e — . 1209 63. -83. Diagram, Fig. VVV N r ? 1211 6. 84. Diagram, Fig. 15 ...:...... . e 66. 85. Thomson Lecture Reported. i in “Bnginesring” . aoe . Not printed : 66. 86. Logarithmic Plot of Richardson Data . 1268 67, 87. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Fleming Vacuum Valve . . 1319 68. 88. Logarithmic Plot of esi ss Characteristics of Fleming ie Vacuum Va—e n . . „ 1500- 59. en. rs — c .. | INDEX ro PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD Inter. THis} e 0 ae E, Ex. 55 . | Recos No. 5 No. v * Page „ 70... 90. Plot of Van der Bijl’s Data-on page 47 of Arnold's Record. 153) 71. 91. Logarithmic Pt of Van der Bur. Don of page 47 of- Ar- ö rr iss2 72. 92. Plot of Van der Bijl’s data on pages 49, 50 of Arnold's Record 15% , 73. 93. Logarithmic Plot 6f Van der Bijl’s Data of pages 49, 50 of renn eee eee 1597 74. 94. Plot of Van der Bijl’s Data on page 51 of Arnold’s Record .. 159 75. 95. Plot of Van der Bijl’s Data on page 67 of Arnold's Record. 184 76. 9806. Logarithmic Plot of Van der ihre Data on page 67 of * . nold’s Record li neee . 145 77. ' 97. Piod of Van der Bijrs Data on page 211 of Arnold’s Record. g 78. 88 Logarithmic Plot of Van der Biirs Data on. page 211 of Ar- 0 ͤ K K 158 79. 99. Sweetser- Record Sheets S-1146 to S-1214, Experienéat No. aH 3 c „ ot ss . 80. 100. Sweetser Record Sheets S-1345 to S-1432-13; ee 9 b , spuspsaeccnseketes os caus 3 Not printed 81. 101. Janek Notebook No. 413, pages 1-14. . Not printed 102, Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Pliotron No: 79 AEs 3 83. 103. Logarithmic Plot of Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Pliotron - ie Ree Ba Miki VVV teens 1593 84. 104. dient of 1 Institute of Radio Engineers, N 5 TW jJJJſ%d%d%%%% ͤ ͤ „„ Not printed „ 105. Tungsten Wire Audion No. 2 5 printed) ........ 1619 386. 106. General Electric Review Article on Coolidge Xray Tubes. . Not printed 87 107. Lt. Gutton’s Article in Revue Generale de Electricite . Not printed 488. 108. Calculations Involving Maxwell's Distribution Law Saas Not printed 89, 109. DeForest Audion Record Sheets n Not printed 90. 110. Logarithmic Plot of DeForcst Audion Data e . pele 1981. A. III. Logarithmic Plot of Pietce’s Data 7 86 e ‘Logarithmic Plot of Pierce's Data . 2052 113. Plot of Pi Da. . % vy qq ͤ 20> 15 D. 114. Plot of Pierce’s Data 553544 „446 2060 ore = 115. Plot of Pierce's Data... 3 . 200 F. 116. Plot of Pierce’s Data on Audion 20... e . 2073 a is g (xvi) — —Continued. « Inter. Trial Inter. Ex, Ex. . 8 7 Record No. No. a 0 2 iy Page 6. 117. Plot of Pierce's Data on Tubes A-3 and B33. . 2078 H. | 118 - Plot of Characteristics of Audion A-9.111 . .. .. 4 2085 I. 119. Plot q Sweetser’s Data of August, 1912 bb oabis hv emdelle ane J. 120. Volume Gillette Photographs 125 Not printed K. | 121, Gillette Neat 8 Nile bees oo. L. 122. Photograph of Langmuir’s Laboratory e —r devas 2096 M. 123. Lamp Vacuum Committee Reports Not printed M 124. Robinson Noteboszszzz q „Not printed © O. 125. Mackay Notebook .......-eecreeeeeeeees A. cde css Not printed p. 126. Dushman Notebook No, 40 . . Not printed Q. 127. Dushman Notebook nene Not printed ce Mae Piot of Data of Lamp No. 2 of November 19. 191222. 2101 S. 129. Gartner Letter of February 6,191 ···:i eeee ees 9 . 2111 T. 130. Diagram deren ann ware 2112. ‘ u. 131, > Langmuir - Nobel Na: 62 4 vive l Not printed v. 132. Langmuir Notebook No. W Nee eee a > hess ee 133. U. s. Patent No. 1,103,688, W. L. Richacle e 2³³³ Y 4. U. S. Patent (Ko. 1. 114.845, H. DeF, Arnold 026003 28485 135. U. S. Patent No. 1,128,279, H. DeF, o 135. U. S. Patent No. 1,128,280, H. Der. Arold. . 2375 137. U. 8 Patent No. 1,128,292, E. H. Colpittts 2836 138. U. S. Patent No. 1,129,942, H. DeF. Arnold „ 235 130. U s. Patent No. 1. 1293. H. Der. Arnoldi... . 2362 140. U. S. Patent No. 1,129,959, E. H. Colpitts. . e 141. U. S. Patent No. 1,130,008, A. MeL, Nicholson S ee SOS 142. U. S. Patent No. 1,130,009, A. Mel. Nicholson .. 2373 143. U. S. Patent No: 1,130,042, H. J. Van Der Bill, i 2366 144. U. S. Patent No. 1,130,043, H. J. Van Der Bijl, et al. ..... . . 2378 148. U. S. Patent No. 1,137,275, A. McL. Nicholson ..7......... 2371 146. U. S. Patent No. 1,137,315, R. A. Heising ©....? 9 5 5 0 5 : . 8 i sce 75 5 re A 8 | 2 — He > * 155 5 1 0 ; . 0 * ö ; * 0 0 a — e 7 » 0 „ 0 * 9 ’ é on F - sway 5 — * * 5 — a "9 ° A 8 ; ~ 2 . 9 : > ~~ 8 ‘DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS—CLASSIFIED INDEX—Conitinued. 34. 36. 280. — 8. 53 24. 309. 2 S * eee, * Clark, No. 1,121,803, he HW 5 Clough, No. 246,054, Nov. 13, 1917 . J Coolidgt, No. 1,082,933, Dec. 30, 191i Dushman, No. 172,961, Feb. 22, 1916 .............. Dwyer, No. 596,654, Jan. 4, 1898 9888 : Edison, No: 411,019, Sept. 17, 1889 ............... Fleming, No. 803,684, Nov. 7, 1905 ................ ö Friedrich, No. 1,088,677, Jan. 6, 1914 . Goldsmith, No. 127, Der. 2 19199 f Goldsmith and Weinberger, No. 1, 334,087, March 16, —: ³ ²³ĩ oe Hawkins, No. 1,172,990, Feb. 22, 1—2— . Hewitt, No. · 1.025,64, May. 7, 1912. Hewitt, No. 682,699, Sept. 17, 19o)h0·˖̃/%o: Hewitt, No. 682,692, Sept. RRR Cane Hull, No. 291,527, Jan. 14, 191999 Hull, No: 1,385,873, July 26, 1911211 Hull, No. 387,984, Aug. 16, 191112 Hull, No. 1,523,776, Jan. 20, 1925 ............ 4... Hull, No. 1,547,153, July 21, 1925 ........... yet Langmuir, No. 1,280,769, Oct. 8, 1918 .......... 8 Langmuir, No. 1,273,628, July 23, 1918 8 Langmuir, Re-issue; No. 15,278, Jan. 31, 1922. Langmuir, No. 1,558,437, Oct. 20, 19 25. Langmuir, No. 1,273,627, July 23, 1918 eis fee ‘Langmuir, No. 1,301,279, April 22, 1919 Langmuir, Re-issue, No. 15,495, Nov. 21,. 1922. Mackay, No. 1.208, 597 Dec. 12, 1916 ............ Malignani, No. 537,693, April 16, 189 : Marshall, No. 205,002, Nov: 14, 101% Meikle, No. 1,182,290, May 9, 1916 .............. 1 Meikle, No. 266,517, May 14, 1918s Ss Merritt,-No. 909,811, Jan. 12, 1909 ................ Payne, No. 313,112, Aug. 12, 19119 Payne, No. 1,400,235. Dec. 13, 1912 Pratt, No. 1,374,679, April 12, 19211 bak 9 (xxxii), 199. se 20 382 V 845 196. V 197 V 150 1 198 V 0 1822 VI l27t I I I I 1 197 V @ 1 1 1 I III 1822 vr 1276 II 948 VI 11% 1 883 v 6 1 583 V 619 1 883 V 622 u. No. | II 225 VI 1030 Hull, No. 1,313,187, Aug. 12, 19119 . Hull, No. 313,188, Aug. 12, 1919 aero II 925 ‘VI 10 II 925 VI 1104 11 925 VI 1108 II 925 VI un II. 949 VI 1168 III 1822 VI 1267 1 200 V 802 15196 V 4 I 199 Y 433. 11 948 VI 1133 II 948 VI_1137 948 VI 11% . | III 1823 VI 1341. II 925. VI 1085. Il 949 VI 111 1 949 VI 1144 II 950 VI 1194 - III 1821 VI 1246, IIL 1821. VE 1257 I · ime 11 925 VI 1098 III 1922 M 1299 II 949. VI 1197 _ DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS_CLASSIFIED INDEX—Continued. 18 Admitted Printed f . Ne. Vol. Page Vol. Page 12. Recklinghausen, No. 946,068, Jan. 11, % ce bee y. Soddy, No. 859,021, July 2, 1907 .......... e 2 ‘Thatcher, No. 1,028,636, June 4, 1912 14 th AM 206 320. Traver, No. 1,470,582, Oct. 9, 1922 III 1823 VI 1325 2. Wuite, No. 1,159,307, Nov. 2, 191i W . White, No. 1,365,576, Jan. 11, 1921. I 24 VI. 1153 1 290. White, No. I. 806,468, Aug. 26, 1924. u 94 VI 1163 303. White, No: 1,195,632, Aug. 22, 1916 ...... III 1821 VI 1241 358. White, No. 1,298,613, March 25, 1999 — TET 1821 VI 1251 2. White, No. 1,544, 202, June 30, 192 ree III 1623 VI 1337 Sad na Publications. 20, W Ade of Arts and Sciences, Proceed - ge ings of the, Vol. XIV, No. 1, August, 1909, pp. 1-17, — Friction in Gases at Lo] Pressures, by ee Hogg 1. 198 V_ 225 8 American Electrician; Vol. VIII, No. 1, May, 1896, 8 “Crookes Tubes and Experiments with Roentgen i Rays „ by Thomas Dunaa nn N 33. W Institute of Electrical Engineers, . Proceed. Valve? ty Ji M 600A ews 8. A. Royal Society, Proceeditigs of the, (1907), Vol. 78-A, pp. 429-458, “Calcium as an Absorbent of Gases for the Production of High Vacua and Spectro- copie Research,” by Frederick Soddy ............ 16. Scientific American Supplement, No. 1568, Jan. 20, 1906, pp. 25129-25131, “On the Electric Con- 5 ductivity of a Vacuum,” by J. A. Fleming 26, Pein. der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesell- — 1 197 V 83 I 197 V- 142 1 1580 V 192 ‘1197 V 165. _ sthaft, Vol. 13, (1911), pp. 601-606, “On a Method of Producing Very Soft Roentgen’ Rays in the Highest Vacuum,” by H. Dember 5 5 N Physical Exhibits. 9. Arma tbe wed by, u demonstration in Court ef Blue Glow N 8 N ee eevee sees ( 1 198 V % DEFENDANT'S RXHIBITS CLASSIFIED INDEX—Continued. Ex. Ai. A Admitted . Printed ‘No, : Vol. Page Vol. Page 296. Becker approximate duplicate Sweetser tube, A f J * ü — TRO, ie 5 t ee 83. DeForest Audion structure, (cited depositions , : ; (Exhibit withdrawn) ................0.......2... E 330. De Forest tube as placed on pump UL 331. DeForest tube sealed off from pump 1 t %% ae 332. De Forest tube prior to volatilization of magnésium . W902 — — | 333... Pe Forest tube in completed commercial form III 1003 ae 84. Jahnke Tube, (California depositions). [Exhibit with- - at 66 ee ERRE hs Dashes ents eee 47. Kelly’s approximate orga tube of — prior. ‘ ity ‘record Exhibit MoeO SENAY el. Re Na 51. Kelly's approximate e tube of Arnold Prior- a i 22 Noy 33236). 3s ks oo: 1 56. Kelly Helium filled . n 11 86 —: ° af Sb ae 8 8 js * INDEX TO DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS INTERFERENCE RECORD. Inter. Trial Inter. Record Ex. ss Cae Record “Rx No. No. 7 80 . ) Page I. 100. Van der Bij! Diagram No. 1. VERN e e e 2. 101. Van der Bijl Diagram No. . „. aed 1% (OS 3. 102. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 3232322 een e 4. 103. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 4. n — 426 5. 104. Van der Bijl Diagram No. S. ee Nine 427 6. 105. Van der Bijl Diagram Nor inne rip CC a ew LES tery 7; 106. Van der Biji Diagram No.7 e HeeNee's „ eee 429 8. 107. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 8......... . eee N 430 9. 108. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 99 a. 2 PUES Tee aie, «| 10. 109. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 10 l nel @8e * 110. Vacuum Tube No: 17,8292 eee 2 7 = u. 111. Van der Bijl Diagram Ne. 1 4 vec eti sce es 433 12, 112. Van der Bijl Diagram No, 1122 ee ee 434 „ i „n ¶ 658s dente se tcces eos 5 es 2. 114. Millikan Sketch, No. 1 . Lops Gee I- 115. Arnold Exhibit No. I JKJ‚„k1“.. Heyes 5 TB. 116. Arnold Exhibit No. Al-. e vapagniees n 438 . 2-A. 117. Arnold Exhibit No. 2-A ....... eee . 439 2-B, 118. Arnold Exhibit No. 2-3. e e voce 0 id /// = 441 3.B. 120. Arnold Exhibit No. 338 ees 2 — 442 3-C. 121. Arnold Exhibit No. 3-C ............. . — 443 b Bt No. Dos. sos voice vince cs cseuscwever'ss’ .. 444 4A. 123. Arnold Exhibit No. 4pKkk . . piace 4B. 124. Arnold Exhibit No. J 00 44 „125. Buckley Article ret i ee lo, Ae 1. 126. Calibration Curve No: ........ ee «Mee 2 17. Calibration Curve No. 2. „% eter ee 451 Not given Exhibit No. in Interference record. . ' fReferred to in Interference record as Arnold Exhibits... pel (xxxvii) 45 5 i 5 ay 9 mnN TO DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD » Inter. Trial wag ites 3 ted * Ex. No. No. aris : ets ate Paige 13. 128. Van der Bijl We Fe —*-•ũ—2j 444 6 45² 14 129. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 14. 8 e 130. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 8 simplified d 21 18. 131. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 15 ....... . e ea 16. 132. Van det Bijl Diagram No, 16. 1 17. 133. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 177 34. „ 437 18. 134. Van der Bijl Diagram No. 1. 8 458 „135. Photograph of Tube R. D. O. 166 „ 459 1: 136. Richardson Exhibit No. 11. n N 2. 137. Richardson Exhibit No. ꝶ27z 2 2 0 * 138. Vacuum Tube No. 17,482 (same as Exhibit No. 100 Be „ eee, ca vencis. i064 sede dade be... a 40. 140. Van der Bijl Test Circuits for Amplifier e 517 41 141. Van der; Bijl Circuits for Detector ee a o 80 42. 