# Transcript of Record — Wisconsin v. Illinois > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386007_0356%3A1 ## Record - **Collection:** Supreme Court brief - **Document type:** Transcript of Record - **Published:** January 1, 1930 - **Citation:** 281 U.S. 179 ## Text Be RARE IN THE Supreme Court of the United States October Term, HO ey /75¥ STATE OF WISCONSIN, STATE OF MINNESOTA, STATE OF OHIO and STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, Complainants, No. 2 v. Original STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. STATE OF MICHIGAN, Complainant, v. STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, No.8 Original Defendants. STATE OF NEW YORK, Complainant, v. STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, No. 4 Defendants, JOINT ABSTRACT OF RECORD VOLUME I TESTIMONY Filed April 30, 1941 _ ‘The Gilman Press — Madison, Wis. IN THE Supreme Court of the United States October Term, ‘940 STATE OF WISCONSIN, STATE OF MINNESOTA, STATE OF OHIO and STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, Complainants, No. 2 DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. STATE OF MICHIGAN, Complainant, Vv. STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, No. 3 v. | Original STATF OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY ) | Original Defendants. STATE OF NEW YORK, Complainant, Vv. Nn. 4 STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY Original DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. JOINT ABSTRACT OF RECORD VOLUME I TESTIMONY Filed April 30, 1941 The Gilman Press — Madison, Wis. FOREWORD While petitioner and respondents have endeavored, for the convenience of the court, to set out in this Joint Abstract of Record the respective portions of the tran- script, record and exhibits in these causes which are deemed material for consideration of the issues in- volved herein, petitioner and respondents have agreed that this Joint Abstract of Record filed herein shall not be construed as barring reference to a consideration of any other evidence appearing in the record which inad- vertently may have been omitted from this Abstract of Record. This Joint Abstract in narrative form of the testi- mony of the witnesses is not in chronological order nor arranged in accordance with the transcript of the Rec- ord, but is grouped according to the nature and charac- ter of the evidence. Each witness’ testimony has been followed to its conclusion although the witness’ testi- mony may not so appear in the original transcript. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I EXHIBITS Exhibits of Illinois Record Page Case Page State of Illinois Exhibits 5—Base map of Sanitary District showing channels, sewers, and sewer treatment works (Record page 8) 242 6—Tabulation showing completed work as of Decem- ber 3, W068. ..... isnt occlinasibsiplansbleeinitneemnlptreedtbeainons 25 7—Tabulation showing expenditures Dec. 1, 1938 to UNS 0s RIN: coc re tiancsciestesenctinsaiaesiinnittunnntontiieneraanbavl 26-29 1539-1540 9—Estimate of cost of future work after June I, DEY: iclicssinorcbieceeiacul $sachcaiadinionse rath lanapacect te saseeiniiieseeneaelionices $2-33 1540-1541 1592 10—Future construction program as of June 1, 1940 1541 10 A,B,C—Future construction program 1936-1940 ........ 36-40 3856-3860 10 D,E,F—Bring down to date, data on Exhibits 10 1l—Flow in main drainage channel, yearly averages, RE anarchic sniscinininceernscoenimnansiocntnbacy mensbed bvcaagtnse 54 12—Flow in main drainage channel, monthly averages lc RS seating iad election ie 55-58 18—Flow in main drainage channel, monthly averages Boe Fearnley, LOND sas caeneece nv eenecseessnnnscserenancesnnsnemencnnes 62 127-130 14—PWA_ Review Board report, pages 15-17, 44-47, Apts OR, SOS nieces RODE Sati teco tenn eee 73-83 15—Supplemental report of Sanitary District filed May 28, 1934, specificully Page 4 ................... 84-92 16—Report on additions by Engr. Dept., Sanitary Dis- trict of Chicago, dated April 16, 1940 .............. 95-110 17—Copy of report of PWA Review Board to Joshua D’Esposito, May 3, 1940 ..............---..-cccccecsecsessseescesees 112-117 195 13 17 17 Record Page Case Page 18—Letter from Joshua D’Esposito transmitting copy of PWA Review Board Report... 118-119 19 A.B.C—Certificates from county clerk of Cook County showing assessed values in Sanitary District in 1937, UQSR, UDB nanan ccceceecceccscscsecveesedeceenseneneennesensanenesensenenens 119-122 - 20-North Side Works—flow, B.O.D., D.O. and sus- pended solids, monthly averages, 1929-1940 ............ 137-148 1433 1436 1442 21—Calumet Works—flow, B.O.D., D.O., and suspended solids, monthly averages 1936-May 1940 ...................- 152-156 1436 1440 22—West Side Works—flow, B.O.D. and suspended sol- ids, UGBU-Mary 19D... nencseesccescneecsnensnnsssnnesnntnnnnnnnnnnne 158-168 1890 1440 1442 23—Southwest Wor!s—flow, B.O.D., D.O., and suspended solids, May 1939May, 190 .... 170-171 1442-1444 24—Dry solids removed from sewage at Treatment Works.—yearly averages from 1929-May, 1940 ........ 183 1446 1458-1459 24 A—Showing total average IR _eenseanae-omcneesire ae fer 3633 | 25—Flow at Treatment Works in million gallons daily from 1928-May, 1940 .........-.-.sesseeseessnesenseneennessnennnennnnens 186 25 A—Showing total average for THO... 3638 26—Graphic illustration of dry solids removed from sewage in tons per day 1929May, IHO .......0- 183 188 1456 27—North Side Works, summary of results of operation, yearly averages 1929-May, 19100... 221-223 1446 27 A—Total summary for 190 2642 28—Calumet Works, summary of results of operation, yearly averages 1936-May, 10 ssn 224-225 28 A—Total summary for PHO 0... iii Record Page Case Page 29—West Side Works, summary of results of operation, yearly averages 1931-May, 1940 00 29 A—Total summary for 1940 2. Sakiates $1-36—Results of analysis and chart dissolved oxygen and oxygen demands at six stations on the Chicago River, monthly averages, Jan. 1938-June, 1940 ........ 37—Main channel at Lockport, B.O.D., dissolved oxy- gen, temp. of water, discharge, 1926-1940 ............... 87 A—Results through Dec. 14D ooo ccccseceseenseeeeee 40—Planned flow and actual discharge of water from main channel at Lockport for 1938, 1989, 1940... 40 A—Main Channel discharge at Lockport by monthly averages for 1938, 1989, 1940 oo cceccecscecsseesneeees 41—Graph—profiles of water surface in Chicago River SORE SRN SONI “Sassnnsictstvsensivecucatechneleipttiesensibren Winie 42—Chart—daily discharge at Lockport for 1939, 1940 43—Chart—Main channel half hourly discharge at Lock- port on 15th of month, 1939, 1940 44—North Side Works—Supplements! table flow, B.O.D., D.O. and suspended solids showing June and July including material shown in Exhibit 20 45—Calumet Works—supplemental table including June and July, 1940 (flow, B.O.D., D.O. and axnaeang 46—West Side Works—supplemental table of flow, B.O.D., D.O. and suspended solids including June and July, 1940 ... 1441-1442 47—Southwest Works—supplemental table of flow, B.O.D., D.O. and suspended solids through July and August, 47 A—Southwest Works flow—1940 ... iv Record Page Case Page 48—Amount of air used in the various plants of the Sanitary District, average for year cubic feet per gallon of sewage 1QBO-1940 -.....------n-e-cneeesereeennersereneens 1450-1451 49—Estimated sewage flow, sewage treated and un- treate!, million gallons per 24 hours, 1930-1940 .... 1453 1465 49 A—Estimated flow of sewage plus average for 1940 3656 50—Sanitary District yearly record of sludge and grit removed at sewage treatment works from 1929-1940 1460-1461 OUD ROOD nanan cnennnnannncnrennncernen ener 1475 1638 51 A—Retyped copy showing complete figure for 1940 3660 52—Record of sludge handling in tons from North Side and Southwest Works from July 1939-July BI iileieceeerterarniern accent 1472-1473 1638 52 A—Retyped copy showing complete figures for 1940 3664 1638 54—Record of sludge and grit at sewage Treatment Works, tons per month—1939-1940 .....---------------r 1483-1484 1486-1487 1638 54 A—Retyped copy including all additional figures 3664 58—Photograph showing disturbance of surface sludge caused by ship passing in Sanitary Canal .........------ 2137 59—Enlargement of Exhibit 58 ....------o--c-cv-ceessnceorenssensenssonens 109 109 112 185 110 157 112 114 v ‘Record Page Case Page 60—Estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen sources and conditions from Lake Michigan to Lockport, —June, 1938-1944 3528 3761-3767 3940 4034-4062 60 A—Revised compilation of Exhibit 60 —...................... 4034-4062 61—Estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen sources and conditions from Lake Michigan to Lockport, June, July, August, 1938-1944 2... eesesseeneeseeeees $529 3761-3767 3940 4034-4062 $755 61 A—Revised compilation of Exhibit 61 ........................ 4034-4062 62—Diversion from Lake Michigan—monthly discharge for 1988, 1989, 1940 .............. 3673 Gayton Exhibit 1—Affidavit of Loran D. Gayton, Engineer in Depart- ment of Public Works, Chicago ..................-.00-000 3538-3545 Mohliman Exhibits 1—Determination of Chlorine Demand—Main Channel erg, Te EER See ROC ee 1820 2268 2—Report: “Chlorination in Sewage Treatment”, Amer. Pub. Health Assn. neeonesisipieaonee 1826 2917 8—“Reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand by Chlorination”—Reprint ..............-----.0-0-0-++ 2412 4—Blue print showing cross section of drainage canal at Lockport 2425 5—Record of Chlorination, 1939 at Morton Grove and Glenview Woks ............c.cc.ccccses-s 2433 6—Table and graph showing analysis of sludge of BOY. DR, TOO cries iin nena 2445 336 8—Photostat of editorial by Mohiman in Sewage Works Journal 9—Translation and photostat: Imhoff’s Handbook on Sewage Disposal - 10 A, B, C, D & E: Volatile Suspended Solids Dis charged to Channel from various sources, 1939 to 1940 : 1l—Analysis of Howson Exhibit 10, Sources of Oxygen for prevention of comp!aints at Brandon Pool ...... 12—Discussion of Howson Exhibit 11, means of re- ducing B.O.D. load to CAMA 2a enenenennnensnenseenenenenenensers 13—Extension of Mohiman Exhibit 10 showing 1939- 1948 = 18 A—Extension of Mohlman Exhibit 10 showing 1936- Ee ee a ee 14—a—Basis for estimating additional diversion needed in summer b—Analysis at Lockport of diversion 1940 c—Proposed increase of diversion for 1941 d—Proposed increase of diversion for 1942 e—Basis for estimating diversion needed in summer at Brandon Pool 15—Record of dry volatile solids discharged to canal 16—Letter dated Nov. 28, 1940 showing scheme of sam- pling and amalyses ----------v----e-renrrrr™ : 17—Summary and condusions of a report on the flushing experiment. Jan 13, 1941. (Booklet form) 2445 3311 a Vii : Record Page Case Page 18—a—Dissolved oxygen and B.O.D. at Lockport, Jan. cect ith a 4015 249 b—Total discharge at Lockport, Jan. 1938 to 1941 c—Dissolved oxygen and oxygen demand at Sum- mit, Jan. 1988 to 1941 d—Dissolved oxygen and oxygen demand at Lock- port, Jan. 1938 to 1941 19—Sewage disposal and stream pollution and sludge disposal 4000-4009 249 20—Table showing results of analysis for dissolved oxy- gen and B.O.D. at Lockport for January, 1941 ........ 4464 249 Muehlberger Exhibits 1—General orders on dusts, fumes, vapors and gases. Issued by Industrial Commission of Wisconsin ........ 2799 300 Pearse Exhibits 1—Record of air used, Sanitary District of Chicago, cubic feet per gallon of sewage, 1928-1940 ................. 1665 126 1—Weight and volume of sludge discharged to main channel July 1939-Aug. 1940 (Rec. 2523) ................ 2522 158 2—Southwest Intercepting Sewer System, number of sewers connected and estimated dry weather flow, June, 1930-May 1940 2539 161 3—Calumet Sewage Works, record of air used Jan. 1939- Aug. 1940 2564-2568 164-165 4—Division of flow—West-Southwest Works May 1939- Aug. 1940 2734 176 4 A—Revised table showing figures from May 1939- Dec. 1940 3670 186 12—Sanitary District of Chicago estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen Lake Michigan to Lockport, June 1938-1943 13—Sanitary District of Chicago estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen Lake Michigan to Lockport, June, July and August, 1938-1943 15 A & B—Memo on lagooning 16—Weighted averages, Major Works, 1940 Viii Record Page Case Page Ramey Exhibits 1—Average time of flow, Damen Ave. to Brandon Road Dam . pe te) ST acaeeavcepsinetserninomrrnserees 2219 2—Average time of flow, Damen Ave. to Brandon Road ie 2 ssacsderesasecnseninbeianneeenensn beossanecremnaoenintbarneterann 2219 3—Blue print of Brandon Road Pool showing loca- tion of cross-section and drift of current—Dec. 9, 1940 $844 3846 3851 4—Blue print of cross section of Brandon Pool sound- ings, Dec. 9, 1940 ...-------------- Rislatnk Steno Cereal MOEN 3845 3848 3851 EXHIBITS Exhibits of Master Andrew Exhibits 1—Photograph: Aerial view of Brandon Pool and Locks 1496 1499 6—Map of Brandon Road POO] .nensceseeeoesoesesensensnesnsenseneness 3846 EXHIBITS Exhibits of Wisconsin et al. State of Wisconsin Exhibits 4—Tests of air made in the vicinity of Joliet and Lock- port along the Illinois Waterway ...-.------------ 2639-2646 2650 2648 2722-2724 15—Report of tests and analyses of water, air and scum at Brandon Road POO! .....------------- 3103 16—Photo, enlargement of Opponent’s Exhibit 8 show- ing section of Sanitary District Canal taken from South Bank of canal at US.H. 45 bridge, Sept. 24, 1940, at 1:40 P.M. ..------cccnn-----eeseeeserssserereresennnnenonoerrnennnet 3386 70 70 78 78 81 78 80 81 249 250 79 536 537 537 537 503 484 ix Record Page Case Page Enslow Exhibit 1—Chlorination in sewage disposal—discussion of the report of the A.P.H.A. 2912-2917 Howson Exhibits 1—Diagram illustrating effect of flushing test at Bran- don Pool 3875-77 2—Diagram illustrating effect of lowered pool level at Brandon Pool 3884-3888 $891 3—Effect of lowering Brandon Pool one foot on ton- nage carried through Pool 3889-3891 4—Effect of lowering Brandon Pool on B.O.D. and volatile solids 3893 3910 5—Analysis of Mohlman’s Exhibit 17 to determine effect of lowering Brandon Pool level .................... 3911-3915 8—Chart showing use of water per capita .................... 2814-2822 9—Orders and reports relative to metering of Chicago water supply 2822-2825 10—Sources of oxygen for prevention of complaints from Brandon Pool. ...... 2825-2832 11—Means of reducing B.O.D. load to canal 413 375 379-381 381 381-382 383 389 389-390 343 343 a x Record Page Case Page 12—Estimated cost of measures to remedy conditions complained of at .Brandon Pool 2833-2840 343-340 2845 345 2862 346 2870 347 $217 347 $221-3222 349 $230 353 $254 363 $273 372 2946 423 $220 348 $357 182 13—Sources of B.O.D. of canal at Lockport ..............- 2852 345 $229-3230 $52 $254 363 $332 181 $372 184 . $375 184 14—Estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen .......-...