# Map Too Large For Filming — New York v. New Jersey > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386004_0506%3A11 ## Record - **Collection:** Supreme Court brief - **Document type:** Map Too Large For Filming - **Published:** January 1, 1921 - **Citation:** 256 U.S. 296 ## Text THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4485 1 Cowrtamsast® Exeuerr No. 202. James D. Maher, New York Crry, May 19th, 1915. This certifies that o copy of the within report has Leen filed un the Mayer s othiee by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission. JAMES MATTHEWS, Evecutive Secretary. Preliminary Reports on the Dieposal of New Yorks Sewage. VL Study of the Collection and 1 Das ve rsee | of the Sewage of the Lower Hudson, Lower East Biver, and Bay ))ivision.* Metropolitan Sewerage Comission of New York. George \. Soper, Janes 11. Puertes. 1. de B. Parcons, Charles Soomemith, Linely R. Williams, Commissioners. February. 1913. 2 Pretimwonary Report V1. Stady of the Collection and [)iepesal of the Sewage of the Lower Hudson, Lower East River, and Bay Division. Contents. Page. 1. Boundaries and topographical Features.................. 3 2 The Exiting Sewers, Their Qutfalle and Re«ulting Nuisances 7 3. —S that the Sewers of Manhattan Will Have to be ED ccndncctvesdecesconceseeeasteereseesvsoress 4. Quantity and Composition of the Sewage.............. 5 Lraagornil ait y of Dixpesing of All the Sewage Through Dilu- them with the Harber Water... .. 2... cececccccccecess OS, es ae ee OO WE covccceseoseccousccosoeoses 7. Powible Methods of Sewage Treatment.................. &. Plan for the Diepoxal of the Sewage of this Division. ....... 9. Collecting the Sewage to the Outlet Island................ Appendices. 1. Stadies for Grit Chambers, Screens and mapas ——— i, Cn... 6 cesegenteueeureeorsees ea Ill. Studies for Sulamerged Outfalle...................... W. Opinion of U. 8. Engineers on the Proposed Island. ..... *This report is issued in advance of the final report of the Metro- politan Sewerage Commission in order that the contents may be of early service. Some features of this report will remain open for Fevision until the final report is submitted. 1—Ex. 9 14M4 THE PROPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK V5. 3 Stedy of the Collection and Disposal of the Sewage of te Lewer Hudson, Lower East River, and Bay Dirimon. Honorable William J. Gaynor, Mayor of the City of New York Sion: This repert. the sixth in thie commmiemion’s series of Pre liminary Keports on the Diepomul of New York's Sewage, ix ieuel with the oljeet of making public. at the earliest practicable date this commi-sren + studies as to the way in which it will be necessary to deal with the sewage of the fourth. and lat of thee division inte which New Vork hae been divided to facilitate the work. While many details til] remain to be com=idered. these stodie show the general character of the works which .0 78 Kill van Kull. Shooter’s Island............... 4.6 55 Newark bay, Panaiec Light ...........+0e08- 4.7 5.7 Peas Cay TOE. vsvecesevereesveuwes 5.0 6.0 Geology.--The superficial geological formation of this division is recent except for a small low-lying area of stratified drift in and near 125th Street. The surface of Manhattan island as far south as 4—Ex. 202 8 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 44587 93rd Street is composed chiefly of mica schist rock. South of 23rd Street. the rock disappears and stratified drift: predominates. In the Brooklyn part of this division, drift exists on each side of the central ridge, the ridge itself exhibiting the features of a ter- minal moraine with till on the western slope. Swamp and marsh lands exist to a limited extent, and then only in that part of Queens which lies in this division. Value of Land.—The most valuable land in this division lies in the central and southern parts of Manhattan. It is a peculiar fact that whether for business or residence purpose, the most costly land lies along the center of the island. At the southern extremity is the financial district. North of this is the City Hall with the central post-oflice, numerous newspaper offices, the principal law courts and municipal administrative headquarters. Next above follows the wholesale dry goods center, then the region of retail shops, hotels and theatres and finally areas of high-class private residences and apartment houses which extend to the northern limits of this divi-ion. From this central zone east and west to the river front lie areas occupied by factories and residences, the latter ranging from modest dwellings to congested tenements. In Brooklyn the water front is chiefly oceupied by large fae- tories and warehouses. The most crowded residence district and the center of financial administrative activity lies in that part of the horeugh which is opposite the southern end of Manhattan Is- land. 7 2.—The Existing Sewers-—Their Outfalls and Resulting Nuisances. Practically the whole of this division is sewered on the combined principle of sewerage. In addition to the sewage which comes from the storm water of the streets and from the interior of the houses, the sewers of Man- hattan and Brookiyn are required to carry away the water which falls upon the roofs, yards and courts of the buildings. The con- nections are trapped in order that the air from the sewers shall not enter the houses. The plumbing of the houses is ventilated by extending the soil pipes to the roofs. In many cases, especially in Manhattan where the cellars of large buildings are deep, it is often necessary to pump the sewage into the street sewers. This is done at private expense. Relief Sewers.—In most of Manhattan the sewers, which are large and short, have generally proved adequate to the requirements of the growing population; but in Brooklyn much trouble has been experienced from the insuflicient provisions which were early made for drainage. The first sewers were built when the populations which they were required to serve were small and scattered, and when a comprehensive system of sewers was built betwen 1850 and 1860, the rainfall data were inadequate to permit designers fully to under- stand the requirements. With the increasing population the original sewers have been supplemented by large and expensive relief sewers, and these in turn have had to be assisted in some cases by the con- 5—Ex. 202 pymet ss 4485 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK VS. struction of intercepting sewers for the collection and removal of storm water. _ The sewers of Manhattan and Brooklyn are of many shapes and sizes. Among the older sewers of Brooklyn are many storm drains whose courses are not known. The older sewers are generally cir. cular in shape, and when over twenty-four inches in diameter are of brick or concrete. Clay and cement pipe have been extensively used for the smaller sizes. Since 1907 the principles of design and construction have been much improved in Brooklyn. Most of the sewer outlets on the Manhattan shores are between two and five feet in diameter, but there are some which have a sec- tion equivalent to a circle having a diameter of ten feet and more. The outlets on the Brooklyn shore are somewhat less numerous and some are larger than the largest of Manhattan, having a section equal to a circle with a diameter of fifteen feet. Many of the sewers of Manhattan were built many vears ago. They represent various periods of growth due to the introduction of public water supplies and other causes and have been ex- 8 tensively reconstructed and repaired within recent years. Throughout this division the sewers are provided with catch basins at the street corners which were intended to convey the storm water from the gutters and protect the sewers from grit and other solid substances. Ventilation.—It was intended that the sewers throughout this division should be ventilated through perforations in the manhole covers located at frequent intervals in the street. In most parts. notably in the older sections near the water front, the ventilation is defective, partly as a result of the settlement of the sewers, the entrance of tide water and the submergence of the outlets. Nuisances frequently result where steam and hot water are discharged into the sewers, since hot vapors rise and issue through the manhole covers disseminating odors of cooked sewage. Outlets.—The outfalls of the sewers of this division, as elsewhere in the metropolitan district, are located at the bulkhead or shore line or, frequently in Manhattan, near the outer ends of the docks and piers. ae The submergence of the sewer outfalls, as at present, and the rising of the tide drive the foul air into the streets and produce coatings of grease and solids upon the sides of the sewers, and this interferes with the flow of sewage. So much deposit is produced in some of the sewers that a cleaning gang, working continuously, can make no appreciable reduction in the depth of the deposit. Congealed grease has been found to measure as much as a foot in thickness in some of the sewers of Manhattan. Physical Condition.—Inspections of the sewers made by the Metro- politan Sewerage Commission with the co-operation of the Bureat of Sewers and the Borough President of Manhattan have reveal many examples of distorted shapes, worn out inverts, sunken arches, and cracks due to settlement. In many places irregular holes had been broken through sewers in making connections, and the holes never properly repaired. It was impossible to enter some of the 6—Ex, 202 “2 SS IS 2 © @ —_— = we Ve. eS eT THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4489 sewers for inspection owing to steam and hot water escaping from neighboring buildings. Other sewers could not be entered on aec- count of the presence of illuminating gas in such quantities as to endanger health. In other areas, lanterns could not be carried into the sewers on account of gasoline vapor, presumably from = auto- mobile garages or other establishments using this explosive com- ound, In Manhattan the sewers are inspected and cleaned only on com- plaint. The sewers are not flushed, but are cleaned by hand. Street sweepings are frequently pushed into the catch basins against orders in Manhattan and Brooklyn. 9 Catch Basins.