# Respondents Brief — Scott v. Illinois

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## Record

- **Collection:** Supreme Court brief
- **Document type:** Respondents Brief
- **Published:** January 1, 1979
- **Citation:** 440 U.S. 367

## Text

IN THE

Supreme Court of the United States "°°

QcroBper Term, 1977

No. 77-1177

AUBREY SCOTT
L\UBREY y Petitioner.

PRLOPLE OF Til STATE OF ILLINOIS,

Respondent,

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE
SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS

BRIEF FOR THE RESPONDENT

WILLIAM J. SCOTT,

Attorney General,
State of Lllinois,

DONALD B. MACKAY,
MELBOURNE A. NOEL, JR..
GERRI PAPUSHKEWYCH.,
Assistant Attorneys General,
500 South Second Street,
Springfield, Illinois 62706,
(217) 782-1090,

Attorne YS fo) Respond yl.
James B. Davipsox,

Assistant State’s Attorney,
Cook County, Illinois,

Of Counsel.

LL LS DSSS SE LS OS TT EE LOE TS ONS TS ST TE IT
Printed by Authority of the State of Ilinois“@23F*

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pace
rr 2
CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY PROVI-

TOT TT CET TC CRT ET Te POTE TE 3
7 vy | 4 4 2 i iy | 9b) \ | SRR 5
ede ee i se ean dgueees 8

I, The Sixth Amendment Does Not Require Ap-
pointment Of Counsel At State Expense In
Criminal Proceedings In Which The Sole Penal-
tv Imposed Is A Small Fine .................. 8

I OR CE an ree 8

B. Actual Loss Of Liberty Should Define The
Boundaries Of The Right To Counsel In Non-
ag oe edie dehieweeceus 9
1. Not All Criminal Actions Are Subject To

The Sixth Amendment Right To Counsel
a ENS EREEES, ote gras 9 BAe 9

2. The Sanction Of Imprisonment, Tradi-
tionally Subject To Special Scrutiny, Is
Inherently Distinguishable From Other
Potential! Consequences And Is A Ration-
al Boundary For Drawing The Right To
Counsel In Non-Felony Cases .......... 14

C. The Right To Appointed Counsel Should Not
Be Applied To All Offenses Punishable By
Imprisonment Because The Costs Of Such
Extension Would Far Exeeed The Benefits
Which Attorneys Could Provide In Those
ee oe es ae keh ees 20

ii.

1. The Benefits Derived From Assistance Of
Counsel Is Minimized By The Nature Of
Proceedings In Non-Felony Courts ..... 20

2. The Costs Of Providing Counsel For In-
digents In All Non-Felony Cases Would
Impose A Tremendous Burden On Society 25

D. Effectuation Of The ** Actual Imprisonment’’
Standard By Use Of Predictive Pre-Trial
Evaluation Comports With The Require-
muemte CF. Dee FUGUES o.oo s cccsesescccvecs 37

II. Petitioner’s Argument That There Is A Four-
teenth Amendment Right To Counsel Apart
From The Sixth Amendment Right Should Not
Be Considered Because It Has Been Waived;
Alternatively, It Should Be Rejected .......... 41

A. This Court Should Not Consider Petitioner’s
Claims That Failure To Appoint Counsel
Violated Due Process And Equal Protection,

Or His Contention That He Was Not Afford-
ed A Fair Trial Because Petitioner Has
i... fb, 8 rey re one ree 41

B. Due Process Does Not Require Appointment
Of Counsel For Non-Felony Cases Where No

Imprisonment Is Imposed ...............-. 42
CED 5 ch ka Sd cked inn Oeanetbaveneccbeeeses 46