----- $230-3231 352-353 363 3260 366 3348 182 3332 181 $875 184 McNally Exhibits 1—Physiological Response to Hydrogen Sulphide, ex- cerpt from article in Am. Jour. of Public Health .... 2687 498 2—Odor intensities for various concentrations of H2S ..2689-2690 499 xi Record Page Case Page PART I WITNESSES Witnesses of Illinois Adams, Charles L. Direct examination 228-233 336 Calvert, C. K. Direct examination ......... 2609-2634 263-272 Cross-examination 3161-3191 272-279 3193-3197 279-280 Examination by the Master $192-3193 279 3204-3205 282 Redirect examination 3198-3204 280-282 Recross examination 3205 262 Carlson, Anton Julius Direct examination 2873-2895 282-286 Examination by the Master 2897-2904 286-287 Cross-examination 2971-2979 288-289 Redirect examination 2983-2984 290-291 2987 292 Recross-examination 2988-2990 292-293 Ivy, Dr. Andrew Conway Direct examination 3032-3047 304-312 Cross-examination 3048-3054 $13-316 (Master) 3065 $22 Redirect examination 3077-3078 326 Recross-examination 3078 $26-327 McGuigan, Hugh Alister . Direct examination 3079-3086 $27-329 Cross-examination 3087-3089 330 (Master) 3095-3096 332-333 Mohiman, Dr. Floyd W. Direct examination .. 234-283 193-204 1420-1426 205-206 Cross-examination ES oo lecmueorret 1819-1879 206-217 Redirect exammimation meme crn 3278-3309 228-232 3589-3627 233-240 Examination by the Master..." $310-3312 232 3530 233 Muehlberger, Dr. Clarence Ww Direct examimation ...--.-.es--cxo-cnnceesrseeeeeeeee 2786-2807 302 Cross-examimation ...-------s--ccceeeseseseessseeeeeeeneeteserer reer 2808 $02 Examination by the Master -...------------ .2809-2811 303-304 Pearse, Langdon Direct examination .........-.--- EINE coat cnn eee 131-227 87-106 1433-1493 106-117 3313-3341 179-181 3633-3770 185-187 Cross-exammimation ..----ennncsenceeeseeeeceeresensneneter en 1629-1692 118-132 1699-1726 134-140 1728-1800 140-157 2520-2550 157-162 2555-2597 162-173 2606 175 2730-2755 175-178 $343-3385 181-185 4033-4057 189-190 4065-4078 191-192 The Master’s EXRMMINALION ..------nn-enneneeeeereer ene 1692-1698 132-135 2598-2601 173-174 2757-2759 178-179 4058-4065 190 Explanation requested by the Master ......-----s-0eseseere" 4199-4200 192 4499 192 Ramey, Horace P. Direct examimation n-ne 9-180 1-20 1409-1418 21-25 26-65 Crose-examMiMatiOm n-ne ence xiii The Master’s examination Redirect examination Recross-examination Schwob, C. E. Direct examination 3870-3871 2136-2142 Cross-examination 2143 PART I Witness of Master Andrew, C. R. Direct examination (by the Master) 1496-1510 Cross-examination 1516-1518 1521-1523 2031-2041 1510-1513 Examination by the Master 1513-1515 1519-1520 1523-1524 1524 2043-2051 2052-2056 2057-2058 2727-2728 Examination 3581-3588 3781-8802 3810 3817 3802-3810 3811 3819-3821 249-252 253 254 255-256 252 253 254 254 255 256-257 257 258 258 258-259 259-262 262 268 262 263 263 2635-2637 Hume onererasinr cee 2637 Direct examimation nce nn 1888-1898 2214-2216 Examination by the Master -......- .1898-1900 2254-2256 2262 2266 Cross-examination _ ......-- 2250-2254 2257-2262 2263-2266 2267-2295 Elims, Joseph W. Direct examination ........-------- ..2086-2097 Cross-examination 0. ns 2296-2331 Master (Question) -. 2328-2329 Enslow, Linn H. Direct examination .... .1968-2028 2070-2085 Recalled by the Master ......----s----ssssssrssssrrns 2098-2100 Question by the Master ......-.- inicaunenecbotebetows 2954 Crross-examimation ......ce-ce---eceeeeeessnssescereereneeeete 2907-2947 Redirect examination -....-.-+------ «2947-2964 $213-3216 Enzer, Dr. Norbert Direct examimatiom ......------ceeee--eemeersseeee en 2145-2153 Cross-xammimatiom —....-...--s-eseseeeeeeeeeeeeeessstn ee 2153-2157 2158-2159 (Master) -sscosssoccceessssssrnteeeesnererernee 2159-2167 2167-2173 Redirect examimation —.....-.----- rn 2173-2174 2176 Recross-examimation ....----cnnsoeeeeeenerssste ne 2175 2176-2177 Gute, Dr. Edwin B. Direct Examimation ccs 2209-2210 & 8 431 437438 436-437 441-442 444 446 439-441 442-444 445-446 446-458 454-458 458-474 473 392-408 408-412 412418 425 413 423-429 429-431 538-541 541-543 543-544 544-548 548-550 550-552 552 552 552-553 565 ee xv Record Page Case Page Howson, Louis R. (A witness called on behalf of Wisconsin et al.) Direct examination 1935-1952 338-340 2812-2852 342-345 2862 346 3873-3878 374-376 Cross-examination ................... -.-...--- 1953-1966 340-342 Examination by the Master 2854-2860 345 Redirect examimation .............2.......-.:ccsseee-eceeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee 3259-3260 366 $273-3276 372-373 Recross-examination $263-3272 368-372 3913-3931 389-392 Jenkins, Robert C. I I icici ccsicicsheniscevenvtenothtibicmsincenbanepisnntceboesia 2639-2648 536-537 Cross-examination 2724-2727 537-538 Krumbiegel, Dr. Edward Richard Direct Examination 2178-2180 Cross-examination 2180-2186 2186-2189 (Master) 2190-2196 2196-2197 Redirect examination : 2198 2200 (Master) 2200-2201 2202 Recross-examination 2203-2204 2204-2208 McNally, Dr. William D. Direct examination 2659-2679 Cross-examination ou 495-501 Redirect examination 501 502 Recross-examination 501 Moore, Dr. Josiah Direct examination ion 530-532 Examination by the Master 532 532-533 534-535 Cross-examination 532 533-534 535 Redirect examination 535-536 xvi Record Page Case Page Nichols, Dr. M. Starr Direct examination $100-3117 502-506 (Master) $117-3119 506-507 $119 507 (Master) $120 508 $121 508 (Master) .-.---cccsssessssececeenssssonsnensennnees 8123-3126 508-509 $128-3!36 510-512 Cross-examination 3137-3147 513-515 (Master) .....-.---recccssss-ssseeeesesensnsseeeeenen 3148-3150 516-517 3150-3152 517-518 (Recalled) . 3208-3210 519-520 Redirect examination -.. $154 518 (Master) ...3155-3156 518-519 $211 520-521 Recross-examination — .......----- 3157-3158 519 $211 521 Perkins, Dr. James Eliab Direct examination. ...........------------- 2465-2471 521-526 Cross examination ..........---.------ 2473-2483 526-528 2484-2489 529-530 (Master) ......---- 2491 530 Warrick, Louis F. Direct examination .........-. 2100 475-477 2119-2120 477-478 $386 484 Examination by the Master ......-.-.---------nsr 2110-2112 477 2236-2239 480-481 2245-2248 483-484 Cross-examimation — «....---.---.-------- 2226-2232 478-479 Redirect examimation ......-...-----------seeee ere 2233-2236 479-480 Recross-examimation ....-------c----n-ce-seerseersseeseeenesettn eee 2240-2244 481-482 xVii Record Page Case Page PART I WITNESSES OF ILLINOIS Medical and Lay Witnesses at Joliet, Illinois Altenhoff, Mrs. Ray e 1233-1237 677-678 Anderson, Mrs. Ella 666-673 Argondalis, James 1272-1277 PI: PIII: sais iaheseinkticscckcivierspvincat onan dioaecpspnbdiniaiasere eos mainbiods 612-615 Bach, Rev. Constantine 373-377 Bautino, Elizabeth 1315-1317 Beck, Peter 1217-1223 eR a UI IS ac ctuncsicinsiaensnneccsdgaciecalpebconbdoeastaiins baat 927-932 RR RES RET OE RS RRC ER PE eg A RROD EN 1174-1179 Bianchi, Mrs. Elma ............. 998-1002 CUS: RN siasentshincactcinectuineseccntnsrecusshepnntibcindiasnceioninpndenbl 401418 Blood, Willard G.. ................:.:..--0000+- 1072-1075 Boles, Dr. Donald 1318-1326 EE ae CE RRC 698-702 BI RINE aiacgnectotnickeesssovctantdyeoecatrcis dined abechietesancaagetis 1265-1269 Booklund, Mrs. Beulah .. 905-917 Boswell, Otto 814-817 at IN hha ei dickicdcksncg dub asacavonecebsagd tnedbtlactiasdiligh LEAH LE SEA PARR OE IE GD LAT TOA _— 141 1732- The flow in August through the Southwest Plant 1733 was 340 m.g.d. At no time during 1940 has 400 m.g.d. flowed through. In August, 167 m.g.d. received com- plete treatment, in the preliminary clarifiers, aeration tanks, and final settling basins. The clarified effluent is 1734 173 m.g.d. The Sanitary District intends to run through the Southwest plant not only the sewage from the Southwest area, but as much more as can be fed in from the West Side, as soon as the plant is tuned up. 1735 I doubt if all the sewage from the West and South- west can be put through the present plant. If there is the flow of 400 m.g.d. from the West Side and 340 m.g.d. from the Southwest, there may be theor- etically sufficient capacity to provide two hours deten- tion in the present aeration tanks. I have my doubts whether any such flow can be put through the plant hydraulically. The arithmetic may be correct but the conduits may not be large enough. 1736 Neglecting the hydraulic capacity or the ability of conduits to convey flow, the paper calculation shows that there would be sufficient capacity to provide about two hours detention for the combined West and South- west areas. However, there will be an additional flow before the end of the year of about 40 to 50 m.g.d. from Kostner Avenue and miscellaneous connections. 1737 The dry weather flow of both plants will be some- what over 800 mg..d. and less than 900 mg..d. Kostner Avenue sewer now (September 11, 1940) discharges to the channel, but will be picked up before the end of 1940. The flow is about 40 to 50 m.g.d. The pickup will help ameliorate conditions in 1941. 142 1738 At present there are three blowers installed, each with a nominal capacity of 60,000 cubic feet per min- ute. One is kept as a spare, so the present capacity generally operated at the Southwest Works is 120,000 cubic feet per minute. I will figure out how much that is in cubic feet per gallon, and also what happens with two blowers and three, also on 400 m.g.d. 1739 Activated sludge is material derived from sewage by repeated actions of aerating the sewage in the pres- ence of the sludge retained from previous operations. The exact action of the sludge is a question of debate between biologists, chemists, and physicists. After 10 to 20 days of operation, a plant should develop a sludge with the power of purifying the sewage. The activated sludge has a clarifying power when mixed with sew- age kept in suspension and supplied with adequate air. When settled, a fairly clear liquid results, with a small amount of suspended matter. The activated sludge acts on the organic matter present and reduces the B.O.D. and transforms the organic material in so- 1740 lution into more or less permanent form. If carried far enough, considerable nitrate can be developed, as shown by the original experimenters, Ardern and Lockett, who developed nitrates without regard to the efficient use of air, as high as 10 or 15 parts per mil- lion. Present day operation is to stabilize the organic matter and reduce the B.O.D. markedly and not de- velop more than one or two parts per million of nitrate. My conception of the process is that the action is 1741 largely biochemical. The sludge contains volatile and mineral matter in varying amounts, a little phosphate, and a little potash. On our case, the mineral or ash i abt il aa de ae te ae eae a] Sart) Safle 27 eR Aan Sere ter panr tn 143 may run around 40 per cent. The volatile may run from 60 to 70 per cent. At Milwaukee, the volatile runs up to 80 per cent. The sludge also contains a number of bacteria of various types, of which some are nitrifying. Others aid in clarification. The exact composition in terms of carbon, nitrogen, and other chemical components, I do not know. I have never seen a detailed analysis on that basis. Upon the pro- portionate balance of the volatile and the mineral matter depends the behavior of the plant, as well as on the type of micro-organisms present in the sludge. 1742 The sludge from our final settling basins may run as high as two per cent solid matter, or from the op- erating standpoint, 98 to 9814 per cent moisture. Sometimes the moisture in other plants is as low as 97 per cent. It settles in a cylinder in perhaps 30 minutes, to about 20 per cent of its original volume. Some days it does better, others worse. It is not a stable sludge. It has putrefactive possibilities, with a demand for oxygen. The sludge is returned as promptly as possi- ble to the incoming sewage, so it may return to the oxygen supply. 1743. The North Side plant has aerated channels con- nected to the return pumps. In the Southwest Plant, the return is made directly by air lifts. We have never determined the oxygen demand of that sludge. I have 1744 no figure in mind. However, I believe I can present an estimate of the population equivalent of 53,970 tons 1745 of dry sludge discharged to the canal in 1939. I am pretty sure I cannot produce any such figure as 1,500,- 000 people. 53,970 tons is the total to the channel from all sources, not the North Side Plant. ia ARE NORDEA Gigs 144 1746 Ido not say the figure of 1,500,000 population is in line with anything. I was trying to correlate it with the North Side pipe line, where the solids come from 1,000,000 people. I would naturally expect that the solids coming out would not have the equivalent pop- ulation of the sewage that originally went in. 1747 Raw sewage is the liquid coming out of a sewer, varying in composition, depending on the type of sewer, separate or combined. The raw sewage contains solids. The total solids in suspension and in solution may range anywhere from 350 to 600 or 700 parts per million. Of those solids, a part is suspended mat- ter. The suspended matter plus the finely divided col- loidal matter determine the amount of sludge taken out of the sewage. Colloidal matter, roughly, is ma- terial so finely divided that it does not readily settle in a few hours. 1748 If sewage is settled in the Imhoff tanks of the West Side, the sludge is chiefly derived from the suspended matter. There is very little colloidal matter taken out compared to the removal in the activated sludge plant. The sludge producing ability of the plant is measured by the amount of suspended matter removed, which shows as solids recovered as sludge. There is digestion in that sludge, so that the sludge actually removed from the drying beds will be less in dry weight than what was actually deposited in the tanks. In the Im- hoff process, there is a 3 to 6 months digestion of the organic matter, so that about 50 per cent of the orig- 1749 inal organic matter deposited is lost. This loss on digestion varies. The dry solids removed from the beds are less than the solids deposited in the tanks, — 145 because of digestion. In the activated sludge plant, there is the coagulation or clotting of the fine particles produced by the prepared activated sludge as well as the settling action. The liquid after settling, aside from the residual suspended matter, is almost as clear as lake water. There is a certain removable suspended matter. Each day there is an excess taken out of the activated sludge plant when it has arrived at its proper operation, which is approximately the amount of the suspended solids. There is reason to believe there is some reduction in the amount of solids coming in, but not any such digestion as occurs in an Imhoff tank. | Starting with the sewage, and largely, but not wholly from the suspended matter, you remove solids, either directly by sedimentation or by the addition of acti- vated sludge and final settling. 