—The effect of the catch basins is compara- tively slight. They soon become filled with grit and other solid matters. To be of material use, they should be cleaned after nearly every storm. This is not done. The records for the vear 1909 show an average of one cleaning for each catch basin in Man- hattan every 5.3 months. This does not mean that all the 6,348 ‘atch basins in the borough were cleaned, Some were cleaned out at compartively frequent intervals and others were not cleaned at all. In the vear 1907 the catch basins in Brooklyn were cleaned on an average about 21% times a vear and the quantity of deposits re- moved aggregated 35,272 eu. vds. The cost of removing this ma- terial was $1.12 per cubic vard. The incompleteness and great cost of removing solid matter from sewage by the use of catch basins can be readily understood from these figures. Large quantities of solid matters which pass the catch basins are deposited in the sewers themselves and are eventually removed by hand, washed out by the flood water of storms, or carried away through the alternate choking and flushing action which is produced by the rising and falling tide. About 400,000 cubie vards of deposits are dredged each year from the slips and docks of that part of Manhattan which lies in this division by the Department of Docks and Ferries and large quanti- ties are also dredged by private enterprise and from the Brooklyn shores. It is generally conceded that this solid material comes chiefly from the sewage. The water from which the deposits are taken is often black and offensive and gases of putrefaction rise in innumerable bubbles from the deposits at the bottom. During flood currents the sewage matters are driven back into the slips and in this quiet water some of the solid matters are deposited. On the outgoing tide grease and excreta are left adhering to the dock walls and piers. In the immediate vicinity of the outfalls the water is discolored and ob- jectionable in appearance and odor. In some cases many acres are rendered turbid by the sewage. Local Nuisances.—Extensive nuisances occur in this division at various points along the Brooklyn shores. Gowanus canal, Wall- about bay and Newtown creek are the most conspicuous. These bodies of water are actually large, although small in comparison with the great areas of the main divisions of the harbor. The con- dition of Gowanus canal, into which a 15-foot relief sewer as well as some eight other sewers ranging from 11% to 61% feet in diameter discharge, has been notorious for years. The water is black and 7J—Ex. 202 Bids» 4490 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Vs. foul-melling at all times and the sides of the piers, bulkheads and masonary structures are coated with deposits. As a means of im. proving this canal. the Borough of Brooklyn has constructed 10 a flushing tunnel which leads from the head of the canal to an outlet in the Upper bay. Pumps force the water from the head of the canal through the tunnel. which is 6,270 feet long and 12 feet in diameter. The outlet is about 2 feet below low tide and is situated close to the shore hetween two long piers. The water in the vicinity of the outlet is strongly discolored when the pumps are in operation, the discharge from the tunnel being visible at times for a distance of more than a mile. Wallabout bay in the Lower Fast river is polluted by a 9-foot sewer which discharges at the bulkhead line. The point of discharge is so protected from the tidal currents that a satisfactory dispersion of the sewage cannot take place. The hay is exceedingly offensive at all stages of tide. the bottom being covered with putrefving sewage sludge and the top with sewage apparently in an undiluted state oe objectionable conditions are in front of the New York Navy ard. Newtown creek, which empties into the Lower East river from 4 low-lying manufacturing district north of Brooklyn, is an offensive body of water. It supports a heavy traffic. Considerable quantities of manufacturing wastes are discharged into the creek from ware houses, elevators and factories, which line both banks. Some sewage empties into it, although the further pollution of this stream is prohibited by law. A 15-foot sewer, constricted through the joint action of the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. empties into the head of Newtown creek and although this sewer was intended to accommodate storm water only. the dry weather flow being diverted, considerable pollution is ascribable to it. There are no figures available to show the total cost of the sewer which exist in this division. It has been estimated that those of Manhattan exceeded $26,000,000, and it is helieved that those of Brooklyn have cost about an equal sum. There are about 522 miles of sewers in Manhattan and about 814 miles of sewers in Brooklyn. 3.—Possibility That the Sewers of Manhattan Will Have To Be Rebuilt. It has seemed to those char sed with the duty of maintaining the sewers of Manhattan, as well as to consulting engineers who have been called upon to examine into the subject, that it would event- ually be necessary to reconstruct a large part of the existing sewer of Manhattan. ; The chief reason for reconstruction lies in the need of repair and the harm done to the sewers from the building of undergrou structures of various kinds, as, for example, passenger subways. conduits for electric light, telephone and telegraph and pipe 11 for we er, gas, steam and pneumatic mail service. As city is sntering upon extensive sulway construction, it may be well to consider whether the interferences which now exist of are to be expected will not cause so much expense and make the 8—Ex. 202 — + ee a ee ee ed — " ee coe =F Oe = - 7 ons oe Ff BB OS @ . = @ oe a's ee =e - = eS THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4491 sanitary removal of the sewage so difficult that a reconstruction of the sewers will be a practical necessity. If the sewers are to be rebuilt, this fact should be known and preparations for it made at once so that such saving as can be effected in the cost of temporary alternations can be accomplished. Right of Way of Sewer=.—Of all the many structures beneath the city’s streets, it is most important that the sewers should have the right of way. Unlike pipes for water, gas or electricity, which oper- ate wider pre=sure, sewers, whore flow ix due alone to gravity must be laid to proper grade and alignment or they will not operate rly. To he self-cleansing, sewers should maintain a certain velocity of flow and any reduction m the grade which checks the velocity will lead to deposits, Short turns and bends and changes in the cross section also alter the flow and interfere with the proper function of the sewer. When it is remembered that sewerage sy=tems should he well de- signed and constructed ; that they are built under the ground in a manner which is intended to be permanent and durable: that they cannot be altered in size, shape, grade or location without harmful consequences; that their function is to carry off promptly and com- pletely the most offensive and dangerous wastes of a city. the claim of the sewerage svstem for right of way beneath the streets appears to be fully justified. That this claim has not been respected is a regrettable fact. In defiance of the officials charged with the duty of maintaining the sewers, they have been moved from place to place, pierced and damaged in many ways. Instead of being used for tha purposes for which they were built. the sewers have heen abused by the discharge into them of harmful manufacturing wastes, hot water and steam and been rendered dangerous for inspection by the illegal emptying of gasoline and other inflammable compounds. The structures which interfere with the sewers are located at depths which range from that of the shallow conduits which earry the cur- rent for the surface railways to that of the passenger subways. The passenger subways form a serious obstruction. They are situated as close to the surface of the street as practicable in order to facilitate entrance and exit and they require over 20 feet of depth. For the most part the subways, like the water, gas and other large mains run longtitudinally through the island and the sewers in seeking their outlets to the rivers run perpendicularly to them. 12 Interference from Subways.—The first subway for passen- gers was built on a line which divided the sewerage systems of Manhattan into approximately two equal groups, the subway fol- lowing along the axis of the island for most of its length. The inter- ference with the sewers was, in this case, as slight as possible. it being feasible to cause the sewage to flow in many instances with but little alteration of the sewers to a convenient point of discharge to one of the nearby rivers on the east or west side of the island. But other subways which had heen designed will run in lines nearly lle} to the first and will divide the sewers further. There will no easy readjustment possible, as in the first case, for there will 9—Ex. 202 4492 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Vs. he a central area which will he blocked off by the subways from the river on either side. In order to carry the sewage past these new uh ways, it will be necessary to make extensive reconstructions. It will be necessary to collect the sewage to more or less suitable points in the areas between the subway lines and then conduct it by siphons beneath the subway structure to points from which it can iow away by gravity. The alignment and grade of the -ewers Will, in) teeny cases, he seriously interfered with. The siphons which should be capable of being emptied, inspected, repaired and cleaned, will be costly te build and, when of considerable depth. difficult to maintain Sewave which now flows directly across the island will have to be diverted so as to run for considerable distances longitudinally. with the result that there will he a tendency to loss of velocity and forme. tion of deposits in the drains. Need of Repairs.—An important argument for reconstructing the sewers of Manhattan lies in the need for repairs. Inspections made by the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission have shown that sonte of the sewers, and especially the older ones, are in dangerous condi tion. Of 246 inspections, 38, or one-sixth, showed places where the sewers will have to be rebuilt within a few years on account of de fective brick work alone. These locations exist along the whole length of the island. Of the 522 miles of existing sewers in Man- hattan, 55 miles are seriously out of repair. To repair these, would involve an outlay which could more profitably he spent on new construction. Separate vs. Combined Svstem.