# Joint Abstract of Record — Wisconsin v. Illinois > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40385002_1758%3A001 ## Record - **Collection:** Supreme Court brief - **Document type:** Joint Abstract of Record - **Published:** January 1, 1940 - **Citation:** 309 U.S. 569 ## Text IN THE Supreme Court of the United States October Term, HE Oe} /75¥ STATE OF WISCONSIN, STATE OF MINNESOTA, STATE OF OHIO and STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, Complainants, No. 2 v. a STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. STATE OF MICHIGAN, 3 Complainant, v. No. 3 STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY Original DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. STATE OF NEW YORK, Complainant, V. No. 4 STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY Original DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, ——— ——— JOINT ABSTRACT T OF RECORD VOLUME I TESTIMONY Filed April 30, 1941 lle The Gilman Press — Madison, Wis. IN THE . eae Court of the United States October Term, 1940 STATE OF WISCONSIN, STATE OF MINNESOTA, STATE OF OHIO and STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA, Complainants, No. 2 v. . Original STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. | STATE OF MICHIGAN, a Complainant, v. No. 3 STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY Original DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. STATE OF NEW YORK, Complainant, v. No. 4 STATE OF ILLINOIS and THE SANITARY Original DISTRICT OF CHICAGO, Defendants. r JOINT ABSTRACT OF RECORD VOLUME I- TESTIMONY Filed April 30, 1941 The Gilman Press — Madison, Wis. FOREWORD While petitioner and respondents have endeavored, for the convenience of the court, to set out in this Joint Abstract of Record the respective portions of the tran- script, record aftd exhibits in these causes which are deemed material for consideration of the issues in- volved herein, petitioner and respondents have agreed that this Joint Abstract of Record filed herein shall not be construed as barring reference to a consideration of any other evidence appearing in thé record which inad- vertently may have been omitted from this Abstract of Record. ~» his Joint Abstract in narrative form of the tdsti- mony of the witnesses is not in chronological order mor arranged in accordance ‘vith the transcript of theRec- ord, but is grouped according to the nature and vharac- ter of the evidence. Each witness’ testimony has been followed to its conclusion although the witness’ testi- mony may not so appear in the original transcript. al on 14 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I EXHIBITS “ | Exhibits of Illinois | ee Record Page Case Page | State of Hilinois Exhibits . i 5—Base map of Sanitary District showing channels, = sewers, and sewer treatment works (Record: page 8) 242 195 6—Tabulation showing completed work as of Decem- ber J, 1988 ....... sonserresgy~peomosestasougggeesenoerenseremneeemncoyenenee 25 8 7—Tabulation showing expenditures Dec..1, 1938 to June 1, 19490 ............. | ERE tase nesta eee anal 26-29 : 8 1539-1540 29 9—Estimate of cost of fut e work after June I, RR eee Ti a 3, SS 5 SSR a Ee Ra 32-33 9 ° 1540-1541 29 1592 52 1541 29 36-40 3856-3860 83 10 D.E.F—Bring down to date, data on Exhibits 10 B SI ska inssininseicdicddinan Sick bainlidapnaesiet bbignnndcenietapeotesinsibonte 3856-3860 83 1I—Flow in main drainage channel, yearly averages, III seciarcsatc retin cocalntsnioniaprileotesontts Sep tae sitestinnasibadigins 54 13 12—Flow in main drainage channel, monthly averages TS or ECR LL Wie "Ware anew tee 55-58 13 | 13—Flow in main drainage channel, monthly averages : ak SS eer ete eee Balod wh 62 ~ i 127-130 20 14—PWA Review Board report, pages 15-17, 4447, PNG TE NI aac, er rtcrineceepneinnecnioar pr Mihasen 73-83 17 15—Supplemental report of Sanitary District filed May 23, 1984, specifically Page 4. -nvicc sb-scemsns acavespiidienelenseaearadececatanamemeensouesiainlite 1467-1468 1475 1638 51 A—Retyped copy showing complete figure for 1940 3660 52—Record of sludge handling in tons from North Side and Southwest Works from July 1939-July SEP con picdchaedaspitaiiasadialionstibtoaatecapspeaictonlcisligitibaitomnand 1472-1473 1638 52 A—Retyped copy showing complete figures for 1940 3664 53—Record of sludge and grit at Sewage Treatment Works, tons per month—1938 _................-ceeeseeseeee: 1481-1482 1638 54—Record of sludge and grit at sewage Treatment Works, tons per month—1939-1940 2... 1483-1484 1486-1487 1638 54 A—Retyped copy including all additional figures $664 58—Photograph showing disturbance of surface sludge caused by ship passing in Sanitary Canal ~.............. 2137 3386 59—Enlargement of Exhibit 58 0000... cccecceseeeeneeeee 2139 3386 109 109 il2 185 110 111 112 113 114 115 120 157 112 114 113 v ‘Record Page Case Page 60—Estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen sources and conditions from Lake Michigan to Lockport, RE, £ UIE 5 cereriseersaciponisiasknspinan mtn awnnnambens $528 ‘ 3761-3767 3940 4034-4062 60’ A—Revised compilation of Exhibit 60 00000000... 4034-4062 61—Estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen sources and conditions from Lake Michigan to Lockport, June, July, August, 1938-1944 oo... ececcecececeesseeenes 3529 61 A—Revised compilation of Exhibit 61 22000000... 4034-4062 62—Diversion from Lake Michigan—monthly discharge ie Oe, We. es... Renee ET Dees 3673 Gayton Exhibit 1—Affidavit of Loran D. Gayton, Engineer in Depart- ment of Public Works, Chicago 2000002000000... -3538-3545 Mohliman Exhibits 1—Determination of Chlorine Demand—Main Channel =jey 2 & 5, 1 Qn... 1820 2263 2—Report: “Chlorination in Sewage Treatment”, Feu. PD. - HI ANG 2 ssn riceccsnrnranpiceninenenanacs 1826 2917 » 3—“Reduction of Biochemical Oxygen Demand by Chlorination"—Reprimt 2.2... iesnecececiecesseeee serene 2412 4--Blue print showing cross section of drainage canal at Lockport ................ cininasstninainctinettanpintineinsaetatiie 2425 5—Record of Chlorination, 1939 at Morton Grove and acid tcl a EE a PR ee 2433 6—Table and graph showing analysis of sludge of A ag Ng AO RS co TIL OE oc 2445 2441 2440 2448 2454 2500 3736, 187 188 189-190 189-190 187 188 189-190 248 189-190 186 . 336 413 4 ; a "1 | vi 7—Table and graph showing oxygen demand of sludge from main channel at Lockport 20000000... 2441 2456 2500 | 3706 3736 | 8—Photostat of editorial by Mohiman in Sewage BY I ccnheeeet a e n 2445, | 9—Translation and photostat: Imhoff's Handbook on | SARE IIE ceruthprenensvticnsbinesionnrtntiecsdeicteidea ieencsianitada 2448 ¢ “10 A, B, C, D & E: Volatile Suspended Solids Dis- charged to Channel from various sources, 1939 to | pene Sele SRL EES sneceniietdelecsaidieaaanemintnndiemoniasatio 2502 | 1l—Analysis of Howson Exhibit 10, Sources of Oxygen for prevention of complaints at Brandon Pool ...... 3278 d 12—Discussion of Howson Exhibit 11, means of re- ducing B.O.D. load to camal ec ceceeeeeseeenee 3298 i 18—Extension of Mohlman Exhibit 10 showing 1939- SPOUT: scsnanicinagscsbilibiotieenbecasieen ich esieetmasincobasaiedslacinc co mecocegnten 2514 3303 18 A—Extension of Mohlman Exhibit 10 showing 1936- PE noiioomntieed eipsceapeisiotosocanendiecncontgenecasadnsciapeeeseoeag sedocienl 3755 14—a—Basis for estimating additional diversion needed x TMU - nettahationsnniceesecsportideicheamcrpunatrenagiaaee 3530 3620 b—Analysis at Lockport of diversion, 1940 2862 2870 $221 $229 $254 P=: ; $263 3291 3301 3302 3343 3344 Record Page Case Page 413 375 379-381 381 381-382 383 389 389-390 343 of x Record Page Case Page 12—Estimated cost of measures to remedy conditions complained of at Brandon Pool... --»+--2833-2840 13—Sources of B.O.D. of canal at Lockport .............. 2852 $372 > $375 14—Estimates of B.O.D. and dissolved oxygen .............. 3230-3231 . 3260 a, 3348 3332 3375 McNally Exhibits 1—Physiological Response to Hydrogen Sulphide, ex- cerpt from article in Am. Jour. of Public Health .... 2687 2—QOdor intensities for various concentrations of H2S ..2689-2690 343-340 345 346 347 347 349 353 363 372 423 348 182 345 352 363 181 184 184 352-353 499 Record Page Case Page Adams, Charles L. Direct examination eidieniche aieshaslaencundismaaapsaaet 228-233 336 Calvert, C. K. ee a ccresccireieninecintnnenmndvrtinienionmninalgoaing 2609-2634 263-272 CUI ac sirene are oscossst erie beremsncinc reer 3161-3191 272-279 3193-3197 279-280 Examination by the Master ..........-..--ccsersesssesneeene 3192-3193 279 3204-3205 282 TT. 58 MEAL OTTO 3198-3204 280-282 TI I oe ee neealaiaes $205 262 Cartson, Anton Julius ° Direct examination .............. ROSES SEA Ait CoA a stes 2873-2885 282-286 Examination by the Master -....0.0..........-ic-scscecsseesseeeeeees 2897-2904 286-287 2980-2983 289-290 2985-2986 300-301 EEE LOLS Ee 2971-2979 288-289 Redirect examination .............. cll cendeisastemtecsebhaadspeuesdebeomeall 2983-2984 290-291 * 2987 292 IIIS ssc ecctersenictecnestseecnsovtstceceticcianinaionenais 2988-2990 292-293 2991-2992 293-294 Ivy, Dr. Andrew Conway , = Direct |KAMIMNALION . .........cccccrcccccccceesccesepcovseovesesscoeesees etal 3032-3047 304-312 CORIIIID ccicdccceeserncteienteroriericttnemteenamnneh $048-3054 313-316 3054-3059 - $13-318 3059-3065 319-322 RIED.) ScoiceRiccncuiuinetenimaitiomemianuheagies 3065 $22 3067-3075 $22-325 3076-3077 325-326 Redirect examination ................. iE lpdicatdacaiedidmendcead 3077-3078 $26 RIN Bi cccnctenrevcsimnncorernnenonsarennvonneoncphatinnn 3078 326-327 McGuigan, Hugh Alister eee A eo csesoneusendingelatinsigsaeeebiniae 3079-3086 — $27-329 Cross-examination _........--....-.-00.-0- suieaesadcakiosnneceemaae 3087-3089 330 , 3089-3090 330-331 $091-3093 331-332 / 3093-3094 332 8094-3095 332 CRIED ciitmciminandcnaene 3095-3096 332-333 3096-3097 333 3098 333 nde } eee ie oi See Scenes. 859-868 633-634 a Eee das eh os eee SS 1003-1009 646-647 I I fo sa ee ee 640-649 610-611 ents a ND Ae ee 717-721 620 SIN DINE SS Sc tccente ere Ses ee 420-439 584-586 ey Regge RMA REACA cua eels SOIT AE tr CRA Anl-a We 622-633 608-609 rR: IN oe ee ee 1254-1259 679 IG NN ee ee ee 1207-1210 673-674 Cees Mee Pelee ee 1065-1067 653-654 nce, acing yea SoA ee SE ENIORT 5 RLESES A am 1260-1265 679-680 RS NE a A eee 596-606 604-606 Ay CU no ee es ee 677-681 614-615 Coyne, Richard J. ....t............. . Sa eel oe: 1076-1082 655-656 SS DIO NII. i eectcsacscsusossuncshpcecetninn: Basbcletncgeieaice 706-708 618-619 I: Mt I oe i ee eee 547-591 601-604 oe Renan Sen en CNL 1227-1230 676-677 I I ne ee 768-801 624-626 SNE Zion ularhciinainiiclinndacsdinois otutniniocn te eee .. 1062-1064 653 | EE RRR ET eae CI he OK 1145-1147 662-663 RNG, IN a isc dapinilletceladeotiace 852-855 632-633 OIL, VE Be cseetacetantbe wana Sea .. 360-368 576-577 RPNUNE Ts TMI, sencosceevatechatentancenngessnioretemsenionioesenesaaciaes siipasiathenes tines 1281-1283 682 a bad . Ma ene n Ta Pa REC CRECe BLROAS A ATION A PAG snRNA A aNylnc Nine thers olen Seep abi Aagelbnaaeres Pcoadogiecs ded ie a A ia id tame Record Page Case Page XVili I, TS NONE occetachsecasssetomervennenats ... 1232-1233 Fc DIOR. ee —— 53 In the report to the Supreme Court of J anuary 1, 1939, on page 9, the future work was estimated at $14,000,000; the cash on hand in the PWA accounts was $3,700,000, leaving essential work to the extent of more than $10,000,000 te be financed from other sources and the Sanitary District then had about $3,000,000 resources for this. 1594 The State of Illinois did not contribute any money towards the construction of works by the Sanitary District. The Sanitary District did not make applica- tion to the State of Illinois to provide such funds. The population equivalent of the Corn Products wastes was included in all the tables referring to actval sewage treatment in service in the semi-annual reports of the Sanitary District to the Supreme Court. 