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases Pace
Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972) ........ Passim
Baldwin v. New York, 399 U.S. 66 (1970) ........ 10, 11, 25
Beck v. Washington, 369 U.S. 541 (1962) ............ 42
Dorszynski v. United States, 418 U.S. 428 (1974) ...... 42
Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968) ..... 11, 18, 24, 25
Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975) .......... 24, 25
Frank v. United States, 395 U.S. 147 (1968) ......... 17
Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) ....... 8, 15, 20
Henkel v. Bradshaw, 483 F. 2d 1386 (9th Cir. 1973) ... 42
Irvine v. California, 347 U.S. 128 (1954) ............. 42
In re Di Bella, 518 F. 2d 955 (2nd Cir. 1975) ......... 14
In re Wright, 189 N.W. 2d 447 (1971), vacated by 407
U.S. 918; on remand, 199 N.W. 2d 600 (1972) ....... 27
J. I. Case Co. v. Borak, 377 U.S. 426 (1963) .......... 42
Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) ............. 15, 2
John v. Paullin, 231 U.S. 583 (1913) ................. 41
Konigsberg v. State Bar of California, 366 U.S. 36
DE ithidednacdudunekcndekiobereiaarundeeredes 10
Lawn v. United States, 355 U.S. 339 (1957) .......... 42
McMann vy. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759 (1970) ......... 12
Marston v. Oliver, 485 F. 2d 705 (4th Cir. 1973) ...... 14

Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976) ............ 45

iv.

Mayer v. City of Chicago, 404 U.S. 189 (1971) ........ 16
Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128 (1967) ........-- eee ees 8
Muniz v. Hoffman, 422 U.S. 454 (1975) .............. 16
Neely v. Eby Construction Co., 386 U.S. 317 (1966) ... 42
New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713
eT Er rrr yr rere eT yy ree 10
Partain v. Oakley, 227 S.B. 2d 314 (W.Va. 1976) ...... 35
People v. Cross, 30 Tl. App. 3d 199, 331 N.E. 2d 643
Eee eee rere er re eer ry Te 28
Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497 (1967) ...........eceeee: 14
Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932) ............... 15
Rollins v. State, 299 So. 2d 586 (Fla. 1974) ........... 19
Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974) ............ 22, 34, 43
Sweeten v. Sneddon, 463 F. 2d 713 (10th Cir. 1972) .... 14
Tate v. Short, 399 U.S. 235 (1970) ........ ce seveces 19
Thomas v. Savage, 513 F. 24 536 (Sth Cir. 1975) ...... 14

United States v. Sawaya, 486 F. 2d 890 (1st Cir. 1973). 14
United States v. White, 529 F. 2d 1390 (8th Cir. 1976). 14
Williams v. Illinois, 399 U.S. 235 (1969) ............ 15,18

RELEVANT CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS
AND STATUTES

Sixth Amendment, U.S. Constitution ............. Passim

Fourteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution ........ Passim

Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 1-7, (1969) ..........0ee eee. 9

v.
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 2-11 (1969) .................. 8
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 16-1 (1969) .................. 5
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 16-1 (1977) .................. 9
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 103-6 (1969) ................. 24
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 113-3(b) (1969) .............. 7
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 1005-1-4, 17, 18, 21 (1977) ...17, 32
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 1005-5-1, 2 (1977) ........... 9
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 1005-6-2, 3.1 (1977) .......... 17
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 38, § 1005-9-3 (1977) ............. 9,19

Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 9514, § 1 et seq., § 1-300, § 11-204,
§ 11-403, § 11-409, § 11-501, § 11-503, § 11-504,

GE CN ho ce cucdcsedeveanivariedcciouwe 31, 32
Ill, Rev. Stat., Ch. 110A, § 341, § 612(1971) .......... 3, 41
Ill. Rev. Stat., Ch. 110A, § 711(1977) ................ 36
NS OD RD TP 5-0 nbd bi ddevicnsshesbavaces 4, 42
gS RO eer a he Ee 4,42

ARTICLES AND OTHER AUTHORITIES

Administrative Office of the Illinois Courts, 1976 An-
nual Report to the Supreme Court of Illinois ...... 28, 36

Beaney, The Right to Counsel in American Courts
SE. SueUsedkeseladeondds thekbeshéeeecudssuanr 12

Duke, Steven, ‘‘The Right te Appointed Counsel; Ar-

gersinger and Beyond,’’ 12 Am. Cr. L. R. 601
DE ohawitsdeecuncdsesensetuawneeucet 12, 28, 32, 39

vi.