—If the sewers were reconstructed. it is the opinion of many engineers that they should he built To the separate system. Drains for storm water should he laid clow to the surface of the streets and should be large and have ample grades to carry off much solid matter. When street washing. which is rapidly coming into favor, hecomes general in the city, the quan- tity of grit and other solids to he removed by the sewers will in- crease. To a great extent the storm sewers should he made to carry off snow. Storm sewers should be built without eateh basins at the street corners and should lead to central points where grit and 13 other heavy materials can he removed before the sewaue is discharged into the harbor. The elimination of the 14.000 eatch basins which now exist would he desirable. Sewers for house drainage should he laid so far heneath the «ur face of the streets as to permit the sewage to flow into them by gravity. They should he sufficiently deep to pass clear of all other subterranean structures. The comparatively small size which the sewers for house sewage would require would permit them to be located, even in congested streets, so ax to vive vood alignment and grade. The sewage would thus be more promptly carried away than under present cireumstances. In general these sewers would run perpendicular to the subways, crossing under them and deliver. ing at suitable places into interceptors for conveyance to sewage dix posal works or pumping stations. Objections Against Reconstruction.—The objections to the recon struction of the sewers of Manhattan lie in the expense and incon- 10—Ex. 202 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4405 venience which the reconstruction would directly and indirectly entail upon the public, Almost all the «treet of the city would require to be opened and the large quantities of earth and material = ll - , = g iI Os Ot os ot im om to ' it ut ct re ' an) “ ’0 ? é t Pq £ chy t £ t ’ on om ma. ” ” il ror uz > wt wt mt wz. pa) i ti | iz ww i Z ” ~ 7 | Ps Lat ts» th it L> tt ow st ww. tL tL » Le Le x oe | Pe popucd poeapes wns lie ul Soh Be Qi eyon paw ruuag) re wee sw jee prepee pepasd Pore (ere OT wey oes WM fog qsrmon | sats ty som) CO 4944 Goro ‘eu Gee 2-448 24) pe Gotetany sree seen] Bi + oa eee jo eee ©@ peewedey ae fm POUT OEE 10 Cte (4 te LO Memgngis, Apert] 04a 18) OD BIRR HO, C4979 spPPO4 PEP 4uDds) POR iX Fm 4511 (He *TATE OF NEW JPRREY FT A. : Ets He ze 37 ty fh HHL HR SHE ez YEE i] fe: H cists yd RENT Het I [erie E Hipp ee at sestantadis ty a ies diy" oo ee - ow me am — rhe we ME wl lCUn lO Oa oe f wi 6 mE or tre we tt fh h6Uw hua lOUate ot} rs ee oF 88 ve oe iL ow al we ora | in e's a re i“ “ u or me ut ore | r ae mn) et % t ul % ret | 6 ora / 1 2e z ee ' i t e t e ovat | oh a “ oc nm e vl iu I el ora t Le t et ” e s ” " t ol we ee me ss wy ins i own aL aw Orel et i be 4 ie he cat oF Hc cr te oll ts 608 ne a | we stl «tt 6a Orel w eet tis oe ai w om 6«ftt ott ont ova | u er en a ee | “ ses Sf fw ora | S St 8 sit tt M tl mo wt 3 olel ow | ts ost st @ tel a a Oral wn ee tt 26 w ae al w in ow ore | tt tu te ee mt Of ser Out orar?..... fd e¢ ee sl “ iba Pat tt aL my over } Bay ety tH h;, rr a ee a ee —_— = ss — — — a a ——_ =—y y he “yw — _ ¥ Snr | woreiidiood -wolgeyuom ao NOR ae aos away Bay yarudy (Rormog ) pon pms) — - —— oe sno 4PUN TT TL aed eng ee Hoey eepeen® oy -*yeyeg, ey Roemer eee >) ne} Avy YaeMon fwq sehd | eee ee a ee mee 49\)4 Gompney TORE O REE ERO EEO ER ORAS SOOO ESO H SOS QD CRORES soqQsey] OG) po woretAny pepo, aly S0Q4P TH 248 10 CMR PPancow oun hempegi, Apr Hen ew oY) He Pp reRpeey PROM CHEF C49 OR repos) peo Poperdsnn UX fey : 4 7. . 1514 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Ys. sive trades are not likely to be produced by sewage works, but the difference i= sometimes not great, and the erroneous belief that sew- age odors are in some way connected with disease. if not actually a cause of it, adds greatly to the objectionableness of sewage purifica- tion plants in any locality. 33 A convenient and economical location for sewage works is hampered by the uncertainty that they will be permanent. Unlike some manufacturing plants, they cannot well be moved in case they produce a nuisance. If they are objectionable at first, they are likely to hecome more so with the passage of time. Owing to the protest with which a proposal to build a municipal plant for the thorough treatment of sewage probably would be received in al- most any part of New York City, this commi-sion has felt compelled to confine its plans largely to works of the simplest character or carry the sewage to a disiant point for disposal. In the selection of sites, considerable difficulty has been experienced because of the changing character of many localities. Few parts of New York are perma- nently constructed. Solidly built-up sections are constantly chang- ing from residence to business occupancy. Suburban districts are rapidly becoming urban, and rural territory is being converted to suburban uses. Each change increases the value of the land. The Tost rapid developments, and the most uncertain, are sometimes in the very localities where it would be most convenient to build sewage disposal works. Tere wiimproved property, even farm land, is not infrequently held at a high valuation in the expectation that a strong demand for real estate may set in at any time. Owing to the facts here mentioned, this commission has not found it feasible to design works which would purify the sewage tributary from the outlying territory to a high degree, and the water which will reach the inner harbor will consequently not have as great a capacity for assimilating sewage as theoretically it should possess. What is here said as to the nature of the works which it has been feasible to design for Queens, Richmond and the Bronx applies with greater force w the Lower Hudson, Lower east River and Bay Divis ion. The aggregate volume of sewage produced in this division is now great, and thirty years hence will be about double what it is to- day. Such treatment as it is practicable to accomplish within the ter- ritory where this sewage is produced will remove only a small propor: tion of the ingredients which are capable of reducing the amount of oxygen in the water into which the effluent is discharged. Sprinkling filters, contact beds, sedimentation basins and chemical precipitation plants, cannot be considered for want of land and because of the odors which such works would produce. The forms of treatment which could be best employed on the shores of Manhattan and Brooklyn would be such as could be carried on with grit chambers and screens. 4 Grit Chambers and Screens.—In some respects grit cham- 3 bers and screens are well suited to the conditions. Beside be- ing compact, they produce little odor; they can be located partly below ground ; they require no extra pumpin, ; they are com- paratively inexpensive to operate; they can be employed without 32—Ex. 202 iff THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. $515 highly skillful supervision, and it is practicable to have many plants of moderate capacity. Against them is chiefly the criticism that they remove only the largest particles of sewage matter and leave the dis- olved organic matter and finely divided putrescible materials to pass tothe harbor. Notwithstanding this fact. they would serve usefully in attaining the standard of cleanness which the Metropolitan Sew- erage Commission has proposed for the water, pardicularly as respects requirements Nos | and 3 of the standard, This standard follows :* 1. Garbage. offal or solid mater recognizable as of sewage erigin shall not be visible in any of the harbor waters. 9 Marked discoloration or turbidity, due to sewage or trade wastes, effervescence, oily -leek, odor or deposits, shall not eccur except per- haps in the immediate vicinity of sewer outfalls, and then only to sich an extent and in such places as may be permitted by the authority having jurisdiction over the sanitary condition of the harbor. 3. The discharge of sewage shall not materially contribute to the formation of deposits injurious to navigation. 4. Except in the immediate vicinity of docks and piers and sewer outfalls, the dissolved oxygen in the water shall not fall below 3.0 cubic centimeters per litre of water.+ Near docks and piers there should always be sufficient oxygen in the water to prevent nuisance from odors. 5. The quality of the water at points suitable for bathing and oyster culture should conform substantially as to bacterial purity to adrinking water standard. It is not practicable to maintain so high astandard in any part of the harbor north of the Narrows or in the Arthur Kill. In the Lower bay and elsewhere, bathing and the taking of shellfish cannot be considered free from danger of disease within a mile of a sewer outfall. Inasmuch as grit chambers and screens seem to afford the best practicable means available for treating the sewage of Manhattan and Brooklyn locally, it is desirable to consider in some detail how sch works would be constructed, how many plants would be re- quired, about where they should be built, what they might cost and how much improvement they would accomplish. In studying these questions, two chief considerations have appeared to be important. First, the outlets from the works should be so built that the treated sewage will be promptly and thoroughly diffused, and Second, the plants should be so located as to permit the sewage to be collected to them without unnecessary difficulty or expense. Submerged Outfalls —Owing to the incompleteness of the purifi- cation, and the necessity of complying with requirement No, 2 of the *Report Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, August, 1912, page 70. *With 60 per cent. of sea water and 40 per cent. of land water and at the extreme summer temperature of 80 degrees F., 3.0 cubic centi- meters of oxygen per litre corresponds to 59 per cent. of saturation, 33—Ex. 202 — 4516 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK VS. Standard of Cleanness, it would be necessary to discharge the 35 effluent from the plants in such a way as to produce the most immediate disappearance of the sewage which is possible For this purpose, it is desirable that the outfalls should be near or upon the bottom and be so located that ample and strong currents will sweep by them. The construction and maintenance of outlets at the bottom of the tidal channels some distance from shore would be difficult. The outlets would have to be so built as to meet all the requirements of the United States Government which has -upervi-ion over the main- tenance of the channels for the purposes of navigation. Locations for Outlets—Bearing in mind the difficulties of con- struction and maintenance, as well as the advantages of carefully selected places, a number of point have been chosen along the shores of Manhattan and Brooklyn where the sewage, after treatment, could with the greatest advantage be discharged. The facility with which the sewage could be collected to suitable points for treatment was taken carefully into consideration in select- ing the points of outfall. It was thought desirable that the sewage should require the least amount of pumping possible; that the plants should not have to be placed too far below tide level and that the greatest possible normal flow of sewage should be gathered to each plant. Considerable care has been taken in the designs to make an economical use of land, to provide for adequate inspection and + pair, not only of the apparatus, but of the structure itself, to insure light and ventilation and to facilitate the cleaning of the basins and s-reens and the removal of the impurities from the plant. Numer- ous forms of grit chambers have been designed and studied. Every form of screen which the experience of other cities had proved re liable and efficient have been considered with the result that the type employed in the new works at Hamburg, Germany, was clio-en as the mos-t suitable for these works 8. Plan for th Disposal of the Sewage of this Division. Investigation having shown that it will be impossible to discharge all the sewage into the water in the vicinity of the territory where it is produced, even after such purification as is practicable, it becomes necessary to consider where it can be taken and what can be done with it. Amount of Sewage to be Taken Away.