1595 The change in flow through the Drainage Canal from daylight hours to night hours changes the slope in the Canal very slightly, something like an inch and a half, or possibly 2 inches. It is certainly not a fact that this difference would be measured in feet and not in inches. 1595 1596 In the reports to the Court, copies of which were furnished to representatives of the complainant lake States, the exact status of the sewage treatment con- struction program was reported, and it must have been obvious from those reports that the program as con- templated at the time of the decree of the Court would not be completed in its entirety by December 1, 1938. No particular reference was made to the statement in the supplementary report to the Court on May 23, 1940, page 6, “The defendants further respectfully represent 54 that this change in the sequence of procedure recom- mended by the Engineering Board of Review and by the defendants will not retard but, in the opinion of the defendants and in that of the Engineering Board of Review, will improve conditions and expedite the performance of the decree”. This is a true statement because the change in sequence of proeedure did ac- tually expedite the work and more work was done because of that change than would have been done if the change had not been made. 1597 As the difference between. “would expedite the work”, and “would expedite the performance of the ‘ decree”, I assume that the construction of these works was in performance of the decree. o- 1598 One place where it should have been obvious to the Court or to the opposing lake states that the Sani- tary District would not be able to fully complete the sewage treatment construction program by 1938 is in the report to the Court of January 1, 1937, page 9, where there is an estimate of $64,000,000 of future work, and this paragraph: ib anna eneees “Funds remaining unexpended from the amounts obtained under the agreement of September ‘21, 1935 with the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works are definitely allocated to projects in this future work estimated to cost $23,445,000. Approximately $2,500,000 of funds obtained from 1599 the P. W. A. are not now definitéTy~allocated but may be used for some of this future work. This leaves work estimated at $38,213,000 to be financed from other sources.” 55 and at that time the Sanitary District had no funds for construction work. I think it should have been appar- ent to the Court and to the opposing lake states that the entire seWage treatment construction program er couldn’t then be completed in accordance with the Su- preme Court decree, as amended. We did not at that time make any request of the State of Illinois to furnish the funds. We were doing all the work which was physically possible for an or- ganization such as the Sanitary District to do. We were doing constructicn work at that time at the rate of about $15,000,000 per year. I do not know what the resources of the State of Illinois were at that period. Q: Now, Mr. Ramey, when was the decision made 1600 not to complete the West Side Sewage Treatment Plant in accordance with the decree, and by whom was that decision made? The Master: I would like to ask counsel if the Su- preme Court hasn’t in effect decided that no adequate excuse has keen shown by the State of Illinois for not completing these works, and I would also like to ask counsel if the order of reference to me does not extend to any inquiry on, that subject. Mr. Clausen: Not only that, the decree doesn’t pro- vide anything with respect to construction work. The Master: It is simply provided that the diversion should be cut down to the rates indicated. Mr. Clausen: That is right. The Master: Now, as I read the opinion of the Su- preme Court last April, it is a finding, a declaration by the Supreme Court that no adequate excuse has been shown by the State of Illinois, and in the reference 36 to me there is no provision that I should consider testi- mony as to whether there was an adequate excuse or whether there was not, and whether more money should have been provided or whether it should not, whether the Sanitary District should have been able to carry on a larger program than it did or whether ~ it should not. There is nothing in the order of refer- 1601 ence that I see that directs me to inquire into those matters, and my impression would have been that the Supreme Court has reached a determination already that no adequate excuse has been shown and that the ~ only point left open to me is, as stated in the order of reference, whether there is any menace to health, and, if so, what could be done about it. I may be mis- taken in my impressions. As I have repeatedly said, I don’t want to shut counsel off from any proof they desire to make, within very broad limits, but if counsel for Illinois themselves do not take exceptions to the view that I have stated, I should not think that counsel for the opposing states would undertake to extend - the scope of the inquiry. Mr. Cohan: Just as a matter of record, doesn’t the record as it stands now contain a voluminous amount of facts and figures put in by the State of Illinois? The Master: Yes, I think it does. No objection, I think, however, was made to the introduction of those facts and figures. Mr. Cohan: I am not quite sure about that. I think at the very beginning there was. The Master: There was a general reservation. 57 Mr. Naujoks: That is right. We agreed to reserve our objections and later go over the transcript and file 1602 formal motions to strike and so forth. Mr. Clausen: Imight say a lot of that was furnished at your request, however. Mr. Wallenstein: Not only that, it goes to the ques- . fe, tion of whether: or not there could be any other amel- iorating means or remedies to clear this condition, the third point in your order of reference. The Master: Well, proceed, gentlemen. The amount of rainfall necessary to cause storm water in sewers of the Sanitary District to by-pass to the Sanitary Canal depends on circumstances. Most of the sewers are designed to handle 50 per cent in excess of the 1960 dry weather flow. That means “ actually that-they will carry about twice the average dry weather flow as of today, but some of the sewers, in particular, those near the River in the Loop district, are designed to take twice the dry Weather flow. They wil} take all the storm flow except that from major storms. A lot depends on the condition of the ground and on how the rain falls. If the ground is frozen and there is ice on the ground and a4warm rain occurs in 1603 the winter, the sewers wilh by-pass to the River with very littie rainfall. With a dry summer condition, much more rainfall is required. The average concentration i time of the average drainage area in Chicago is about | three hours, but the concentration tim in the Loop district is about 20 minutes. I do not know how many hours a year on an average storm water will overflow from the sewers into the Chicago River. ? ‘ PLY BRO? aes 58 1604 Mr. Pearse can give better information with refer- ence to the untreated or partially treated sewage from the Indiana communities which finds its way into the Calumet River. : I am not familiar with the use of chlorine as an agency for the prevention or reduction of odors and for sterilizing bacteria. E We provided aeration chambers, or cascades, at the_» - | outfall sewer of the Southwest Side Plant to introduce additional oxygen into the effluent. I believe that simi- lar cascades were provided at certain places in the 1605 North Side Plant for the same purpose. The purpose of this is to help stabilize the B.O.D. in the effluent which is discharged into the Canal. If water is ower over the dam it would pick up more oxygen than if it flows through water wheels. Water passing through water wheels has not as much chance of picking up oxygen as it has if flowing over an open dam. Flow 1606 over an open dam would add some oxygen to the water. I have made no figures on the amount of oxy- | gen which could be introduce into water at Lockport if this water was passed over aeration cascades. A large percentage of the dry weather flow from the West Side Imhoff tanks could be put through the Southwest Treatment Plant for a short detention period. This should reduce the B.O.D. in the effluent which is dis- charged into the Canal. We have made sorhe figures along this line. It would take about a year to con- struct a sewer between these plants to effect such treatment. No contracts have been let for such a ' sewer but preliminary plans have been drawn. 59 1607 All the contracts for the completion of the West- Southwest project have not been let. The plans and specifications have not all been drawn. We are work- ing on them. We plan to build the same type of aera- tion tanks that are now in service at the Southwest Side Plant and possibly the same type of final settling tanks.. We have let contracts for three blowers with a much larger capacity than the present blowers. The new sludge drying plant will not be much different from the plant now in service, although many things in it will be modified but there will be no entirely new 1608 idea in this plant. We are planning the construction of the additional facilities in a manner to prevent any interruption in the operating of the present facilities, There was a break down due to the cracking of a pipe in the sludge line from the North Side Treatment Works to the Southwest Side Treatment Plant on J uly 6, 1940. This happened on Saturday morning and was not fixed until late Monday. If all of the sludge of the Sanitary District not made into fertilizer or placed on spoil banks should be dis- posed of on land, it would ameliorate conditions in the Canal but it would make a mess somewhere else wher- ever that sludge was lagooned. 1609 Dr. Mohlman can give better information than I can regarding the chlorinating of sludge in order to pre- vent odors. The budget report of the Sanitary District for 1940, referring to the Glenview Sewage Treatment Works, states: “During the warm months the practice of chlor- inating the Imhoff tank effluent before application to the trickling filters to prevent odors was continued”. 60 This same budget report, with reference to the Morton Grove Plant, states: “The Imhoff tank effluent was chlorinated during the warm months to prevent odor nuisance”, 1610 At the Southwest Sewage Treatment Works, the effluent that is used for condensing purposes is chlor- inated to prevent the growth of algae in our condenser tubes. | The largest amount of sewage flow from the West Side area which has been put through the Southwest Side Plant for treatment appears in the monthly rec- ords of operation of this plant. I have not read the letter of Dr. Buswell, regarding chemical process for supplemental treatment at the West Side Treatment Works and have no comment to make on it. I presume his statement was considered by the PWA Review Board. 1611 1612 The report prepared in the Engineering Department of the Sanitary District in April 1940 and submitted to the PWA Review Board states, on page 9: that the efflu- - ent from an Imhoff tank plant had a B.O.D. of 57 and that the effluent from Imhoff tanks plus chemical pre- cipitation had a B.O.D. of 36 and that the effluent from 1613 an activated sludge plant had a B.O.D. of 10. If the © B.O.D. in the effluent from the West Side Works should be reduced from the present 57 to 36 by the addition of chemical treatment this would ameliorate conditions in the Sanitary Canal and Brandon Road Poo! but it would not ameliorate conditions as much as installing activated sludge and reducing the B.O.D. to 10. I do not know about the other communities, state institu- ’ ; “ ise 61 tions and industries above Joliet contributing to con- ditions in the Canal and Brandon Road Pool, Dr. Mohl- man has testified to these things. 