142. Van der Bijt Comparison Test Circuits for Detector 521 43. 143. Vacuum Tube Conference Report of February 8, 1918. 93 44. 144. Signal Corps Specification for Receiver Tubes, Dated Fett, ates Te ͤB ͥ¶ddddd ͤ Ceili as - 968 48. 145. Test Specification for Transmitter Tubes, A Weben ee 5 . %%% des EN AR EI AMOR coe og cb es . 973 406. 146. Diagram for 3 Kenotron "Experiment Carried to ; EES esa %% ũ ũun.̃̃ ꝗ ͤůàm ; Ee EO hs SV AEE 535 7. 147. Diagram ter Regulator Kentitrot Experiment at Graded : Pressures, with Tungsten Filament „„ 830 48. 148. Diagram for Regulator Kenotron Experiment i at. Graded oe Pressures, with Wehnelt Cathode ........ . 540 49. 149. Diagram Inustrating Effect of Filament Voltage Drop. 336. 30. 150. Logarithmic Diagram Mustrating 19 of Filament vol. 2 1 tage Drop . %%% 0ò V 2 ae a 181 Comparative Diagram Langmuir Exhibits.33 and 35 561 cue 132. Logarithmic i at Different Pressures with Web; : nelt Cathode 3 e e ‘ven SO Not given Exhibit No. in — i ey ’ | @exxviii) Sh EATERS \ un x 10 DEE DANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD es Ex. ; . . . ead EXT No. ‘No. 8 : | 3 _ © Page 83. 183. Diagrams on Suécessive Days. with Wehnelt Cathode, Using Liquid Air so PUES a NUS TE be RIOD TNs cages 565 % 54. 154. Logarithmic. Diagram Corresponding to Exhibit 53, Rebut . ß ke, 567 55. 155. Characteristiés for canta Tube with Filamentary ‘Tung: . 1 sten Anode nN, ̃ TI 574 56. 156. Logarithmie Plot Correspor ing to Exhibit 55, Rebuttal’ | 5 Fig. 15 ..... . N 17 cases snes 576 . 1% Characteristics for Unbaked Tube with Coiled Filamentary . Tungsten Anode N. wigeay ae eee 578 18. Logarithmic Plot Corresponding’ i to Exhibit 57, Rebuttal „% ĩ ys Tie Md: ass snes „„ N 580 359. 159. Characteristics Corresponding to Exhibit 57, Fig. 17, but (°° with Higher Temperatures ....:......-. V 381 60. 160. Characteristics for Unbaked Tube with Equat 1 e ga : Tungsten Electrodes ö• 242465 N . 382 N 61. 161. Characteristics for Unbaked Tube with Equal Parallel es. dan eee e es Baia PR we Nos 584 62. 162. Logarithmic Plot . to Exhibit. 61, Fig. 21 Se 2 585 63. 163. Characteristies Corresponding to ERhibit 61, Fig. 21, “but 7 a Pushed is Higher Curren iss 4 \ 587 64. 164. Leguctibenie’ Plot: Ge epd ae e Wee 65 Fig. 23 . 888 es. 165 Characteristics for Unbaked Tube with Equal een Her- 6. 67 . VA Exhibit 65, Hie 8 * 5 ene, AW. 592 68. 168. Characteristics for Un pin Electrodes ie 593 69. 169. Logarithmic Diagram Tilustrating 2/3 Slope for Consider- | ie ge aes able Gas Present (based on Exhibit 47, Fig. 7) ........:. 601 70 170. e eee ot ere Exhibits 32 are JW VVT 617 71. 71. Plate Current-Grid’ Volt Characteristic tec Standard Tele” | 5 phone Repeater Tube Nee . ee Gal) é . INDEX TO DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD — Continued. later. Trial ; Inter, Record Ex. Record Ex. No. No. Page 72. 172. Current - Voltage and 1 Voltage Characteristics tor a Standard Telephone Repeater Tube ..... 24222 2 4 6% 73. 173. Logarithmie Plot corresponding to Exhibit 72, Fig. 37..... 626 3 74. 5 174. Diagram showing two 372 slopes for a single tube ......... 5 ; 75. 175. Diagram showing three 3/2 slopes for a single tube 637 76. 176. Logarithmic diagram corresponding to Exhibit 67, Fig. 27 .. 638 77. 177. Comparative diagram for DeKorest tube 7-A and .General oe ee Electric tubes VT-11 and VT-13-........4...++. . 650 78. 178. Volt-ampere diagram for small Western Electric tube 651 79. 179. Logarithmic diagram corresponding to Exhibit 78, Fig. 44 653 80. 180. Diagram for small Western Electric tube, eorrected for contact potential differ ene „ 81. 181. Logarithmic diagram corresponding t to Exhibit 80, Fig. 46. 655 82. 182. Diagram showing volt-ampere and volt hm chargeteris- 3 ties for VT. 1 tubtte 3 1 686 83. 183. Diagram showing logarithmie volt ampere characteristics. N ee for VT. 1 tube Ane % ͤ ⁵ ͤ-„ ²⅛˙ an 657 84. 184. Diagram showing plate current-grid volt characteristics b ; tor VII be JJ ˙ ĩ ͤͤ ck + Kable «+. * 658 85. 185. Diagram for type W radio transmitting tube ..... „ 86. 186. Logarithmic diagram fof type W radid transmitting tube. 660 87. 187. Diagram showing characteristics for type G power tube 661 88. 188. Diagram showing logarithmic characteristics for ne. G : ee PORE soca. caconcsas ars eee eee cakes ov iss oasis 662 89. 189. Diagram showing characteristics for type ‘I power tube 3 90. 190. Diagram showing N characteristic for type 1 5 be CCC „ 55 a 605 91, 191. Diagram obtained by pushing a via tube to eee : . „b J%%% HED obec decbere 671 92. 192. Logarithmic’ 1 5 to Exhibit 91, Fig. 577. 62 ae 1 i Diagram for.a VT-1 tube to. excessive . 1 then ce oe Spee, for decreasing voltages. .. et Fin clas. oe a 94. 194. Logarithmic diagram corresponding to Exhibit 93, Fig. 59. 675 95. 195. Arnold Exhibit No, 95, Tube for Figs- 8. 12, 13. and 14. xp 96., 196. Arnold Exhibit No. 96, Tube for Figs; 15 and 16 ....... 3 5 i 00 a . Inter. Record Ex No. 98. . ‘een INDEX TO DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD’ & . Trial ea Inter. Ex. Record No. 1 . 13 Page 197. Arnold Exhibit No. 97, Tube for Figs. 17, is and 19. — 198. Arnold Exhibit No. 98, Tube for Fig. 00 aa — 199. Arnold Exhibit No. 99, Tube for Figs. 21, 22 and 40 2 — 200. Arnold Exhibit No. 100, Tube for Figs. 23, 24 and 39. — 201. Arnold Exhibit No. 101, Tube for Figs. 28 and 2. oh — 202. Arnold Exhibit No. 102, Tube for Figs. 27 and 1 — 208. Arnold Exhibit No. 103, Tube for Fig. 98. a 204. Arnold Exhibit No. 104, Tubs for Figs. 36, 37 and 38 ...... — 205. Arnold Exhibit No. 105, Tube for Figs 44, 45, 46 and 47 — 206. Arnold Exhibit No. 106, Tube for Figs 48, 49 and 50. — 207. Arnold Exhibſt No. 107, Tube for Figs. 51 and 52 „ mi 208. Arnold Exhibit No. 108, Tabe for Figs. 53 and 8. = 209. Arnold Exhibit No. 109, Tube for Figs. 55. and 56 . ices a — 210. Arnold Exhibit No. 110, Tube for Figs. 57 b 211. Arnold Exhibit No. 111, Tube for Figs. 59 . * r 212 Direct volt-ampere plot for unbaked tubular bulb ....... — 708 213 Logarithmic volt-ampere plot for. unbaked tubular bulb . 1 214-222, inclusive. Diagfam for batch of unbaked tubes 3 i and tested December 12 and 13, 1919 wi — 7456 to 754 223. Volt-ampere diagram for tube of Van ae Bil renee XQs. 1792 and 201 ..... he e 3 3 224. Diagram for tube No. 35. 8 PRISE teeveee 78 225. Diagram for tube Na 36 eee yeep we 226. Diagram for tube No. 38 e is 5 8 227. Diagram for tube No. 45 e „ „ FVrEWF Oe a as +e | 5 4 767 229 Diagrams for tube No. 50 5 768 230 nee ie ee Me Rae ee BERET | . go y 770 232 Diagrams for tube No. 67 ee 555 8 pf 771 254. Diagram for tube No. (ũ . Aiea, ip 235. Langmuir Exhibits 16 and 18 plotted together .....:....... 38338 236. Logarithmic Diagram tor Von ae data | (Phys. 2 5 Peet C00 en et Nei given No, i in Interference record. . rare 8 5 a i AS eee , = „„ 0 5 7 . oa ; 7 Cc * mx TO DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD _ —Continued. Inter, . Trial ; : Inter Ex. No. No. ew Page. — ae A Certified copy of Armstrong. testimony in Marconi v. De- Forest case „ Stae dhdsbe des 97 4 59 Withdrawn pr. I. 238° -Photostat copy. of Richards Book 4, pp. 137, 138 and 165. Dates and Diagranis for meeting with De Forest; address of McCandless; and. notes on the artificial nee: ES 8 continental line test 3 4 9 . tee printed Pr. 2. 239. Audion 1-A. A Physical Exhibit Woes Altes Pr. 3. 240. Photograph of Audion 7 K... Nec . Bas Pre 4. 241. Audion No, 11. A Physical Exhibit 5 Pr. 8. 242. Photograph of Audion No. I eva a — * Pr. 6 243. Arnold diagram of audion circilits lor November 1, 1912... - “ Fe. 7. 244. Photostat copy of. Pierce Book, 20, pp: 16 to 41, in- clusive. ‘Tests of DeForest. A „„ ‘ We. 8. 245. Blueprints of sketches accompanying Exhibit / . 4, Pr. 9. 246. Comparative diagram for Audion 7-4 and type G plio- d „ c Ne ee ae * Pr. 10. 247. Photostat and blueprint copy of Pierce=Arnold memo- randum of December 18, 1912, on “Efficiency of the Pale, Fas le cane S 5 998 Pr. 11. 248. Copy of order for molecular pump . 8 Pr: 12. 249. Photostat copy of Letter to Crandell of March 17, 1913. ding date of Arnold’s trip to Princeton Pr. 13. 250. Photostat copy of Kendall Book 28, p. 25, noting ar- ie meal of new ‘molecular pump ..:.....3......5++ eve . Pr. 14. 251. Photostat copy of Trimble Book 18, pp. 89 to 95. Rec- l ord of pumping twenty audions in January, 1913 eee 9 Pr, 18. 252. Photostat copy of Arnold-Nicolson 3/2 law memorandum “ Pr. 16 253. ent copy of Arnold-Kendall we law computations...“ 8 . poacedha ‘ty "Pe? are exhibits referred to in Interference. record as “Exhibits accompanying the statements in behalf of Arnold on the Question of Priority.” * Arnold Priority Exhibits Nos. 1 to 41, inclusive (Defendant's Exhibits Nos . 238 to 278 inclusive in this case) not printed, but are bound in chronological e. der in brown cloth back book. . INDEX TO DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE RECORD Inter. Trial Nos ¢ . ; Inter- Bx No. No. 3 2 ae Pr. 17. 254. Photostat er el ArnoldIetter to Wiegel May 5, . 1913, giving 3/2 law computationnln nnn printed Pr. 18. 255. Photostat copy of Pierce, Book 20, pp. 101 to 18, relating to use of new molecular pump with Audions 20, A and B. ake ~ Pr. 19. 256. Blueprints of sketches accompanying Exhibit 18. is Pr. Al. 257. Photostat copy of selected- cards from nn carl * index. Cards 1 tö 10, 23, 64 and 100 5 A......... 000005 “ © Pr. 21. 288. Phatostat copy of Kendall Bock 25. pp. 39, 40 and 60 2 a relating to the audion installation at Philadelphia ....:., “ Pr. 22: 259. Photostat copy of Kendall Report of September i ay 1913, on two-way audion repeater with artificial lines. Pr. 23. 260. Photostat and. blueprint copy of Kendall memorandum Fes. : October 1, 1913, on the use of the audion for. repeating... “ ~ Pr. 24. 261. Blueprint of Kendall cord circuit audion L — — 5 ande 2. *. Pr. 25. 262. Photostat copy of ‘Kendall Book 42; p. 5, on the com- mencement of commercial service at Philadelphia Pr: 26. 263. Photostat and blueprint copy of Kendall Report of October __ . a 22, 1913, on commercial operation of audion at Philadelphia is Fr. 27, 264. Photostat copy of Kendall Book 42, p. „ for December 20, 3 1913. Record of commercial service for audions at Phila- Ax. PP ee e PSP RGR Es Pr. 28. 265. Audion 6.11 a Physical Exhibit 5 n é Pr. 29. 266. Photograph of Audion 6. il. . * Pr. 30. 267. Audion 64, a Physical Exhibit ................. 3 . Pr. 31. 268. Photograph of Audion 6 . is Pr. 32. 269. Audion 100, a Physical Exhibit. fits 2 Pr. 33. 270. Photograph of Audion 10 4 1 Pr. 34. 271. Photostat copy of Pierce Bock 20, pp. 182 anf bay and Es. 93571. Data on Audion 9.11. . * 2 Pr. 35. 272. Photostat copy of Colpitts Memorandum of Maren 27, 1913, om audion improvements nee . **Arnold Priority Exhibits Nos. 1 to 41, inclusive"(Defendant’s Exhibits Nos. 286 to 278, inclusive, in this ease) not printed, eS e “ter in brown cloth back book. (xii A - : os 0 ; ey . INDEX ro DEFENDANT'S EXHIBITS IN INTERFERENCE REC — 9 bot ON / 7 — 8 8 ‘copy of Nicolson’s daily 3 sheet * for February 4, 1913, fixing date for Exhibit 15 ......... . Printed Photostat copy of Richards Book. 4, pp. 155°: and 156, 4 on connecting audion grid and plate with a et resist- 5 * %% cas ck sent tse cee ca ĩͤ + ee a No. 589 In Egurry. | tena Font Bains PANY, ve Hi 1 85 5 8 ae Defendant: “geod: | DOCKET ENTRIES ge Jan. 26, 1626 Bill. of complaint filed; same ii gubpena is- : sued, returnable February 15, 1926. 