—It will not be worth while to take a small amount of sewage from the inner harbor. To accom- plish much benefit, the volume will have to be large both actually and in relation to the total quantity produced in this division. 36 If possible, it should be taken from a part of the harbor which needs relief both on its own account and because of its influ- ence on adjoining sections. As far as practicable, the sewage should be collected from a region of dense population in order that the length of the sewers shal] be no greater than necessary. For the JA— Ex. 202 a . . ' THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4517 same reason the distance from the central point of collection to the point of disposal should be as short as possible. This report shows that the greatest burden of pollution which is placed upon any large portion of the harbor is discharged from Man- hattan and Brook)yn into the Lower East river. Here within a dis- tance of 4 miles, about 200,000,000 gallons of sewage are discharged every 24 hours from about 50 outlets located along the crowded shores. Not only is the volume of sewage large, but, as shown else- where in this report, the waters are peculiarly unsuited to receive it. If this polluting material can be removed, the waters in the imme- diate vicinity will be improved and the excessive burden of pollution now put upon the whole inner harbor will be relieved. An improve- ment of the waters of the Lower East river is desirable for the help it will give in disposing of the sewage which, in accordance with the commission’s plans already announced, will be brought to Ward’s Island.* At Ward’s Island the large quantity of sewage which will be brought from the Harlem river will be passed through settling tanks and discharged into the deep waters of Hell Gate, and reliance must be placed upon the digestive capacity of the waters to oxidize the liquid organic matters. If 200,000,000 gallons of sewage per day can be kept out of the Lower East river, the ratio of sewage to water in that section will improve sufficiently to meet all requirements of this commission’s tandard of cleanness for the present. The ratios of water to sewage which will exist in the Lower East river are given in Table XITI. Taste XIII. Ratios of Sewage to Water in the Lower East River, if 200,000,000 Gallons of Sewage per Day Are Kept Out of theae Waters. Sewage to Sewage to Sewage to Year. water at low tide. tidal prism. net ebb flow, PE rtkddetroventdmee 1 to 1090 1 to 204 1 to 30 ___ Een ey roan ete 1 to 178 lto 33 1to5.6 Direction in which to Take the Sewage-——There are not many directions in which the sewage can be taken. It would be imprac-. ticable to carry ii north into Westchester County, for the lan@ there lies at too great an elevation. It would be impossible to carry 37 it west because the people of New Jersey would object to re- ceiving it. The idea of discharging it into the Hudson river cannot be entertained, for if this were done that stream would become wo heavily polluted. Sentimental considerations require that the Hudson shall not be made a receptacle for the sewage from other parts of the harbor. It would not be feasible to carry the sewage to Long Island sound; * Preliminary Report IV. Study of the Collection and Disposal of the Sewage of the Upper East River and Harlem Division, July, 1912. 35—Ex, 202 7 memmng 6 6 RR 451s THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK V8. the distance would be too great, the volume of water there available would be insuflicient, the danger of polluting extensive shellfish beds would be large. and the risk of contaminating the shores in the vicinity of villages, towns and country estates too imminent, The sewage could not be taken east on Long Island, except to a distance of 30 or 40 miles, for its disposal would be certain to produce nuisance and, consequently, serious injury to property already occu pied for residence purposes or likely soon to become valuable for this purpose. Furthermore, opportunities for the disposal of the effluent of treatment works are lacking on Long Island, the north shore of which ix deeply indented with bays and. for the most part, high and rocky, and the south shore bordered with broad, shallow bays and marshy islands, where the flow of tidal water is relatively slight. Staten Island Not Suitable for Very Large Sewage Works.—To the southwest of this division lies the Borough of Richmond, o Staten Island, and much sewage could Le brought there for treat- ment as far a= engineering considerations are concerne|, There are several thousand acres of marshy land on the west =ide of this island bordering the Arthur Kill which might be employed for sewage dix posal, provided no nuisance was produced, ; The sewage could be taken to the dispo-al works by a tunnel which could be driven beneath the waters of Upper New York bay to the north shore of Staten Island. and thence through the hich land te the low-lying area near the Arthur Kill. The Arthur Kill has been dredged for the convenience of ships and could receive a well purified effluent, although owing to its small volume of flow and the osecillat- ing effect of the tide. the capacity of the Arthur Kill for unpurified sewage ix comparatively small. If the sewage could not be purified sufficiently to discharge the effluent into the Arthur Kill, it would have to be carried by tunnel eastward from the treatment works to the waters of Lower New York bay. It is probable that treatment works capable of purifying the sew age to such an extent as would permit the effluent to be discharged into the Arthur Kill would be impracticable on Staten Island, Ap parently some oxidizing process, either sprinkling filters or possibly contact beds, would have to be employed, It is probable that 38 if either of these processes were used to treat the quantity of sewage which would have to be dealt with, not less than 200, 000.000 gailon= per 24 hours. with a certainty of more later on, ob- jectionable sanitary conditions would be produced. The sewage would be septie and, consequently, likely to produce oder when brought into contact with the air either in the fine spray necessary im sprinkling filters or in the large areas of surface exposed by the broken stone of contact beds. The likelihood of trouble from flies, a frequent any annoying feature in sewage works, should also be con- sidered. The peculiar mist whieh sometimes hovers in calm weather over extensive areas of sprinkling filters would prove a source of gave concern to property holders, even at a considerable distance from the works. Before the authorities of the Borough of Richmond would give their consent to receiving the sewage of this division m 26—Ex. 202 re Peed ee a ame 7 4 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4519 that borough for disposal, it ix probable that they would in-i=t upon more assurance of immunity from nuisance than safely could be given. Added to the sanitary difficulties which would attach to the di-- posal of the sewage by works upon Staten Island ix the consideration of cost, Tt would he expen-ive to carry the sewage of this division to Staten Island and there dispox of it. The tunnels would be long and, in places, very deep. The foundations for the works on the wwheds in the we-tern part of Staten Island might prove difficult of cm-truction, The outlet tunnel for the effluent would be long and costly. Objections to Collection at Barren I Street and the interceptor leading therefrom a > ~-€ = ae | | “e save “s _ fa} wt - a of- 29 ' * ~ ag > + “4 a z . ’° 25 NOONAN ede - 5 : . - Zi ous .foewag Rs ods i . $ ar | = pwn ’ “a lave " 1 * as vpaemna -t “4 ‘ is 4 . ‘f aswy —+--"2 .* %S, e an . 5 % on aq asv2 5 ra) ON TIV ne | | Lis ; ~” a5 Sq 2)wO) -— es : i | q- oz AS Tews ~ ae’ 4 wz 41S eM ew aaned % fr i. OF ew f AS AWIODING F—— o + og be a ull 3 aS Noun) re) 7 H q aj}4] | 5 e H > uJ a” 8 oa: Ys S woswosadr ra t :) ~ 1) Se Se CR) a PE eee) av 405 swore oo} ee 3 « = al \ 4 | as eh eqsse : . ‘ N i pS Dew — ——P 9 o-.% i Z 9 j gt “ Pa ° §, “ zg ? | ; 4% Irom = ee en tte | ye 3 a . as WAND —- — Nhe a as soar - tT is = Calo 19 | 3 . | . ' > és ie - st H Vo 2] #8 AIA aS0my —_ = T up 89 | } # i Zoi! ‘4 i lger | 3 | x Beet eet 3 | . ‘ “ 9 ee Oru | | | z j 1s ~— ra owe \ aes = - wr © quer od ones Paes ~ ° i aS moans —~——+4- - og | | anys Own tw - cep ee | AS eH DL ATs bay) S201" - ~-yep Othe — er be ones bere . Aq wdista . he a - op se — 7 1 ? Jee? ra : wey “” ae 4 we" on op leer ~~" ee i i albw wnab r . $ 45 shim . : Pe eer | j Ny at ovo = 7 4 oh. wo. is DOOh - ~+- } ob 1m P er ce om = i orp ee ce tin =* > H . N Ss fu = je $ - &) ro 3 4 2) si be ? & = - H——-- +-—4 i ae ‘ } sah - syne a ' e ws of B- - —— ofeve q s o>} ¥ . . “, . Ly 0} b-el- ata) te tT ee ee ae | he s : 2 o | wpe id de “- + mw wall oo ze we TT TIA 5 “ - (=) \ oe Ce ‘ Q . “4 + ~" - i 5 aS spew - “ ode H ® i | + 6S Pwoere - 5 Tre ! . us vebeewes ‘ ‘4 . b :. bd ag ates a -* cs ° 7 | i & %, ; 3 oo a} sswe —- | wee 4 t 1 ff. 143 ‘ tgt* . KENT "hoes AVE. --- - ee FLUSHING: Ave ie 9 HUDSON AVE Jown ST Q. Ze Cerstime Scots EEE () (sO s00 OF Manca, SETH. Loteet On feome + * . * . - nme | 4 | om @TPeCErTC® Oy Mereem Were fire secon 8 . - - - = Uo u es es ee ene PR yes 4 't oT Revew Tommy a) ee wma me —— ee Set s ——_-++-; +—-—C > an : "eerie aiats ~ - 2a ae : i $s 8 t > $2 € € g : eo* 5 , § - i > a > “ > ¢ “ . > ° 4 «! « . : = 444-414 4+ . i —\ 3 —_ t+ 3444 tH HHH i} — — — ' 4 Th 7 —— , be ; iia? s a * “oe Were ¢ Seite, a he Oe 6 ‘ce = ° sees -| — i “ + ‘ ' * > | Stwers | J - -—---— — -— rSee — ms - — - _-— ap - - — eae te | ’ ! 