[linois Criminal Defense of Indigents in lilinois, Re-
port to the Illinois Law Enforcement Commission,
Illinois Defender Project Defender Survey (1974). .27, 29

Junker, John M., ‘‘The Right to Counsel in Misde-
meanor Cases,”’ 43 Wash. 1. Rev. 685 (1968) .. .12, 13, 39

Krantz et al., Right to Counsel in Criminal Cases: The
Mandate of Argersinger y. Hamlin | aes
RONG tea aH La! 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39

National Legal Aid and Defender Association, L. Ben-
ner and B. Lynch-Neary, The Other Face of Justice:
A Report of the National Defender Survey (1973)..

Pere PN Ata ve Bi er ta hl A 26, 28, 29, 31, 35

D. Oaks, The Criminal Justice Act in the Federal Dis.
Pe THEO GIN a oie coo os vo ovkwcvvbaneicc nce 21

Rossman, ‘The Scope of the Sixth Amendment: Who Is
A Criminal Defendant,’? 12 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 663
PE Scat ebuchean ss nGeaundredkecceie tee, 28
U.S. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and

the Administration of Justice, The Challenge of
Crime in a Free Society (1967) ................ 23, 24

IN THE

Supreme Court of the United States

Octoser Term, 1977

No. 77-1177
AUBREY SCOTT, oa
Petitioner,
v.
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,
Respondent.

|

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE
SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS

BRIEF FOR THE RESPONDENT

a

CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY
ED
QUESTION PRESENT PROVISIONS INVOLVED

s the Sixth Amendment as applied to the states by the _ ere ;
Does the Sixt F PI United States Constitution, Amendment VI:

Fourteenth require appointment of counsel in criminal pro- sg

ceedings where the sole penalty imposed is a small fine? a all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en-
joy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an im-
partial jury of the State and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con-
fronted with the witnesses against him; to have com-
pulsory process for obtaining his defense.’’

United States Constitution, Amendment XIV, Section 1:

‘‘All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citi-
zens of the United States and of the State wherein they
reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
of the United States; or shall any State deprive any

person of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law; nor deny to any persons within its jurisdiction
the equal! protection of the laws.’’

—o cotangent? Ill. Rev. Stat. ch. 110A, § 612(j) (1971):
‘*The following civil appeals rules apply to criminal
appeals insofar as appropriate:
(j) Contents of briefs: Rule 341.’’
Ill. Rev. Stat. ch. 110A, § 341(e)(7) (1971):

‘The appellant’s brief shall contain the following
parts in the order named:

Argument, which shall contain the contentions of
the appellant and the reasous thereof, with citation
of the authorities and the pages of the record relied
on. ... Points not argued are waived and shall not
be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or on
petition for rehearing.’’

+

Supreme Court Rule 23, in pertinent part:

wd

The petition for writ of certiorari shall contain:

(c) The questions presented for review. The
statement of a question presented will be deemed
to include every subsidiary question fairly com-
prised therein. Only the questions set forth in the
petition or fairly comprised therein will be con-
sidered by the court.’”’

Supreme Court Rule 40, in pertinent part:

ae

Briefs . .. shall contain...

(d)(1) ... The statement of a question pre-
sented will be deemed to include every subsidiary
question fairly comprised therein.

(2) The phrasing of the question presented need
not be identical with that set forth in the jurisdic-
tional statement or the petition for certiorari, but
the brief may not raise additional questions or
change the substance of the questions already pre-
sented in those documents. Questions not presented
according to this paragraph will be disregarded,
save as the court, at its option, may notice a plain
error not presented.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Cn January 19, 1971,‘ petitioner Aubrey Scott was ap-
prehended for shoplifting and was charged, pursuant to
Illinois Revised Statutes, chapter 38, § 16-1(A)(1), with
the theft of an address book and sample case worth $13.68."