7 „Marshal returns on subpœna, “Serv ed, 5 he; same day writ filed. me Report to Commissioner of Patents mailed _ a a copy filled. Answer filed. Stipulation . filed ;, same, day sates 3 time to file answer; same day order filed. i Order granting leave to file stipulation; same day order and stipulation filed. . Defendant’s bill of particulars filed. : Defendant 8 supplemental bill of particulars ee . Order granting ‘defendant leave: 10 amend an- oa wer; same day amendment filed. . Oct, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 1926. Trial before 2 * - Docket Entries, No: 569 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 1926. ‘Trial before the oe 28, 1926. Bepositzöns of Mrs. A. W. F. Beck, B Hyde, Palmer Hewlett, Leland B. G. E. Lamont, Ralph R. Beal, Austin L. Tul James O. Watkins and Harold Lee N on behalf of defendant, filed. 11, 1926. Record of proceeding at trial filed. ee „12, 13, 14, 1927. Hearing on pleadings and proofs, — 3, 1928. Opinion of court filed. | 16, 1928. Final decree dismissing bill of complaint, wil 2 n cCeocgts to be taxed; same day decree filed. : . 23, 1928. Plaintiff’s petition for appeal with assignmeny ä ‘of error filed; same day order allowing s peal, bond in the sum of $500; same dy order filed. Order approving bond on yey in the sum d $500.00 with United States Fidelity a Guarantee Company as ne same ¢ bond filed. : Citation issued. 8 Citation, with acceptance of service by solic for defendant-appellee, endorsed. heredl, : Report to Commissioner of Patents mallets copy filed. ; “Stipulation as to transeript of ‘record fi ‘same day order approving stipulation; a bese order filed. ee Docket Entries, No. 598 emen Eren Sei 5 ae rs 1 75 ee , . ae aa v. 5 No. 598 In Baurrr. De Forest Rabl Company, , a a 3 N DOCKET ENTRIES Apr. 28, 1926. Bill of complaint filed; same day ida is- ~ 7 . + gued, returnable. May 18, 1926. : : Apr. 30, 1926. Marshall returns on subpoena, Dhan &e. ; 6 same day writ filed. Apr. 30, 1926. Report to Commissioner of Patents mailed — es May 1, 1926. Answer filed. 2 | Oct. 11, 1926. Plaintiff’s seis for bill of . filed. Oct, 11, 1926. Defendants bill of particulapp filed. (Filed i in 5 No. 589). Oct, 11, 1926. Defendant’s supplemental bill of particulars 25 bet. Oct. eas. filed. (Filed in No. 589). 28, 1926. . Order granting leave. to amend answer; same 5 day amendment filed. . et, 28, 1926. Depositions of Mrs. A. W. F. Beck, Ralph yo Hyde, Palmer Hewlett, Leland B. Clark, G. E. Lamont, Ralph R. Beal, Austin V. Tuel, James O. Watkins and Harold Lee Rodman filed on . behalf of defendant. (Filed i in No. | 589). Oct. U, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 1926. Trial before : : the Court. Nov. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 1926. Trial before the Court. Nev. 11, 1926. Record of proceedings at trial filed. Apr. 12, 13, 14, 1927. Hearing on pleadings and proofs. © Jan. 3, 1928. Opinion of court filed. N in No. . 4 5 Docket Entries, No. 598 Jan. 16, 1928. Interlocutory decree that. bill of eur he a ate dismissed as to Patents Nos. 1,244,216 ani sant _ 1,529,597; that patent No. 1,244,217 is vali ‘ 1 and infritiged ; that injunction issue; ay ees that costs be reserved for entry of final de. cree, &; same day decree filled. J an. 16, 1928. - Injunction issued. Jan. 23, 1928. Plaintiff ’s petition for appeal, with assignments ee 3 '. * of error, filed; e day order allowing q _ peal, bond in thesum of $500; same day order filed. ° Jai an. 27, 1928. Order approving bond on n appeal i in the sail : $500. with United States 1 and Guar. antee Company as surety; same 3 bond N filed. ae 8 ae Jan. 27, 1928. Citation issued. 3 es J an. 30, 1928. Citation, with acceptance of service by ool oa for Getendent-Appelee endorsed no 8 Feb 5 1928. Marshal returns on Injunction, “Served”, te, same day writ filed. ‘ Feb. 56 1928. Report to Commissioner of Patents.mailed and copy filed. Feb. 17, 1928. Petition of defendant for appeal, with assign ments of error filed; same day order allo >. ing appeal, bond in the sum of $500; sam a day 0 5 er filed. „ 4 1928. Order approving bond of defendant on 4 in the sum of $500; with Indemnity Insur- _ ance Company. of North America as a Oe same day bond filed. Mar. 7, 1928. Citation issued. 5 f Mar. 8, 1928. Stipulation as to transoript of pied ae same day order approving 1 cere sa ge tk day order filed. Mar, 8 1928. Citation, with acceptance of service by coi 3 for plaintiff-appellee endorsed thereon, tet 15 Bill of Complaint, No. 589 ee | 5 35 III OF COMPLAINT. _ oe (Filed January 26, 1926.) In tHe Unrrep Srarzs District Court, FOR THE DisTRict or DELAWARE. | General Electric Company, No. 589. 3 h 81 ‘ * In Egurry. me DeForest Radio Company. |. No. 1,558,436. 25 the Honorable the Judges of the District Court of the United States for the District. -of Delaware. ; The plaintiff for its bill of complaint says that it is informed and believes and therefore avers as stated i in 5 Paragraphs 1 to VII, nip tape as follows: I. The plaintiff is a ‘corporation’ organized ‘and a existing under the laws of the State of New York hav- - “ing a regular and established place of business in Schenectady, New York, and a citizen of the United- ‘States, and the defendant, The DeForest. Radio Com- pany io a Corporation duly organized and existing under the laws. of the State of Delaware, and a citizen, of the State of Delaware, and said defendant has a regular and established place of business in the State of Delaware, within the Distriet of Delaware, within hich District, as well as elsewhere in the United States of America, the acts of opine peng herein. gag complained, of took place. u. Irving Langmuir, being, within the hae ‘the Statutes of the United States, the first, original a and sole ester of certain Hlostrical Discharge 4p- . Langmuir Patent, 6 ae = Bill of Complaint, No. 589 ; paratus nid Process of Preparing and Using the Same, and being entitled to a-patent therefor under the pro- visions of said statutes, duly applied to the Commis. - sioner of Patents of the United States of America for letters patent for said improvements, which were not known or used by others in this country before his in- vention or discovery thereof and not patented-or de- ‘scribed in any printéd publication in this or any for- eign country before his invention or discovery thereof or more than two years prior to his said application for patent, and not in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years prior to said ap- plication and not abandoned to the public, and said in- vention has not been patented in any country foreign to the United-States of America on an application filed by said Langmuir or his legal. representatives or as- signs more than twelve months prior to said application f for United States patent. The plaintiff, having acquired by instrument in writing, all the rights to said inven- 5 tion, and all the requirements of the statutes then in force having been complied with, there were, under date of October 20, 1925, duly granted to the plaintiff Letters Patent No. 1,558,436 for said improvements, whereby there were secured to the plaintiff, its legal representatives and assigns' for the term of seventeen years from the said date of October 20, 1925, the exclu- sive right to make, use and sell said it rovements, as will appear by said patent or a ce copy thereof in court to be produced, td of which @rofert ix hr e i a III. The im vements forming the . ot said letters patent are of great value, importance and bene- fit to the public and to the plaintiff and its licensees; and the plaintiff has expended large sums of money — | in _— — — — and pee Bil of Complaint, 3 599 to the public, and the plaintiff and its licensees have manufactured and sold and used said improvements extensively, and are prepared to supply the whole de- mand which has been ereated therefor; and the plain- tiff has marked or caused to be marked the radio tubes made and sold by the plaintiff or under its authority by imprinting on the inclosures thereof the word ‘‘Pat- ented together with the day and year said - letters pret were granted. : = : IV. Since the . of the 1 patent men- Stioned the plaintiff has been at all times, and is now, , posgessed of all the right, title and interest in said im- provements and letters patent therefor, and entitled to all the benefits thereof. | V. Within six years last past prior to the filing of this Bill of Complaint, the defendant, The DeForest _ Radio Company, has within the District of Delaware, and elsewhere in the United States of America made, uéed and sold or caused to be made, used or sold radio tubes embodying or containing the improvements de- scribed and claimed in said Letters Patent 1,558,436, and has practiced or caused to be practiced the process of said patent, unlawfully and without license of the plaintiff and in infringement of said letters patent and plaintiff’s rights thereunder, and defendant threatens to continue said infringement, and defendant has gained great profits from said infringement, wherefore plaintiff prays that the defendant may be required to make full 3 of its gains from said = send f * 75 f VI. But ‘for the l acts of defendant the _ plaintiff and its licensees and customers would now be a able to make, use and sell the patented improvements of § Bai | Bil of Complaint, No. 589. J 2 7 said letters patent with greater profit and ac = vantage. By such wrongful acts. of defendant the plaintiff is suffering irreparable „unless this infringement by defendant is restraine by order of this Honorable Court, and the e has Ail : 3 remedy at law. N VII. Plaintiff. hee notified the defendant of w. ownership of said letters patent and of defendant’s in- fringement thereof, and has requested the defendant to desist from. further infringement thereof, but de. fendant, after such notice has continued ap infringe. ment. Bi 8 we plaintiff prays: 1. For such preliminary and ee injunction. against infringement, direct or contributory, of said letters patent by defendant, its agents, attorneys, work- “| men and employees and officers and directors, and all persons in privity with one eee to this n may seem just; ges: and l dpe a 2. For an ee for to said infringement, and that defendant be compelled ie nen me e,, as the profits; 8 a 3 3, For costs; ae i „ just. Porest Radio Company; 3 ia : 4. For ‘such other relief as to equity may seem 5 make answer (but. not under oath, an answer under : \ 5 Bil of Coniplaint No. 589° : oath being hereby waived) to this Bill of Complaint | : and to perform and abide by sueh orders and decrees as to this Court may seem required 12 5 the Keane 5 of equity and good conscience. GEN ERAL ‘ELECTRIC COMPANY, By (Sgd.) F. S. Txnnx, $e Vice-President. — Attest: 7 _. (Sgd.) SoH eat an (Seal) ee Pas e eee Secretary. (Sgd.) ‘Wm. G. Manarry,” me | Solicitor for the W e Egquitable Building, Wilmington, Delawiie. (Sed. ) Howson and Howson, . Of Counsel for Plaintiff, 55 Liberty Street, Ne York City. Srare oF NEw Yous: County or New Yous F. 8. ious being duly sworn deposes end says, . 8 ä 8 5 dat he is Vice-President of General Electric Company, the corporation named as plaintiff in the forégoing Bill of Complaint subscribed by him; that he has read said ; “ 2 knows the contents thereof; that the same are - cept as to the matters. e on information : 1 belief, and as to those matters he believes the com- 85 paint. to be true sat he verily believes, ane Irving 1 fifth day of January, 1926. . Electric Company, 1 5 Plaintiff,| aurrr No. 589. ue v. -On Langmuir Pat. 2 DeForest Radio 3 ü No. 3 - Defendant.) . a mh DzForest RADIO Company, for its answer to the bi advised is material or necessary to be answered, says: * contained in paragraph II of the said bill of com- copy of Letters Patent No. 1, to plaintiff, as assignee of Irving Langm 10 f 5 Amended Answer, No. 589. Langmuir to be the first, original and sole inventor of the improvements’, set forth in Patent No. 1,558,436.. (Sgd.) F. S. TERRY, _ Vice-President, . * Subscribed and sworn to beforé me this 1 (Seal) (88d) geen O, Laxblxn, 7 Foto Public. . N. v. Co. No. 84; N. Y. Co. Rigistar ’s No. 8002. . (Sommission expires March 30, 1926. 