1} Ce ed i ' i | am eure tow bm 44 i! — + --— - + . ——_—__- —_———- - — +> + o+- -- — — es | [NT ERCEPTOR | L Diane —@4—_ - — -— --== v2 —— DIAM 6-2 nanan —— — - : pid s 2+ e 2 $2 r ; . i 3 ‘ tet? $ he SAVE -- - Cased FLUSHING: Ave - HUDSON AVE - + ist jj 7 Carstise Si @ees ———EEEE 0 (20.000 Or Seng, StOTe futeet on feces {5 s « a ° . ~~ 4 ee ae 3 - - - - = ome | ib u PE raer Tee SOME RR” COs = Me roe a PROFILES of PROPOSED MARGINAL SEWERS ann INTERCEPTORS BROOKLYN PROJECT V-LOWER LAST RIVER HuDSowe Bay Drv ——EEE=_- 18 - OS — en, on’ -- -—- ’ . om t+--—- ! a eee ee | we i ne a ORES | . ~ we — a i . ° / . | Att » yeni bile Gli gait | ; ac 1 8 #% THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY FT AL. 4527 Appendices. I. Studies for Grit Chambers, Screens, and Regulators. The grit and screen chambers could be constructed, beneath the level of the street pavements, but in all cases it would be desirable, and in some instances probably necessary, to provide a s"per-struc- ture. All the plants would be small and where a building over them was necessary, it could be made architecturally unobtrusive in ap- pearance, Tf the sewage were collected by a combined system of sewage, the plant would require to be provided with means for separating a part of the storm water and the latter could discharge directly to the water. It would be feasible to pass three times the dry weather flow of sewage through the plant during periods of storm, and if this were done the work of the water from the streets would be provided for in the works. A study for a grit chamber is shown in Plate VI, following page 52. In addition to the provisions for avoiding an excess of storm water, the principal features of the plants would be a grit chamber and screens, Pulnps, tide gates and submerged outfalls, The grit cham- her would be essentially an enlargement of the sewer and be of such design as to provide for the slowing of the sewage flow as much as practicable, A prominent feature should be the means for cleaning out the grit and other solid matters which would be deposited. Elaborate methods for cleaning grit chambers are emploved in some European sewage disposal works, but simple and effective dredging apparatus appears to be preferable. The material dredged from the grit chamber should be dumped into suitable carriers. These car- riers, which could also carry away the screenings would operate elec- trically. They should convey the materials to some dock or pier where a vessel could carry the impurities to sea or the inflammable part of the refuse could be disposed of by burning. On passing from the grit chamber the sewage should be screened. After considering many types of screens employed in Europe and America, including those capable of removing the utmost quantity of suspended matter possible, it seems best to employ a moving bar sereen with openings of about 4/10 of an inch. The type used in the new installation at Hamburg, Germany, appears to be suitable for New York. This screen consists of an endless belt of bars arranged at an inclination to the flow of the sewage. The sewage passes be- tween the bars and leaves the solids, which are caught and carried upward on the screen belt as it slowly revolves. The screens which are carried up out of the sewage are removed from the belt by means a of brushes and a hose and discharged upon a belt conveyor a0) which carries the material to a car which stands in readiness. The size of the openings hetween the bars of this sereen do not necessarily indicate the size of the particles removed from the sewage. If the screen is revolved very slowly, its effectivness in re- 45—Ex., 202 ae ae a] 4528 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Vs. moving suspended matter will be increased. After the sewage leaves the screens, it passes to the pumps. The pumps should be of the centrifugal type directly connected to motors. The pumping equip- ment should be in duplicate, as should the screens and grit cham- bers. Leaving the plant, the sewage should flow under slight pressure to the outer ends of piers, where it would pass downward through a pipe to the bottom and thence outward into the current for discharge. The tide gates should be located near the point where the sewage is passed through the grit chambers and screens. In order to consider the practicability of installing grit chambers and screens, locations have been tentatively chosen for the outlets and the approximate locations of the works fixed. The next step was to separate the division into subdivisions and select a few of those for more detailed study. The collecting system in each sub- division was assumed to be already complete save for such intercep- tors and other large sewers as might be needed to gather the sewage which was now passing to the harbor through many outlets to the central plants. Four sub-divisions were selected for special study, in which the topography and other conditions were dissimilar. Suli-division No, 5.—One of the sub-divisions was on the Hudson river shore of Manhattan Island, between the northern end of Cen- tral Park and the Riverside Park. The sewage from this area is produced by a high-class apartment house population. The topog- raphy is such that no difficulties to drainage exist. The site for the plant was in Riverside Park at 96th Street. The quantity of sewage was 25.4 million gallons per 24 hours during dry weather and three times this quantity was provided for at the plant. The storm water outlets were intended to he carried to the end of the West 97th Street pier and were given a capacity of 270 million gallons per day. The cost, including excavation, sub-structure, super-structure and 15% for contingencies, was $89,000 for the plant. The outlets tor the dry weather flow would run to a point 300 feet off the pierhead and would cost about $24,200. The outlets for the storm water overflow at the pierhead would cost about $37,000, Total, $150,200. This estimate does not include the cost of intercepting the sewage and de- livering it to the treatment plant. Sub-division No. 14.—The second sub-division studied would have a treatment plant at Broome Slip, near the East river. In this case the area drained is occupied by a crowded tenement house Al population. There would be difficulty in collecting the sew- age to the plant, since the ground is, for the most part. low. The works would have a total capacity of 93 million gallons, which would be about three times the dry weather flow. Storm water in ex- cess of this quantity would he diverted directly to the East river, and the rest raised by pumping. In all other essentials the plant would he similar to that at 96th Street. The estimated cost, including exca- vation, sub-structure. super-structure, machinery and 15% for contin- gencies, is $133,000. This figure does not include the cost of col- lecting the sewage and delivering it to the plant or of conveying it from the works to the outlets. 46—Ex, 202 SEI i nt 23 REASON IN IES LET AOS SOR RU A at: OIE BPE GMO Ig SO eT pitas ease tee _— THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4529 Sub-division No. 19.—A third sub-division studied contemplates the location of a plant at Orchard Street, Astoria. In this case the capacity would be 87 million gallons per day or three times the dry weather flow. Difliculties of drainage due to low-lying land would require pumps to lift the low level sewage to the works. The esti- mated cost for excavation, sub-structure, super-structure, machinery and contingencies would be $81,700, exclusive of the cost of deliver- ing the sewage to the plant or conveying it thence to the outlet. Sub-division No. 30.—A fourth location for a grit chamber and screening plant would be at the foot of 64th Street, Brooklyn. The capacity in this ease would be 68 million gallons per day or three times the dry weather flow. The cost, including exeavation, sub- structure, super-structure, machinery, connection with sewer and 15% for contingencies, would be $147,000, exclusive of cost of con- veying the sewage from the plant to the outlet. If there was one grit-chamber-and-sereening plant, in each sub- division, the total number would be thirty-one. If their cost is indicated by the studies made for the four sub-divisions mentioned, the total outlay for them would be in the neighborhood of $710,000. This would exclude land and the outfalls. Heavy Rainfalls—Inasmuch as the frequency with which the storm overflows would come into play should be considered, studies have been made of the records of precipitation as kept by the United States Weather Bureau. The maximum precipitation in each month for 5. 10 and 60 minute periods from April 1, 1896 to January 1, 1912. and for 15, 30 and 120 minute periods from January 1, 1903, to January 1, 1912, have Leen examined, The results for the months of December, 1895, January, 1897, and February, 1598, are missing. The tabulations of the Weather Bureau were for the most severe single storm each month and it is posible that the actual frequency would slightly exceed that indicated by these diagrams. But the difference would not be so great as to be of consequence in any pro- vision for storm water overtlows. On applying the results of these studies of rainfall, it appears that a volume of storm water in excess of three times the dry 52 weather flow would occur on an average once in about 34% months and six times the dry weather flow would he received about once in ten months. Ten times the dry weather flow would happen about once in three and one-half years, and the maximum flow for which the plant would be designed, above which the sewer would be surcharged, would occur about once in 61% years. Annual Costs.