On the scheduled day, petitioner appeared in the First
Municipal District of the Cireuit Court of Cook County
for his first court appearance without an attorney. After
being informed that he was charged with the offense of
theft, petitioner indicated to the Court that he was ready
for trial. At the Court’s direction, petitioner was then ar-
raigned; after being told that he was charged with theft,
petitioner pleaded not guilty, again indicated that he was
ready for trial, and waived his right to a jury trial. (A. 6-7].

The People called only one witness to testify, William
Bray, the security guard at the Woolworth Store. Bray
testified that on January 19, 1971, at approximately 6:00
P.M. he was on duty at the store when he saw petitioner

1. Although the date of the offense as charged in the
complaint and as testified to at trial was January 19, 1971, it
is likely that the date of tne offense was actually January
19, 1972, since the complaint was filed January 21, 1972 (A.
2) and the first court appearance was scheduled ten days
later (A. 3).

2. Illinois Revised Statutes, chapter 38, § 16-1 (1969)
contained the following penalty prevision: ‘‘A person first
convicted of theft of property not from the person and not
exceeding $150 in value shall be fined not to exceed $500 or
imprisoned in a penal institution other than the peniten-
tiary not to exceed one year, or both. A person convicted
of such theft a second or subsequent time, or after a prior
conviction of any type of theft, shall be imprisoned in the
penitentiary from 1 to 5 years.’’

6

approach a sales girl and ask her to unlock an attache case.
Bray further testified that he saw petitioner walk around
the store with the briefcase for fifteen to twenty minutes,
back and forth by the sales girls. During this time, Bray
testified that Scott had a $10.00 bill in his hand and had
picked up an address book and put it in his pocket. Bray
then watched Scott another five minutes, walked out onto
the street and observed Scott walk outside of the store with
the attache case several moments later. When Scott was
stopped, Bray testified that Scott said the attache case be-
longed to him. Bray testified that the attache case which
Scott was apprehended carrying was the property of
F. W. Woolworth and had a value of $12.95. [ A. 7-8].

Petitioner then testified on his own behalf. He stated that
after he had placed his articles in the attache case to see
if it was the proper size he walked around the store look-
ing for the salesgirl, but could not find her because of par-
tial blindness. He testified that he was suddenly grabbed
by the wrist and accused of shoplifting. He testified that he
had money to pay for the briefcase but would not do so
after he was accused of theft. [A. 8-9].

After the defendant testified, the People rested their case.
(A. 9). The judge indicated that he had a lot of questions,
and when the prosecutor stated he felt he had proved his
ease the judge asked Seott several questions. In response,
petitioner testified that he had almost $300.00 in his pocket
and was looking for the salesgirl when he was arrested. He
further stated that he was arrested inside the store and
did not go out on the street. The Court then stated, ‘‘T don’t
believe vou, sir. Finding of guilty.’’ [A. 10].

The judge then asked the court sergeant what evidence
there was in aggravation, to which the sergeant replied
that Scott had heen sentenced to the House of Corrections
in 1957 for thirty days for petty larceny. The Court then

_—

7

sentenced petitioner to pay a fine of fifty dollars and no

costs. The fine was promptly paid out of the bond deposit.
[A. 5].

On February 29, 1972, petitioner filed a timely notice of
appeal to the Illionis Appellate Court. On April 27, 1972,
petitioner moved in the trial court for the appointment of
an attorney as appellate counsel and for a free transcript
on the grounds of indigency. Petitioner was thereafter
treated as indigent for purposes of review of the trial
court proceedings.