1 25 “ited May 27, 1926. ) — „ In ong 83 Srarns Disrhror . von THE Drernror OF Driawann. — — * of complaint herein, or as much thereof as it is 1. This defendant denies each and every allega- plaint, except that it has seen Pep to be a g oe * Amended Answer, No. 589 | Les it 2. This defendant Saen each und every allegs- 3 . tion contained in ee III of. the bill of. oom. 3 plaint. 8 3. This defendant denies the e of para- graph IV of the said bill of complaint. 4. This defendant. denies the allegations of e ‘ ee ‘graph V of the said bill of complaint. ahi 5. This defendant denies the allegations of para- graph VI of the bill of complaint. * d. &Purther in answer to said bill of nual. this defendant upon information and belief avers that the Langmuir patent is wholly invalid and void and of no N effect, for. each of the mne reasons 8 5 (a) Irving Langmuir was not the first 8 of any substantial or material part of the thing patented, i but that the same was first in¥énted by others, to wit: Lee DeForest, of New Vork, N. V., at New York, N N. V., and Palo Alto, California; a | Harold D. Arnold, of and at New York, N. fe and/or others, the names, addresses W of in- vention this defendant is not at present advised but begs leave to add hereto when information thereof is obtained. re; 7 ‘ 2. . 4 (b) Because the 8 or ina alleged to be ‘ont : tented, by the Langmuir patent was known and/or used by others before the alleged invention or discover thereof by Langmuir; and/or more than two prior to the e 2 patent therefor, by! muir, to wit: 9893 8 12 : saan Amended Aniwer, No. ed | Lee DeForest, of New York, NN: Xa ‘be New Yor 5 . and/or others, the names, addresses and circumstanées of such knowledge and/or use this defendant is not at present advised, but begs leave to add betete when such * ented by the Langmuir natent were shown in patents and in printed publications in this country and ooun - tries foreign to the United States, before the alleged invention or discovery thereof by Langmuir; and/or more than two years prior to the filing of the applica - “tion for the said Langmuir patent, the complete data: ~ as to the names and numbers of said patents, dates of . . issuance thereof, and the names and dates. of said pub- ‘ begs leave to add hereto wae this information has said prior art, this defendant is not at present pos- sessed, but begs leave to add hereto by POEs, amend- ented had been previously patented to the same party N N. V., and Palo Alto, California; ; Harold D. Arnold, of and at New York, N. F. 4 information i is obtained. ‘ 4 4 105 W the thing or thingy . to. be pat- Be lications, this defendant is not at present, advised, but been obtained. (d) Because the. Larigmuir N is directed to subject matter not lawfully patentable, which subject 1 matter does not constitute invention in view of the state of the art prior thereto, full information as to ment when the same is obtained. oe: (e) Because the thing or things 50 to. SB pat- in interest, namely, the General. Electric Company, We plaintiff herein, in Patent No. 1,203,495, applied for May 9, 1913, and issued etober 31, 1916, in the name Paragraph (e) added by amendment October 28, 1926. ec Were a! ER pet SU on : ) Amended Anmeer, No, 00 2 „ 0 W. D. Coolidge, assignor, as illustrated, solely as examples, in claims 1, 13, 16 and 32 of said Coolidge ‘ patent, wherefore, plaintiff made election as to i- vontorship of the subject matter in suit; is estopped 5 from asserting that Coolidge is not the prior inventor : thereof; and Patent No. 1,558, 436 is, therefore, void. “ .-Wumanvonn, this defendant denies that the plain- tiff is entitled to the relief ‘prayed for or any relief and therefore prays to be hence dismissed with its proper costs in this cause sustained hnd with such other and farther affirmative relief as to the Court may seem just. DzFOREST RADIO COMPANY, Piss (Sgd.) Dang & Dansy, 5 | 3 Bai ; Attorneys. for Defendant. . iy Aap: MB Mi Beet tise Bh shal oh Solicitor for Defendunt. 4 ) Samvuzn E. Danzx, In., | 6 Sgd.) D G. An g f 07 Counsel. 2 bote. New Vork, N. L. May 30,3986, — er: 14 Defendant 1 Bill of Particulars’ 225 " DEFENDANT'S BILL or PARTIOULARS. 0 Filed Octobtr 11, 1926.) Ix tee U witep States DisrnIOr Covsr, FOR THE Disrnrer or DRLAwaR n. * 7 ‘Genera Electric D 1 Plaintiff, . ee : ft v. 0 3 -The DeForest Radio Company, Hee: SO) Ane 208, ' 7 Defendant. J : ‘Now ComEs Davsixpawz and for its particulars vane as. pollows: : . The vatinte and publications which will be of- tor Qt in evidence at the trial of the cayge, (a) to illustrate the prior art; () to support a contention of anticipation; ‘and (c) for any other een, are as follows: Patent Vo. Inventor. -- 307,031 T. A. Edison 909,811 . M. Merritt 1,032,914 C. Kruh egy 1,038,910 R. Von Lieben and E. Reiss 879,532 UL. DeForest ; 1,169,082 R. Von Lieben, E. Reisz and 8. Strayss N 1,028,636 C. T. Thacker 8 1,249,978 G. M. J. MacKay ' 258,966 - E. Weston 411,019 T. A. Edison 1,122,011 ‘Dr. Lillienfeld 1,218,423 Dr. Lillienfeld te on oat Defendant’s Bill of Particulars 8 15 N 8 Ornen Pars . Patent No. Inventor. / 1,001,105 . Welsbach 2 . 968,407 F. J. Planchon „ 829,568 , J. M. Canello 1,205,002 J. T. Marshall 537,693 A. Malignoni 909,811 M. M. Merritt “ 596,654 E. F. Dwyer 845,671 P. H. Thomas 859,021 F. Sodd ß . Bee 7 946,068 M. Von Recklinghausen 7 peso 1,203,495: . Coolidge _—- ee 1,083,677 C. A. Friedrich We RS 1,159,307 W. C. White 1 ata 1,250,815 F. M. Dorsey Sey? 552,036 L. K. Bohm R 1,018,502 Just & Hanaman Fa Se „ 1,008,896 K. Farkas : ieee 872,936 J. A. Heaney 927,935 W. Von Bolton 1,422,019 J. A. Vunck 1,142,625 — . Reiss 1,246,054 J. H. Clough „1,121,802 E: L. Clarx 5 1,376,604 N. W. Case a An article dy Ai Turpin and a book entitled , “Les Appiications Practiquzs pes Onpex’s' Exzo- mans, pages 30 to 31, published in 1902 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 62 in Marconi v. Du Fonnsr on: FLEMING Far. a ENT) ; LA Tolar ‘Lim Fiuarr. a “mmiques,”” by J. Bovlaxonn and G. Fannie, Seventh Rdi- tion, 1907, pages 260 to 265 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 123, No. 6A. M. ROONI v. DeForest on F.Lemine Fan. . 7 . 1 . . N . — . ; * s ° — 2 — | i. * 8 . Laxonum: ee Defendant’ 8 Bil of. Particulars 71 : 7 * : has ae — Apprrion an Berus 5 LuamNrELd, KOSENTHAL! ¢ Fort. aus. den Gebiet der Roentgen Strablen Bd. 18, 256. “Fer Rois, Boston, 1903: Notes on X Lights. ELSTER & Gxrrxl.: ö N Wied. Ann., V. 38, 1889, „ * a | GoLpsTEIN: | aye 5 Wied. Ann., V. 24, 1885, 83. 5 _Pror. ‘Quran: Phil. Meg., AV, 5. 3058, 1873. Coolabon: Phys. Rev., 2, p. pe 1913. Soppy: — Phys. Zeit., v. 9, 8 (2908), LaNncMuIR: * — : op Phys. Rev., 2, 450, 1913; | Porn Ss Phys: Zeit., 15, 516, 1914. 5 MBA: Trans., Varun, Soe. 14, 1 (4019). Jour. Am. Chem. Soe., 37, 1139 (1915) ; Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 2221 (1916). Warsz: Trans. Am. LE E., 31, 921 (4912) vw fiacenov: Phys. Rev., 13, 415 (1919). Sxinunn: site Ann. d. Phys, 50, 769 (1916) ; F Mag., 12, 481 (1906); Phys. Rev., 21, 1169 (1905). ‘Hacenow: | Defendant’ 8 Bill of Particulars i 17 Lxen bm, 5 ö G. R. Rev., 5 1915 ‘ce is tt) June, 1920. N 1 July, 1920. Phys. Rev., 13, 415, 1010. 0 CAMPBELL ee * . Phil. Mag, 4i, 685 (1921) * Phil. Mag., 40, 585 11 255 nne IAxduum: Prans. A. 1. E. E., 30, 1921 (1913). Nets e eme b ; Phys. Rev., 5, 223 (1915) 1 * sai" Engineering, Jan. 14 ARR N Proc. Rox Soc.: 3835 K. 219 (1911); N Zeit. d. Deutsch. Phys. Ges., 13, 271 (1511) Thys. Rev., 4, 401 (1914) 8. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 35, 931 (h Suppy & MACKENZIE: . Proc, Roy. Soe., 80, A, 92 (908). an eee . 1. 1 TELEGRAPHIE Sams Fi er Les Oxpas, Nano- : TRIQUES,”” Paris, 1909, Bovuaneer and Fenrir. 2. Proc. Roy. Soc., Feb., 1890, Crookes. 3. Asm, D. Puys, U. Cuem., Bd. XVI, Exsrex & Garren. Also. ig Aux, 38 p. 27. Also amu Axx., * p. 166. . 7 0 4. Fri! a a. Proc. Roy. Inst., ben. 1800-1802, PP. 84 10 495, a 5 : ; e 3 5 . ; . 9 , 1 92 . * . * . 8 9 * tad 0 ‘ . . — , . ö N it: ——— * . 0 N 1. „ „ | Defendants Bill of Particulars b. The Conduetion and Meagurement pf Eleo- * tric Waves, 1906; . 0. Ionized gas detectors, 1910 ed.; d. Technies, April, 1905; ey Prog val Soc, 14. p. 476-487, 1600 5. Bernt N Foa ALL: E. E., Oct, 1906, 6. ‘Dewar: \ Nature, July 15, 16750 : -\Charcoal, Vacua; ~*~ ent \" Proc. Roy. Soc., June, 1904; | at Proc., Roy. Soe, Dec, 1898. * 7. Buro nin: The Wireless Age, Jan, 1014 „ 8. Lawemum: + | : @ | Proe. I. k. , Sept, 118. 9. Manx Warr: ‘ Edinburgh Philogophica® J Journal, 1828. 10. Wenx RI: a a. Ann. d. Phys., 14 425 (1904). 11. Mnnrrr & Srxwanr: f Phys. Rev., Apr. (1904), 239 239. 12. Pur nn Tue Electrician, Apr. 4 (1885). In addition to the foregoing, the patents and 2 ‘ications förming part of the record of OLD v. Lano- muir, Interference No. 40,380, of which 2 hc, | copies, 2. The inistance. or . of prior knowledge and use defendant will attempt to prove at the trial ot this cause under paragraph 6 of its answer are: . \ a ~ Defendant's Bit of Particulars sid 19 n. D. Anno and Wrermm E o Com- pany, of and at New York City and e hike wee: appears in the record of the Arnotp v. Lanomumr: ° Interference above identified. M Hui, Hew- * Lert, CLARK, LaMost, Beat, TEL, DMAN,. War- xins and DiForest, as appears in the testimony täken in San. Francisco, California, in dux, Evectric COMPANY v. DeForest Rabro, TeLerHone and TrLTOnAvUN Company and McPursen RAD ELxOTnO Corporation, in Equity, United States F District Court, Eastern District: of New York, 1723-1724, a copy of which counse} for plaintiff has in his possession and the taking of which testimony was attended by counsel for plaintiff. ov é 3. The instance or - instances of prior | owledge, | / invention and use defendant. will attempt to prove at. che trial, of, this cause under paragraph 8 of the an- _ swer are ‘those set forth i in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this bill. of particulars. | 4 * 4. The instance or instances of prior publications of the alleged invention which defendant will attempt & prove under paragraph 7 of its answer are. those det forth in paragraphe 1 and 2 hereof ert . * N IRE DeFOREST RADIO br a By (Sed) Daysy & Dansy, * (Sgd.) E. E. Bent (Sgd.) Dany & Dansy, - _ Solicitors for Defendant. | 1 ‘ n * >. : | ” (Spa.) S. E. Daksy, In., © RY . 0 Counsel. a „„ plemental Bilt of Particulars, No. 6. ere " getvibe of a copy of the Within bill of particulars. 10 „ ame wied gd this 2d day of October, „ ; 2 1 a 2 x . - 1 * Me Bill of Complainit, No. 696 copy of po letters patent and prays that the same | may be taken as part of this bin. ! bi. Third. That on and prior to the twenty- sigue ö day of October, 1915, Irving Langmuir, of Schenectady, New Vork, was the original, first and sole inventor of certain new and useful improvements in Electron Dis: charge Apparatus and Method of Operating the Same, not known or used by others in this country before his invention or discovery thereof, and not patented or de- seribed in any printed publication in this or any for. ; eign country before his invention or discovery thereof, or more than two years prior to his application for let- ters patent of the United States hereinafter mentioned and not in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years prior to his said application, and not abandoned by him prior to his said application, and not patented or. caused to be patented by him or his legal representatives or assigns in any foreign coun- ‘try upon an application filed more-than twelve months : — prior to the filing of his said application in this coun- 4 a try. And that being such original, first and sole inventor, said Langmuir did on the said twenty-eighth day of October, 1915, make application in due form of- law. to the Commissioner of Patents of the United States for letters patent for such invention and duly __ swore. to the specification thereof and requested the „Commissioner of Patents to issue to him any. letters patent which might be granted on his said invention, and then and there in all respects complied with the necessary conditions and requirements of ‘the statutes - of the United States in such case made and provided, and duly assigned said invention and application and the letters patent to be issued pursuant to said appli- cation by proper assignment in writing duly executed and delivered to the plaintiff, General Electric Com- pany. That thereupon such proceedings were had with’ " & Bill of Complaint, No, . 