1614 I stated that preliminary plans had been prepared for the sewer from the West Side Plant ‘to the South- west Side Plant. The approximate size of this sewer has been determined but detail contract plans have not yet been started. We expect to get started on these detail plans so that contracts can be let dur- ing the coming winter so that this sewer could be 1615 completed by the fall of 1941. I don’t recall] the esti- mated cost of this sewer offhand. It is in the neigh- borhood of $400,000. It is included in the item “Con- duits, Tunnels,” etc., for future contracts under the*+ West-Southwest Side Sewage Treatment Plant, total- ing $757,600. If at the Southwest Side Plant the water now used through the condensers should be passed over cas- cade areas directly into the Canal the result would be to stop the operation of the blower plant and genera- tor plant. The use of municipal water for condens- ing purposes would be too expensive. The use of water from the Canal for this purpose would require the construction of a large pumping plant. This would be physically possible but not feasible. 1616 The effluent from the Southwest Side Treatment Plant is used for condensing purposes. It is flowed by gravity through the condensers and to the Canal. If Canal water were used, it would be necessary to pump that water from the Canal up in order to force it through the condensers. The use of water from the municipal water supply would be very costly. AY 62 All these things were considered when the Southwest Side Plant was designed. It would be possible to construct a sewer from the West Side Plant to the Southwest Side Plant by the summer of 1941 but this might slow up some other things which are more important. 1617 The present capacity of the Southwest Plant is large enough to care for a considerable portion of the dry weather flow of the West Side Works. This con- necting sewer is a part of our ultimate plans. It has not yet been definitely decided whether the effluent from the West Side Plant will be run into the present aeration taxks Oninto the new battery of aeration tanks, which if to be ‘constructed. If the Brandon Roa Pool were restored to the condition that existed prior to 1933, that is, if the rapid section of the Des Plaines River were restored, the water would be re-aerated more than at present. 1618 It would also be re-aerated flowing over the Jackson Street dam, which, of course, would have to be re- built. : 7 Dr. Mohlman can answer much better than I can both as to the effect and the cost of chlorinating the effluent of all the sewage treatment plants. Such chlor- ination of treatment plant effluent would probably ameliorate conditions in the Canal and Brandon Road Pool. coats If the entire water supply of the City of Chicago should be metered, no doubt the water use would be reduced. That would haye the effect of increasing the pumping capacity and the aeration tank capacity of the sewage treatment plants. It would have no effect ; 63 whatever on the sludge handling capacity because the : same amount of solids would be in the sewage in any case. _ 1619 The water for domestic use is pumped directly from Lake Michigan. The City of Chicago can take any amount of this water it desires. The only incen- tive to be economical in the use of water is the cost of pumping it. I think about 60 to 70 per cent of the water is metered but Mr. Pearse will furnish figures on this matter. As I understand it, all the water used by industries, hotels, and apartment buildings is me- tered, but there is a considerable area in the residential 1620 districts where there are no meters as yet. If meter- ing were made universal, it would reduce the amount of water taken out of Lake Michigan for domestic purposes. This would not increase the amount of water available for the waterway. The Sanitary District can divert 1500 c.f.s. annual average from the Lake Michi- gan watershed, exclusive of domestic pumpage. Any domestic pumpage is in addition +o this 1500 cfs. The reduction in the quantity of domestic pumpage would result in a little more treatment plant capacity, a lit- tle more detention time in the aeration tanks, but I 1621 think the effect would be very slight. It would also increase the capacity of the sewers. Chicago uses a larger amount of water than any other City its size. It uses a considerable amount of water per capita, more per capita than Milwaukee. I think the figure for Chicago is about 250 gallons per capita per day. If all the City water in Chicago should be metered, this would reduce the amount of water going through the Lockport Power Plant slightly. a 64 1622 It would be possible to provide aeration cascades at Lockport or other places in the Sanitary Canal but I don’t know as to the feasibility of this. There are ways of adding oxygen, that is either air or oxygen, without cascades. One way is in the manner in which air is added to the aeration tanks, that is to blow air into the water. A cascade is a little waterfall. ra 1623 If all the sources of pollution above Joliet, includ- ing the various communities, state institutions, pri- vate industries, and the Sanitary District of Chicago, ¢ were eliminated by having all raw sewage treated locally, this would ameliorate conditions in the Bran- don Road Pool. It would be possible to shut down the water wheels at Lockport and provide cascades without interfer- ing with navigation. The construction of such cas- cades would probably cost more than introducing oxy- gen into the water in some other manner. I have not estimated the cost of such construction for use over 1624 a 2-year period. If it should be intended to construct such cascades and destroy the power plant, it might be cheaper to aerate the water in some other fashion, by blowing air through it for instance. There are no facilities for such procedure at present. Cascades could be built along the Des Plaines River near the present Stony Sluice Gates but at that point there is available.less than 10 feet of fall compared to the 1625 38 feet of fall at the Lockport Power House. I do not know what the cost would be for the construc- tion of a cascade at‘the Stony Sluice Gates near Lock- 1626 port. If details are furnished of what is desired in 65 the way of cascades, I will make an estimate of cost of constructing e. The two new generators were installed in the Power House at Lockport about 1935; one of them is used regularly; sometimes two are used; in addition there are five old units in this plant. HORACE P. RAMEY—Cross Examination. 1803- Mr. Naujoks requested Ramey to figure the elapsed 1805 time for flow down the Sanitary Canal from Damen Avenue to Summit, then to Lockport, and then to Brandon Road Pool, under conditions as of January 1939, with a flow of 2911 c.f.s.; also, with a flow of 4227 c.f.s., under average conditions as existing in June 1939; also, 7891 c.f.s., under conditions as of January 1939. Q: * * * * and also figure out the elapsed time of flow down the canal and waterway through Brandon Road Pool for each of the distances from Damen Ave- nue to Summit, second, from Summit to Lockport, and, 1806 third, from Lockport to the outlet of the Brandon Road Pool, with a flow of 19,064 cubic second feet under average conditions existing in J une, 1939? A: You mean, 19064? 'Q: Right. That is the maximum flow during that- time. A. Well, that can’t be done. You can’t flow that quantity through the waterway. Q: Well, whatever the flow was down the canal. A: Well, the flow through the canal — 66 Q: Under the maximum conditions, so that where you had a flow of 19,064 at Lockport— A: This table indicates that there was a discharge from the end of the canal at Lockport of 19,064 cubic feet per second. Q: Yes. A: That doesn’t indicate that there was a flow of that much through the drainage canal. Not all the way through, that is correct. Because it is impossible. That is right. Well, now what is it you want? What is the maximum capacity of the canal? For continuous flow? : For continuous flow. 1807 he Oh, somewhere around 11,000 c.f.s. Q: Well, then we will take the maximum flow in | March, 1939, with a flow of 9311 cubic second feet, and will you give me the elapsed time of flow®down the canal through Brandon Road Pool for the three : distances from Damen Avenue to Summit, from Sum- mit to Lockport, and from Lockport to the outlet of Brandon Road Pool? i608 The P.W.A. Review Board first notified the Sani- tary District of its approval of the Sanitary District report of April 1940, regarding the additional treat- ment facilities for West Side sewage by the activated sludge method on or about May 3, 1940. The amount of money which will be spent for this future con- struction work, including present contract obligations is about $12,000,000, Se ee es 67 1809 As to the progress on construction of this work, we have let a contract for blower equipment, have advertised one construction contract, are working on plans for the substructure of the blower house and incineration plant, are working on specifications for the drying equipment, that is, the boilers and other mechanical equipment which have to do with the drying of sludge. We have considered it wise to place the mechanica’ equipment under contract as quickly as possible because it takes the longest time to fabri- 1810 cate and deliver such machinery. We have not yet completed the final detail plans for all of the concrete work. It will require up until the end of next sum- mer (1941) for such plans. We draw up construc- tion plans in sufficient detail for taking bids, then after the work has been placed under contract and as the contract is being carried out, we furnish more detail construction plans. Such plans are required all during the construction period. We hope to get the substructure of the pump and blower house and of the incineration building under contract by next spring (1941) so that actual construction on the concrete and masonry work can start as soon as the construc- tion season opens. We are ing bids within the next two ‘or three weeks on one construction job for a tun- ‘nel whith will .pass from the present sludge drying building, southerly under the site of the future in- cineration building to the track south of ‘the future building, so that we can get sludge out of the pses- ent building without interference with the construc- tion of the new building. so that the new construc- 68 tion will not cause any interruption with the opera- tion of the present plant. 1811 We began preparation of the actual contract plans and specifications within three or four days after no- tice of approval by the P.W.A. Review Board. We had previously done a considerable amount of pre- liminary work and of course much of the work was in such shape that we could proceed at once on con- tract plans. I doubt if much of the new work at the Southwest Side Plant will be ready to place in service by the end of 1941, so that by the end of 1941 we will not be in a much better position with reference to the treatment of the West Side sewage than we are today. 1812 It was in 1934 that the P.W.A. Review Board sug- gested that experiments be made to determine the best method of supplementing the treatment of the West Side sewage. These experiments were made under the direction of Dr. Mohlman and men from the Division of Operation. 