1750 These solids, mixed with water from the sludge, which in the activated sludge may run from 98 to 991% per cent moisture, or in the Imhoff tanks around 90 to 92 per cent moisture. 98 per cent water and 2 per cent solids, compared with 90 and 10, shows a remarkable concentration. One sludge is 49 water to 1 of solid, the other, 10 water to 1 of solid. To remove the water in activated sludge, we use ferric chloride to coagulate the sludge, followed by a vacuum filter. That is dif- ferent. The Master saw it on the trip. 1751. I would not attempt to say whether in the acti- vated sludge process with an overall removal of some 90 per cent of the B.O.D., about 30 per cent is by oxi- dation and 60 per cent by bio-precipitation. I have not speculated on the division of the process. I have been working on the overall removals. By analogy and =... FERRERO URS te ARNT He RSE gr ra Bee a eRe 146 not for exactness, I believe a large per cent of the reduction of B.O.D. in the activated sludge process is accomplished by precipitation of the suspended solids. Comparing the results in the settling tank with the activated sludge plant, there is the average figure re- ported to the U. S. Supreme Court of 33-1/3 per cent removal by the settling process. Actually, in the West Side Plant we attained 48 to 50 per cent removal. That is primarily due to settling, with whatever coagulation occurs as the particles sink. In the activated sludge 1752 plant, the removal of B.O.D. reaches 90 to 95 per cent. This additional purification is attained by reason of employing the activated sludge process. I am inter- ested in the overall accomplishment. I have not specu- lated on the part due to aeration and mixing and to final settling. To the extent that the sludge discharged to the Main Channel has B.O.D., it nullifies the effect of the benefits accomplished at the North Side in making a high-grade effluent. There is a beneficial effect in the flow of well treated effluent through the heart of the city. 1753 On the completion of the West and North Side interceptors, from the North Side Works to the en- trance of the South Fork at Bridgeport, we have tried to have no raw sewage or sludge dumped in. We did have a certain amount of industrial waste in that stretch. Until last April, we had most of the Stock Yard waste coming in at Bridgeport. 1754 There is a residual benefit effect of the treatment given the liquid. We have no exact determination of it. We never put any sludge into the North Shore Channel from the North Side Works. The pipeline — 147 was in operation at the time the plant went into service in October of 1928. 1755 The effect of old sludge on the North Shore Chan- nel and North Branch depends on the timing. North of Fullerton Avenue, the interceptors were completed by the end of June, 1930. That was later than the open- ing of the North Side Works. The West Side Inter- cepting sewer system was not completed until a later date. Until rather recently there was sewage enter- ing the North Branch from Fullerton Avenue south. 1756 After the sewage was intercepted, there was still the effluent and some sludge material from various industries, which had an effect on the stream. The City and the District have cooperated to divert the effluent of industries from the river to the City sewers or the District interceptors. For quite a while after the North Side Works were in full service, there was the effect of old sludge. The Sanitary District has never made any B.O.D. analysis of the Activated sludge. It has no B.O.D. analysis of the sludge out of the pipeline. We do 1758 not make such an analysis as part of our routine work. Assuming no further sludge is deposited in the IIli- nois Waterway beginning January 1, 1941, the older the sludge deposits in the Channel are the less the B.O.D. exerted. In so far as that tends to lessen the amount of putrefaction in the Brandon Road Pool it tends to improve conditions. Whether it would im- prove them in the next year or two to a point of entire satisfaction in the community, is a question. 148 1759 As the material digests, the gasification decreases and the B.O.D. exerted is lessened. That tends to im- prove the conditions in the Pool. Whether these con- ditions will improve sufficiently before the West Side Plant effluent is finally treated, is a question. I have my doubts as to whether they would be sufficiently improved until that effluent receives final treatment by activated sludge. There would be material deposit- ed, the difference betw ‘en what is taken out of the Imhoff tanks and wi... will be removed by activated 1760 sludge. There is urdoulbtedly a tendency to improve conditions. Theoretically, if you use a chemical coagulant in the West Side plant, you improve the effluent. You would improve it still more if activated sludge were added. To go at chemical coagulants, takes both time and money. The Report to the PWA Board shows it can- not be done simply. Contracts must be prepared and let. It would take from 1% to 2 years. That was why we recommended to our Chief Engineer that the Dis- trict go ahead and install the supplemental activated sludge plant at the West Side. We are spending our money for a permanent purpose to get the highest effluent for the benefit of the people down below. We did not believe that by using chemicals we could ob- tain as good an effluent or as permanent a solution, 1761 or as cheap a solution, on the comparative estimate. We saw no hope of quickly obtaining relief by adding chemicals on the scale that we had to work. To add chemicals to 400 m.g.d. means a fairly permanent type of installation. Eventually it would have to be scrapped because it would not produce the grade of = 149 effluent (on our tests) that is necessary to meet the conditions that we expect to meet in trying to carry out the request of the Supreme Court. We told the Court we expected to deliver an effluent treated 85 per cent or better. We did not see how it could be done by chemicals. 1762 To add chemicals to the influent of the West Side Works requires equipment for handling and storage of chemicals, contracts, construction. If you are look- ing for something that you can say today I want done tomorrow, you cannot do it by chemicals. You cannot do it by anything short of turning the water on. The chemical method would take one to two years. In the meantime, we can install activated sludge, which will do a better job, and fulfill what we told Mr. Hughes we would do. 1763 I see no need of the control of odors by chlorine locally at the West Side Works. There was no necessity to chlorinate to protect a water supply by destroying bacteria. We saw no value in adding chlorine under our conditions because it would not cure the condi- tions, probably in the Brandon Pool. I do not know what is meant by the term “chlorinate the effluents.” There are various degrees of chlorina- tion. 1764 I see no value in sterilizing the effluents so no bac- teria are present. I understand chlorine has been used in moderate amounts for various purposes of con- trol in trickling filters and sludge digestion, but I would not say it has not interfered with the biological action. Many experimenters discuss how far you can go before you injure the biological action. Moderate ee 150 amounts have been used. We add chlorine to the efflu- ent of the three small sewage plants of the District for the control of odors, yet there is biological action in the filters. Chlorine has been added to the returned activated sludge in an attempt to control bulking. Some users have worried that if too much were added the 1765 bacteria might be destroyed. The point I have in mind is that chlorine as a means of curing the nuisance in Brandon Pool does not fit. If I try to sterilize the whole flow so it passes through the Pool in a state of arrested decomposition, the time element is such that it seems very impractical. Partial application of chlor- ine is not particularly helpful on account of the amount of B.O.D. to be overcome, if you assume that by the application of chlorine you can remove the B.O.D. The exact extent is a moot point. I testified as to my theory the other day. I have made no tests whatever as to sludge in the Brandon Pool. I have endeavored to ascertain the depth of sludge in the channels of the District on sev- eral occasions. As far back as 1910, sludge deposits existed above Lockport in the fore bay up to the old controlling works, as much as 8 and 10 feet deep near the Power House. 1766 At the old controlling works there was 2 or 3 feet. Through the rock cut with the high velocities then prevalent, there was practically no deposit. We tried to find deposits with a little dredge and with bottles. In the wide full section of the Channel we found some deposits. The velocities in the Channel today are much lower. In the rock section, with 2,500 c.f.s. discharge at Lockport, the velocity is about 0.7 foot PPLE MORETES e Ot ree AEE BEKO - a —— an - SE . Ln eel 151 per second and may go lower. We now have deposits in the rock section, which makes a B.O.D. exerting area. 1767 From observation of Brandon Pool on several occa- sions when gas boils came up, I conclude there must be light sludge in such a pool. This is confirmed by the reports of our chemists. Andrew limited his ob- servations to material determined by the permanent position of a 10-inch diameter sheet iron disc with an 8 or 10 pound weight on it. From our knowledge of sludge and trying to measure sludge in tanks and elsewhere, Andrew’s test defines only compact ma- terial at the bottom. There is certainly lighter sludge above it, becoming lighter as the thread of the flow is reached. Andrew is talking about material obstructive to navigation. His line of demarcation may very prop- erly be below a lot of the material, which we are speaking of, that boils up. 1769 If 6 to 10 feet of sludge were removed from Bran- on Pool, the depth of the Pool is increased. I have no knowledge of the depth of the Pool. I have made no soundings. It is not in the control of the Sanitary District. Any new deposits would seek the bottom of the excavated Pool. Any gas from decomposition 1770 would have to pass up through a greater depth of water and a greater volume of water than exists today, or a greater cubic volume of space. If more flow were added, the conditions would be ameliorated. I do not know just how much gas can be absorbed. Probably as much gas would come out, whether the Pool were 10 feet deep or 16 feet. A greater flow would wash the gas away. Then there would be less coming to the —_ San RUNeNeremerscennecuememmemens 152 atmosphere, because there is greater displacement at 1771 all times. This would be more effective than digging a deeper hole. The material defined by Andrew is different from the sludge Mohlman and Pearse have in mind. An- drew is talking of the denser material with the lesser amount of organic matter. Dr. Mohlman and I are worrying about the more liquid material containing the greater part of the organic matter. Andrew can- not pick up all the material by the use of a dredge. j He proposes to use a cutter head, necessarily in the / more dense material. He will pump a larger volume into a large pool, which will discharge an effluent into the stream down below. : 1772 He may transfer part of the nuisance to his lagoon or pool. How much that will ameliorate the nuisance is doubtful. I believe the money could be better spent on blowers or filters or something of that sort. In January, February, and March, 1940, all the sew- age entering the Southwest Plant received activated sludge treatment. The flows ranged from 197 to 287 m.g.d. From April on, about fifty-fifty up to Septem- ber, 1940, except for June with 235 m.g.d. through the preliminary process only, and 130 m.g.d. through the 1773 activated sludge. In August, 340 m.g.d. were treated, of which 164 m.g.d. received preliminary treatment only. For the five months April to August inclusive, the average flow not receiving activated sludge treat- ment was 162 m.g.d. I will compute the population equivalent. 1774 The removal of B.O.D. by the preliminary tanks at the Southwest Works on the short period of settling 153 is around 20 to 25 per cent. This I will check. I will determine also the population the increased treatment would be equivalent to if all the sewage receiving pre- liminary treatment were given the activated sludge treatment. I will consider it with our inability to handle the sludge, and also for the future with sludge all handled. 1775 I will calculate the oxygen made available by 3500 c.f.s. additional lake water in pounds per day and how many people this flow would satisfy the B.O.D. of. From my tests on the Bear Trap Dam years ago, we introduced from 2 to 4 parts per million of dissolved oxygen into de-oxygenated flow in the Canal. I doubt if a cascade built there would increase the dissolved oxygen up to 6 or 8 parts per million. 1777 I doubt if deoxygenated liquor of that kind can actually be saturated with oxygen in any reasonable time by cascading. I have tried to do it but could not. There is no need to build a cascade at the Controlling Works. Just lower the controlling dams at the Power House and shut off the flow through the turbines. With some 42 feet of crest, and the drop to the tail race, a nice cascading effect is produced. This may put in 2 to 4 parts per million of dissolved oxygen. 1778 I do not think this would cure the condition in the Brandon Pool. With the B.O.D. exerted last year and this summer the oxygen would be gone before the flow reached the Pool. If you wish to avoid a nuisance, some oxygen must be present. There is no practical place to reaerate today. You cannot get enough oxy- gen in under those conditions. a _—_ SREP Ses ores Fa DET ET ‘ Ds Rg Ce a 154 In the old days there was the old Economy Light dam, with a small amount of reaeration when water did not go through the water wheels. In the Eddy report to the Board of Review, there is shown a large amount of oxygen taken in down through the Joliet stretch of the river, because of the high velocity, the exceeding turbulence, and the thorough mixing at a time in the summer months when the flow at Lockport was deoxygenated. At Marseilles, the oxygen was all gone again. If the wheels at the Lockport Power House were stopped, there would be a cost to the District to pur- chase the equivalent power now generated at Lock- port. I do not recall what the purchase price for power is under the contract. Ramey can tell. 1780 Oil on the surface of a pool or in our activated sludge tanks does interfere to some extent with reaera- tion at the points where the oil film exists. I have seen very little spots of glistening oil on my trips on the Canal and Pool recently, but not a remarkable amount of oil. For a stream serving upwards of 4 mil- lion people, there is remarkably little floating occur- rence of that kind. 1781 Ido not know how much oil enters the Waterway from the Texas Refineries. The State of Illinois has been using its utmost to have all floating material retained. I have the impression the Texas Refineries have been consistently successful in retaining such material and were retaining such material several years ago. If the flow of sewage can be reduced, obviously on a fixed design, the more sewage you can put through. EAE FOE ES NE OTINGEN 155 The effect of universal metering in Chicago on the sewage flow is very problematical. It is a problem whether universal metering is possible or will be at- 1782 tained. I have never felt that in our calculations universal metering could be reckoned on as a factor. Universal metering might reduce per capita flow some- what. The amount is very speculative. The effect of metering in the last seven or eight years, in a popula- tion with little change, is negligible. The treatment works and sewers are not designed on a universal metering basis. About 28 per cent of the services are actually metered. The City has shown no disposition 1783 up to date to completely meter the flow. Whatever the PWA Board said about the effect of metering on sewage treatment facilities is in the record. Whatever effect metering may have, if it reduces the per capita flow, will prolong the useful life of the works or en- able better results to be obtained. 