—The annual costs of operating the grit chamber and screening plants have been approximately estimated. These charges do not include fixed charges required on account ef inter- cepting the dry-weather flow nor do they cover the provision of storm water overflows or submerged outlets. The solid matter re- moved by the basins and screens would be carried, according to these estimates, to the nearest public dump: from the two Manhattan plants by motor trucks serving about four plants each; from the Astoria plant, by chutes to a steamer; from the 64th Street, Brook- lyn, plant, it would he conveyed for a short distance to the water 47—Ex. 202 -_ —_ — 4530 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Vs. front. In each case, it would be taken to sea by a steamer for dis- posal, Still better, the screenings could be burned. The amount of sludge produced has been assumed to be one ton per million gallons of sewage. These estimates are based on the assumption that a sufficient number of plants are in operation to warrant the use of a sludge steamer without which the sea discharges per ton would be much greater than the amount here indicated. Estimates of Annual Expense of Grit Chamber and Screening Plants, W. 96th St., Broome Slip, Orchard St.. 64th St., Manhattan. Manhattan. Astoria. Brooklyn. Dry-weather flow, mil-/ 30) 33 30) 50 lion gallons per day § Operation ......... $6,600 $8,100 $7,380 $8,109 0 a 2,640 29,000* 9420+ 3,100 Power, light and ee 9,300 37,100 16,800 11,200 Fixed Charges...... 4,500 6,730 4,134 7.438 ee bnaveevas $13,800 $43,830 $20,934 $1S.628 Per Mged..... 460 1,328 698 373 Sludge Disposal... .. 1,825 1,848 547 1 825 Land charges..... 1,645 1,807 1,643 2.737 Sea charges ...... $3,470 $3,655 $2,190 $452 Per Med..... 116 111 73 M1 Grand Total...... $17,270 $47,485 $23,124 $23,200 Per Mgd..... 576 1,439 771 dtd * Including pumping. + Pumping 8.9 million gallons per 24 hours. (Here follows Plate VI, Exhibit No. 202.) 48—Ex. 202 a i. | 3-@ NO NOILI3S C Cyhibde Vs 20 27) PLATE VI 433418 196 183M iv wevg losee ANWid Wso0dSig wos AONIS i ie . Swag Onwnag SeNOH 2 Wie wore MONT OF «=MONY WIHAVIM ANC ee ALIDVEYD =e PANDA 806 DAPsoeWr . owEL THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4531 33 Il. Studies for Tide Gates. Most of the grit chambers and screens would be situated so close to the tidal level that the plants would be in danger of tlooding through the outlet pipes if provision was not made to prevent it. To prevent flooding, tide gates would be needed and these should be of the moct reliable form procurable. Many forms of tide gates have been considered by the Commis- sion, the experience of engineers in America and England being taken carefully inte account, and special attention being paid to the het current practice ir. this direction in Holland. As a result, it is believed that although tide gates are not always reliable, a form can be designed which will satisfactorily answer the requirements of the situation. Tide gates in common use are of three general types: flap valves, swinging gates and sluice gates. Flap Valves.—Flap valves which swing on a berizontal hinge are mot often used on sewer outlets of moderate or small size, although cood examples of this type exist in some large sewers, At_Wash- ington, 1. C., gates are used which are made of Georgia pine 5 feet 5 inches wide by 8 feet high and at Philadelphia there are gates of yellow pine 18 feet wide and 2 feet high. With large sizes, two lap valves are usually placed in the gate, one above the other, as at Aberdeen, Scotland, and Atlantic City. At Aberdeen, the balanced flaps are of cast iron and the opening for discharge ix 5 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 6 inches. For the flaps to work freely, they should hang loosely from links, as at Atlantic City, or from easy-working hinges. Composition bear- ings are desirable in order to avoid corrosion. At Washington the hinges and bolts are of bronze. A ring of rubber set into the gate forms a watertight joint, with a cement seat. At Philadelphia, a rubber gasket is provided which bears against a copper seat. To aid in securing a tight closing of the valve, the seat is usually inclined to the vertical; 1 jn 6 at Washington, and 30° at Philadelphia. If the «ewer ix of large w be practicable for sulmverged outlets in the sub-divieion with which this report deals, it t- de-iratie to consider the circurm=tanees under which sewage will and will not mingle with the surrounding water. Dispersion and [fl usten — The terms dixpersion and diflusieon are emetimes used interchangeably in de-cribing the imtermuxture of swage and water, although, -trietly, there ts a diflerence in their weaning, The term dispersion implica separation and scatters, icularly of solid particles, while ditiusten refers expecialiy to that form of rapid and intimate mixture which is most often coustderesd a taking place ameng ganes. Bet), dispersion and diffu-ien are necesary for the disappearance of sewage. The solids must become scattered and the liquid= nut Lecewe diffused, When -elid= accunit- late. they may form deposits or else masses which are visible at the surface, Uniex the liquids become diffused, they do not come mite contact with the exvgen which i necessary for their moeneralization. When dispersion and diffu-ien are ~wti-factory, the discharge of ~ew- et into a large body of water ix «curcely, if at all, detectable to the it. It ix sometimes erroneously asumed that diffusion ix everywhere and at all times proceeding rapidly among the hquid particles natu- rally present in large baxhes of water, particularly im such bevcdies ax mowe under tidal influence=, and that to cause sewage to be carried away, it is only necesary te discharge it In net two great quantity. This ix « mistake. Some bodice. of water should never receive any sewage. A prompt and general intermixture of sewage and water ix often difficult or impossible te accumpli >> S23Vsno zt MNS « os “~ os ~ ee se oe —— ALIWOHANY WORWYH =o yee rs WILWM HOH NWie O341s 30 02 Hidde WHHINIK —— “Lg O82 NHL SS3T 10N BS -— ove cat = Ppne wy wets a - THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4537 outlets which would discharge in a direction parallel to the main line of the pipe and perpendicular to the direction of the tidal cur- rents. From the riser just mentioned, the cast iron pipe, now reduced to 30 inches, would extend 50 feet further from shore to a second riser similar to the first. From this point the cast iron pipe reduced to 4 inches in diameter would extend the final 50 fect to its outer limit, where it would be joined by a third riser to discharge the re- nuining sewage, as in the first two cases, The cast iron pipe would, where practicable. be laid in a trench dredged in the bottom. Where the support was poor or uncertain, piles would be driven to carry the pipe. The pipe would be covered with a light filling of rip-rap and the trench filled. The minimum depth at which outfalls of this character should) be constructed would have to be fixed by the Harbor Line Board. Apparently there ix a depth of water in the Hudson river along the Manhattan shore at practically all points sufficient to permit this form of con- struction to he adopted. A study for a submerged outfall is shown in Plate VITT, following page 60. The submerged outfalls would be for the dry weather flow of vewage. Storm water would be overtlowed under the piers. The dry weather flow of sewage would generally be carried to the submerged outfalls by pumping. (Here follows Plate VITI, Exhibit No. 202.) 55—Ex. 202 4 $ 4 ¢ t a ASS THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Vs. 61 IV. Opinion of U.S. Engineers on the Proposed Island. Recognizing that responsibility for the maintenance of a proper depth of water for navigation in the harbor rested with the U. s War Department and that the island proposed by the conimission for the disposal of the sewage of the Lower East river could be constructed only with the permis-ion of that Department. applica tion was made to the Secretary of War requesting the views of the War Department with respect to thix subject. The commission: application was referred by the Secretary of War to the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, and by him to the New York Harbor Line Board for report. The New York Harbor Line Board consists of Colonel i & = = : i ; 2 ? ; i i i i 1 : : | / a i ee THE PROTLE OF THE #TATE OF SEW YORK ve. one coneteead gation & gong Gages Gat Gas ee eget are herewith published in full. Respectfully submitted, METROPOLITAN SEWERAGE COM MISSION OF NEW YORK. GRORGE A. SOPER. President. JAMES H. FPUERRTES, Seeretary. H. oe B. PARSONS CHARLES SO0YSMITHL. LINSLY K. WILLIAMS February, 1913. 4 Reports of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commianon. 1. Digest of Data Collected Refore the Year 199% Relating to the Sanitery Condition of New York Harber: 87 pages: 1909. 2. Report on the Discharge of Sewage from the Proposed Passaic Vallew Sewer of New Jereev; 7 pages: May 2%, 1910. %. Report on the Proposed Discharge of Sewage from the Brons Valley Sewer: 10 : July 25, 1910. 4. Sewerage Sewage Disposal in the Metropolitan District of New York and New Jerey: 550 pages: April 30, 1910. 5. Present Sanitary Condition of New York Harber and the De gree of Cleanness which is Neces in breed outline the lines upon which im my ne ye the City of New York should proceed in its endeavour & obtain a harler worthy of itself. It wut again be emphasized that no time should be lost im «tung about the actual carrying out of the scheme. It must of necessity take a number of years to complete, and equally of necessity the con- dition of the harbor waters must Lecome progressively worse if noth ing is done, and will indeed probably be worse before the fire in 4aimemt of the work i com Jered. I am, however, confident that the citizens of New York will show the «ame determination and largeness of outlook already man ifesied in their great water supply projects, their colossal railway under takings. and magnificent bridge- and pubic in-titutions, in this further effort after social well-being, and will build the works neces «ary to cleanse the harber and make it worthy in every respect M its ureat position as the Gateway of the Wet. Respectfully sulmitted, GILBERT J. FOWLER. Manchester, February 10, 1913. 1s Report of John D. Watson, M. Inet. ©. E. To the President and Members of the Metropolitan Sewerage Com- mission of New York. GextLemex. 