1813 The contract price for electricity sold by the Sani- tary District to the City of Chicago is 8-1/2 mills per KW Hour, or 0.85 of a cent per KW Hour. The av- erage price paid by the Sanitary District to the Public Service Company of Northern Illinois for electricity during the year 1939 was slightly less than 8 mills per KW Hour. In 1939 the Sanitary District of Chi- cago generated about 70,000,000 KW Hours of elec- 1814 tricity at Lockport; and about 7,000,000 KW Hours at the Southwest Treatment Plant as a by-product ‘of the sludge drying process. The Sanitary District also purchased about 133,000,000 KW Hours from the . 4 Public Service Company in 1939. In this year (1939) the Sanitary District used for its treatment plants, etc., about 82,000,000 KW Hours of electricity; sold the City of Chicago and the Park District about 123,- 000,000 KW Hours; absorbed a loss in transmission and also current used by the Electrical Division in distribution of 5,500,000 KW Hours. The three fig- ures of use of the energy and the three figures of the source of this electricity will balance at about 211,- 000,000 KW Hours. The figures for the year 1940 are not yet completed but apparently they will be about the same as for 1939, except that the current generated at the Southwest Sewagé Treatment Plant will be about twice what it was in 1939 because there was only six months operation in that year. | 1815 Regarding the request for elapsed time for flow from Damen Avenue to the Brandon Road dam, I will assume that average flow past any given point is desired and will neglect the fact that the current is faster in one part of the stream and slower in others. We have made many flow tests in the Canal aad most of this data was used in the original hearings in 1816 this case. We have made no flow tests recently to determine the elapsed time of flow through the chan- nel. We made flow tests throughout the years from “1912 to 1926 but haven’t conducted any experiments of that nature since. The elapsed time will be com- 1817 puted from data we have on hand. In such compu- tations the fact that sludge may have been deposited in the channels in some places will be ignored, A 69 70 HORACE P. RAMEY—Cross Examination. 2217 I was asked to compute the time of flow in the Chicago River and Main Channel from Damen Ave- nue to Brandon Road under certain conditions. The results can best be shown as an exhibit. 2218 Ramey Exhibits No. 1 and No. 2 were received in evidence. Z 2219 Ramey Exhibit No. 1 shows: Time of Flow Damen Ave. to Date Quantity Brandon Road Dam January 1939 2910 c.f.s. 112. hrs. 31 min. June 1939 4227 ” 81 i en June 1939 a 40 eirare Day June 1939 8311 ” St Re ai Lake Michigan Elevation—1.15 Ramey Exhibit No. 2 shows: Time of Flow Damen Ave. to Quantity - Brandon Road Dam 2200 c.f.s. 166 hrs. 8 min. 2800 ” > Wit ihe 10000 ” a. oo” Lake Michigan Elevation—0.60 2221. ~=«‘The population increments used in the report to the Supreme Court for the ten years, 1930 to 1940, were Calumet Project 45.6 per cent North Side Project : 34.0 ” West Side Project .. 86 ” Southwest Side Project 214 ” — y i os 71 The total discharge capacity of all the water wheel units in the Lockport Power House is 12,633 c.f.s. There are two new units, installed in 1935, in this power plant which have a discharge capacity of 2,150 c.f.s. each, or a total of 4,300 c.f.s. There are five old units in this power plant (three installed in 1908; one in 1911; and one about 1914) with a discharge capacity of 1,667 c.f.s. each, or a total of 8,333 c.f.s. 2222- We do not have the 1940 population figures by 2223 districts on the various sewage treatment areas. All that is now available is the newspaper statement show- ing that the population of Illinois, as a whole, in- creased 3.2 per cent from 1920 to 1940. Figures for the City of Chicago show an increase of 8,118, or .2 of one per cent, in 10 years. The 1940 census figures show that the following municipalities in Cook County either gained or lost the following amounts from 1930 to 1940: Per Cent Municipality Lost Gained (Lost or Gained) Blue Island 115 .7 of one per cent Calumet City 437 2.6 per cent Cicero 2164 32 6” Elmwood Park 2409 214 ” Evanston i7el 28 -” Forest Park eee Sy eae Harvey 1489 91 ” La Grange ae. a Maywood 34 \29 =” Melrose Park i es Er Oak* Park 1614 25 ” Park Ridge 1606 154 ” Wilmette 1739 114 ” Winnetka ae. aa? 72 The 1940 census figure for Cook County shows an increase of 67,208, or 1.7 per cent, from 1930 to 1940. The Sanitary District is all within Cook County and 2224 is almost as large as Cook County. The population of the Sanitary District for 1930 was 3,880,000. The popu- lation for Cook County in 1930 was 3,982,123, and for 1940, 4,049,331. HORACE P. RAMEY—Cross Examination 3825 The eléctricity developed during the 19-day period of the flow test in the Main Channel from Noon, De- cember 2, to Noon, December 12, 1940, by reason of the additional diversion of water, amounted to 2,516,- 570 kilowatt hours. %826 This is the excess amount over what would have been developed under ordinary conditions and if a value of .5 of one cent per kilowatt hour is used this additional power would be worth $12,500. The sludge lagoon constructed within the past three months at the West Side Sewage Treatment Works is approximately 2800 feet long and 450 feet wide. The levies around the lagoon are about 8 feet high and there are several cross levies in the lagoon dividing it into different pools so that one pool can be filled 3827 with sludge at a time. This lagoon will handle the excess sludge from the West Side Imhoff tanks for about one year, that is, the sludge produced by that plant in addition to the amount of sludge which can be handled on the present sand drying beds. No def- inite plans have been made for additional lagoons for 73 ‘handling sludge during 1942 but we have a tenta- tive project for additional sludge lagoons west of the Lyons-Summit Road Bridge. Such lagoons would in- volve the construction of a pipe line from the West Side Plant to the site of the lagoon and ¢he installa- tion of a pump. This project will not be’ needed in any case for a year. Its construction deper:ds on de- velopments as to the absolute need for it. In connection with the power developec! at Lock- port during the 10-day test, the average head on the water wheels during this test was approximately 30.4 feet compared to an average head of 39.0 feet prior to that date. The water used by the two new units 3828 in the Lockport Power House during the 10-day test was about 4500 c.f.s. for both units and the overall efficiency of these units is approximately 86 per cent. The remainder of the flow was used through the older units at the Lockport Power House, all of which have been in service for about 30 years. These old units have an overall efficiency of from 68 to 70 per cent. The use of these heads and these efficiencies will show why the ‘increase in power does not vary di- rectly with the increase in the flow. The Sanitary District purchases power at the point of use in Chi- cago for slightly less than .8 of one cent per kilowatt hour. Since power from Lockport must be transmitted to Chicago and is subject to line loss and other losses before it gets to the point of use is one reason why I have assigned a value of .5 of one cent per kilowatt hour for the value of power at Lockport. The two figures (.5 of one cent at Lockport and .8 of one cent at Chicago, are really consistent. 74 \ H. P. RAMEY—The Master’s Examination 3829 The excess power developed during this 10-day flow test probably save the Sanitary District from buying a certain amount of power. The purchase price of electricity to the Sanitary District has been slightly less than eight mills per kilowatt hour but : the District absorbs the losses in transmission and distribution so that I believe the power which is passed on to the City of Chicago at a price of 8-1/2 mills per kilowatt hour costs just about as much as is received from the City for it. The delivery point of power is at various points in Chicago and not at Lockport. 3830 I will furnish for the record the figure of approxi- mate cost of the sludge lagoon recently constructed. We do not use any chlorine in such lagoons. Only well digested sludge is placed in sludge lagoons and there is not much if any odor to this sludge. Mr. Pearse: The Sanitary District owns approxi- mately 500 acres of land at the West-Southwest Side Sewage Treatment Works but west of Harlem Avenue along the Main Channel between this Channel and the fF Des Plaines River the District owns 1590 to 2000 acres. 3831 A: That is the site of these future sludge lagoons if we build them. This site of the future lagoons, if built, is 3 to 4 miles southwest of the Southwest oo Treatment Plant. This land is in a remote area be tween the Des Plaines River and the Main Channel and no people live within at least a quarter of a mile of any of this land. The West Side and the South- ‘ west Side Plants are built in a neighborhood which er. 75 is sparsely settled at present but which will probably 3832 build up. This site for the future sludge lagoons, if built, is in a neighborhood which will never build up. The sludge lagoon recently built is immediately west of Battery B of the West Side Imhoff tanks and north of Battery B of the southwest area tanks. When a lagoon is filled with sludge it is put out of further use for a long period of time, maybe 4 or 5 years. The sludge is pumped into a lagoon to a depth 3833 of about 6 feet and left to gradually decompose and dry out. The sludge which is to be put into lagoons is the same material which is placed on the sludge drying beds. Lagoons are cheaper than sludge dry- ing beds and are just a makeshift. The sludge drying beds can be used over and over. They have sand underneath and a system of drains so that water can drain out of the sludge and there is a certain amount of evaporation from the sludge. The sludge is moist, perhaps 98 per cent moisture when it is placed on the drying beds and in the course of a week or 10 days under favorable conditions it dries out to a mois- ture content of about 80 per cent and then can be _ Seraped off. 3834 In a lagoon there is no way for the water to drain from the bottom but there is evaporation and a cer- tain amount of settling of solids to the bottom but there is also rainiall which probably offsets most of the evaporation. The capacity of the West Side Plant is about 470 million gallons per day but I made no computations as to the acres of lagoons which would be needed if ‘t was proposed to lagoon all the sludge from this 76 plant. Mr. Pearse will furnish figures as to the amount P of sludge which will be produced from 100 million gallons per day of sewage. 3835 The present lagoon occupies about 30 acres. This lagoon was constructed by scraping dirt out of the body of the lagoon to build up a levy around it and cross levies across the lagoon. Cross Examination 3836 I do not know exactly how much the City of Chi- cago still owes the Sanitary District for power fur- nished. I think it is somewhere in the neighborhood of $4,000,000. The Sanitary District has judgments for _ practically all of this. The Sanitary District furnishes about $700,000 worth of power per year and at the present time is receiving from the City a little more than the value of power being furnished. The judg- ments are collectable when and as the City can pay them and a good part of the money currently received is on the payment of judgments. It will take a num- ber of years before these judgments are all paid. Examination by the Master. 3837 The accumulation of these judgments, approxi- mately $4,000,000, started back about 1925. I think the amount decreased slightly in 1940. Since 1933 I know that the amount due the Sanitary District from the City of Chicago for power has decreased materially and in recent years the general tendency has been to decrease the amount slightly. 