1784 In the North Side Works, the flow has held stead- ily around 200 m.g.d. for the last ten years, with cer- tain variations. I do not yet know what the exact population on the area is at present. It probably has increased but little. It is largely built up with apart- ment houses, with many meters. Whether the District can get down to 200 gallons per capita per day for its entire sewage flow is very speculative. The metering program is very much in the future, and moves slowly. The District will take advantage of any capacity it gains. 785 In 1939, the per cent of water services metered in Chicago was 27.9 and the per cent of water metered 156 was 37.56. The number of services decreased roughly 10,000 from 1930 to 1939. 1792- The metering required of the City by the U. S. Dis- 1793 trict Engineer permit of March 3, 1935, was never carried out. This shows that it is rather difficult to have complete metering installed in Chicago. From 1930 to 1939, the number of meters increased from 85,846 to 115,000 out of a total number of services in 1930 of 422,066, and in 1939, of 412,228. The rate of 1794 increase averages 3,000 meters per year. On that basis, with 300,000 meters to be installed, it would take 100 years. In my position, I figure that while metering will come and will benefit the Sanitary Dis- trict, it is not a very immediate factor which has any bearing on the current improvement of the Brandon Pool. The Sanitary District has no control over met- ering, which is a function of the City of Chicago. I do not know to what degree metering can be accellerated. 1795 If a reduction in water use were effected in Chicago by metering, it would tend to make slightly more ca- pacity available in the intercepting sewers and treat- ment works for storm water. Universal metering, if it reduce the flow, would make available a little more capacity for storm water in the intercepting sewers 1796 and treatment works. Any reduction in flow by met- ering would affect the flow at Lockport and reduce the amount of power developed, and also the amount of water available for dilution. The report was made to PWA on April 19, 1940. On May 3, 1940, the PWA Board made its report. Consid- eration had been given the supplemental works for OT RES II ORL BI ne IS Si ER SE OR ae ppceteeenersr: tee 157 the West Side effluent many months before. Ramey will tell you when the first steps were taken. 1799 At the request of the Chief Engineer, he took the original report sent to the PWA Board and assembled the facts from the various departments. I then pre- pared a rough draft, which was reviewed by the men who signed the final report, of date April 19, 1940. A second draft was made, which was filed with the Chief 1800 Engineer. This was forwarded by him to D’Esposito, who referred it to his Board, which had requested such a summary of the proposed plan of the Sanitary Dis- trict. That Board was composed of eminent engineers, including Mead, who was an excellent hydraulic en- gineer. The Report of April 19, 1940 was accepted, with some reservation as to the rapidity with which the work should go ahead. The Board thought we should delay a bit. I advised going ahead, buying the equipment, and completing the plans. With the money available, we are going ahead on the complete job. We had three or four sessions, in which Ramey, John- son, and Mohliman joined. LANGDON PEARSE Cross Examination by Mr. Naujoks 520 In answer to the question asked by the Master (Rec. 1465-1466, Illinois Exh. 50 shows 53,970 tons of dry solids discharged into the Main Channel in 1939. This is from two sources, the North Side and the Southwest Works. The excess sludge from North Side in 1939 totaled 39,213 tons of dry solids, in a volume of 693.5 million gallons. Of this, 34,776 tons of dry 158 solids went into the Main Channel. The dry solids con- tent as originated was 1.34 per cent. The volume of the sludge was 1.9 million gallons per day from 202.5 million gallons per day of sewage. From the Southwest Works the sludge discharged in 1939 only from July to December inclusive was 19,194 tons of dry solid. The amount and moisture content varied each month. 2522 I have prepared a table (Pearse Cross-Exam. Exh. 1, Rec. 2523) to show each month the tonnage of dry sludge, the volume of sludge, the volume of sewage from the North Side and Southwest Works ,the volume of sewage from the North Side, West Side, and South- west Works, the discharge at Lockport, and the flow at Summit, all in million gallons per day. For instance, 2524- the 192 tons of dry solids per day is contained in 2525- 4.22 m.g.d. of liquid. The percentages of moisture 2526 content were between 98 and 99 per cent. On the North Side pipeline the dry solid content averaged 1.34 per cent. The solid is represented by dry weight. If it is 2 per cent, the water is 98 per cent, which gives the volume. The tonnage of 192 with a volume of 4.22 million gallons per day, went into a volume in the Channel at Summit of 1,303 million gallons per day. 2528 An additional flow enters the Main Channel be- tween Summit and Lockport from the Calumet-Sag Channel. One million gallons per day is equal to 1.54 cubic feet per second. 2529 A discharge at Lockport of 1862 million gallons per day would be about 2850 c.f.s. This includes both sewage and sludge. ANAL LI SETAE STOR EN P R IO EI ET PS een _ ttl | —— 159 2530 If sewage is aerated for a longer time in our aera- tion tanks and more air is used, there is a better reduc- tion of B.O.D. and a larger generation of nitrates. Doubling the air will not double the nitrates. In 1929 at the North Side, with 0.8 cubic foot of air per gallon and 7.2 hours detention, the yearly average showed a removal of B.O.D. from 115 down to 5.6 parts per million, with 5 parts per million of nitrate in the 2531 effluent. In 1933, with 0.38 cubic foot of air per gal- lon, and 5.4 hours detention, the B.O.D. was pulled down from 122 to 14 parts per million, with 2.3 parts per million of nitrate. With half the air, we had less than half the nitrates, with a slightly higher B.O.D. in the effluent, and a detention of 5.4 hours instead of 7.2 hours. In 1939, with 0.37 cubic foot of air and 4.7 hours detention, the B.O.D. was pulled down from 117 to 7.7 parts per million, with 0.7 parts per million of nitrate. The 1929 result would cost twice as much for air as the 1939 result. 2532 At present the flow is 200 million gallons per day, on an average of nine years. The longest period we can now obtain is 5.5 hours. The period of 7.2 hours is out of the question. In 1934, with 5.4 hours and 0.38 cubic foot of air per gallon, the final B.O.D. was 14.1 with 2.3 parts per million of nitrate. In 1931, with 5.2 hours and 0.47 cubic foot of air per gallon, the final B.O.D. was ® parts per million, with nitrates 2.2 parts. In that comparison, a slight increase of 0.09 cubic foot of air did not increase the nitrates, but did reduce the B.O.D. somewhat. 2533. In a rough way, it is possible to figure for a plant the amount of air required to remove 1,000 pounds of as Aa LPS ORB a RRR IRM Hes 160 B.O.D., without regard to nitrates. Ignoring cost, the conclusion is that with an increase of air per gallon of sewage, the removal of B.O.D. is better and the nitrates are probably higher in the effluent. 2534 An additional 25 per cent of air in 1931, over 1934, reduced the B.O.D. from 14.1 to 8 parts per million. 2535 The plant may not have been operated on exactly the same basis, as considerable experimentation was going on. With more air, within certain limits, a better efflu- ent is obtained. The showing made by these compari- sons as to the production of nitrates is rather inconclu- sive, when you try to pick how much air must be used to produce a definite amount of nitrate. There appears 2536 to be no way of calculating. Only a test will show. The production of nitrate in our plant is not an eco- nomical venture. At the Southwest Works, the following dates are submitted: Pumping began (from West Side) Preliminary tanks only in use. May 23, 1939 Activated sludge started... June 9, 1939 First battery in service... June 27, 1939 Second battery (half service) Sept. 6, 1939 Second battery (full service) Oct. 26, 1939 Southwest Interceptor cut in up to Western Avenue... .. Sept. 7, 1939 Dewatering and incineration began Aug. 7, 1939 In continuous use..................... Aug. 28, 1939 Racine Avenue Pumping Station— Partial pumping to Southwest March 20, 1940 Complete flow to Southwest . May 2, 1940 PELE POPES SD OLD NF EOL RIL NE _— 161 2537 Prior to March 20, 1940, the Racine Avenue Pump- ing Station flow went directly into the South Fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River, and entered the Main flow just above Damen Avenue, or Robey Street. 2538 I have prepared a table showing the connection of 29 sewers to the Southwest Interceptor. 2539 PEARSE CROSS EXAM. Exh. 2. These connections were made between June, 1939 2540 and May, 1940. The flow is estimated. The table shows the number of sewers, the estimated dry flow, and the cumulative dry flow. The total dry flow on the Southwest Interceptor is estimated at 325 million gallons per day. The flow has varied. 2542 In May the pumpage at the Southwest Works was 2543 310 m.g.d.; in August, 340 m.g.d. The pumping may include some flow from the West Side system, or some rainfall. Apparently in August the figure, corrected for the West Side, would be 335 m.g.d. That exceeds 325. The sewers are designed on a general basis of carrying 150 per cent of a dry weather flow. The de- 2544 sign dry weather flow is considerably over 325 m.g.d., probably over 400 m.g.d. The capacity of the inter- cepting sewer is probably over 600 m.g.d., as I recall, about 1100 c.f.s., or, roughly, 750 m.g.d. This is far in excess of the average dry weather flow. 2545 The capacity of the Southwest plant was nomin- ally 600 m.g.d., or 900 c.f.s. If more flow comes ‘han the plant can treat, the excess could be diverted direct to the river, or if the interceptor filled up, backed out through the city sewer outlets. Those are two safety valves. There are also the limitations of the hydraulic —_—— NWSE ST Pe AROSE Oe BPEL ET SONETOL IDLE LETTE HAE 162 capacity of the plant, and the pump capacity. The de- 2546 sign covers the broad situation. It is our intention to carry a flow through the plants up to 150 per cent of the dry flow during a storm. Beyond that, the excess spills to the river. In some few cases more sewage has 2547 been carried in an interceptor. There is also the question of what happens to the sewage not picked up. There are some 350 municipal sewers which dis- charge to the various rivers or channels in the District. The intercepting sewer picks up a certain proportion of the flow from those sewers. If exceeded, the excess 3 goes to the stream. This is in time of storm. The regu- _ 2548 lators are inspected almost daily to see that material does not escape in dry weather. I am correcting my testimony on the blower con- tract (Rec. 1636) for the Southwest. The contract for three blowers was entered into on August 29, 1940. One blower is to be delivered on or about May 1, 1941. It should be in operation by August 1, 1941. The other . two units are to be delivered on or about March 1, 2549 1942, and should be in operation by October 1, 1942. Each blower unit has a capacity of 100,000 cubic feet of air per minute. 2550 I will make up a statement of the results with the new equipment installed, to give a picture for the summer in 1941 and 1942. LANGDON PEARSE Cross-Examination by Mr. Naujoks 2555 The blower contract was awarded to the Allis- Chalmers Manufacturing Company of Milwaukee, Wis- consin. — 163 The two Illinois State Prisons at Joliet both dis- charge raw sewage into the Waterway. The old prison is located just outside of Joliet to the south and east of the Waterway. At one time it had an Imhoff tank, 2555 which has since been abandoned. The new prison at 2556 Stateville is two miles north of Joliet, to the north, and west of the Des Plaines River. This discharges into the Des Plaines River just above its junction with the Waterway. Negotiations are pending for the dis- charge of the sewage from both prisons into the Joliet sewers. The sewage of Lockport, with a population of about 3,000, enters Deep Run, which discharges into the Illinois Waterway about 14 mile below the Power House. The outflow from the Texas Company also enters Deep Run. The plant is equipped with settling basins for retaining sludge and skimming oil. Lockport is planning sewage treatment. 2556 The sewage of Lemont, with a population of about 2,500, enters the Main Channel without treatment. Le- mont is planning for sewage treatment and has request- ed the Sanitary District to lease it a site. Financial aid is asked of the WPA. 2557 The Joliet sewage discharges into the Waterway below the Brandon Road Dam. If the prisons arrange with Joliet to receive their sewage, the discharge, 2558 whether treated or untreated, will be below the Dam. It is an advantage not to have such sewage in the Pool. 2560 The population of Joliet is 41,936 for 1940, as com- 2561 pared with 42,993 in 1939. At Ottawa the population was 15,938 in 1940, and 15,094 in 1930. Peoria had a population in 1940 of 105,003, as compared with 104,968 2562 in 1930. The Census releases show populations for _ 164 cities over 10,000. I will attempt to obtain the popula- lation of all the towns along the Illinois River. 