1 bave given the problem of the sewerage and the sewage dispmal of your great city my close and careful con-ideration during the past two months. The fortnight which I «pent in the city in the end of Novernber and beginning of December gave point and animation to the study which was not otherwise possible, and I take this vortunity of thanking you for the y access you gave me to all your docu ments, plans, and analytical hgure-. and for the facilities with whieb you provided me in the inspection of every part of the area which 1 thought it exential to visit. Allow me also to record my apprects tion of the exhaustive preliminary investigations which vou have made. These far exceed anything which I hawe hitherto had er perience of, and the fact of your having printed them renders um necessary reference to details which otherwise would have had te be given in this report. The Polluted Condition of the Harbor. If there were any prospect of limits being set to the hounds of New York, if there were any signs that sufficient accommodation had already heen made for the shipping of the port, or if the water af the harbor were so foul that the citizens had ceased to regerd them as valuable for other than utilitarian purposes, the disposal of the sewage—vast as the volume of that ie—would be comparatively ea. 16— Ex. 2G 2 ee eee oe . ~ > - —_ THE STATE OF NEW JERERY FT AL. 0 Bat it ix quite otherwise. The city ix more than the capital of a country: it is the greatett city of a continent. The is the gateway to the United States, and the noble rivers which find a ready gutlet inte it form, with the harber proper, a port which affords at all -tages of the tide no halting welcome to vessels of the greate~t burden When | fir hud the pleasure of seeing the Hudson between Albany and New York. | was greatly impressed by its grandeur and its purity; when T metered along its left hank from Riverside Park toward the city boundary at Yonkers in brillant ~anshine, | thought it the Queen of Rivers, and | cannot believe that the average citizen would willingly allow it to become visibly polluted with sewage. vet the facts to whieh | shall refer will prove that it i: neceary to toke 4eps now to guard against such a contingency in the immediate future. 19 Visilde Pollution —The mumerous wnalyses of the harbor waters made by your own officers, supported by men of each eninence as Profesor Phelps, Dr. Adeney and Dr. Fowler, and the dear evidence of pollution which T have witnessed, lead me to the qinion that continuance of the present anhampered license to pollute can only lead te dixaster, When it can be shown that even now the condition of the harber in summer ix olwionsly anclean, itis only a question of time when an ever-increasing population di-- charging an meremental amount of sewage and trade wa-te inte shat must be practically a stationary volume of harber water will emvert inte a nuisance what should be one of the brighte-t and le-t df the city’s possession. One of my first actions in prosecuting this study war to investi- gate the condition of the harbor water, and even in the end of No- vember | found at several places a slight «mell of sewage. In ferry- ing actos. the river between 2nd Street and Astoria | observed in- namerable particles of paper and even pieces of excrementitions mat- ter in the water. Sea gulls indicated where the public sewers de- bouched directly into the river. In many places in the East, the Harlem and the Hudson rivers. the Gowanus and Wallabeut hays, visible evidence of the presence of sewage was only too apparent. Near the Battery I saw food which had just heen unloaded from a beat that was moored in what looked more like «ewage than clean water. At another ( Gowanne canal) 1 witnesed the ebullitiea of gas apparently arising from eptiviaed sewage sludge. Large flows of greasy sleek and debris were to be seen at frequent intervals. ren ends of sewers spewing their filthy contents inte the rivers are of much too frequent vecur- Pence One and all demonstrate the have false bottoms built like grills, so that the liquid from tie screenings can drain out and thew back to the plant. The troughs are roofed over, hut net housed in. fs them the to 3 miles per hour. Around the wharf where the ferry landed, and at log: along the shore, «um collected to a slight extent. Summary of Observation. —1. That the discharge of the effluent from the «wage “¢ uy . tL wa hedee bt 9% : "Oi We fl eimeing |e poe epee ig S pred mE] 2 he [he 9 ft Per Nast "ee ne . 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Meg “2 . t s @ } > i. ts tg é 9 6 I ¢ ed | te | . “Ol He . ve Mag "ee Js sth | es ' “4 hee 4 "I let 9 ay 7) ae | %G ce %3 + —U FE Lam a 6 ‘ee 8 Md a z . % 7 oe Mi 4 + oe ¢ tite ‘etipte t ‘ell ree ll red | Fol ¥ L 1g iv rd rt ct . i M = ; + Paks 3, , Ol 73 ol el 16 . while 1 ve tine | eet 8 —. elt] of tae Natfiee imagen ate 1\%elizite ty ey (eH ¢ él 8 NST ed 5 v0 ‘en & fee. = ome ihanttce a lheel te suse} ine . aa of * : : ¥ “GB ‘, fy hd 1 ih6 rel 6 t's wel} ) OL TRI Meliaihe Lt : mie ore | onde 8 ELMS "Sb 8) — NL eit tee) whe feo glhanke ‘8 S .OUEss “VOT, 1% ol I - ts , Z mj % me Eee! & iher Se onl %e ie sit I G6 i%t |e 1:8 ro Pett "ee cll "eM "ch Mas , ks : . 2 me lke AT Fe & 21, ° — |%2 vi Sorte? Peot've |More [tor we le ic (6 ih 1% 1 i = 7 — - — me Pag} ue joggy amt faqgn yyR | saa mL fF eagH wy | raqy yyQ cumuaen | teen Teen | ee i p- oe a Ov Wag Svyuipoy | Soymaog | BvyQnuipoy | Doguaag HOWMMEPY | Bopmaagy | Sopunpoy | Voypmaog | BoynUDny VINMION -~ » Son a: aoqunatagy 32g IQA gang 19g I9}GIS] P9GH) 2D HITT “Ik WOE r tele | Ko 142 Helns “Se Z wRINTi Be hs RHO LAS HAG LHI Me PRE MS EE aoa ame foggy we Pogad nyy joqaga may foaan, ame foaaa Swe Pago omg [oaay vay fogan ry | saan ym foaap | yg jraaa! voy | 8 tonnapog | BopMaog VormmDpoy | Boma FP Seppe | Svyueg Vener | Bupa DOPE rg | Ugg Vopplipoy | Wop Utlog, tung 10M nade flavmE donigay avnuvy 2 & 2gud We MINA — aaywanpedy WHY We HEM| = soyouBuqns "PPST WIAVGING wp 3qgy qua pL we HAD ai PEOrLE OF STATE OF NEW YORK VS. STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 4593 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, COMPLAINANTS, STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. HERE FOLLOW COMPLAINANTS’ EXHIBITS Nos. 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 211a, 212a, 212b, 212c, 212d, 213, and 214. JAMES D. MAHER, Commissioner. Cross Section No.2 6500'S of Mouth of Hudson Fiver. t i | at _ > Ben + ’ -+— a a Cae 6 | 4 th, 97 Hudson > : ' 7 8 Camby Stath oF ss be r River.” on Care S. > a ’ -— +—~—_ + 98 4- 4-4-4 7 = | “2° £24458 _ +~— in 7 + i | | > ———4 +—- +++ ++4-+—-4 —+ -+ +~— te Te ° Be®eaeanenecn Ste eegeaee ad et ee 47 ¢ Ai BOSTON HARBOR : a Proweces ) 3 . i oo e** ine - io +s - Ried ee ee es ee ss ee ee PROFILE ON WESTERIY UME OF GO OUTTALL teecorm Sou [+ 600 o Ga" OTA. PIF a OUTFALL PIPES HiGH LEVEL SEWER South METROPOLITAN Stwrract Worns 1-7 - an7 coe “7 ~~ @¢ 2 2 @ - so «4 ~~ os - OO OO eeoerd ove oa? OF te we OC SeaFysAsawy ‘gor “7 WU. Ot. 60, GO, £0, 90, G0, WO, F0, %, 10, 0061 06, OB, 24,0981 ¥ 24ON FT 4 116/ 92098/ D2/7e2 407 sap ys 4aguilyy Apidae DAMM 214d aAL AMT / [ 00/ / 90s OSZ oc¢e Oss a a 4or-~7 04, 60.80, £0, 90,$@ $0,€0, 20-10-00 66.06, LE-96-S6 96 $6 26-15 06 60-88 £0.90: S04OKBID /00/ WLYOWF IA £06/2 (997/ _ APID HL OG MOM xuasgy Pum UDzDYUDyY a PALS HT | § SINOHST THL10 HID Ny oor S 2 spuvenoyy ut sauoyds)ay p —_—_—_—_} —— 6 + 0 r— /S * A O/6/ O68/ wis G2v7F — hy LOT syp 64a & cy Je euoydajaZ a 4 acoduassey PRO/AY «if su¥tltI7-7 MOUOIMGE, * of APD ¥eOpmay ssoureng pup weypojadgy yo ysmed© y/ tea g Increase Business Pressure Arthat To L pcr Cagpetla VI City im £0 Years L hahets hal /890 39) 64 Transactions ff». 2 965.5 Transactions | An oe Zibi. 1t, OF, 60, BO, Lo. 90, FO, WO. SO. TO. 10 00. bb. 9b, Lb. 9b. Sb. ob, S. zo! 0061-768! P2]O “Fa | WON JF 2“ 000 6 Zibi - 006! 000°0/ Ayia W4OhMAh/ Avas yoDT Pawo, | $u017D40440) WO 2/b/ 2@L ¥40K MeN Hnig kag peda joruuy woud *wew a : e- 72 - a A eee cow —-y — — oa 7 rz a. 2 ° i LU {| ' , * 73 ss 4 5% ’ ‘W161 1881 "Ni ‘ a . a = —————————=— THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AI 1 Compiarnaxts’ Exninrr No. 215. James D. Maher, Com- missioner. Effect of Salinity and Direction of Discharge on the Ascent of Fresh Water in Salt Water. Edward Ellery. ComPpiatxants’ Exner No. 215. James D. Maher, Com- missioner. Effect of Salinity and Direction of Discharge on the Ascent of Fresh Water in Salt Water. Edward Ellery. (Here follows diagram showing ascent of fresh water in salt water, marked Exhibit 215, page 3.) —— ° -_- - 456 THE PROPLE OF THE STATE OF SEW YORK Ve — Erplanation ot itv Photograph Cylinder “A.” Water of 14.919 parte Chiorine per million onder fresh water. Tiwe elution deliwered in lower lever in upward & rection. After ten deve aanding Cylinder “Bt.” Water of 14.019 parte Chiorine per million cnder water of 7,009 parte Chlorine per million Dwe elation Aelivered in lower laver in upward Airection After ten dave etanding Cylinder “"” Water of 4 "51 norte Chierine per on lien onder water 2.3277 parte Tr million Tv Ael vered mm lower laver in upward direction After ten dave «tandine Cylinder “T).” Water of 8 500 parte Cilerine per million onde water of 6.500 perte per million Tice elation delivered in lower laver in upward direction After three dave «tanding Cylinder “FE.” Water of 8 500 norte Cllorine ner million onder water of 8.000 norte ner million. Tee elation delivered in lower laver in downs ard direction After two dave eandine Cylinder “F."” Water of & 500 narte C\lorine per million onder water of 7.500 norte ner million Tyee enlution delivered dewn- ward. in lower lawer After ten dave etanding Cylinder “G." Water of 8.500 parte Chlorine per million onde water of 7.0 trart« Ter rr Tien Th e enluition Aelivered in Aoen- ward direction in lower lawer After two dave sanding (Here follows diagram marked Exhibit 215. page 5.) THE “TATE OF NEW JERRY ET AL. rt 6 Cylinder “11.” Water of 8,500 parte Chlorine per million. Dye Serre 37.5 p 71.6 72.5 panes 2.641 - Sawa Ouse ae 43 - 73.4 69.8 ere ee Brrr er 44 65 74. 71.6 eer 2.993 sa POC ree ne Ka - 74. 69.8 aaa Seda Sa ee exsaeerxwen 45 29.86 71.6 72.5 dodo 2.791 _ Satake aa - ¥ 73.4 69.8 a 2 AS Seer eee re 46 29.84 71 71.6 sek oul 2.917 7 aweee eine - - 42.9 69.8 ae” © caecun Oe Serre irr 44 - 69.8 71.6 eer one 2.703 ” Ba, Se aaa % - 72.5 69.8 Se ee ha a eee 49 ig 71 (4.4 weed 3.310 = ieaawen - - 72.5 66.2 5 are 4P.M 55.5 6 64.4 64.4 ‘ef cotd 3.513 ™ ere re - ad 66.2 67. . eae 2 & 0 eee 47 30.13 67 62.6 eae 3.731 - ewe wed rr - vel 64.4 2. Seer es ee x wey eoewees 43 30.03 71.6 64.6 eee 3.986 St Se ere wewoanes 43 id 73.4 65.5 Bees. -_Casxes 7; as eevedversu 34 20.02 72.5 A.4 er 3.782 i ale sith Aiea ae - sad 75.2 66.2 5. 9a. “wea 5 Seer rrr TT 39.5 30.04 73.4 64.4 sich ocie 3.782 - pipette otartine “ "7 16.2 66. 3.799 ‘ 6 A: M. Weas...05. 37.5 30.22 69 GA. aha 4.119 ¥s ‘evade id si 72.8 66.2 SS eer oe SS eens - sg 71.6 65.5 Jetew 4.707(17) = Sevetnteeen = si 74.5 66.2 Soe — eene 2S A eer 37.5 - 73.4 64.4 ewes 4.094 " henewsare® si = rie 67. SOP 6 savxe 5 P.M 41.5 30.24 69. 64.4 eer 4.042 Janae manar eas . 42.5 67. ere 8 A. M. Thursday.. 40.5 30.34 69.8 64. ere 3.698 wd Per ak eer - = 72.5 66.2 rer oF Seer e 30.33 73.4 64.4 awwae 4.098 ” eee = - 76. 67. - perro’ 2 Ps svesewnwees 36.5 30.29 73.4 64.4 ica 3.946 - Hed ie ark a ” i 75.2 68. 6.306 sew wo fe Serre. 38.5 30.23 69.8 64.4 ae 3.698 2 itekheueune ed = 72.5 68. ee 8 A. M. Friday..... 