3 5 25 5 dee to the said invention and application that on. the twenty-third day of October, 1917, Letters Patent No. 1,244;217 were duly issued to said plaintiff for said invention and on said application i in conformity with te requirements of the statutes in such case made and provided. And the plaintiff brings here into cohrt a 3 duly authenticated copy of said letters patent and prays that the same may be erer as part of this bill. Fourth. —That on and, prior to the eleventh day of Augusty 1921; Irving Langmuir, of Schenectady, New York, was the original, first and sole inventor of cer- tain new and useful improvements in Electron Emitting — Device and Method of Preparation, not known or u@d by others in this country before his invention or dis- . covery thereof, and not patented or described.in any printed publication in this or any foreign country be- fore his invention or r discovery thereof, ¢ or more than years prior to his application for letters patent of the United States hereinafter mentioned, and not in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years prior to his said application, and not abandoned by him prior to his said application, and not patented _ or caused to be patented by him or his legal represen- : tatives or assigns in any foreign country upon an ap- - plication filed more than twelve months prior to the filing of his said application in this country. And that being such original, first and sole inventor, said Lang- muir did on the said eleventh day of August, 1921, make application in dué form of law to the Commis- ~- sioner of Patents of the United States for letters pat- : ent for such invention and duly swore to the specifica- tion thereof and requested the Commissioner of Patents to issue to him any letters patent which might be granted on his said invention, and then and there in all ‘respects complied with the necessary conditions and re- 2 eee of the statutes of the United States i in such 5 5 8 ‘ 4 -~ ° « . * . 1 5 : x — ‘ 8 — 4 - * .- : . — . 2 4 ~—_ 1 . vf : . 5 : j . : 7 * . 26 i Bill of Complaint, No, 598 case made and provided, and duly assigned said 1 vention and application and the letters patent to bs issued pursuant to said application by proper assign. ment in writing duly executed and delivered to the plaintiff, General Electrie Company. That thereupon such proceedings were had with respect to the said invention and application that on the tenth day of March, 1925, Letters Patent No. 1,529,597. were duly issued to said plaintiff for said invention and on gad application in conformity with the requirements of the: statutes in such case made and provided. And the plaintiff brings here into court a duly authenticated copy of said letters patent and prays that the same may be taken as part of this bill. Eirtu That by virtue of the said several assign- ments and of the grant of the said several letters pat- ent, as above set forth, the plaintiff became. on the date of grant of each of said several letters patent and that it has ever since been and now is possessed of and vested with the full and entire right, title and interest in and to each of said several inventions and letters Wen | : Sivth That the said defendant, the De Forest Radio Company, has been, since the grant of said let- ters patent as aforesaid and prior to the xecution of © this bill of complaint, at Wilmington, Delaware, and elsewhere within the United States, and still is without license or permission of the plaintiff and in infringe- ment of said letters patent practicing and causing to be practiced the inventions in said several letters pat- ent, and each and every thereof, set forth and claimed, and has been and still is making, using and selling or causing to be made, used and sold electron discharge apparatus prepared, employing, containing and oper. . in accordance with the inventions i in said several, * Bill of Complaint, No. we 27 letters . set forth and claimed, all to the ene : great damage. l J , ent- That the said defendans hee en daly notified of said letters patent and of its infringement thereof 1 in violation of the plaintiſt s rights thereunder. a ihth. —That the said defendant is prepared aud ready to continue said infringement, and unless re- irreparable damage from such unlawful acts of said. defendant, and that said defendant has derived and received and still is deriving and receiving from said ifring! acts great gain and profits. : W plaintiff prays that an 8 be taken of the profits received by said defendant and the damages suffered by the plaintiff in the premises; that said defendant and its officers, servants, agents em- ployees, workmen and confederatés may be.perpetually restrained and enjoined by the decree and injunction — of this Court from lirectly or indirectly infringing upon plaintiff’s said @gveral letters patent or any there- of; that said defendant may bé decreed to pay the costs of thie suit and may. also be enjoined and restrained as aforesaid during the pendency of this suit; and that the plaintiff may have such other and further relief as to this Honorable Gourt may seem meet. GEN ERAL ELECTRIC COMPAN 1 By (Sad. ): Francis C. Pratt, e il 3 eee (Sgd.) Sanuk. Owen Epmonps,. : (Sgd.) Wu. G. Manarry, ee Solicitors for Plaintiff. (Sgd.) Samvugn Owen Epmonps, | | : Py Counsel for Plaintiff. ä 5 . strained therefrom the plaintiff will suffer great and ais 28 Bill of Complaint, No. 598 Sraze or New York, . * Couyty OF Scuenzctapy, abe Fa C. Pnarr, being duly sworn, eee and says that he is a Vice-President of General Electric Company, the plaintiff nained in the foregging bill of complaint; that he has read said bill of complaint and knows the contents thereof; that the same is true of his own knowledge save in so far as the same is@herein stated to be upon information and belief, and as to those parts he believes it to be true. And he does fur! ther depose and say that he verily believes said Irving Langmuir to have been the first, original and -sole in- ventor of the several inventions in said Letters Patent Nos. 1,244,216, 1,244,217 and 1, 529, 597 set forth. Gd FRANCIS O. PRATT. - @pbecritied and sworn to before mie, this twenty. . third day of April, 1926. * a “Bed ) Haun Onrorp, (Seal) © | e Notary Publ, My wy _ Amended Answer, No. 598. 29 |, AMENDED ANSWER. 0 Filed May 1, 1926.7) ‘Ts THE Usrren Status’ Dieta Counr, von THE Disrnior or DELAWARE, General Electric te n 7] | 105 The DeForest Radio den ; * ain Seely. Defendant. j | The answer of the DeForest. 14050 Company, de- fendant herein to the bill of complaint of the Gzwerar ae 5 _ Eugcrrre Company. ‘The defendant, answering, ays: This defendant denies each and every idlogs: : tion contained in paragraph ‘‘Second’’ of the bill of - 2 complaint except that it admits having seen what pur- ports to be a copy of Letters Patent No. 1,244,216, dated the twenty-third ay of October, 1917. ; 2. This defendant h each · and every 1 8 tion contained in paragraph Third“ of the bill of complaint except that it admits having seen what pur- ports to be a copy of Letters Patent No. 1,244, 217, dated the twenty-third day of October, 1917. 3. This defendant denies . and every ise tion contained in paragraph „Fourth“ of said com- plaint, except that it admits having seen what purports to be a copy of Letters Patent No. 1 529, 5597, dated = tent day of March, 1925. ee 4 This defendant ne no peace of the matters det forth in paragraph Fifth“ of the said bill of com- * Amendment to answer filed October 28, 1926. © rw discovery thereof or more than two ye Se Andes Ae No, 598 * plaint, and therefore denies the same, and puts plain tiff to its proof. 5. This defendant denies Cis: and every allega- tion contained in paragraphs Sixth, Seventh,“ and Eighth' of the bill of complaint. This defendant further answering the said bill of complaint avers contrary to the. allegations therein. contained. es — 6. That the said 1 Langmuir, was not the first inventor of or discoverer of any mater stantial part of the thing patented, but that was known to and used in this country by others than r sub- or to his application fer the respective Letters Patent of the Langmuir, before his alleged ro rng or. - United States therefor, as follows: Lee ‘DeForest, of and at Palo Alto, California; G. E. Lamonte of and at- San e Cali-. hoo fornia. : 7. That the said patentee, Langmuir was not the original or first-inventor-or discoverer of any material or substantial part of the respective thing alleged to be patented, hut that the same had been ‘patented and described in printed publications in this and for- eign countries before his alleged invention or discov- ery thereof, or more than two years prior to his appl® cation, of which full information of the patents and publications defendant is not. at present possessed, but begs leave to add-hereto by Peeper amendment. us 8. That the things claimed or Sucht to be dals ; in the respective Langmuir patents do not constitute lawful subject matter for a patent; that the things pat. ented were not lawfully patentable in view of the prior same V ‘oO Amended Answer, Wo. 598. 31 att/ and in ae of what was 8 dommonly known to those | skilled in the art, and in view of the prior inven on, knowl ‘and use in this country, full information of which defendant is not at present possessed, but begs leave to add hereto by proper amendment. 9. That the things ‘claimed or b to be elsimed in the said Langmuir patents do not constitute patent- able invention. requiring reward by way of a grant of letters patent within the meaning and intent of the United States. Patent Statutes. | 10. The things claimed or ‘sought to be clainted i in the said respeetivs Langmuir patents do not consti- tute lawful subject matter for a patent in that they are mere aggregations of unrelated. or | 11. That the things attempted to be patented in He said respective Langmuir patents have been in use or on sale for more than two years prior to the respective applications for letters patent by certain persons, f firms, ian, that is to say, one millionth of one am- pere, we have-to have about. six million million élec- _ trons passing through the fircuit per second. Fleming found in applying this tube to radio that the i impressing of a radio frequency electromotive | tee, such as is developed in the receiving circuit of a radio receiver, upon the two electrodes of his tube would give a partial rectificatién of the resulting alter- nating current. He found that there would result, in - other words; a current which flowed to a larger extent. in the normal direction of high conductivity through the tube than in the other Girection.” 