2563 With reference to the use of air at the Calumet Works (Rec. 1661-1662), I examined the plant record 2564 for 1939 and 1940. I present Pearse Cross-Exam. Exh. 2565 3 showing monthly averages for air, suspended solids : in mixed liquor, iron, per cent iron in returned sludge, : aeration period in hours, B.O.D. in effluent in parts per million, and per cent of raw, sludge index, nitrites, and nitrates from January, 1939, to August, 1940. 2566 The sludge index is the milliters of volume occu- pied by one gram of sludge solids. It is determined to indicate the settling behavior of a sludge. If the index is under 100, the operator seldom has to worry. The table (Pearse Cross-Exam. Exh. 3) shows the air at Calumet was steadily reduced in 1939 to 0.29 cubic foot per gallon in July, with a lower mixed liquor solid content in June of 2720 parts per million, and in July of 3040 parts per million. The air was increased to 0.35 cubic foot per gallon in September and held through October, with mixed liquor solids around 3100 p.p.m. In November, the air was increased to 0.52 cubic foot per gallon and the mixed liquor solids ran up to 4310 p.p.m. The B.O.D. in the effluent went down to 8 p.».m. 2567 During the summer the air used proved too low. The operator increased both the air and the solid con- tent of the mixed liquor. In December he dropped back to 0.43 cubic foot of air and obtained a 91 per cent reduction of B.O.D., an effluent of 10 p.p.m., B.O.D. and nitrates practically at 3 p.p.m. as against 3.2. Thus almost as much nitrate was obtained with less air. The a —— 165 nitrification was practically the same in November and July of 1939, but the air used was 0.52 cubic foot per gallon in November and 0.29 in July. 2567-2568 By taking figures at random from a table like this (Pearse Cross-Exam. Exh. 3), I can easily prove that less air produced more nitrates. Plant operation must be studied by and large. In June, July, and August of 1940, a lower or equal residual B.O.D. was obtained 2569 with less air than used in February, 1940. The fluc- tuation in nitrates is irregular and not in constant ratio to the reduction in B.O.D. In July, 1939, the nitrates were 3.3 p.p.m., whereas in August they dropped to 0.8 p.p.m. with a slight increase of air. Probably the air in July, 0.29 cubic foot per gallon, was too low. The operator did well in July at the expense of the sludge. In August and September he 2570 had to refresh the sludge and continued to increase the air. In November he speeded up. I did not produce the table to show I could make 2571 more nitrates with less air. I produced it to show the difficulty of determining from the operation of a well controlled plant what the underlying causes were. In 2572 general, more air means more nitrates and better re- duction of B.O.D., up to a point where the air becomes wasteful. The longer the period with the more air, 2573 the better the results. In operation, a low residual of B.O.D. is important, rather than merely a percent- age reduction. We are seeking to keep down the B.O.D. in the plant effluent. 2574 The per cent of reduction depends on the strength of the sewage. With a sewage containing 100 p.p.m. B.O.D., with 90 per cent removal, the residual is 10 — se — 166 p.p.m. With a sewage containing 200 p.pm. B.O.D., a 95 per cent removal is required to give 10 p.p.m. residual. 2575 The hydraulic capacity of the Southwest Works from preliminary basins to the plant outfall is 750 million gallons daily. This cannot be utilized for sew- age treatment under present conditions because the installed pump capacity is inadequate. The total dis- charge capacity of the four pumps installed is 780 m.g.d. With three units running, only 600 m.g.d. can 2576 be attained. The probable load factor is 75 per cent. The present installed capacity of the air lifts on the activated sludge return system limits the sewage flow to 600 m.g.d., with 30 per cent return. The final set- tling basins now installed are planned for an average flow of 400 m.g.d. A poorer effluent is expected at 600 m.g.d. The present air supply may prove inadequate. I assume the flow to be handled at the Southwest 2577 Works is limited to 600 m.g.d., and that the Southwest flow is 325 m.g.d., and the West Side 475 m.g.d. If 600 m.g.d. be taken through the Southwest Works, 275 m.g.d. will be diverted from the West Side, which has left 200 m.g.d. The estimated analysis of the sewage mixture entering the Southwest Works is 170 p.p.m. suspended matter and 135 p.p.m. B.O.D. The North Side sludge is kept out of the aeration circuit. If the preliminary tanks remove 30 per cent of the suspended solids, 119 p.p.m. remain. If the effluent con- tain 40 p.p.m., then 79 p.p.m. are retained, or 395,000 pounds. For convenience, this is taken as 200 tons. Adding 100 tons from the North Side, the total 300 tons per day of total dry activated sludge solids is — 167 2578 available for disposal. The preliminary sludge of 128 tons per day is diverted to the West Side plant. At present (September 26, 1940) 24 filter units are in- stalled at the Southwest Works. Only 18 can be relied upon for constant service. In the warmer months, a rate of output around 1.5 lb. of dry solid per square foot of filter area per hour is attained. This amounts to 184.5 tons per day. In the winter, a rate around 2 Ib. per square foot per hour is attained. After the 8 filters now under contract are delivered and installed, there will be 32 on the floor. Of these, 24 will be available. At the 1.5 pound rate, the possi- ble output is 246 tons per day during the warmer months. This leaves a difference of 300—246=54 tons to be disposed of. The easiest point is the Main Chan- nel. Additional filters will require time and becomes part of the permanent plan. 2579 Assume 50 per cent removal of the suspended solids from the West Side sewage produces 48.5 tons of dry solids daily. The solids sent to the West Side from Southwest are 128 tons daily. The total is 176.5 tons per day to be digested. It is questionable whether the present V/est Side Imhoff tanks can handle the addi- tional tonnage of preliminary solids in the winter months. ‘The sludge drying beds are inadequate. They can only average from 68 to 85 tons per day per year. There is thus an excess of 33 to 50 tons per day per year to be disposed of, or 14,000 to 18,250 tons per year. This sludge should be kept out of the Channel be- cause of its density. Three methods of handling are available: ————— 168 Additional drying beds: lagoons; and filtration after dosing with lime and iron salts. Any one of these takes time. The relative merits re- quire investigation. 2580 The three blowers now installed have a combined capacity of 180,000 cubic foot per minute. These can- not run continuously as some time is required for inspection and repair. The auxiliary air required at low flows is 21,200 cubic foot per minute. With one blower only, 38,800 cubic foot per minute is available for the aeration tanks. At 0.5 cubic foot air per gal- lon, this would handle 112 m.g.d. With 0.2 cubic foot, 278 m.g.d. With two blowers running, the auxiliary use is estimated at 34,000 cubic foot per minute. This leaves 86,000 cubic foot per minute for the aeration tanks. At 0.5 cubic foot per gallon, this cares for 284.8 m.g.d., or at 0.21 cubic foot per gallon, 600 m.g.d. can be aerated. With three blowers running, 146,000 cubic foot per minute is available, which pro- vides at 0.5 cubic foot per gallon, for 416 m.g.d., and at 0.35 cubic foot per gallon, for 600 m.g.d. At 600 m.g.d. and 30 per cent returns, the aeration period 2581 is 3.2 hours. The settling rate in the final tanks is 2000 gallons per sq. ft. per day. This would produce an effluent probably containing around 40 p.p.m. B.O.D., with a uniform load. With the variations in load expected and the cramping of the air supply for maximum daily loads, the exact results are in doubt. 2582 In a hearing of a popular nature before a congres- sional committee in 1925, I was contrasting the relation between a high-grade effluent and a settling tank a — 169 effluent, and in so doing I indicated that the effluent of a well operated activated sludge plant might be 2583 clear, stable and odorless, and that fish life might be maintained right at the plant. In the intervening 15 years, I have learned that while a fairly clear efflu- ent can be made as shown in our plants, there is a certain amount of suspended matter in it. There is a certain amount of B.O.D. and of dissolved oxygen. If the flow period was from 30 minutes to an hour, under certain conditions such a flow could be intro- duced into a stream. What I said in 1925 does not bind me today (September 26, 1940). I admit the words, but I do not admit the implications. The efflu- ent comes out of the North Side Works containing about 8 to 9 p.p.m. of B.O.D., with 7 to 8 p.p.m. of dissolved oxygen. It flows down the North Branch 2584 and in its flow, during a period of 16 to 24 hours, it may lose all its oxygen. These changes occur. Time is an important factor. I do not tell anybody that such an effluent is harmless. It is odorless; relatively clear at times; contains some suspended matter; con- tains organic matter which needs oxygen. In a flow from Damen Avenue to Lockport, during a period of about 4-1/2 days, there is a very different pic- ture from the original statement. With all the pres- ent facts in mind, I do not admit the correctness of the quoted statement as applied to the present analyses of the situation here. 2585 The effluent of an activated sludge plant is odor- less; it is clarified, being fairly clear but containing suspended solids maybe 6, 8, 10, 14 p.p.m., or in wet weather, even more. It is stable within the degree a ‘ 170 of oxygen that is there to meet the B.O.D. However, the conception of stability today is different from 1925. Then we thought of methylene blue stability test, which is now largely discarded, because it meant little. Stability today is measured by the amount of oxygen present as against the oxygen demand. On paper, the North Side effluent looks stable because at times the effluent shows more dissolved oxygen than 2586 B.O.D. It may not be so if all the dissolved oxygen in the effluent does not stick. As to fish life, the situa- tion is this. At the outlet of a plant and for a dis- tance below, until the oxygen goes below 4 p.p.m. or 3 p.pm., and in some streams that might be indefinite if there is a little dilution, and, again, that might be only a matter of some hours, fish could exist. I have had fish living in the effluent, for experiment pur- poses, right at the test plant. But if the flow is 16 to 24 hours older, the fish might die if the oxygen is exhausted. 2587 My earlier testimony before Mr. Hughes was with relation to overall treatment, which was set at 85 per cent as an annual average. I further testified that on our activated sludge treatment at the plant, we ex- pected to attain 90 per cent or better for a number 2588 of months and maybe for averages. I believe that around 1925 to 1926 a 90 per cent purification was considered a very good effluent for our class of sew- age. Trickling filters ran around 85 per cent. In 1928 the Sanitary District had only operated a small plant, treating 4 m.g.d. known as the Des Plaines River Works. Since 1928, we have operated the North Side and the Calumet, and conducted experimental work 171 in addition. Therefore, my opinion is entitled now to be weighed on what I know today in trying to solve these problems and not what I said 15 years ago. I testified before Mr. Hughes in 1929. The hearings 2589 ran from March 25 through September 25. The North Side Works started in October of 1928, and was oper- ated at about on-third of its nominal capacity. In Jan- uary and February, there was excess capity. The aeration period was 7.2 hours, instead of the bases we have learned is useful, that is, 5 hours. We may have attained those percentages, but we were not sure we could sustain them indefinitely. Two or three months at the beginning of operation at the North Side Works has small influence on what I learned in the last 12 years. I have admitted that if there is the time period and more air, a better effluent can be produced. The Sanitary District is trying to ex- pend the public money to best advantage in a rather difficult situation on its operating finance. In the 1928 pamphlet issued at the opening of the North Side Works, there may be been a statement that the effluent would be clear, sparkling, and re- semble drinking water. I did not sign it. It was writ- ten by a newspaper reporter. I recall telling him he had better strike out that kind of stuff. I am not responsible for whatever is printed by the District. 2590 If the potency of the effluent of an activated 2591 sludge plant working at 90 per cent efficiency is measured by the B.O.D. test, it would be approxi- mately the same as the potency of one-tenth the vol- ume of raw sewage. If you are trying to measure the 172 potentialities of the case, raw sewage contains sludge producing elements which are not in the effluent. | 2591 Assuming 85 per cent treatment on a population of four million leaves a balance of 600,000 people. The effluent of this treatment may not exert the same influence on the Main Channel as the raw sewage 2592 of 600,000 people. The raw sewage would deposit sludge down the Channel, which later decomposes | and exerts B.O.D. The discharge of raw sewage car- | ries different implications under our situation than if effluent were discharged. The raw sewage has more potentiality for trouble. Under certain condi- ditions, sludge deposits in the Upper Illinois River 2593 might exert am oxygen demand in the summer as great as the original B.O.D. of the .acoming sewage. Another factor in our situation is the storm flow ef- fect. When I speak of taking all the sludge out, I mean that I expect to take out all the readily settling solids removed by a treatment plant. The residual solids are very much less harmful than the original sewage solids. 2594 In North America in only two cases has storm water been treated, Columbus, Ohio, and North Tor- onto in Canada. It is expensive. Ramey testified that precipitation occurs about 110 times in an average year. There may be 55 storms which tend to fill the interceptor, and at least 5 to 7 which make a heavy discharge through the sewer outlets. Thus varying amounts of raw solids enter the stream without treatment. If the storm water is ten times the dry flow, and only 1-1/2 times the _— ee 173 dry flow is treated, 85 per cent of the solids enter the stream during the storm. 2595 No sanitary engineer would say that all the sludge producing material is removed from the channels of the District, when its sewage has been treated. There is still some remaining material entering the Water- way. Sometimes in a storm the B.O.D. rises at Lock- port. The effect of storm water will need to be watched, after the treatment works are built to treat all the liquid and retain all the solids possible in the plants. Cross-Examination by Mr. Cohan. 