46.6 30.12 71.6 64.4 hee 4.121 = sebavehives si is 73.4 67. Se! : aetes 7 A: 48 80.05 73.4 65.5 Pore 4.394 9 wdeeseere 63 75.2 67. re) - swe Se Seer errr 50.5 30.01 72.5 65.5 er 3.973 si beneere eeu ™ wid 76. 68. 3.752 sot 5 ee i eawasewe 56 29.95 69.8 65.5 sores 4.170 - vrieneeeeeen ad i 72.5 68. Sainity, 11,341.6 parts Chlorin per million. (Here follow three diagrams marked Exhibit 216, pages 15, 16, 17.) 6—Ex. 216 “Fe IITA ITT TTT a —— Het Ese cnausesseasuceasssraseeeseunseszes | Teg ester tet tt M L asseuane! ee Try T ‘ rit tr saponssscasenesnecesccess Sas SUSU ESSESSRElOSeesseRansense sonte ee ia) pasmeaces' jeasseeuesrnen +4444 esseeses peguaessersestibetaaccesseasetee r f T amt TTTTTTITT Ht t +—+ saneee ttt Hy rt ppp : H T er “prt TIThit tf } eeaae . — pees r + ues eee ¢ 2 8 soases tH ; 3 = ace r TTI ++ es ~ a t + as & ty 4. + t = +t T ” tH sceereress ‘ “ ® + jsehessesss SoA , : SEG tsi ~~ op) I \*e it TT] TI pescas a ie ¢ T ve be ae wo rrr? 6 be | tT > ttt ; jm + te et i ar e “ “ 4 r ro ttt a + tt g \ E ” 4 bs ++ + seesacesssscess' + tt aes a4 ) 3 a on igScceecence gt ° “ 4 tf + eae 4 1?) x +t c w + ipeagsses : +4 +444 wage tH + . oe 2 aa ~ é +4 seeeen +444 te +4 oO - a 7 / 4444+ aaee v a ot sens ttt ait rt tt ‘- 2 tae ++ - 4 Ee oO + epseascses ole + rotittt + “ § SSH H iasasesasessetessl Y & 2 t tt + ++ ssuude--egeaase: & Beat! 3 esssessenceees Th %, Sennen +++ ++ t+ thts tooo +t} + = ttt + seseeel eseseess ss + a a + t +++ 444+ pases ~-2 + “+14 + ean +t tt eet pm Sal eae +4 sal bs t eescesss sssssedsstesent tt ttt ie) 4 anene Oana pte ttt} et Toot isseee ees : + ae ah we a “ a eS eS — _ he wa, shies 4 —- an a i at CD Om 4D Oh Gh oh Oe eh omowmwewnanan aIwoaat ay at ~~ ee, ee, al = =_— , = _-™= .~™ «™— os @ 3, inclusive Diagram IT Fresh Water Humidity and Oxygen Curves. April 5-11,194 yas oso ose} St adept ler eee pe , thee ++i fi + r jouasees ssssccassecesassesees ; eaaeet beaeees 4-- se a SG SO! 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T 4 i 4 - t pees o1 peseses ra we * + + + seceseseer +32 b+ + Sttttt tt eee +44 . +B4eee oe tote 4 } anaes 7 +etret t > + Beeees * +4 + > +77 teres T Sees a oo pe + + ’ t 3s eee 33° 33853 + ee rete + - * * tte * + > t 4 SSR eee 33333) peaeee! oeee + sees 7 an aed ++4 tet ee - tee ehete + + + he? +44 ++ . > +; t $3383 3 Fi - Pit tits yf pees one eteesee: : tritssitistit: eee > | +4 pe eeseeet Z i 73 tT ttittt 71 T peeves pee ee ee! 7 + > ++ 4 33f pee) + tH tt - +4 +4 +4 tr: ++ +3 + > 4 t eregisstesstepaasts 4 + 4454 a4 peeoee + I TST Tee +4 +4 +eege tra eed + + $334 + + ++ +++ . it re L iit 7 ++ 4 seen ttt + L. = treet + be + + ’ nae + - 7 + 333 a ana Tt +7: Pt hetee peewee i+ + ~ « + ° tit t ® 344 ae ae + T et > ++ * ot + e+ es 3t $F th nh * pees +o. +:+ 4 +er pgs saaenese - ’ H+ * + + +o pireeion - eee Se eS eRe S| +atee +t eee geede beee ee eee et ; 4 ¢ rt aeeeabhes be eee ee bene > - + ~ oo + - -4+ iti i testy eas. osene ++ Oe * tee aa +- pe eewe nal aees ee + it . - ~~ id fessseaecs: Ett : 3352 $35 s332233333 TH? teeter ts} IITs ~*+-* - ++ ~~ + + +??? ‘++ 13555 * _ tt tht ae 2 ar. i = - - ee ee theater ere ~ + ~oo * ee | * ee ee eee . . on) ++ be re eo ee ‘ ; ere ee | ‘ a or re he ree *?*??> ee +e " “+ we - eee oe Fk ea ~~ +e+- + reer ee or + Oe ~~ - 7 , ed ll ee +--+ — —+ o- a ee ee elie +--+ ——. - Pe ee ee ee a + Se an Ane ae a ieee naan deal - —+~-* re ee ee oo-e-4- — wet he eee eee 4 et toed borer Re ee Bee aed cee aie aed ee ee ee | : sth ih Gndindind ieamnth iinet eee anne? 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THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. 4613 Polluted. Unpolluted. Time. Humid- Barome- Temp. Temp «.¢, oxygen per L. ity, %. ter, in. air water 4.002 =—=«s ce vvree OA, UE. cvccccevses 83 29.61 64 66.2 — 4.394 ™ pan girbamine - wi 66.2 68 4.1390 ....- 11 A. M. ....------- 75 29.58 65.5 66.2 samen 4.554 ” errr rT rT ~ " 66.2 66.2 4.256 «6.:- SP. Oh. .wccveceees 82 29.57 63.5 66.2 beens 5.057 a senveweeens . si 66.2 68 4.677 =z weee 5 Ss See 7 29.56 63.5 66.2 eevee 5.424 . suawewseees si sag 66.2 67 Salinity. polluted water. 13.610.7 parts chlorin per million. Salinity, unpolluted water. 11,897.85 ~ si " “4 Pollution, 1 gallon sewage to 100 gallons water. (Here follows diagram marked Exhibit No. 216, page 28.) 11—Ex. 216 a 4614 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Vs. 29 Serres II. Comparison of Polluted and Unpolluted Quiescent Salt Waters. B. For this series, the upper tanks was filled with salt water, of the salinity of 13,610.7 parts Chlorine per million, approximately 73% sea water, and the lower tank with salt water of the salinity 11,897.8 parts Chlorine per million, or approximately 64% sea water. To the water in the lower tank, after cooling from heating, approximately 30 gallons of sewage was added. giving a dilution of one to one hundred. Dissolved oxygen content was determined immediately after the addition of the sewage, and at three hour periods thereafter for five days. The readings are given in. Table TH and the curves in Diagram VII. Some of the Results. 1. Increase of oxygen content per liter from first reading of first day to last reading of last day, Unpolluted Salt Water................ 1.533 ¢. ¢. Polluted Salt Water.................. 1.637 c. ¢. Average rate of increase per day, Unpolluted Salt Water................ 0.306 c. ¢. Polluted Salt Water.................. 0.327 ¢. ¢. 2. The curves given in Diagram VII show a very slight diver- gence after the first day and to the beginning of the third day. It would seem therefore, that a dilution of pollution of 1:100 was about what quiescent salt water of that salinity will stand. 30 3. If fluctuations are due to humidity, it is not so a parent in this series as in the first two. At one point in each of the five days, an increase in oxygen content was accompanied by a decrease in humidity; but at other points the oxygen content remained constant, or the change was in the same direction as the change in humidity. Some General Conclusions. The absorption of oxygen by quiescent salt water ma: , under certain conditions, reach the average of 0.306 c. c. per day. Guiescent salt water seems to be able to take care of pollution of one gallon of sewage to 100 gallons of salt water. 12—Ex. 216 | Dayz Dare Time FB bine ot) eae SESE: Piston C waver + fhccsscigerd Ava i anneeremssaanit eee ee ee Seas Presurne pote 344 ++ tre > S44 pe etee Seeskese: sates esse: if shssissess 's: . th Seese | asses: H ++0e4+44 444444 . “+++ 44+ -oee44144¢04 4+ 664 © + 624 4-— 9 @6- O34 +++ +e t 4 F ee CL Og PERLITER ( Fy hut a6 Atl fay. 22) Polluted. Unpolluted. «.¢. oxygen per L. 40m — & nena 5.143 5.447s : ” ‘enue 5.149 —— 8=Ss weeee Ww , 5.149 ra) osee 12 rae 5.24 . 1 aa 5.434 1 82 owaawee 2 sonen 5.618 . 3 — 5.664 ._ pee 4 uli 5.4 _— weeeee . seeons 5.584 7i1 _ 9 - 5.744 . ee 0 a 5.007 060s «ish. wens 11 satenialin 5.07 816 ae 1 - 5.584 — - genes 2 sina 5.813 —— 86=—soéweees 3 vadiinatas 5.0% SS pe 4 ovens 5.950 — 80s wowes 5 eines 5.927 be} ie he Be) ad [> i> i+ ‘> ee) a" P THE STATE OF NEW Tante IV. Same Comditions. Time. :@ : JERSEY ET AL. Barome ter, mm, 29.90 29.91 Salinity, polluted water, 12240 parts eblerin per million Salinity, unpollated water. 12.750 ~ * ” * Pollution. 1 gallon sewage to 60 gallons water. Velocity, 1 foot per second Temp. air. ne ws m wo. nO ww. 2 2. A. iH. (A x 2 z nA Beha See eea @ SrdarRaeseeeurnevedvv aaearesee (Here follows diagram marked Exhibit No. 216, page 32.) Weide Web eHeWE WS DEDE AD Orygen Absorption by Polluted and Unpolluted Water in Motion Under the — - - - es - = 4616 THE PHOTLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ve 33 Seares 11. Comparison of Polluted and Unpolluted Salt Water in Motion A. For this series the upper tenk wax filled with 4 Onvon > Coares- Muswremiers) ave Up Pecsercdaae+) Sacer Warea Vesoestr a THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY FT AL. Wiles Quiescent unpolluted salt water...........-. 0.245 Series TIA - » sagasonadveds 0.206060 *—sésTT BB Moving as = e esousenns 6.389060 *"—Ssé*dT'TT AK Polluted «alt water, moving at the rate of one foot per second, eom- gered with quiewent salt water of the same degree of pollution, namely 1 60, shows rates of increase per day as follows: Piret day. Second day. ) Polluted Salt Water.......... 0.12¢c nochange ing Polluted Salt Water............ 0.523 0.174 It would therefore em that a «alt water moving at the rate of -6e pr aeet t G an dé ey ae ee water. 5 Tame V. Orvern Abeorption ty Polluted and 1 wpollated Water in Motion t ader the Bam Conditions. Polluted. Unpeitated. Time. Homid- Barome Temp. Temp «+. omygen per L. ity, %. ter, im. air water 4 To , sa. M es) *“s m4 ; 6 Oe » va = a .2 Ta. 124 gouge 9AM “5 ms %.4 , 6.122 “s - ~ ma 7.2 4.572 , OD A. GE cece esevess ma a m4 m4 :; 6.122 - ” ~ ws 57.2 i , 2M. . TR 2. 24 m.4 peeee 5 We e we “ aad mas To 4 Time oes 1PM a5 ad G5 4 —_— 6.122 ¥ cove 5 ” “4 nm 1-7 - 2P. M. 5 a mo m4 sone 6.179 ” - - 5 ad aan ar. M. 7 2.46 m4 _ 6.0 ” " -s oS is 4 es 4PM. 7 ~ Ta %.4 —- 6.179 - - os Se 57.2 Salinity. pelleted water. 12.10 ports chlerin per mifliter.. Capeliated water continuation of water need in Talle TV. Pollution. 1 gallon sewage to % gallows water. Velocity, 1 foot per second. (Here follows diagram marked Exhibit No. 216, page 36.) 46518 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK VS 37 Series IIT. Comparison of Polluted and Unpolluted Salt Waters in Motion. B. For this series the upper tank was not changed. and the lower tank was filled with salt water of the salinity of 13,030 parts Chlorine per million and approximately 100 gallons of sewage were added. Oxygen and other readings were begun immediately and the water set in motion at the rate of one foot per second. The readings are given in Table V and the curves in Diagram IX. Some of the Results. yong in oxygen content in one day, in the polluted water, 0.348 e. e. Compared with the first day of other polluted salt pen we get the following: Increase Ist day. Quiescent, polluted salt waters (1:60)............ 0.162 ce. Moving ” - _ fea 0.523 ¢. ¢. - id as a, Serer ry ye 0.348 c.¢. It would appear that moving salt water can take care o large quantity of sewage, if the sewage can be evenly distributed through it. 16—Ex. 216 sistent Aiea Anta IE A SLL LN a BE EAE 9° a Saisie — _ whe Dees tenant mae STATE OF NEW YORK VS. STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 4619 PEOVLE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, CoMPLAINANTS, vs. STATE OF NEW JERSEY ET AL. Here Follow DEFENDANTS’ EXHIBITS Nos. 4, 6, 7. JAMES D. MAHER, Commissioner. --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40386004_0506%3A11. Public record. Not legal advice.