77 Cross Examination. The armount of judgments was greater in 1933 but I cannot state how much. 3838 I think that the Sanitary District is breaking even or practically even in purchasing power at .8 of one cent per kilowatt hour and selling it to the City of Chicago at 0.85 cent per kilowatt hour. -Examination by the Master. The difference between .5 of a cent per kilowatt hour at Lockport and .8 of a cent in Chicago is what 3839 I allowed for costs of transmission and other losséé. These figures are consistent. 3840 In connection with the 10-day flow test, I know what. Mr. Andrew has testified to and my data checks or practically checks what Andrew has furnished. 8 i Redirect Examination. The sludge lagoon built at the West Side Works is for use next summer (1941). In this climate we do not dispose of sludge from Imhoff tanks in the winter time. Examination by the Master. The digestion of sludge either slows up or stops dur- ing cold weather so that Imhoff tanks are designed 3841 with sufficient capacity to retain all the sludge that a . 78 is settled out of the sewage over approximately a 4-month winter period and then with the return of warmer weather in the spring that sludge will digest ' and it is not placed on sludge drying beds or in a . lagoon until it has digested so this lagoon will not be used until May, or perhaps June, 1941. At any rate, about May 1941 this lagoon will afford a method of disposal of sludge which has not previously been 3842 available. Mr. Pearse will furnish information as to the quantity. Also as to the cost of these lagoons. ay / Redirect Examination. This lagoon is only for the sludge from the West Side Imhoff tanks. We do not propose to lagoon any activated sludge. In connection with the 10-day flow test, there was considerable additional cost to the Sanitary District for a large force of men, for work 24 hours per day, under Dr. Mohlman, for an engineer and photogra- pher, checking over conditions in the Illinois Valley because of possible damages, and because of other regular employees taken from their regular work. Examination by the Master. 3843 Ramey Exhibit No. 3 and Ramey Exhibit No. 4 were received in evidence. 3844 Is Ramey Exhibit No. 3. 3845 Is Ramey Exhibit No. 4. 3846 Ramey Exhibit No. 3 is a map of Brandon Road Pool between McDonouzh Street, Joliet, and Brandon Zz ‘ 79 Road Dam; showing at Station 38+-91 a cross section of the Brandon Road Pool, at which section current meter measurements were made December 9, 1940. This map is traced from Andrew Exhibit No. 6 and another similar map. The distance from McDonough Street to Brandon Road Dam is about 6200 feet, or about a mile and a quarter. On this Exhibit is an ar- row indicating the direction of the wind which was 3847 a moderate wind of about 14 miles per hour on De- - cember 9, 1940, Slightly southwest, that is, this was the velocity of the wind at Chicago on that day. This Exhibit shows in a dotted line, beginning at McDon- ough Street and extending south, the path of a rod float, 15 feet long, placed vertically in the Channel at McDonough Street. This float drifted to the wes- terly bank of the pool at station 52+69. Another dotted line, beginning at the center of the stream at station 52+69 indicates the path of another float tube, 10 feet long, placed vertically in the water about the center of the stream at station 52+69. This tube drifted to the west bank of the pool at station 38+91. Obviously the wind blowing against the top 10 to 15 inches of ese tubes immersed in the water 10 to 15 feet deep offset the downstream effect of the current and caused them to drift to the shore. The broken line on the Exhibit, extending from McDonough Street to Bran- don Road lock, is the approximate center line of the - Stream or the sailing line. It is the line of the cur-- rent. 3848 The 15 foot float tube referred to is 15 feet long ‘below the water surface and an additional 15 inches long above the water surface; the 10 foot float tube is 10 80 feet submerged with an additional 10 inches above the water. Ramey Exhibit No. 4 is a cross section of Brandon Road Pool at Station 38+91. This Exhibit shows in a ful) line the soundings of the Brandon Road Pool at this cross section, as determined by the United 3849 States Engineers in 1939, that is, soundings made with a 10-pound weight. This Exhibit shows in a dotted line the soundings made December 9, 1940 with a 30- pound weight on a current meter. The note on the Exhibit says, “30-pound weight on current meter stopped but would settle gradually into the sludge”. The difference between the solid line and the broken line indicates fill in the pool between 1939 and De- cember 9, 1940. At other points on the cross section are dots indicated by “X”, being points at which current meter observations are made. These measure- ments were in every case made at .4 of the depth of the water measured down from the water surface, 3850 that is, .4 of the depth of the water at that point. The total depth was measured from the water sur- face down to the point where the current meter weight stopped. It should be approximately the same result as that obtained by the U. S. Engineers using a 10- inch disc, with a 10-pound weight, which was allowed to settle. In this case, the current meter had a 30- pound weight and the point indicated on the Sxhibit is where the weight would stop but before it was allowed to settle into the sludge. So the figures should be about the same. These current meter measure- ments were made at .4 of the depth below the sur- face at various points across the strearn. At two places ee pees eee yo 81 near the middle cf the stream, measurements were made at .6 of the depth below the surface, as well as at the .4 point. Averaging all these velocities and applying the proper percentage of correction gives an average velocity over this entire cross section of 3851 approximately .53 of a foot per second, which com- pares with Mr. Andrew’s average of .55 of a foot per second. The minimum velocity, as shown on Ramey Exhibit No. 4, was .27 per second near the east bank. The maximum velocity was 1.33 feet per second at the .4 depth point near the center of the stream. Sta- tion 450 on Ramey Exhibit No. 4 is near the Sailing line shown on Ramey Exhibit No. 3. This is at a point at which the nearest indicated velocity on Ra- mey Exhibit Né. 4 on the right hand side is 0.74 and on the left hand side is an average of 1.01. We have no velocity figures at the outlet of the gates from Brandon Road Pool but I know that the velocity over 3852 the dam must have been very high. The velocities of water in the Brandon Road Pool are probably a third or a fourth of the velocities in the Main Channel above Lockport under normal conditions. I believe that this 10-day experimental flow did not result in scouring out the Brandon Road Pool because of the tremendous quantity of material scoured out of the Main Channel above the Pool and not scoured out as quickly as had been hoped. If all the material above Lockport had been scoured out within the first five or six days of the test, leaving the water going into the Pool during the last four days of the test relatively clear; such water might have taken more material out_of Brandon Road Pool. The ten- 4 i ” , beat Saeed sane ge Ae SE NO AIS 82 dency towards the clearing up of the water at Lock- | port is shown in Mohlman’s report. Suspended solids in the water during the latter days of the test were diminishing at Lockport, whereas in the water com- 3853 ing out of Brandon Road Pool such solids were not diminishing greatly. I think that this is one element that was over estimated. I do not think that the sludge that went into the upper end of the Pool car- ried through the Pool as well, perhaps, as we had hoped. However, when 21,000 tons of sludge were carried from the Pool there was some beneficial ef- fect on the system (from Chicago to Brandon Road Dam) as a whole. This experiment has removed 21,- 000 tons of material that was previously between these points and the situation between Chicago and Brandon Road has been improved to that extent al- though the situation in Brandon Road Pool is worse than it was. Cross Examination. 3854 I would say that as a result of this 10-day test, the Chicago River and the Main Channel of the Sani- tary District to McDonough Street Bridge should be relatively clean and that lake water entering the Main Channel will not have as much dissolved oxygen ab- sorbed from it by sludge deposits in the Main Channel in 1941, as well as the case in 1940, and assuming that there is enough water to supply the oxygen de- mand of the treatment plant effluent the lake water would reach Brandon Road Pool in relatively better . condition in the summer of 1941 than in previous 83 summers. I would say that the worst sludge deposits are now concentrated in an area about 5000 feet long by 1400 feet wide, as compared to being spread over a distance of 30 miles previously. I would hate to , say that there is no sludge in any part of the sys- » tem even now, although I think that the rest of the E system is relatively clean. — | 3855 As a result of this 10-day test, a considerable | amount of B.O.D. has been removed from the Canal ) system from Chicago to Brandon Road and in my | | | opinion that is helpful. Redirect Examination. gre, | This statement is based, more or less, on the report 3856 of Dr. Mohlman, and when I say “relatively clean”, I mean that some sludge has been removed from the Main Channel but whether or not there is any more and to what extent there is sludge in the Main Chan- nel, I den’t presume to testify as to any exact figures but I think what I have said is consistent with what Mohlman’s report shows. Recross Examination. Illinois Exhibits Nos. 10-D, 10-E, and 10-F were received in evidence. These exhibts bring down to date the data shown on Illinois Exhibits Nos. 10-A, 10-B and 10-C. Said exhibits are shown, pages 3857 to 3860. 84 Examination by the Master. 3861 The normal level of Brandon Road Pool is eleva- tion 539 feet above sea level. In order to induce the flow of 10,000 c.f.s. the pool had to be lowered about one-half foot, or to an elevation of 538.5 feet at Bran- dor. Road. On Saturday, December 7, 1940, between 10:00 o’clock A. M. and Noon, the water level at Brandon Road Dam was lowered an additional one foot and that level was maintained until Midnight, December 8. Then, the level was brought up to 538.5, so that the lowering of the pool over that week-end amounted to one foot. The amount of this lowering was deter- mined by the United States Engineers. I called Mr. 3862 Andrew, of the U. S. Engineering Departnient, on Thursday, December 5, 1940, and asked him to lower the, pool at least four feet for 24 hours over the week- end, Saturday and Sunday, December 7 and 8. I asked Mr. Andrew to consider this a formal request for lowering of the pool and on Friday, December 6, I again called Mr. Andrew and he informed me that he had instructed his men at Brandon Road to lower the pool a foot and a half below normal, beginning Saturday noon. He did not think it proper to order a further lowering; that Government employees would do the lowering, and this was as far as he had any authority to go under the circumstances. He indicated that there were objections from the Government stand- point to further lowering but did not tell me what they were. I transmitted this information to Mr. Clau- sen and I think he embodied it in a letter to the Spe- 85 3863 cial Master. I talked to Mr. Andrew about operating the levels of this Pool on December 2 and 3, but my first definited and specific request for a lowering was made on December 5. If the level of the pool had been lowered about 4 or 5 feet, I do not believe the results would have differed greatly from those ac- tually obtained. I think- that the velocities in the Pool would have been decreased in direct proportion to the diminishing of the cross section by such low- ering but when a velocity of approximately .5 feet per second is increased about 25 or 30 per cent, there is still not sufficient velocity to do much good. There is certainly not a scouring velocity and while there might have been comparatively small amount more of sludge carried out of the pool, I don’t think the dif- ference would have been great. Recross Examination. 