2596 If a treatment plant is working at 85 per cent efficiency, on 4 million people, ordinarily the answer would be that 15 per cent of the organic matter is in the effluent. 2597 Plant efficiency is commonly measured by the B.O.D. test or the suspended matter test. No one has tried to develop a test to reflect the potentialities I have discussed. Examination by the Master. 2598 Assuming a city of 600,000 people discharging un- treated sewage into a canal, and another situation with a city of 4 million, discharging sewage treated 85 per cent, and that both places have the same flow in gallons per capita, the ratio of volume is 400 to 60. Assuming for convenience the people are 400,000 and 4 million, the volume of the flow from the latter —— 174 is 10 times that from the smaller city. If B.O.D. tests were made, the raw sewage might be assumed as 100 and the 85 per cent treated effluent as 15. The third step is what happens because of the ma- terial carried in the liquid. The volume contains sol- 2600 ids in suspension and solution. If the original sew- age contains 200 parts per million of suspended solids, and if the effluent only contains 10 parts per million, the raw sewage in every unit of volume contains 20 times as much suspended matter as the effluent. The suspended matter may deposit, and make a potential condition, which means the effect of that sewage pol- lution is far greater in the summer months than in the winter. We do not try to express this, because as as matter of routine we are interested in knowing what the plant does. In studying the conditions of the Canal and River, all factors are considered. 2601 If a man is sick, the doctor analyzes all causes, not merely whether the man has a bag leg or a good leg. In this case, we have applied a simple test and dis- cussed the efficiency shown thereby. I see no way to extend the method to a broader situation. I would rather live on the banks of a stream re- ceiving the 85 per cent treated sewage of a town of 4 million people than on the banks of the same stream at the same location into which emptied the raw sewage of a town of 600,000 people. In the case of the 4 million people, the stream would be relatively clear and unpolluted to the eye, without odors. In the other case there would be a dark looking stream, 175 which would give off odors and obviously would con- sist of untreated sewage. | Cross-Examination by Mr. Naujoks. — 2605- 2606 The Kostner Avenue sewer, with a flow of about 45 m.g.d., should be connected up shortly. Dr. Mohlman’s curve and chart can be adjusted, after an appraisal of population and industry and plant operation. Cross Examination by Mr. Naujoks. 2730 The Southwest Plant is limited in its flow to 600 m.g.d. by pump capacity and air lifts. At 600 m.g.d. the period in the aeration tanks is approximately 3.15 hours. With three blowers now installed running, and a flow of 600 m.g.d., the air supply figures 0.35 cubic feet per gallon of sewage for service to the aeration tanks. However, only two blowers can be relied upon for continuous service. With two, the air supply fig- 2731 ures 0.21 cubic feet per gallon. To attain an aeration period of 1.45 hours is purely hypothetical and im- possible as it means pushing through an entering flow of nearly 1200 m.g.d. in a plant actually limited to 600 m.g.d. but with a theoretical hydraulic capacity of 750 m.g.d. Air in amount of 120,000 cubic feet per minute is not available at the Southwest Works from two exist- ing blowers for aerating mixed liquor. The air for auxiliary uses totals 21,000 cubic feet per minute at —— 176 present which may increase to 24,000 cubic feet per minute as the output of dried solid increases. The net air available is 98,800 cubic feet per minute. Arith- metically this provides for 800 million gallons air at the rate of 0.1778 cubic feet per gallon. With three 2732 blowers running, as a matter of arithmetic, the air available for aerating 800 m.g.d. would be 0.286 cubic feet per gallon. The average for 5 months, April to August, inclusive, in 1940 shows preliminary treat- ment given to 163 m.g.d. at the Southwest Works. The raw sewage contained 202 p.p.m. Suspended solids and 151 p.p.m. B.O.D. The tanks made a reduction in B.O.D. of 33 per cent. The B.O.D. of the treated sew- age was 101 p.p.m. The population equivalent is 807,- | 000 persons on the bases of 0.17 pound per capita. The population equivalent for the 53,970 tons of dry solids discharged to the canal in 1939 is being worked out. Assuming the net dissolved oxygen in Lake Michi- gan water to be 8 p.p.m. the content of dissolved oxy- gen in 3500 c.f.s. of lake water would be 151,200 pounds per day. The dissolved oxygen in the lake may be between 8.5 and 9.5 p.p.m., from which an allowance for B.O.D. is deducted, leaving a reasonable net of 8 p.p.m. The amount of 151,200 pounds per day of oxy- gen would satisfy the 5-day B.O.D. of 889,410 people on the assumption of 0.17 pounds of 5-day B.O.D. per capita. 2734 I have prepared an exhibit, Pearse Cross. Exam. Exh. 4, which shows the interchange of sewage from the West Side interceptor to the Southwest intercep- 2735 tor or vice versa. This shows that from May, 1939, to March, 1940, a considerable amount of sewage from 177 the West Side was diverted to the Southwest. In 1940 in June and August some flow went from the West Side to the Southwest. In August 5 m.g.d. was so di- verted. 2736 The reductions in diversion from the West Side system synchronize with the pickup of additional City sewage by the Southwest system. 2737 The Southwest plant began operation on West Side sewage. Not until April, 1940, were both plants on their own. The West Side plant ran far below its capacity from September 1939 to February 1940. 2738 The sewage coming to the Southwest plant had previously discharged untreated through the West 39th Street Conduit, which is now connected to the Racine Avenue Pumping Station; the Western Avenue sewer and other sewers entering the South Branch of the Chicago River. 2739 The Kostner Avenue sewer was connected up on September 26, 1940. This reduces the sewage not con- nected by about one-half. About 55,000 population is 2740 left untreated. This means the Sanitary District has ‘approximately attained the stage of pick-up of sew- 2741 age, indicated by the petition of the State of Illinois. (Petition p. 11). The area from which untreated sew- age flows comprises the Clearing District, certain areas around Blue Island, a small sewer in the Stockyards, and miscellaneous small situations. These have not been picked up because of the expense involved. The extension of the Summit-Argo sewer to Clearing is delayed because of adjustments in the Corn Products plant. The method of handling its residual pollution | 178 is being worked out. These smaller projects make ex- cellent WPA projects. Cross Examination by Mr. Cohan. 2752 There is no assurance from the City when it can meter the water. At the average rate of installing meters in the last ten years it will take 100 years. Opinions differ as to how low the flow can be reduced by metering. 2753 The works of the Sanitary District are designed to a capacity ample for present conditions. The City has no appropriation on its books for the purchase of 2754 meters. The money allotted to meters in the PWA fund for the filter plant construction has been spent for other purposes. In general meters are purchased at the expense of the consumer. 2755 The Sanitary District has not predicated its plans for construction in the next two years on the metering of the Chicago water. In the light of past performance any prediction based on metering is purely speculative. The District inves- tigated the situation, gave it proper consideration and concluded it did not influence our problem. Quoting Mr. Andrew Examination by the Master. 2757 In connection with a proposed test to flush the Brandon Pool, I have serious doubt whether the floc- culant material will flow out. If it does, the gates — 179 should be opened at Dresden Island Pool, Marseilles Dam, and Starved Rock Dam to allow the material to work on down the waterway. This will require inves- tigation. At Dresden Island Pool an electric generating sta- tion draws water from the Pool. At Marseilles there is a hydro-electric plant. To drain even one pool is serious, to say nothing of draining several pools. 2759 In my opinion the Chief of Engineers would not feel it was feasible to permit opening the gates at all these pools to permit draining out the flocculent ma- terial, if it can flow out. LANGDON PEARSE Direct Examination by Mr. Clausen. 3313- I have prepared population data on the counties 3316 and towns on the Illinois River from data from U. S. Census Bureau. 3318 Data on the population of Joliet prisons was ob- tained from the Department of Public Welfare of the State of Illinois. 3320- I have prepared data on the population in The 3321 Sanitary District of Chicago for 1940 and its distri- bution, from press information, as census figures 3321 not available. The increase in human population from 1930 to 1940 in the Sanitary District is esti- 3322- mated at 65,031, and the increase in industrial equiva- 3324 lent population is estimated at 596,180 from 1930 to 1940. Including Argo, the combined figures show: a 180 Estimate for zi Population _ 1930 1940 Human... .. *3,901,569 **3,966,600 Industrial Equivalent ........ 1,486,000 2,082,180 RIAN Saat 5,387,569 6,048,780 * Census ** Estimated 3326 Assuming chemical treatment applied to the West Side effluent, reducing B.O.D. from 57 to 37 and be- ing equal to the population of 440,000; and adding treatment as of May, 1940 (from January, 1940 Illi- nois Petition) including one-third West Side sewage diverted to the Southwest plant; I find the reduction in B.O.D. in May flow was equivalent to 286,000 popu- lation, and treatment per cent increased from 75.1 to 81.4. 3328 I find in the period April to August, 1940, that if the 163 m.g.d. of sewage given only preliminary set- tling at the Southwest Works had received activated sludge treatment, the effect would be equivalent to a removal of 719,110 population with sludge kept on shore, or 479,220 population if excess activated sludge went to the Main Channel. “3331 There are several methods of comparison of con- ditions in a waterway before and after treatment is installed; first, compare volume of treated sewage and raw sewage; second, compare weights of suspended solids discharged into the stream, either on total or 3332 volatile solid basis; third, compare the concentration of the B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen at various points along the Waterway; fourth, a study of the oxygen —E— 181 balance. I do not think Howson Exhibits 13 and 14 are a true oxygen balance. They merely represent sources of material. 3335 In comparing conditions in the Main Channel and Chicago River, of June, 1937-1938 with 1939-1940, fol- lowing the cut in diversion, the concentration of B.O.D. 3336 increased and the dissolved oxygen decreased. The effluent of the North Side Works lost all its dissolved oxygen in passing down the North Branch to Chicago Avenue, due to sludge deposits, industrial wastes, and 3337 possible ineffective dissolved oxygen in effluent of wastes. Comparing the average of June, J uly, and August, 1938-1939 with 1939-1940, following the cut in diversion, the concentration of B.O.D. increased and the dissolved oxygen decreased. 3341 The estimate of the B.O.D. and the dissolved oxy- gen in the Upper Illinois Waterway for June, 1938 to 1943 left open for figures on effect of sludge de- posits a very important element. Reareation effect is 3342 also omitted. It is necessary to remove the sludge forming solids entering the stream as promptly as possible. Pearse Cross-Examination 3343 Exhibit 12 differs from Howson Exhibit 11 in that it assumes the Southwest plant and additional West Side will not be complete until the end of 1942. Many 3344 figures are the same as used by Howson in Exhibit 3345 11. Others differ. Howson overlooked the B.O.D. from a large amount of raw sewage which entered the stream in 1939. ——— 182 3348 The estimate of the B.O.D. and the dissolved oxy- gen in the Upper Illinois Waterway for June, July, and August, 1938 to 1943, as shown in Pearse Cross Exam. Exh. 13, is a companion piece to Howson Exh. 14. Left open for figures on the effect of sludge de- posits, a very important element. Sludge deposit ef- fect may exert demand of 510,000 B.O.D. daily in June, 1938. 3349 Sludge may exert a demand almost as much as 3350 the demand of the sewage itself. Sludge demands are estimated from a correct oxygen balance, trying to determine two unknowns; one, the amount of the oxygen demand of the sludge, and the other, the amount 3351 of reaeration at the surface. The different factors 3352 must be studied from their proper time relation. In the summer, there is a double demand on the stream. Confirmed by the Eddy report of the Engineering Board 3355 of Review. The sludge demand is indicated as of the i time in question; for 1940 as of today. » : 3357 ‘I find in Howson Exhibit 12 a neglect of the im- portance of the aeration period, when proposing more 3358 air. It is difficult to finance such proposals. Time for building chemical precipitation to supplement West Side Works is as long as for activated sludge plant. Installation for chlorinating the Canal water 3359 has no space. I believe aeration by cascades at Lock- port is of little value in effect on Brandon Road Pool. Not much use in removing compacted solids unless 3360 to remove an obstruction to navigation. Addition of settling basins for temporarily speeding up flow to 3363 Southwest Works will cost more than Howson esti- mates. The cost of the gate house, conduits, and meters ————————E— 183 should be $1,300,000 instead of $610,000. Roads and grounds should also be included, in amount of $90,- 600. This increases the Howson total of $3,267,000 to 3364 $4,048,000. This estimate includes $600,000 for tem- porary conduits, which are of no value in the per- manent scheme. The total is close to the Sanitary District estimate of $4,878,500 for the entire activated sludge extension. 3364 I believe it is preferable to push ahead on the com- plete program. Plans on 16 final tanks for Batteries 3365 A and B are under way and work should be under contract in March, 1941, and completed between June and December, 1942. Presents tanks need modification 3366 for betterment. Plans for Battery should be started this winter; work under contract by September, 1941, and completed by December, 1942. 