5 He was able to use that rectified or converted all: ee, current to operate an indicator such as a 3 * 4 ‘ : 4 ‘ : . bm 5 wie 2 8 ‘ 7 © * . which could not bd operated 0 by the radio frequency currents which the arriving wayes 4 me = Jotn V. L. Hagan could set up of their own force. ; The next important practical step in the develop. ment of the vacuum tube in. radio Was DeForest ’s addi- tion of the third electrode or grid. A tube of this sort is shown in Fig. 2 Where it will be recognized that the cathode or filament a, the anode or plate h and the fila. © ment battery c, as well as the representation of thé tube nnn 1, which I have just, | discussed. „ In addition to thöse elements, Fig. 2 shows the grid or sereen- like third electrode d interposed in the space between the cathode a and the anode b. The diagram also shows the completed anode circuit from b to the filament by way of a telephone indicator f and a plate or anode battery. e, thus returning to the fllament. Wires g and h are also shown connected, to the | grid d and to the filament. The flow, of electrons from the filament to the ; plate i is the same, speaking generally, in this type pf tube as in the two-electrode tube, but that current through the space can be affected us to its amount the potential, the electric Voltage, to which the grid is charged at any particular instant. It was found. that for some purposes it was more to apply this input er driving vol to the grid than to the filament, that is to say, to develop 7 that potential een the points g and h, than to ap- ph it directly. to e plate and filament as would be . _ Third: That en mne dos hot appear, page 2, line 11. Sai Loo le Re Tun ‘Covet: What is that? 3 me 3 Tre Witness: Glass finorescenge is u visible : effect, often olivs green in appearance, such as ong. saw in the old X-ray tubes of the Roentgen type Fourth: That when a sufficient quantity of cleo trons is provided, that is to say, when the cathode is hot: enough to avoid saturation at the voltage o - cerned, the plate current of a simple tube, involving the - invention, will vary as the 3/2 power of the plate volt- age. That is described briefly at page 2, lines 13 to 1% : dar Sen Da SNE Ot Gait the BR gr is, in a moment. a : 222 * Fifth: is characioristi is that the curtent the plate circuit does not vary when the filament tem. | perature is changed, provided that there is a plentiful supply of electrons; that is to say, that the operation, is in the region termed below saturation.” ‘That h = > Sixth: ee eee “ie : | > ee Given cad te petioles oe 4 : “That is referred to at page 2, lines 105 to, 110. 2 Seventh: That the discharge is and that. the variations in the discharge, SA varia ee ee ee leetro — 0 0 7 John b. L. Hees 7 57 5 A ie dad ‘with ths töhperiküre br tine tai * and so on, are reproducible changes, regular changes that will occur the same way, time and time again. That is referred to at page 2, lines 111 to 114. The first three of these resulting ‘characteristics, that is to say; that the cathode is not heated by the "space current and the blue glow does not appear, and tit probably would not be profitable to discuss them now. The fourth item as to ‘the variation of plate cur- poh fluorescence does not appear, are 80 simple tha rent with the 3/2 power ‘of the plate voltage under the in condition which requires the catiiode to be hot to supply plenty of electrons, should be consi little farther ; that is a delicate test, a metrical test die . ionization in a simple type of tube: The paterit points out at page 2, line 19, to line 76, how this variation may be applied to the tubes of the patent, and also points out at lines 51 to 56, “page 2, that the 3/2 power variation may be complicated, or as it is stated in the patent more or less masked by other simultaneous ef- . fects going on in a tube having a more complicated Before we got into that I think it might be worth while to consider what the 3/2 power is from a simple numerical viewpoint. It is not a power that one en- 8 counters every day,.as one does squares and cubes and square roots; but it-was an. exact relation to those 3 every-day powers of numbers; and of course, we have also to bear in mind that the 3/2 power is a power in tte mathematical sense and has nothing whatever to de with ‘electrical or mechanical or with the _ power limitation of the tube. itis Bimply «double ins of the same’ word in gur language. I thought that the simplest way to get a correct on of what the 3/2 power is, as a matter of serge r ee. * p . John V. L. Hogan ing in accordance with several powers; and to this eng - . | have prepared. table No. 1. In the left hand column - are the integers from 1 to 10, and then in the succeed ing columns, the five powers of those simple numbers _ which we are likely to encounter. In the first column is the number itself; in the second column headed „Square Root’’ is the square root or one-half power of each of the numbers in the first column. For in. stance, the square root, of four is given as two, and the square root of nine ix given as three, as we all ee nize. In the third column headed First Power,“ the „ numbers are repeated because each number is the first power of itself. Skipping the fourth cotumn, which is the 3/2 power column, and taking the fifth column, we have the second power or square of each number, and there it is seen that the square of two is four and three is nine, as one ordinarily recognizes them. The third power or cube comes in the last column. . 3 Now, the 3/2 power is the one and one-half power or the square root of the cube; that is to say, the one- half power of the third power, the one-half power—. TR Court: Square root of the eube ! Fun Wrrxuss: Yes. x Tan Court: Cube · of the square root, is it not! | Tux Wrrness: It is the same thing exactly, It does not matter which we do first. It is like four times two or two times four. It is accurate to state it either way, your Honor, and it may be stated as the 3/2 or as the one and one-half power or 15 power, without difference. Now, these numbers, ö f your Honor will see from an inspection of the 7 lie between the first power-and the second or square for each number, as one would a trom the value of the exponent being one and one. half. If we set up a circuit, a tube circuit, and arrange matters—I do not know whether we could a WG * . currents, they would come out 1, 1.4, 1.7, 2, and so it not those even values, they would come out def- inite multiples of them, because they would be j pro- | portional to them. Similarly, if the current varies as the first power, they would follow the voltage readings. As the square, they would follow the figures given in the fifth column of this table. & Now, I hade plotted on a sheet of paper (co-ordi- ae paper) which I have labelled as Chart A, of Table 1, some of the values of this little Table 1 the simple powers of numbers, on arithmetic co-ordinate paper. Here the square root or one-half power is the lowest curve and we may see that the square root of 4 is 2, and that the square root of 9 is 3, simply by tracing the co-ordinates on the paper. John V. L. Hogan a oo current varied as the square sik that i is to Say, the one-half power of the voltage, and then if we set the voltages successively at ‘one, two, three, tour, and so on, and measured the corresponding on, in accordance with this square root column; or Similarly, I have drawn the first power or linear oe relation in which the straight line, on ordinary co- ordinate paper is shown, I have also drawn the one ‘and a half or three halves power and I have drawn the second power or square and the third power or _ @abe for these same numbers; so that one may get from this chart a visual idea of how these curves ‘shape out on ordinary co-ordinate paper. -~ because when plotted. on ordinary equal spaced co- ordinate paper, the first power does come out as a straight line of varied position or varied slope. Now, further, it is characteristic of these nun- a de which are related in a power series, that is to It is interesting to see that in these power series the first or linear gives the natural straight line curve or the linear curve; and that is how it got its name, ‘say, whieh 4 are roportionalt to the powers of the num- a id words, at the left we have zero, at the middle ten and an unknown relation and draw a line through involved are related according to some power relati 0 Jobs F. L. Hogan bers originally considered, that when their logarithusg are plotted, or when they are plotted on ordinary log. arithmic co-ordinate paper, they come out as: straight lines, whose slope varies with the power, and in order % to. make that clear I have re-plotted the data of this table 1 as chart B of table 1 entitled Simple Powers of Numbers on logarithmic paper. Here-we have as the first curve, the one for the square root. The first power is the second curve from the bottom, the one and one. half power is the third, the second is the fourth, and the third powér or cube is the fifth. | Your Honor will note that in each of these « cases the line is straight but that the slope changes as the power increases, so that we have a ag slope co | _ sponding to the 3/2 power. . These changes in the form of thew curve result from the changes in the distribution of the numbers on log arithmic paper, because the lengths both horizontally and vertically of logarithmic paper are made propor- tional to the logarithms of the numbers. In other aut the right one hundred. We can check any of these — curves against the tabulation as before. Taking for instance 9 as the number, we run up and go across on the square root curve to 3, which is the square root of that. For linear relation we take ten and go up and — to the left at ten. Similarly with the cube we may take, three and go up and intersect the cube curve and go over to 27, which is the 3d-power or cube of 3. | The utility of logarithmic. paper used in that f ani I should not say the utility, but one very important utility is that if we plot some data involving points representing the individual readings, and if hat 2s line comes out straight, we know that the two variables PP d . N nenn 5 61 power of the other, and more bien that, by determin- ing the slope of the line, we can find what power con- nects the two sets of numbers. For instance, if we did not know. that this second curve was linear, we could measure the vertical distance here of perhaps three inches, and then the corresponding horizontal distance of three inches, and take the ratio between those measurements and the resulting slope of one gives the first power. Similarly, if we take the 3/2 | power curve, we could measure. down perhaps six “inches and crossing at the same point we get a corre- - sponding measurement of four inches, which. would be a ratio of 6 to 4, or 3 to 2, giving us the 3/2 power. | In that way the exponent can be determined di- rectly from a plot on logarithmic. paper and that is why physicists use that paper so much, one of the big- gest reasons, . Now, as to what such data may Show shout the discharge in a vacuum tube. That is discussed in the patent particuarly on pages 2 and the first part f page 3. Putting it very briefly, a tube using the Lang- muir discharge of the patent will in general show a variation of plate current in accordance with the 3/2 power of the plate voltages at voltages that are mate- rially above the ionization range, F 1 outlined a moment ago. 1 i N A tube that has an amount of gas sufficient for ‘its particular conditions of use and configuration to contribute by its ionization materially to the ca as of the discharge and thus to remove the tube from the pure electron category, will ordinarily show a com- plete voltage characteristic (that is to say, a curve be- , tween the plate current and the plate voltage), with oe ‘definite upward trend, away from the 3/2 line, as ‘soon 5 ds the ionization potentials are reached or exceeded, Page 3, lines 29 to 58, take up that matter and of course ae in the essential tnnitation that there.must matter carries over to page (left in a tube when it is sealed off, or which has come out the difference between the irregularities produced below saturation (that is to say, when there are plenty of electrons), that are due mainly to the disturbing charge, that is; when gas is present; and on the other which are due ordinarily to changes in the rate of ' trons from the cathode. tion on page 2, and particularly on page 2, at line 111 in the papers to which he refers, and 75 That last reference i is page 15 line 6. 