3864 Such a difference could be checked by taking the number of tons moved on any one day and if that amount were increased it might go up to a thousand tons more than was moved but I doubt it. In order to create velocities sufficient to scour that pool, I think the velocities would have had to be treb- 3865 led of quadrupled. The pool would have had to be lowered to a point where it would have been possible 3866 to get an average velocity of about 1-1/2 feet per second. The increased velocity due to lowering of the pool level of 5 feet would have transported some more material but I don’t know how much and I don’t 86 — think anyone does but it would have increased the 3867 transport of material slightly. In ofder to have ef- fected a substantially different result, it would have been necessary to lower the pool to an amount suffi- cient to obtain a velocity well over one foot per sec- ond and that means lowering the pool something like 10 or 12 feet. I don’t think that the lowering of this pool a foot made much difference and I don’t think that_if it had been lowered 5 feet it would have made any substantial difference. I am not sure tht the’ extra or additional material moved during the 36 ..ours of lowering was caused directly by that lowering. Master’s Examination. 3868 To have lowered the pool 10 feet would have abso- lutely blocked navigation in the upper end of the Brandon Road Pool, in fact, a lowering of 5 feet would r stop 9-foot navigation. ~% Recross Examination. With a flow of 10,000 c.f.s. going through Brandon Road Pool, the more that the peol level was lowered the less would be the material which would settle in the pool. When there is a velocity of one-half foot per second certain solids in the water will settle and . that was the average velocity in the pocl at elevation : 538.5, which elevation is half a foot below the normal . level. ; / “ 8 87 Examination by the Master. 3869 ~ In May, 1940, 2,000 tons of dry solids were discharged : to the Main Channel from the Southwest Works, or approximately 17 per cent of the suspended solids in the sewage of the Sanitary District. 181 No siudge has ever been discharged from the West Side Works to the Main Channel. The Sanitary Dis- trict has steadily increased the removal of solids from the sewage. The Des Plaines River and the old Calu- met plants are not in the present picture, as the Des Plaines River plant was shut down in October 13, 5 193°, and the Calumet Imhoff plant was shut down : 182- on September 15, 1935. The record from 1929 to i 183 1940 (first 5 months) shows an increase from 54.1 to 393.5 tons per day (illinois Exh: 24, 26). ; - Upon the completion of the Sanitary District pro- gram, between 475 and 500 tons will be removed daily, ——— . depending upon the state of the population and in- dustry and the efficiency of the plants. 184 The Sanitary District has increased the amount of 18€ sewage treated from 67.9 million gallons per day in 1928 to an aveyage of 826 million gallons per day dur- ing the first five months of 1940 (Illinois Exh. 25). * 188 This is shown graphically.in Illinois Exh. 26. The 189 sharp increases in gallonage treated are due to the starting of new plants, such as the North Side on Octuber 3, 1928; the West Side in 1930; and the South- west in 1939. From 1928 to 1940, there is an increase 3 of nearly 40 per cent. 190 For the past five years, the plan has been shaped | to run the Southwest Works to capacity, diverting West Side sewage to it during dry weather, and put- ting excess storm flow into the West Side Imhoff tanks from the Southwest | ksewage system. The Sanitary District has recognized the need for additional treat- ment to supplement the West Side Imhoff tanks for many years. Consideration was given at the time of the tank design. A plan was submitted to the P.W.A. in 1933 for handling the Southwest sewage and the , West Side effluent in.a combined plant of 1,000 mil- 191 lion gallon per day capacity. The P.W.A. Board indi- | cated it was better to build the activated sludge plant for the Southwest and thereby get the largest amount of gallonage under treatment in the shortest time. The determination of how best to supplement the West Side Works was delayed by the P.W.A. Review Board until the Southwest Works were under contract. The Board also recommended large scale tests to deter- mine whether any combination of Imhoff tank treat- 192 193 96 ment and chemical treatment, with or without filtra- tion, would be sufficient, and also the preparation of estimates of cost. The advisability of chemical treat- ment to supplement the West Side Works was before the Sanitary Disirict prior to 1934. The decision was to concentrate on the Southwest Works and then take up the experimental procedures. In this the P.W.A. Board and the Sanitary District agreed. Procedures were studied from 1936 to 1939 for supplementing the West Side Works, including the activated sludge pro- cess with short period aeration, chemical precipitation, filtration on fine grained filters (Laughlin or mag- netite), aeration with iron salts (Guggenheim), and high-rate trickling filters, both single stage (Halvor- son type) and two stage (Jenks type). Plans were drawn in 1936 for the chemical treat- ment tests, to include mixing and coagulation tanks, and chemical dosing apparatus; the arrangement of an Imhoff tank unit for parallel tests on the chemi- cally treated sewage and the settled sewage; the he- havior of sludge digestion; and the effect of filtration (Laughlin) on settled and chemically treated sewage. This went into service in September, 1937, and operated for a year. The results of these tests indicated that chemical precipitation made a very slight improvement in the quality of the West Side effluent. The field tests were supplemented by estimates be- cause there was no question but what the activated sludge process produced a higher grade effluent than the chemical treatment would. Detailed estimates were made on two schemes for activated sludge, on chemital precipitation, and on the filtration with fine —_ pe 195 a ie a K, * 7 r 196 Ee Sa Re eS PEN Se NOM Ue AN oe SEP Rae 97 grained filters of the plain settled effluent and chemi- 194 cal precipitation effluent. Aeration with iron salts and high rate trickling filters were too expensive for the results obtained. Filtration on fine grained filters was also too costly for the relatively small benefit. This comparison of the various alternatives narrowed the field to activated sludge and chemical treatment. But these two procedures were not equivalent in the work performed. The choice was determined by the degree of effluent reqnired to preserve at least three parts per million of dissolved oxygen in the Des Plaines and fllinois Rivers. The maintenance of freedom from odor in the absence of sludge banks requires the pres- ence of some dissolved oxygen. The margin of safety between complete de-oxygenation and the presence of appreciable dissolved oxygen cannot be estimated in the operation of treatment works so as to make it possible to adjust the dilution so that one or two parts per million of dissolved oxygen will always be present. To maintain a factor of safety in preventing nuisance, a minimum of three parts per million of dis- solved oxygen is required. To protect fish life, three parts per million of dissolved oxygen is a minimum. Some authorities recommend five. In maintaining the Illinois Waterway, a nuraber of factors are beyond the control of the Sanitary District, such as the cessation of reaeration at dams by the de- velopment of water power. Such reaeration is of value in the self-purification of the Waterway. The effect of an ice sheet on reaeration is not definitely known. Our early data, running back to 1919, indicates that in severe winters more flow may be required than in 98 normal summer conditions. Luckily, extreme winters occur but seldom. The diversion may be changed. The possibility of any further reduction appears re- mote. The growth of population and industry within the area of the Sanitary District are both a factor. The requirements laid down for stream conditions by authorities having jurisdiction thereover may change. At present the power of regulation rests in the State of Illinois. In the near future control may be given also to a Federal authority. The general trend of regulation points to more rigorous standards for the sanitary conditions of waterways than was the case -™ ten to twenty years ago. The necessity for budgeting mt, the diversion from-Lake Michigan to offset the storm ; _run-offs cuts down the effective allowed diversion. 197-Such budgeting means that for at least six months a diversion between 800 and 1000 c.f.s. may be in use. In general, this has reduced the flow from Lake Michigan during the warmer months of the years at a time when the dissolved oxygen content of the lake water is lowest. That is the time when the most dissolved oxygen is needed, aside from the occasional heavy ice sheet. The oxygen balance in the Upper I!Yinois Water- way requires a high degree of treatment at the West Side Works. Based on a diversion of 800 c.f.s. with 500 m.g.d. passing through the Southwest Works and receiving activated sludge treatment, a treatment is required at the West Side Works greater than 82 per cent for the 400 m.g.d. passing through the works. Sup- plemental treatment for the West Side Works is re- quired, making an overall purification of 90 per cent 99 or better to maintain three parts per million of dis- solved oxygen at Lockport. 197 Seasonal effects are important, both as to the amount of dissolved oxygen which car be introduced into the canal system by the diversion and the tempera- ture of the lake water and effluents and mixtures 198 thereof, in so far as temperature affects the rate of satisfaction of B.O.D. The temperature of Lake Michi- gan varies from 32 degrees Fahr. in winter to 72 de- grees Fahr. in summer. The dissolved oxygen content varies from 14.6 parts per million in winter to 8.8 parts per million in summer. The temperature of the Lake water and effluents and mixtures thereof af- fects the rate of satisfaction of B.O.D., the rate being slower at lower temperatures. Aside from the effect of the ice sheet over the waterway, such seasonal oc- currences point to the need of the greatest reduction in B.O.D. during the summer months. This corre- sponds in general with the periods of lower diver- sions. 