3367 The Sanitary District of Chicago is a municipal corporation, organized and existing under the laws of the State of Illinois. It is operated by a Board of 3368 Trustees. It must advertise for at least ten days, usually two or three weeks on large jobs. Bids are re- ferred to the Chief Engineer, canvassed, and reported to the Board. If the low bidder is financially respon- sible, contract is awarded. At a subsequent meeting, the bond is approved and the Chairman of the Finance Committee and the Clerk authorized to execute the contract. 3368 The Howson scheme for treating 800 m.g.d. in the Southwest Works is impracticable, for several reasons; first, the top hydraulic capacity of Batteries A and B is 750 m.g.d.; secondly, the peak loads during six to ten hours of the day would run the excess over ———— 184 3369 750 m.g.d. to as high as 200 m.g.d.; thirdly, the air 3370 supply is limited, and the probable limitation until next August would be around 500 to 550 m.g.d. to have enough air for a fair effluent; fourthly, the amount of activated sludge solids would be increased to a point where the equipment is inadequate, until the entire 3371 Southwest plant is available. The plans for the 16 final tanks for Batteries A and B are being pushed. Little value in shoving the 24 additional tanks ahead without the aeration tanks of Batter C and the sludge handling equipment. 3372 I find with reference to Howson Exhibit 13 that in the principal sources of B.O.D. some errors are ap- 3373 parent. The largest error is in line C, where in the 1939 column there should be 427,000 pounds instead of 266,000. This is due to the omission by Howson of certain raw sewage from the Southwest area. These 3375 corrections increase the total of 496,000 by about 160,- 000. The summation as presented by Howson is in- correct for 1939. Should be about 657,000 pounds. As present, Exhibit 13 is erroneous and misleading, be- cause of the omission under 1939 of the raw sewage factor, as noted. 3374- I find with reference to Howson Exh. 14 that com- 3375 ments similar to those re Exh. 13 hold. 3378 The construction of cantonments by the United States Government is not an index of construction for large sewage treatment works. In the last war, I was connected with the work at Camp Custer. Can- 3379 tonment construction is entirely different from the sewage treatment works of the Sanitary District. The Government approaches the problem with unlimited —— 185 funds and power, both to comandeer men and ma- terials. Cantonment work is repetitive and spread over a wide area, with a minimum of plans and a 3380 maximum rapidity of construction. Cantonment work is construction of a temporary nature. 3383. The financial status of the Sanitary District is such that we are operating under a pegged levy to produce 3384 $5,000,000 annually. The Engineering Department has no money to expend on additional air or the purchasing 3385 of chlorine or chemicals. The operating budget could be thrown out of balance by any order to spend on such ameliorating measures. Direct Examination by Mr. Clausen. 3633 I have prepared certain exhibits bringing the op- erating records down to date. Illinois Exh. 24-A shows 3636 in 1940 a yearly average of 422.7 tons per day of dry solids removed from sewage at the sewage treatment 3638 works; Illinois Exh. 25-A shows that in 1940 the av- 3642 erage flow was 929.9 m.g.d. at the sewage treatment works; Illinois Exh. 27-A shows at the North Side Works a yearly percentage removal of B.O.D. of 94.6 in 1940, the highest since 1929; Illinois Exh. 28-A shows 3644 at the Calumet Works a yearly percentage removal of B.O.D. of 90.7 in 1940, the highest in its history; 3645 Illinois Exh. 29-A shows at the West Side Works a percentage removal of B.O.D. of 50.0 in 1940, with the - 3654 largest flow in its history, 361.5 m.g.d.; Illinois Exh. 47-A shows the Southwest Works gradually picking 3656 up its sewage load. Illinois Exh. 49-A shows in 1940, a 186 on an estimated total sewage flow of 1053 m.g.d., that 3658- 930 m.g.d. was treated and 123 m.g.d. untreated. II- 3660 linois Exh. 50-A and 51-A show that in 1940 the total tonnage of dry sludge and grit at the sewage works 3662- was 151,933. Of this, 20,224 reached the Main Chan- 3664 nel. Illinois Exh. 52-A and 53-A show that in Octo- ber, November, and December of 1940 no sludge was 3662 discharged to the channels of the Sanitary District. Illinois Exh. 52-A shows that in October, November and December of 1940, 6,382, 6,587, and 6,759 tons of sludge were heat-dried, respectively, at the Southwest Works, the highest averages since operation began. 3670 Pearse Cross Exh. 4-A shows that since March, 1940, from 10 to 70 m.g.d. of the West Side sewage has been treated at the Southwest Works. 3672 Exhibit 40-A “Main Channel Discharge at Lock- port—1938, 1939, and 1940” offered by Pearse and re- ceived. 3673 Exhibit 62, “Diversion from Lake Michigan, show- ing Monthly Discharges for 1938, 1939, and 1940” of- fered by Pearse and received. 3679 I collaborated with Dr. Mohlman in the prepara- tion of the Mohlman Report on the flushing experi- 3680 ment and subscribe to the Summary and Conclusions therein. I believe the summer of 1941 may present better conditions in Brandon Pool than in 1939. 3682 The Southwest Works is operated to produce suf- ficient sludge, plus the North Side sludge, to supply dewatering apparatus. The eight dryers are not yet operating, but are in process of erection, due to delay in obtaining rubber covered pipe, on account of interfer- 3683- ence of National Defense. New crushers are expected — 187 3684 to be in operation by May. Additional blower is ex- pected to be in operation by August. 3684 In the present operation, the preliminary sludge is put in the West Side tanks; surplus sludge to tempor- ary lagoons. A small lagoon was completed in the fall 3686 of 1940 and an additional lagoon is nearly finished. No excess sludge is to be placed in the channels. La- 3687 goons now on hand may not be adequate for the en- tire year of 1941. Can be enlarged if necessary. The lagoons are an emergency measure. 3761- I cannot state from Illinois Exh. 60 and 61 just 3765 what will happen in 1941, 1942, and 1943. I made Illinois Exh. 60 and 61 on the Howson pattern, but 3767 correcting his figures where need be. The Howson 3769 exhibit is not an oxygen balance. The statement of 3770 figures in Lockport in 1938, 1939, and 1940 are actu- ally what occurred. Examination by the Master. 3932. At the Southwest Works, the eight additional fil- ters will not be ready until March 1, 1941. New coal 3933 crushers will not be ready until May 1, 1941. The blower should be ready by August 1, 1941. A tempor- ary lagoon has been constructed. At the present time 3934 the existing equipment is handling 200 to 210 tons of dry activated solids in dewatering and drying, and we expect by June to handle 250 to 260 tons of dry solids per day, for sale as fertilizer or for burning. The operating program for 1941 and 1942 is based on giving activated sludge treatment to sufficient sewage ~~ 188 to produce enough Sludge to combine with the North Side sludge and stay within the dewatering and heat- 3935 drying capacity. All the sewage receives preliminary settling. The sludge from the preliminary settling is sent to the West Side Works; digested, and the excess placed in the temporary lagoons. The period of pre- liminary settling as around 11 to 13 minutes instead of 20 to 30 minutes, earlier stated. Performance of Southwest Works for next two years measured by amount of sewage receiving preliminary treatment 3936 only. -No sludge as such has been discharged into the Waterway during the last three months of 1940. -3937 Weighted average of Southwest plant was lower in November and December, 1940 than in the summer for removal of B.O.D. and suspended solids. 3938 The performance of the Sanitary District plant for 1940 and for the year was removal in per cent, B.O.D. 67.8, suspended solids, 72.5. For April to Demember, the removal in per cent was—B.O.D. 65 per cent, and 3839 suspended solids, 71 per cent. The performance of the plants is obstructed by the choke in the Southwest Works, which is inability to dispose of solids plus re- lation of disposal of preliminary solids to the West Side Works and sludge drying beds, which are not adequate to take all preliminary sludge. Temporary 3940 lagoon ought to carry through 1941. The B.O.D. dis- charged in Southwest effluent for 1941-1942, as shown in Illinois Exh. 60 and 61, was too low—error in com- putations. 3941- On the «,uestion of lagooning, we have found la- 3942 gooning of activated sludge proved unsatisfactory unless mixed with digested sludge. If the extent of 189 the difficulty caused at Joliet by the lack of equip- ment due to lack of money had been more adequately foreseen, some temporary steps might have been taken to provide more adequate lagoons. Cross-Examination by Mr. Naujoks. 4033- In accordance with the request of the Master, I 4034 have checked Illinois Exh. 60 and 61 and produce herewith the revised compilation of figures, Illinois Exh. 60-A and 61-A. 4034 Little difference is expected in sewage works op- eration between 1941 and 1940, while a greater dif- ference may occur between 1941 and 1942 than shown 4035 on the Exhibits. The extent of the difference will depend on the additional treatment gained by the new blower due by August 1, 1941. This may lower the B.O.D. at Lockport, but the D.O. will still be zero. 4038- The condition of the Brandon Pool in the summer 4039 of 1941 will be worse than the condition at Lock- port. 4049 Credit was given for reaeration in Illinois Exhibits 4050- 60, 60-A, 61, and 61-A. Adjustments were made up- 4051 ward on Illinois Exh. 60-A and 61-A, because operat- ing figures on the Southwest Works were too optimis- tic for 1941 and 1942. In 1943 and 1944, as shown on 4052 Illinois Exh. 60-A and 61-A, our figures are some- what more optimistic than on Howson Exhibits. 4052- Estimates on the effect of sludge deposits based 4053 on experience of last fifteen years and including work of Engineering Board of Review. Differences between ss a 190 4053- our figures and Opponents’ on what will occur 4054 largely due to Howson assumption plants are com- pleted in 1941 and Illinois assumption plants cannot 4056 be completed until end of 1942. Differences caused 4057 by change in judgment. Change of judgment caused by slowing up of construction program and effect on operation of attempt to keep all sludge out of the Main Channel. Earlier estimates too optimsitic. Examination by the Master. 4058 Effect of sludge deposits is reduced in 1941 and 4059 1942. Effect of sludge deposits should decline as sol- 4060- ids deposited decline. Relationship of sludge depos- 4061 its to sludge discharge. No sludge now discharged. Volume of untreated sewage has declined. Figure for 4062 untreated sewage adjusted between Illinois Exh. 60, 61, 60-A, and 61-A. 4063 Sludge deposits refer to the oxygen demand of material deposited in the channels. Effect comes from past and current deposits. Separate items from North Side, Calumet, and Southwest sludge are for sludge discharged from the plants. Such items are not re- 4064 flected under effluent items of B.O.D. Storage of material through the winter months is a factor. The B.O.D. of a sludge deposit is in addition to the B.O.D. 4065 of the sewage then coming. Effect of current depos- its of sludge declines also. 191 Cross-Examination by Mr. Naujoks. 4065 Gave no credit to effect of removals of solids dur- 4066 ing test of December, 1940. Test may have stirred up material and uncovered fresh surfaces. Considered effect of test on the system, but did not include any 4067- figure for such effect. Arithmetic compuation vs. 4068 appraisal as to effect of solids removed during test period. Sketch of general method employed for oxy- 4071 gen balance determination. No definite figure avail- able first, on effect of sweeping out, or, secondly, on effect of what is left in, or on effect of current ma- terial coming. Knowing conditions and appraising ef- fect at somewhat less than one-half the value of the 4072 sludge deposits in 1940 seems fair. Gave credit for reaeration in transit. 4074 Memo. on Lagooning, Pearse Exh. 15-A and 15-B. 4075 Existing lagoons (area 37 acres) on West Side site have a volume capacity of 250,000 cubic yards, or 16,800 tons of dry solids in sludge at 92 per cent mois- ture. 27 acres of lagoons, 5 feet deep, cost $38,000. 4076 Additional area available of 20 acres would hold at 5 foot depth 145,000 cubic yards, or 10,200 tons of dry solids at 92 per cent moisture. Lagoons on West- Southwest site will hold 27,000 tons of solids. At the Southwest Works, handling about 350 m.g.d., preliminary settling period is 15 minutes. Only suf- ficient settled sewage is given activated sludge treat- ment to produce solids up to the capacity of the sludge handling plant. In December, 1940, Southwest Works handled 210 tons dry solids per day, including 100 tons from the North Side. If the 13-minute settling period continues in the preliminary tanks, the 27,000 ton 192 4077 lagoon will suffice until 1943. If the settling period be increased to 40 minutes, at the Southwest, the total capacity of 27,000 tons of dry solids at 92 per cent moisture will be exceeded in the winter of 1941- 1942. Additional area for lagoons is available four miles to the southwest of the West Side Works. The lagoons, to hold 31,000 tons of dry solids at 92 per cent moisture, would require 31 acres. The cost of a sludge pipeline, pumping station, lagoons, and fenc- ing would be about $165,000. On the 40-minute set- tling basis, about 15 acres of lagoons, 10 feet deep, are required per year for the excess digested sludge from the preliminary tanks at the Southwest Works. 4078 The rate of drying in lagoons on the additional area site is very problematical, due to the type of soil. At Indianapolis, on a sandy soil, the period of rotation is about six years. Explanation requested by the Master. 4199 Weighted average, as in Pearse Exh. 16, is obtained by multiplying the B.O.D. of the various effluents by the respective gallonage and the sum is divided by the total gallonage. 4200 Settled sewage (Rec. 4076) refers to the effluent of the preliminary settling tanks. 4499 Complete treatment during December, 1940 at the Southwest Plant lower than in October and No- vember, probably due, first, to increased total solids as strength of sewage increased, and, secondly, to the handling only of sufficient sludge for shipments on order because of condition of equipment. 193 FLOYD W. MOHLMAN, Director of Laboratories, The Sanitary District of Chicago. Direct Examination. 