66G ͤC ̈ð ͤ ali legen be enough electrons; that is characteristic of this dis. cussion. The last part of the paragraph at the mid. dle of column one on page 3, and the paragraph immediately below that, ending at line 58, is a well-con- _ densed and extremely good statement of this whole sit. uation, and I wish to refer to it particularly. The „beginning at line 102, where there is a further ien of the residual gas from the walls of the tube or from the electrodes) and what it will do in tlie way of producing irregular is taken up. In this section of the patent, toward the end of page 5, and carrying over to page 6, Langmuir points effect of the resulting positive ions upon the space hand, irregularities i in the saturation region where tlie : electrons are all being ‘drawn away from the cathode, emission, i. e., changes in the rate of emission of elee- Now, here ig, reference to the space 4 whidh is mentioned i in the discussion of the 3/2 power rela-. to page 3, line 8, at page 2, line 124, Langmuir says: his last mentioned phenomenon, the cur- rent limiting the effect of the electric field of the electrons on each other, termed the ‘space charge effect, i is discussed and analyzed by me, N ig the basis of the 3/2 power 1 referred to.’ * Sohn v. E. Hogan | 838 «8 Now, if we determine and plot the plate current “against. plate voltage relation for a tube of the pat- . ented type, it is perfectly clear that as the voltage is ‘increased indefinitely, some voltage will use up“ all the electrons or will carry over all the electrons given off by the filament: at the given temperature—or all it will emit.: In other. words, ers will be some voltage Which at some particular filament temperature will result in . saturation, and of course, though we have a variation ak the plate current as the 3/2 power of the plate volt. age, and it will come out as a strdight line with a slope 3/2 when plotted on logarithmic paper, thére will bea certain reduction in slope (and particularly at low fila- ment temperatures) where there will no, longer be enough electrons emitted to permit the current to in- crease in accordance with the 3/2 power wud or in fact, with any other law. Be At that point where the electrons are all used 5 up“ the curve will depart from the 3/2 power law or dlope and bend over to a practically horizontal position with increase of voltage, because as the voltage goes on up the tube is saturated and all the electrons are being used and the current is not being increased, which it would have to do to follow the law of increase, | I mention that because the plot or graph drawn. between practicat determination of the ‘plate current and the plate voltage often shows a bend of that sort off to the right and horizontally at the top, and because 5 I want to divide that type of plot into two portions, the ‘one being the space charge portion (that is the straij hf : doping partzof the curve), and the other the satura ä portion, which comes at the top and onion that all the electrons are being used ha cilia eet T0 follow this 3/2 power variation; ten we must f Fas plenty of e we must be * 3 64 5 . John V. 1. Hogan * we must have 8 no ions to neutral or to offset the electron charges. 3 a Now, we may consider the other characteristic that is frequently drawn to show the condition of the dis. charge within the tubes, and that is the relation of the plate current as the filament: temperature is varied. Your Honor will recall that I mentioned in con- nection with the preliminary discussion of tubes the two types of characteristic, (1) variation of plate cur. rent with plate voltage which is that which we have “now been discussing, and which shows as its straight. sloping portion the 3/2 power law and beyond that goes off flat into saturation. This second is a totally different type of curve, although sometimes one char. acteristic will look like another. chene though it is of a different kind.. This type, the type I now wink to consider, i is the _ graph which shows that variation between plate em. rent vertical and filament temperature horizontal. That - curve will have to be taken under a standard condition of plate voltage, and if we take a relatively low plate a voltage i in a tube of the first patent we will find that as the filament temperature i is increased the emission in . ereases and therefore the plate current increases, be tain point. cause the plate voltage i is strong engugh to draw over all the electrons given off by the ae up to a cer. ey pet words, the take remains Batorated up. ia’ certain age for a particular voltage, and . we plot the ee we find that the plate current in- creases as temperature inereases, and rap ly the temperature increases, until saturation is ron At that point—saturation is reached all the time will have to change that. It is. saturated up to the : ‘ point where the electrons in the space produce among themselves a mutual ann et that i is 80 * J 3 5 * John V. L Hogan a tmat the particular voltage, the particular plate voltage _ hich we assume, is unable to pull more ee from the + filament. That then gives us a flat part of the curve ** i tween · tomper ature and plate current which is on this type of curve, the space charge portion. In other x 8 words, the space charge and the saturation portions f © are interchanged in the two families of curves. If on : this second family, that is, the filament temperature s — 55 we increase the plate voltage and then begin again, the tube remains saturated, all the electrons are being drawn over, as the temperature increases to a certain higher. point (and practically in a prac- tical device the same curve is followed for saturation up to a higher point). Then the space charge shows a potential which is so great that the new positive potential assumed for the anode can pull no more electrons and once more we go off into a iat space charge portion. wae Of course, as wé go from tube to be: we may have complications which will change the absolute flatness of the space charge portion, we may have a ‘transition from the saturation to the space charge - portion-in that type of curve, or in the other type of curve we may have a transition from the space charge to complete saturation,—in fact, we “usually do. It does not go by abrupt changes, 3 T Courr: Suppose we take a/five 1 minute recess. (After a W recess. ) PA A. (Continued). These two ted tests based | won the regular: performance of the pure electron dis- l , free from ionization, give a crit@al and ac- curate measure of _ type of — any par. a ‘ticular tube: f A — test sina as the gas fluorescence or the 66 5 Paks Jonn F. Logon oe 9 blue glow test will not give a prdvise idea of the a | condition or the discharge condition; The blue glow, for instance, appeared in the DeForé: it tubes when they were overloaded and was proof Positive that, when the blue glow was visible, the tube was Very in. 7 tensely ionized; but before a blue glow will appear, : that is to say, at lower currents and lower voltages, and above ionization voltage, there was often a region of fairly considerable extent in which ionization in very substantial amounts was going on as would de shown by a 3/2 power measurement. and vet them 1 was no blue glow visible. Wherever we have blue glow we have jonizatiag but we do not have blue glow wherever we have sub- stantial ionization. Moreover in the part of the char. | 9 5 acteristic in which there is ionization that is con- old art were usabl | tributing to the operation of the tube which is above ‘ionization potential and yet which is below the blue glow point, the De Forest audions were in general the most sensitive. That is as a general rule the bam, place to use them. Now, returning te 1e ee e the portion bi ginning on page 3, 2, and extending through two paragraphs has to do mainly with the utility of the invention. In that part of page 3, Dr. Bangmuir points ‘out that he may use voltagés far above the ionization voltages with currents that are literally thousands of © times greater than the curents at which devices of the ithout substantial roan ioni- | zation. nL The next part the eee at page 3 line 105, and continuing over to page 4, line 59, is a descrip: . tion of the construction of the forms ‘of tubes illus trated in the drawings of the patent. In that I would | ke to. call attention only to.the very end of the se ond column on: vage 3, which 55 out that the grid * John . E. Hogan 2 . * is h arotind a glass frame 2 tuat the tars of the wire forming the grid are closely adjacent to each other and are closely adjacent to but of course, out of 5 “contact. with, the filament or incandescent. cathode. That type of grid construction is very different from the grid of the DeForest tube of the old art and is a sort of a grid that is particularly desirable in a space charge tube, that is fo say, a tube of the sort here. It is a type of grid which gives strong control of the plate current and produces’ therefore a Wisk amplification, The portion of this general section of the speci- : fication beginning at page 4, line 12; describes the three: electrode tube and that beginning at page 4, line 33, describes the two-electrode tube, and also ö points out that in some cases it is desirable to use a Plate shaped anode instead of the wire anode or fila- mentary anode which is shown in connection with Fig. 1 of the patent. The plate shaped anodes are shown . _ at 20 and 21 of Fig. 2. The next portion of the 3 3 at ö page 4, line 60, and continuing through that page and. _ over into page 5 has to do with the preparation of the device, the mechanical or constructional agai nob hav- ing already been described. This detailed statement of the steps which Peng : ‘muir took in building these first pure electron tubes is very. complete and very interesting. I am not going to ‘go through it in detail, but I am simply going to summarize it by saying that it is important to include heating of the glass tube, of the filament, and of the metal electrodes to an extent and for a time that will : make it. practically: impossible for any of those ele- ments tg give off further gas in the later and pontine. . layer operation of the tube in service. Second, that while these treatments are being roe „ Xi ‘John v. E. Hogan 44% 1 N carried on, it is important to remove by the best ex. haust means available substantially all of the gases that are evolved from the various parts of the bulb or that were originally free within the bulb, and fo keep them out. _How far that evacuation has to go. in terms of pressure is not at all material.. The important thing is to carry it to a point beyond which it is unnecessary : to go in order to avoid the harmful ionization effects, Of course, as in any manufacturing | process there is a factor of safety; there is a series of Pane which should be observed simply out of abu precaiition, so that if one determined for a aral type of tube fair operation was had at u certain res. ure, it would not be good manufacturing practice u put those tubes through the factory for that pressure and no lower: It would be much better to evacuate further than is necessary 80 long as kunt! is not a tre- : mendously costly operation. — Langmuir says at page 5, line 3, that _ The evacuation of the device should be sl | | erably carried to a pressure ag low as a few hun » dredths of a micron, or even lower, but no definite - limits can be assigned. The residual gas pressure should be below the. value at which working collision will take create at the given ii. vo age and current. 