199 The Activated Sludge plant was chosen for supple- menting the West Side Works because a high-grade effluent was required, such as only an activated sludge plant can deliver, with an effluent containing only 10 parts per million of B.O.D. or less. The treatment by the various procedures produce an effluent containing a residual B.O.D. as follows: | Procedure Residual B.O.D. p.p.m. Imhoff tank ha 57 Imhoff plus chemical precipitation 36 Activated sludge | 10 100 The treatment by various procedures produces a removal of B.O.D. and suspended solids as follows: West-Southwest plus West Per Cent Removal Susp. B.O.D. Solids © Activated plus Imhoff 73.7 76.7 Activated plus Chen.ical Precipitation 81.7 81.9 Activated plus Activated 91.6 91.5 200 The activated sludge process offers a possibility of revenue from the sale of heat-dried activated sludge, perhaps $4.00 a ton after paying for fuel, or $78,000. Labor cost for chemical precipitation on 400 million gallons of West Side effluent per day is $39,000 greater than for activated sludge in a year. Both may fiuctu- 201 ate. The cost of coal and chemicals is $205,000 higher for chemical precipitation than for activated sludge in a year. There is more risk of fluctuating costs in chemical precipitation than in activated sludze. In making a comparison of construction cost esti- mates of activated sludge and chemical precipitation, the two schemes basically are of different accomplish- ment. The plans proposed at the time the estimates were made included the increase in the capacity of the Southwest Works to 500 miilion gallons per day on an activated sludge basis. | 202 The first costs for a complete setup are as follows: Procedure for Extension Extension Addition to Southwest West West Side . Worksto Sideto Total for 900 m.g.d. 400 m.g.d. 900 m.g.d. Activated Sludge $3,879,800 $5,869,000 $9,749,700 Chemical Precipitation 3,879,800 1,300,500 5,180,300 101 Comparison on the basis of adding sufficient activated sludge treatment to producé a 5-day B.O.D. discharge equal to that derived from ne 400 m.g.d. by chemi- cal treatment, indicates a €apacity of 180 m.g.d. is re- quired for activated sludge.* The first cost is changed for the activated sludge extension of the West Side as : follows: 7 Extension of West Side Capacity Cost | m.g.d. Activated Sludge 180 $3,662,000 Chemical Precipitation . eedevree MMOD 1,300,500 This would materially reduce the annual cost of ac- tivated sludge, were a lower degree of treatment satis- ; 203 factory for-the extention of the West Side Works. The ) total annual costs of the complete setup are practically the same, as follows: Procedure for Extension _ Extension Addition to Southwest West West Side Works to Sideto Total for | 500 m.g.d. 400 m.g.d. 900 m.g.d. ; Activated Sludge $579,400 $569,200 $1,148,600 | Chemical Precipitation 579,400 555,800 1,135,200 These figures show no credit for the sale of heat-dried sludge for fertilizer, which is estimated to exceed $78,- 000. : The cost of extension of the Southwest Werks by activated sludge to 500 m.g.d. is the same for both al- ternatives. _ 204 If the total annual cost be corrected to a West Side activated sludge extension producing the same B.O.D. 102 as for chegjcal precipitation, the annual cost is as fol- lows: Procedure for Addition to West Side Extension Southwest _Worksto Extensidén 205 206 207 500 m.g.d. WestSide Total Activated Sludge $579,400 $320,600 $900,000* Chemical Precipitation 579,400 555,800 1,135,200** * For 680 m.g.d. ** For 900 m.g.d. No credit is shown for the sale of heat-dried sludge as fertilizer. The activated sludge altenative is advantageous in financing, as it keeps down the operating costs and thus reduces the corporate tax levy. The proposed works will relieve the conditions in the Brandon Pool. The works can be built by the end of 1942. A site is available on the 501 acres now owned in Stickney, upon which the exist- ing West Side and Southwest Works are located. Condi- tions in the Illinois Waterway were very unsatisfactory in 1939 and 1940. During July, August and September, 1939, the dissolved oxygen in the Main Channel at Dam- en Avenue was exhausted for the first time in 40 years. At Summit, the dissolved oxygen was absent for six months and practically exhausted for eight months. At Lockport, the dissolved oxygen was exhausted for six months and was below two parts per million for four months beside. The Joliet Pool was in bad shape, with marked gasification and, at times, scum formation. Conditions in the Illinois Waterway from Lockpori to Brandon Road were worse in 1939-1940 than in 1938, after the cut in the diversion. No temporary measures ae a eT eee a. ee * ui iE OIA era eee 103 are available which can be quickly applied to obviate the conditions in the Brandon Road Pool other than an increased diversion. Conditions improved somewhat in 1940 by reason of the additional treatment in the Southwest Works and the prevention of sludge from entering the Channel. These conditions will continue to improve as the South- west Works are brought up to capacity and the West ; Side supplemental works are built. . The decrease in the B.O.D. reduction at the South- west plant in April and May, 1940, as compared to Jan- uary and February, 1940, was due to certain conditions in the plant which were being corrected. The operating efficiency got out of gear. In July, 1940, the pumping was about 350 m,g.d., of which 250 m.g.d. received com- plete treatment. Conditions since 1939 have improved in the Water- way. Gasification fram sludge deposits will decrease. There is a double demand from sludge deposits, partly from sludge coming contemporaneously and partly.from past deposits, particularly during the winter. The improvement in conditions should be reflected by the increase in gallonage treated in 1939 and 1940. We have insisted that-the plants remove the solids and treat as much liquid as possible. The operating force is doing its best to perform under these orders. The diversion limitation became effective on Decem- ber 31, 1938. The removal of solids is a table which in- dicates the effectiveness of treatment. The repairs to the drying apparatus and the addi- tional filters now under contract will also help keep sludge from being wasted to the Main Channel. There A, . 2 212 213 214 215 104 has always been a heavy deposit of sludge above the Power House from the Power House to the old con- trolling works. In 1909, from 6 to 8 feet of deposits were measured on the racks of the Power House. The wide area and lowered velocities tends to deposit solids. There have always been some sludge deposits in Bran- don Pool since the gates in the dam were closed in 1933. The dams at Brandon Road, and to some extent at Dres- den Island, retain sludge in the upper part of the IIli- nois Waterway. The capacity of the Pool is approxi- mately 150 million cubic feet. The Fool is about 4 miles long and from 600 to 1000 feet wide. The width varies from around 200 to 400 feet to a maximum of about 1400 feet just above the dam. Brandon Road Dam is the first dam below Lockport Power House and Joliet. From the Power House to Brandon Dam is 5.1 miles. Sundays, holidays, and industrial depressions affect the condition of the Waterway. The sewage is weaker over Saturday and Sunday and stronger during the middle of the week, where industrial wastes are 4 fac- tor. The time of flow between Chicago and Lockport and Brandon Road Dam is considerable. From Chicago to Lockport is now a flow time of about 2-%4 days. Hence the effect of what happened in Chicago today is seen at Lockport two and one-half days later. At the time of the Master’s visit\on Monday, July 8, 1940, the con- dition reflected a more or less general holiday from Thursday through Sunday. This year Lake Michigan warmed up more slowly. Conditions have been much worse at Joliet. va ) 216 217 218 105 Sludge deposits persist for several years, and the effect of a sludge deposit in a stream may last more than two years, perhaps two and one-half to three years. As the plants are completed, with their sludge handling devices, there is less sludge going down the Channel. I have urged for more than two years that the South- west Works be completed and the West Side Works supplemented at the quickest possible opportunity, with appropriate treatment serviceable fcr permanent use. There is no value in seeking temporary alleviations of minor importance that cost a large sum of money. I know of nothing that would produce the same results that we ought, to have to cure the conditions that ex- isted, except to suggest that diversion would be the quickest way and probably the most satisfactory. The - 5,000 second feet annual average diversion would be sufficient to make conditions in the Brandon Pool that would not cause difficulty. I have not examined the case sufficiently to determine whether or not a much lower flow would be satisfactory. I believe 5,000 second feet would be highly desirable, particularly during the sum- mer months, when the greatest gasification occurs. This would relatively improve the position over what it was when 5,000 second feet was allowed, but as a citizen I feel the citizens of Joliet are entitled to better con- ditions than existed since the pool was closed and the sludge has been accumulating. The treatment was not in service soon enough to prevent conditions which are not proper. Everybody has realized we were doing our utmost to build our plants within our resources and 7 106 ¥ » also doing our best to operate the plants to the greatest advantage. | 221-223 The summary of the yearly averages of the operat- jng results at the-North Side Works for 1929 to May, 1940 is shown in Illinois Exh. 27. 224-225 The summary of the yearly averages of the operat- ing results at the Calumet Sewage Treatment Works is shown for 1936 to May, 1940 in Illinois Exh. 28. 226-227 The summary of the yearly average of the operat- ing resuits at the West Side Sewage Treatment Works is shown for 1931 to May, 1940 in Illinois Exh. 29. LANGDON PEARSE: Direct examination by Mr. Clausen. 1433 The significance of the various headings on the tables in Illinois Exh. 20 (Rec. 137) is as follows: The tables for the North Side Works show for each month in the respective years the daily average data, for the years 1929 to 1940 inclusive—first, the flows in million gallons per day, abbreviated as m.g.d.;,next, the 5-day B.O.D. for the raw sewage entering the\works and the effluent discharged to the North Shore , elle in parts per million and the per cent reduction @aused by the treat- ment; next, the dissolved oxygen in parts per million in the effluent at the final settling tanks and also at the outtall where it enters the North Shore Channel; and, finally, the suspended solids in parts per million in the raw sewage and effluent and the reduction in per cent caused by the treatment. In each year, except 1940, 107 the average for each column of results is shown at 1434 the bottom of the table. This average is the daily average for each respective yeer. Supplemental table for the year 1940, showing the data for June and July, was introduced for the North 1435 Side Works, Illinois Ezzh. 44. Illinois Exhibit 44 in- 1436 cludes the material shown in Illinois Exh. 20. The same general headings are used in Illinois Exh. 21 as in Exh. 20. | 1437 A supplemental table for the Calumet Works, in- 1438 cluding June and July, 1940, was introduced as fllinois Exh. 45. 1439 The same general headings are used in Illinois Exh. 1440 22 as in Exh. 21, but no dissolved oxygen is given. A supplemental table for the West Side Works, in- 1441 cluding June and July, 1940, was introduced as IIli- nois Exh. 46. 1442 Illinois Exh. 46 covers the year 1940 through July, for the Southwest Works, including Illinois Exh. 22. The general headings in Illinois Exh. 23 are similar to those in Illinois Exh. 20. The average of each column, however, as shown, is for only 6 months. | 1443-1444 Illinois Exh. 47 covers all of Illinois Exh. 23 1445 and also through July and August, 1940. \ ° In the transcript (Rec. 180) with reference to the proportion of the sewage solids of the Sanitary Dis- trict, I meant 17 per cent of the suspended solids in the raw sewage. 1446 Supplementing Illinois Exh. 24, the daily average for the first seven months of 1940 of the tons of dry solids removed per day calculated from the removal of suspended soldis in the respective plants was: 108 Plant Tons per Day Calumet (new) te merncrerreny, - . » See at hers: | NE ee) oA) eee a 187.5 West Side ..... (peep Sects Pris Use NiA duck Toa ka Total West-Southwest .... 