In the appellate court petitioner argued that his eon-
stitutional and statutory rights to appointed counsel were
violated and that the predictive evaluation procedures de-
scribed in Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 42 (1972)
were unconstitutional. The First District Appellate Court
affirmed petitioner’s conviction, specifically refusing to
extend the rule of Argersinger to cases where only a small
fine is imposed. (Appendix to petition for certiorari, 13a).
The Court also held that Illinois Revised Statutes, chapter
38, § 113-3(b) (1969) did not require appointment of
counsel in cases in which only a fine was imposed, and
rejected petitioner’s claims that predictive pre-trial evalu-
ation was arbitrary and unconstitutional. [Appendix to
petition for certiorari, 19a, 15a].

Petitioner then filed for leave to appeal to the Illinois
Supreme Court, which granted petitioner leave to appeal.
In that court petitioner argued that he had a constitutional
and statutory right to appointed counsel. The Tlinois
Supreme Court found that petitioner was not entitled
to appointed counsel under the applicable Ilinois statutes
or under the rule of Argersinger, and refused to extend
Argersinger to a situation where a conviction resulted in
the levying of a fine. [Appendix to petition for certiorari,
3a, 4a].

ARGUMENT
I,

THE SIXTH AMENDMENT DOES NOT REQUIRE AP-
POINTMENT OF COUNSEL AT STATE EXPENSE IN
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH THE SOLE
PENALTY IMPOSED IS A SMALL FINE.

A.
INTRODUCTION
In Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) this Court
held that the right to counsel provision of the Sixth
Amendment was obligatory on the States under the due
process requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment. Later,
in Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128 at 134 (1967) the Court
characterized Gideon as establishing ‘tan absolute right
to appointment of counsel in felony cases.’’ Nine years after
establishing the rule of Gideon, however, this Court in

Argersinger v. Hamlin, 4°" U.S. 25 (1972) refused to apply

the same absolute rule to non-felony cases.* Instead, it

3. The term “non-felony” cases as used herein includes
all misdemeanors and petty offenses punishable by im-
prisonment of any duration. Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 at
37, made it clear that imprisonment without counsel was
impermissible regardless of the classification of the of-
fense. In reality, however, actual loss of liberty triggers
the requirement of counsel only in non-felony cases, since
appointment of counsel is required in all offenses classified
as ‘‘felonies.” Mempa v. Rhay, supra.

In Argersinger, the offense involved was characterized
as ‘‘petty,” i.c. punishable by imprisonment of less than six
months. In January, 1972, all criminal offenses in fMlinois
were classified as felonies or misdemeanors. A misde-
meanor was defined as “any offense other than a felony”’,
Ill. Rev. Stats., ch. 38, § 2-11 (1969) and was punishable

(Footnote continued on next page)

9

focused on the consequences of non-felony convictions and
prohibited the imposition of any sentence of imprisonment
after conviction of an indigent defendant who did not have
counsel. In this case since no imprisonment was actually
imposed, appointment of counsel was not required by the
rule of Argersinger. Petitioner argues, however, that the
Sixth Amendment should be read to require appointment
of counsel in all criminal proceedings in which a jail sen-
tence is an authorized penalty regardless of whether jail
time is in fact imposed. Respondent submits that impo-
sition of a small fine is not a deprivation of sufficient
magnitude to require appointment of counsel in light of the
tremendous burden which such a requirement would im-
pose on the States.

Actual Loss Of Liberty Should Define The Boundaries
Of The Right To Counsel In Non-Felony Cases.

1. Not All Crimial Actions Are Subject To The Sixth
Amendment Right To Counsel Provision.

The right to counsel enunciated in the Sixth Amendment
applies, as do the other rights enumerated therein, to ‘all

(Footnote continued from preceding page)

by a term of imprisonment of up to one year and/or a fine
of $1,000. Ill. Rev. Stats., ch. 38, § 1-7 (1969). The present
statutory scheme consists of a more elaborate classifica-
tion. There are three classes of misdemeanors. Class
~

‘*Authorized imprison-
ment’’ standard.*

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counsel wherever imprisonment is an authorized penalty.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40385005_0876%3A5. Public record. Not legal advice.