9 ‘ an) that is the foot rule by which any partie 4 | design f tube should be measured. As.an. example be gives a few hundredths of a micron. A micron isa millionth part of a meter and an atmosphere is 70% millimeters of mercury. column pressure indication or. about three-quarters of a meter. One micron then is one one-thousandth of a mill meter mercury pressure: and the fraction stated, ap- proximately a few hundredths of a micron, would be 9 aad . John Ve. L. Hoes oe "69 nn in millimeters of mercury as 00001 to 3 00003 or. 00004. There then come on page 5 some ee to otller applications beginning a line 35, the circuits, „chown at the lower part of the drawings in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 are described. The first of these is for detect- 0 ing electromagnetic waves in radio telegraphy, that is to say, it shows the use of a pure electron tube as a detector, and Fig. 5, described. beginning at line 75, shows the tube for the- ‘production of: alternating: ur- | rents from direct currents, that is to say as a generator - of electrical oscillations. There are of course other uses of the discharge, typical of the patent. I have mentionel telephony am- plification, X-ray work, and so on, and in all of those the features of, the new: art tubes, using the pure elec- tron discharge and avoiding. the positive ionization, that stand out above all other features are the uni- formity of operation and the high load capacity: Tubes which have these outstanding advantages * ‘have the other features and characteristics. that-I-have described, but those are the two things that havé made * the tremendous commercial advance s the result of . this invention. aß It think that answers your question, Mr. Howson, Mn. Howson: I will offer in evidence the table of powers of numbers which the witness produced and referred to. 2 (Received in evidence and marked Plain tiff’s Exhibit No. 13.“ See Volume IV, er „ . Exhibits, page 330) Mx. Howson: I offer in evidence the Chart A of the table of Exhibit 13, produced and referred Ee to by the witness. (Received in evidence and ad „Plain | üs Exhibit No. 14.“ See Volume: Iv, l 2 | ee 8 — + . oe 31 * Mn. Epmonps: 8 2 | | 5 : a fon 70 hale v. L. Hogan im 1 offer in a Chart B of the table of Er hibit 13, produced and referred to by the witness, 9 ( Received in evidence and marked “ Plain . “tiff’s Exhibit No. 15.“ See Volume I V, Plaintif'’s Exhibits, page 38.) Mr. Howson: May I ask your Honor’ aper mission to ask Mr. Edmonds to continue the exam. ‘ ination since it relates to the patents in the casé in which he is interested. . f f Tue Covrt:! In the absence of objection’ you may proceed. 3 *. f Q. 7. Mr. Hogan, will you now turn to the Lang. : “muir patent in suit No. 1,244,216 and say what vou find to be the characteristic features of the. een tube set forth.in-that patent! ai A. This second patent in suit describes the i inven- tion as relating to electrical discharge devices operat- ing with a pure electron discharge and as comprising a novel cathode material and the method of its prepara- tion. * The . of the invention appears at page 1, line 10, and is immediately followed by a refer- — . ence to Langmuir 8 previous application, Serial No. 795,610, which resulted in the first patent in suit here, This partienlar invention has, to de with the cathode or fllament in such a pure electron tube. The third paragraph of the specification running down to line 28, gives some of the characteristics of the pure electron tubes that I have discussed in connection with Ahe first patent. Then beginning at line 29, Dr. Tan points 1 a oll that various refractory materials such as Ce | sed a8 carbon, tungsten and molybdenum have been u cathode materials and that it has been found that the emissivity of electrons: of these various materials. while uw ® 7225 . difering in some deres! is of the anie order of magni- N tude⸗- | We might also include tanta um in the list of. re- kfractory matérials that have been used as cathodes i in these vacuum tubes, and the thre , tantalum, tungsten and molybdenum, may be classi ed ag highly refrac- tory metals used for filaments. |. Langmuir continues at line 6, pointing * that he has discovered that the electron emissivity of pure thorium, the metal thorium, is of an entirely different : order of magnitude than the emission of refractory materials theretofore used in elpotrical discharge de- Vices. 4 He points out at Une 40 that in order to get the 5 high emissivity characteristic of thorium it is not;nec- . éssary that the electrodes should ‘consist enti rely of _ thorium, and he explains that when ¢horiym or a thor- a John v. L. Hogan he as a um compound is added to one of the highly refractory 5 materials such as tungsten and the metal is given a f prelimmary heat treatment in high vacuum, the elec- tron emission’ in the high vacuum is.tremendously i in- greased. . 1 He Points. out at line 49 that the increase emissiv- . ity is not due “to the presence of thorium oxid in the vay calcium oxid and other oxids have been used on the so-called Wehnelt fllament, that is, painted on the surface of a platinum har or put on by dipping into a solution and allowing the solution to dry, thus giving acoating of calcium or other oxid material en to the surface of the platinum. He says that this high emission of . is a property of metallic thorium on the surface of the cathode, and the phrase on the surface of the cath- ode“ in this connection refers tothe atomie layer of gh thorium on the surface of the cathone, and not to a & aye painted on, 80 to speak, 72 John 5. 1. oe He then describes (heginniting at line 56), the ws ratus which is suitable for preparing and utilizing 4 thoriated cathode for this high emission purpose, and ‘describes (beginning at line 71) the Fig. 1 ane 5 in detail. 5 In Fig. 1 the anode is * produced by vaporizing tungsten from one filament on to the inside wall of the vacuum tube itself, the tube being connected to a pump through a freezing bath shown at the bottom of Fig, 1 which may contain a air or even an ive and salt mixture. Either of those éxpedients would be sufficient to prevent mercury or other vapors from the puiap: ing system from getting back into the tube ‘which is being evacuated, and this-is a very simple proposition, Beginning at line 87, he points, out that prelimi: ‘“nary evacuation is followed out by usual methods of producing high vacuum, including baking, and that a final stage: of evacuation is preferably but not neces. sarily carried out by a Gaede molecular pump to the highegt pos ible vacuum obtained by its use, and be _ characterizes that as about one one-thous#ndth micron. - . Beginning at line 95, he states that while the ap- paratus is still on the pump, the filaments are heated ‘and then the apparatus may be sealed off. It may be immersed in liquid air and the filament aged by further ‘heating for about a half an cng to a temperature of” 2400 to 2500° K. | Putting the tube in liquid air will of course cdn- - dense any condensible N within the tube and hold them trapped to the wa It is a step of ee Caution. 8 Then the filament 3 is incandesced and vapor and by that process produces a gas-free coating of tungsten on the inner surface of the glass tube, that is to say, the filament is actually burned out or vapor ized rapidly i in oe tube and the ee of mein . 4 ele I. L Hogan wee tungsten travel across and rest on ‘the cold wall. of the tube in a tungsten film which, may be used, by connect-: ing through the wires 12 and 13 of Fig. 1, as the anode. . It is a method of preparing a gas- free anode which | Langmuir has described. in another application that 2 was co- pending with this one. f 9 7 Another result of that vaporizing of ‘tungsten is to remove additional traces of gas from the inside of the tube, so that a very elean tube is produced. Page 2, line 19describes how the filament 2 may be prepared and is a brief summary of the prepara- tion of a thoriated tungsten filament, that istp say, the metal tungsten filament containing a small rene 5 of thorium oxid or thoria. lle points ovt that the percentages of thoria my vary. The actual wires used in vacuum tubes have tho#ia contents from half of one per cent. to one and.“ one-quarter per cent. or thereabouts. __ le points out ‘at-line 33, that the — o the thorium compound in the cathode makes 4 little dif- ference within the limits he states, and little difference in the maximum electron emission which may be 1 ae tdined under. the best conditions, but that the desired active condition of the filament may be reached and maintained with greater ease if there is a larger opener : than a smaller amount of thoria in the yates , . Beginning on page 2, line 43, he 3 treatment of the thoriated cathode which £4 the case of Fig. 1 is now filament 2, filament 3 having been-used up to take care of the vacuum and to ee the kung. f sten anode upon the surface: 5 He first héats this filament to a high 8 and points out that that has no marked effect on the, | subsequent electron emission, that is to say, if one simply heated the filament to a high temperature of 4900° K. or r absolute and then went ahead “= „ . 2 5 ment. * N 70 . bone J. 6 Hogan it, that prior. en would have had no-réal elke. upon the later emission of the filament,” It is not enough to bring about this 6 emis. sion to which the patent. is directed. It does clean any foreign materials from the surface of the filament and puts it in-good shape for the further treatment., It Also Kas the effect of reducing some of the thorium oxid or thoria to thorium matal within the interior of 8 tlie filament. : “The seeond step déscribed bewine at line 49 as 5 incandescing the filament to somewhere within the range of about 2000 to 2400° K. and it is said that by this temperature treatment some change “48 pro- duced in the cathode which enormously increases its electron omitting property wider the condition de- seribed. fe : He says further at one 54, e dt „The greatest activity is obtained between about 2200 degrees to treatment at this temperature is usually continued | kor about one minute, but even outside of this range a marked change i is produced.“ * That step is wat we ordinarily call activating the It is. deseribed beginning at line 59 by the state - ment that a concentration of metallic thorium or. of dome other oxidizible thorium material tikes place on the surface of the material so t e filament mi then be used as a cathode at a emperature below this forming or activating temperature. In other words, having a reserve of thorium metal within the filament — structure, produced by the reduction of the thorinm oxid or thoria, the activating treatnient preferably at - „2200 or 2300° K. brings out some of that thorium’ — metal by a diffusion process to the surface of the fila- ment as stated at line 62, and there forms this atomie 0 degrees K. and the * John V. L. Bohn 78 | ‘layer of pure clean: thorium held to the clean tungsten, surface of the filament. At the top of the. second. column, line 66, Dr. Lang- muir points out that witli a filament th prepared he has obtained at temperatures of about to 1380 K. substantially the same electron emission per square N as with a pure. tungsten en at about — difference in temperature there, trom 1300% to 2000 does not look so very much as a mere matter of numbers, but when we remember that the emission goes up with tremendousespeed as the temperature i in- creases: we c [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386008_0055%3A01. Public record. Not legal advice.