34 +I reside at 10724 Drew St., Chicago, Ill. I gradu- ated at the University of Illinois in chemistry in 1912, and received a Master’s Degree in 1914 and a Doctor’s Degree in 1916 in sanitary chemistry, with a minor in bacteriology and a second minor in sanitary engineering. In 1916 I was instructor in sanitary chemistry at the University of Illinois, and chemist and bacteriologist of the Illinois State Water Survey. In 1916 I went to New Haven, Connecticut, to take charge of investigations of sewage disposal for the City of New Haven. Later I worked for the State of Connecticut, in charge of investigations of stream pol- lution and industrial wastes. I came to Chicago in 1919 as Chief Chemist for The Sanitary District of Chicago and have been here ever since. My title was later changed to Director of Laboratories. For the past twelve years I have been editor of the 5 Sewage Works Journal, a national publication on sew- age research and sewage plant operation. For several years I have been a lecturer on sanitary chemistry, stream pollution, and the disposal of industrial wastes in the Graduate School of the Armour Institute of Technology. In the Sanitary District I am in charge of all of the laboratories and the work of such laboratories in chemistry and bacteriology. In 1925 I organized the chemical investigations of the Illinois River, that —— ee 194 have continued to date. In the laboratories here in the city we take care of all chemical work that is done 236 to measure the efficiency of treatment by the sewage treatment works. In addition, our laboratory work has included a survey for the past five years of the wastes from some 250 industrial establishments in the city. I have also been in charge of the chemical work connected with the investigations of new or improved processes of sewage treatment, both in the laboratory and in experimental stations. There are four laboratories in the city and three down the Illinois River under my direction. We have 237 about seventeen chemists and numerous samplers. Ap- proximately 9,000 samples per month are analyzed for dissolved oxygen content in our laboratories. Samples have been collected and analyzed continu- ously on the Illinois River since 1925, and at Lock- port, one of the most critical stations on the river, we have made thorough investigations ever since I came here in 1919. On streams within the City of Chicago we have continuous records of analyses since 1935. 238 The purpose of the analyses is to furnish a quanti- tative measure of river conditions as affected by treat- ment of sewage and reduction of diversion; the most important results are those obtained since 1938. The critical stations are in Chicago and down to Lockport and below; entrance of the Kankakee River greatly improves conditions. 239 The dissolved oxygen test shows the condition of the water; Lake Michigan water is practically satur- ated with dissolved oxygen, varying from 14 parts a 195 per million in winter down to 8 or 9 p.p.m. in sum- mer; such water has a very low demand for oxygen, and brings in assets of dissolved oxygen. Additional oxygen is gained from absorption at the surface; from aeration over dams; and a certain amount is present in sewage effluents, although a rather low amount. 240 On the other hand, the biochemical oxygen demand expresses the avidity for dissolved oxygen of the putre- fiable matter in sewage or effluents. The B.O.D. may be considered as a liability to be balanced against the assets of dissolved oxygen. If the B.O.D. exceeds the available dissolved oxygen, anaerobic conditions re- sult, and odors occur and the foul conditions noted in the Drainage Canal and Illinois River. The dissolved oxygen decreases down to zero, then the B.O.D. shows the amount of polluting matter. 241 Sewage treatment reduces B.O.D. to varying de- grees and thus improves the oxygen balance. In ad- dition to the drain on the oxygen by sewage and ef- fluents the sludge deposits on the bottom of the stream induce a very serious oxygen demand. Imhoff or ac- tivated sludge treatment reduce the oxygen demand and remove solids so as to result in a positive oxygen balance, with dissolved oxygen present, and no odors or nuisance. 242 In following the course of dissolved oxygen and B.O.D., I will show on Illinois Ex. 5 how the sam- ples are collected at the mouth of the Chicago River, where the water is taken for dilution purposes. Other samples are taken down the South Branch, and at Summit, which is below practically all of the sewage — 243 244 245 246 247 196 treatment works. Samples are also collected above the dam at Lockport. These samples are analyzed for dissolved oxygen and B.O.D. I can demonstrate the test for dissolved oxygen on some samples collected this morning at the mouth of the River, the pure lake water, then at Halsted St., about three miles down the South Branch, and another at Summit, fourteen miles from the Lake. The tests I will make are merely for demonstration purposes, and I don’t consider that the results will show the average conditions, but only for the samples as collected between eleven and twelve o’clock this morning. The test is a standard test, in which chemi- cals must be added to the samples. The oxygen is fixed in a precipitate, in which you can gauge roughly the oxygen content by the darkness of the sample. Then sulfuric acid is added, and at this stage the oxygen is fixed as iodine, and the more oxygen that is present, the more iodine you will find. Thus sample one, from the lake, is darkest, number two from Halsted St. is lighter, and number three, from Summit, is white. The next procedure is to titrate a measured quantity of the iodine solution against a solution of sodium thiosulfate, which is what I am doing. Before the yel- low color disappears, I add a few drops of another re- agent, starch, which changes the color to a deep blue. Finally a last drop of sodium thiosulfate causes the blue color to disappear. The dissolved oxygen in that sample was 9.6 parts per million. The second sample, from Halsted St., is treated the same way, and is found to contain 6.7 p.p.m. The dis- ee 197 solved oxygen is lower than at the Lake, due to the oxygen demand of bottom deposits and the effluent from the North Side Plant. The third sample, from Summit, contains zero dis- solved oxygen. From there down, through Lockport and Brandon’s Road, oxygen is completely gone from the water. i Summit is below all the treatment \works. The 248 sample from Summit has an odor and a turbid ap- pearance. The B.O.D. determination shows how much dis- solved oxygen is used up when a sample of water is incubated for five days at 20 deg. Centigrade. It thus measures the avidity of the water for oxygen. 249 These tests have been carried on in the same way and at the same places prior to and after the reduc- tion of diversion from 5,000 to 1,500 c.f.s. I have pre- pared six exhibits of monthly average results at six 250 stations on the river. These are offered as Ill. Ex. to 31 to 36, inclusive, covering the period from Jan., 262 1938, through June, 1940. 263 The results of analyses of samples from the mouth of the river extend back only to November, 1939, because I am familiar with what the dissolved oxy- gen should run in Lake Michigan, but I started then to show what a normal year might show. Exhibit 31 shows 14 parts per million in Jan., 1940, and 10 p.p.m. in June. The oxygen demand is small, extending from 1 1/2 to 3 p.p.m. 264 The temperature, in Centigrade, is 16 degrees in June, equivalent to 61 deg. F. In summer the dissolved oxygen will be lower, possibly 8 1/2 to 9 p.p.m. That ——— 265 266 267 198 is the water we have to draw upon for our assets of dissolved oxygen. Exhibit 32 shows results at Damen Avenue, below the stockyards. The B.O.D. has increased over the dissolved oxygen, but in 1938 there was always dis- solved oxygen present, with a minimum of 5 p.p.m. in July. In 1939, however, when the diversion was cut, there was a sharply increased B.O.D. in January and it in- creased enormously to 55 p.p.m. in May. In June it dropped to 20 p.p.m. and there was a fluctuating in- crease and decrease to the fall of the year. The dis- solved oxygen was very low in April, 1939, and in August and September, 1939, it was completely gone. In 1940 the B.O.D. is still very considerably above the year 1938. The high month of March, 1940, with 21 p.p.m., compares with a very low result, not over 13.5 p.p.m. all through the year 1938. Therefore the B.O.D. ir 1939 was far greater than at any time in 1938, and it was still well above 1938 in 1940. The month of June, 1940, shows a low B.O.D. as the stock- yards wastes have been intercepted and taken out to the Southwest Plant for treatment. Exhibit 33 shows results at Summit. The dissolved oxygen results are lower than at Damen Avenue. In 1939 there were six months with no dissolved oxygen at all at Summit. In 1940, there was an increase to 4 p.p.m. in the winter, but in June, the B.O.D. showed a tremendous increase up to 44 p.p.m. and all of the year 1940 is far worse than anything in 1938. Exhibit 34 shows results at Lockport, including dis- charge, which is the diversion plus the city pumpage. —— 199 In 1938 the dissolved oxygen was low during the summer months, but in January, 1939, it was almost completely depleted, whereas there was 7 p.p.m. in January, 1938. The B.O.D. reached a maximum of 43 p.p.m. in 1939, and from 23 to 27 p.p.m. in 1940 (compared with a maximum of 22.6 p.p.m. in 1938). Exhibits 32, 33 and 34 show the conditions in the Main Channel were far worse in 1939 than in 1938, and in 1940 they were still worse (than in 1938). 268 Exhibit 35 shows results at Marseilles, down below the Kankakee River. Here the river is recovering its aerobic condition, with a substantial amount of dissolved oxygen from 1938 to date. The minimum of 2.4 p.p.m. in June, 1939, is however, very low in com- parison with the dissolved oxygen content of Lake water. Exhibit 36 shows results at Chillicothe, 147 miles from Lake Michigan. There is always a substantial amount of dissolved oxygen at Chillicothe, but the 269 B.O.D. showed some rather high values in 1939 and again in 1940. They indicate that conditions were not so good as in ’38, even that far downstream. The general effect of treatment is to cause condi- tions to become better downstream and then to work upstream as conditions improve. Chillicothe indicates about the lower point of our interest in the investi- gations of the Illinois River. 270 These charts have two main purposes; first, to show the concept of balance between dissolved oxygen and B.O.D. and the recovery of the stream; and second, to show the increase pollution in 1939 and 1940, as com- _——— 200 pared with 1938. They indicate 1940 was somewhat better than ’39 and worse than 38. These charts show a quantitative measure of pollu- tion, and the efficiency of dilution or other dissolved oxygen assets to equal that pollution. The station at Lockport is above the powerhouse, in the drainage canal. Exhibit 37 shows the results over a long time at Lockport, from the start of investigations in 1925. These monthly average results show that from 1925 through 1938 there was a certain amount of variation in the 5-day B.O.D., as one would expect, but at no time was there a sharp and notable increase. The di- version was cut from 8,500 to 6,500 cu. ft. per second in 1930, at the time of the Decree. On Jan. 1, 1936, it was cut to 5,000 c.f.s., and held there for 1936, ’37, and ’38. On Jan. 1, 1939, it was cut to 1,500 c.f.s. There was a tremendous increase in B.O.D. at that time, and from then until May, 1939, there was a very notable increase, more than doubling anything that had ever been found since this investigation started. Up to June, 1940, the results are still well above anything in the years up through 1938. In every summer through 1938 the dissolved oxygen has gone down nearly to zero for three or four months, but starting in Janu- ary, 1939, there was a very decided drop instead of an increase that occurred every year prior thereto, and in the summer of 1939 there were seven months with a complete absence of oxygen, no increase in the winter (1939-40) and practically zero through the summer of 1940 to date. mr — 201 The temperatures (of the water) in the summer of 1939 showed an increase to anything we had be- fore. The great increase of B.O.D. in 1939 is significant, particularly in the summer. A much heavier pollu- tion is shown after the cut in diversion Jan. 1, 1939. 274 The foul and odorous conditions in 1939 extended much farther up toward the Loop than in any pre- ceding year, and the stream was deoxygenated even up to, at times, 18th Street, which was an unprece- dented condition. This year (1940) that part of the river is not nearly so bad. The high oxygen demands from Damen Avenue down to Lockport show a very foul condition of the canal. A station below Brandon Pool, but above the Kankakee River, was established in 1939. The results show a very foul condition last summer (1939) and somewhat improved this year. 275 We have made a number of studies on sludge de- posits. They show that the oxygen demand of sludge goes on for hundreds of days. We have run them for as long as 700 days at 20 deg. Centigrate in an incu- bator. The rate of disappearance of oxygen demand is much greater in the first two months, then it slowly tapers off. In the river, with the increase of temperature in summer you get a putrefactive effect and ebullition of gas, and as the solids are brought up into the water they absorb the oxygen and greatly increase any ef- fect of deoxygenation in that part of the stream. This can go on for several seasons. I should say that pos- sibly 50 per cent of that demand is satisfied in the first summer and 25 per cent in the second summer. 202 During the winter the sludge deposits lie dormant, 276 and then revive in the summer. That will go along for possibly three or four years, but the major effect will be worn off in two or at most three seasons. These deposits will therefore exert a demand on the water for some time after all sewage is treated. There are also other sources of solids, from storm- water and the sewage effluents, and all of these effects will considerably delay the improvement in condi- tions aficr all sewage is treated. The effect becomes very strong in the early summer with the sudden increase in temperature. In three years the oxygen demand wears off down to possibly 3 to 5 per cent of its original demand, and that keeps going along for a long time. 277 Sludge may be defined as a muck or putrefactive mass of solids. It is any sort of deposit coming from sewage origin, consisting of organic putrefiable solids deposited in a stream or in sewage treatment plants. By “solids” we mean undissolved material, in a sus- pended form, and we determine it that way chemi- cally, but it may have any content of water directly in the solids themselves, even up to 98 per cent. In contradistinction to that we talk about dissolved or colloidal solids. 278 In time, sewage treatment will improve the condi- t [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386007_0356%3A1. Public record. Not legal advice.