260.6 oT Ne Be oo PR a a 397.4 The saturation value of dissolved oxygen in water at 72 deg. Fahr. is 8.8 parts per million (Rec. 198). Referring to Illinois Exh. 27, the daily average for the first seven months in 1940, as compared with the first five months, at the North Side Works were: 1447 Daily Averages Determination Months 7 5 WM. soot s Sisk dca ate 190.5 Effluent: in p.p.m. B.O.D. ...... che Nic Series, 7.7 8.4 Suspended Solids... 11.7 13.0 Per Cent Reduction: oD sama ah Fl Acta inane ae RY oie 94.04 94 Suspended Solids ..... 91.9 91 At the Calumet Works, the daily averages were: Determination Months Saha 7 5 Mad ..:.;......2 RNG per aee 66.4 66.3 Effluent: in p.p.m. cost athe: = OR teaoeermentname | 9.0 Suspended Solids = s—s—~—sid22) 12.0 1448 Per Cent Reduction PRAIA. seakiccs eacavkrtntenieace: .... 91.4 91.5 Suspended Soiids.....—ss—é9*SD. 90.2 10% At the West Side Works, the daily averages were: Determination Months / 7 5 a Ea 339 307.1 Effluent: in p.p.m. ; Re ee Senin ae 67 Suspended Solids . 75.6-— 76 Per Cent Reduction , oS 46.4 Suspended Solids... 54.7 52.7 1448-1449 The amount of air used in the various plants 1450 of the Sanitary District is shown in Illinois Exh. 48. 1451 I showed the results at the North Side from 1930 on, as the eariy record was not for complete operation. The results in 1929 were of no great significance for this picture. At Calumet, the few days of activated sludge in December, 1935, were omitted. The figures given in Illinois Exh. 48 are for air in decimals of a cubic foot per gallon of sewage. The average for the year is shown, except that in 1940 at the North Side and Calumet the average of seven months is given, whereas at the Southwest it is for six months in 1939 and in 1940. 1452 The estimated flow of sewage, with the amount 1453 treated and untreated is shown in Illinois Exh. 49 for 1454 the years 1930 to 1940 inclusive. The total pumpage is built up as the sum of the pumpage of the Des Planes River watershed, the municipalities within the District not served by Chicago and the City of Chicago. The 1455 first figure in the third column should be “1097,” not “1099.” The sewage flow is assumed to be substantially 1456 the same as the water pumpage. Under sewage treated 4 : x os ery . 7 110 are given the actual flows from the plant records, as in Illinois Exh. 26, except that in 1940 the 7-month average is used. The figure of 878 m.g.d. given for 1940 is mis- leading, in that the treated flow rose from 696 m.g.d. in January to 1032 m.g.d. in May and fell to 988 m.g.d. 1457 in July. The estimated flow of sewage in the Sanitary District at present (September, 1940) is approximately 1070 million gallons daily. Of this, about 82 m.g.d. is untreated. The untreated sewage was steadily reduced throughout the first seven months of 1940. Part of the untreated flow is from the Kostner Avenue sewer area on the West Side. The connection therefrom to the Sanitary District interceptor is under construction. The balance if accounted for by other miscellaneous flows from Clearing, Argo, parts of Blue Island, Posen, Oak Forest Institution, Evergreen Park, Mt. Greenwood, and other small situations. The figure of 82 m.g.d. is current, say July, if you prefer. It may vary from 1458 month to month. It is about 8 per cent of the total. 1458-1459 To supplement Illinois Exh. 24, the dry solids removed over seven months average daily— Plant Tons per 24 Hours Calumet, new ean 30.2 oo: 106.6 Southwest ..... Reed argh or, iat. 187.5 5 SIRE Re ArT RT oa a eee a eek || TM Iie ir eens nate eine HT oe nee PE 397.4 . 1460-1461 I!linois jan. 50 shows the yearly record of sludge and grit removed at the sewage treatment works from 1929 to 1940, except that in 1940 only seven months —~were used. The sludge is calculated from the actual pee removed, knowing the per cent of solids. — er OOS eee ee ee ee” ee ee ae 111 No sludge has been discharged to the channels of the Sanitary District from the West Side Plant at any time. From the Calumet Works there was sludge dis- charged in 1936, 1937, and 1938 during the tuning-up of the sludge handling equipment. From 1929 to 1939 inclusive, most of the sludge piped from the North Side Works was emptied into the Main Channel at Stickney. This sludge included the excess activated sludge and the sludge from the preliminary settling - 1462 tanks at the North Side Works. Its water content varied from about 99.8 to 98.9 and is usually over 98.5, and very watery. At first but little sludge was run into the West Side Works for digestion, but in 1931 and 1932 a considerable portion, around 25 per cent, was run in, but ownig to its volume, the digestion capacity avail- able proved inadequate. From 1933 to 1935, only 14 per cent of the North Side sludge entered th> West Side plant. During 1936, through 1937, less than 8 per cent. In 1938, only 2-14 per cent. In 1939 and 1940, one per cent or less entered the West Side Works. 1463 The tonnage in Illirois Exh. 50, column 8, represents the sludge caught in the plant. It shoots up rapidly in 1939, with the plant going into service. The last column represents the tonnage discharged to the channels of The Sanitary District. The discharge was greater in 1939 than theretofore. The table shows what is retained _ 1464 in the plants and what was lost. There was a substan- tial reduction in the sludge to the channel in 1940, com- pared with 1939. There will be a more substantial re- duction when the new filters are in service at the Southwest Works. 112 1465 In Illinois Exh. 49, in 1939, the last column shows 377 mn.g.d. That represents untreated sewage. The 53,- | 970 tons shown in Illinois Exh. 50 for the year 1939 /, comes from the 670 m.g.d. of sewage, shown under sewage treated, because that tonnage is the excess which we were unable to dispose of on land. The fig- ures 377 and 53,970 cann@t-be added, because tne lat- ter is tons per year and the former is million gallons per day. They are different units. 1466 To the 377 mg.d. of sewage would be added the av- erage daily volume in gallons per day of the 53,970 tons per year. 1467-1468 Illinois Exh. 51 shows the amount of sludge dis- charged to the channel in tons per year for 1929 to 1939, and for 7 months in 1940. 1469 The table shows the disposition of the North Side sludge, and the sludge to the channels of the Sanitary District. The tonnage to the channel from 1929 to May 23, 1939 was largely derived from the North Side Works. When the Southwest Works went into service on May 23, 1939, an accumulation period occurred for a few weeks, in which activated sludge was built up. By Sep- tember, the sludge dewatering and drying began. At times the amount handled built up to over 200 tons of dry solid per day. Most of this was shipped away for fertilizer. The dried excess not shipped was burned. The sludge not handled was discharged to the Main Channel from the Southwest Works. In the spring of 1940, after the Racine Avenue Pumping Station was cut in, the solids from the preliminary tanks were diverted to the West Side Works for digestion. 113 1470 The table shows what came from the North Side, grit by railroad to the ‘dump and sludge by pipeline. Under disposal is shown the distribution of the sludge, whether to the West Side, Southwest, or Channel. As the Southwest Plant came in, some of the Nor h Side sludge was put into the Southwest and dewatered. More or less, but continuously sludge from the North Side, from 1929 on, went to the Main Channel. The largest amount was 38,394 tons in 1938. Sludge from other sources reaching the Channel is shown under Calumet and Southwest. 1471 Up to the end of 1935, the Calumet plant was an Imhoff tank plant, with a couple of experimental units of activated sludge. No sludge went into the channels from the Calumet plant during the operation of the Imhoff tanks. In 1936-1937-1938, during the tuning-up period, excess sludge was discharged to the Channel. For a time a lagoon was operated on the excess sludge but it produced so much odor, which was commented upon for a half mile or more, that we decided, with the diversion we had then, to discharge the material into the channel. It was not a great addition over the amount already going in from the North Side Works. The odor was cut down. Apparently there was very “little difference in the channel. The Southwest Works went into service in 1939. Sludge was discharged. _ 1472 The grand totals correspond with those read from Illinois Exh. 50. - : 1472-1473 Illinois Exh. 52 shows the record of sludge hand- : ling in tons per month from the North Side and South- 1474 west Works from July, 1939 through July, 1940. For each plant is shown the total tonnage, and its disposi- 114 tion, distributed to the West Side, Southwest drying 1475 and channel. Under the final disposal is shown the to- tal tons to the same points. The material from the Southwest to the West Side digestion is the sludge from the pre'iminary settling tanks at the Southwest. It was desirable to keep this out of the material used for fertilizer on account of the grease content and its unchanged character, not having been through the ac- i tivated sludge process. The peak discharge to the chan- nel was 6,435 tons in October, 1939. Thereafter there was a steady decline to 1866 tons in July, 1940. That figure is somewHat“under the average monthly dis- charge for the first seven months of 1940, calculated from Illinois Exh. 50«and 51, which show the total for the first seven rnonths. © 1477 The West Side plant is a digestion plant. The digested solids are taken from the tanks, air-dried, and run out on our raitroad to the sludge dump. At no time have they ever gone to the channel. 1478 The West Side treatment is a partial treatment, to remove by settling whatever will settle in around two hours. There is a rernoval of B.O.D. around 50 peg cent, and approximately the same of suspended solids. Ramey has estimated the additional plant needed to bring the effluent up to the quality of the Southwest plant. There is material in the effluent of the West Side plant that is untreated, except for such pari as was 1479 settled out. The material in the effluent is not included =| in these tables. Such material is classified as part of the ; sewage which went through a sewage treatment plant. We can compile the amounts of such material for you from the operating tables. ae 115 1480 The effluent of the West Side plant now contains a considerable percentage of untreated matter. Eventu- ally the West Side will have an effluent as good as the activated sludge part of the Southwest Works. At pres- ent the sewage in the Southwest Works only receives partial treatment. The tables were prepared to inform the Opponents on the technical data requested, not so 1481-1482 much to inform the Master. Illinois Exh. 53 shows for 1938 the tonnage per month of sludge and grit at the various works of the District, with the dis- position thereof. : 1483-1484 Illinois Exh. 54 shows for 1939 and 1940 the ton- nage per month of the sludge and grit from the various works of the District and the disposition thereof. — 1485 These two exhibits are breakdowns of Illinois Exh. 50, to show monthly data. For geneml purposes back*of 1938, we felt the yearly records were sufficient. 1486 Under the heading “Channel” is a record of, sludge that came out of a plant as a result cf sewage . 1486-1487 treatment. In 1939, the sludge removed was fi- nally disposed of as follows: Method of Disposal Tonnage (Dry Solids) Digestion . 28,110 Main Channel 53,970 Dried by Heat 23,782 Grit to Dump 3,061 TOTAL .. eee ae 108,923 These figures are taken from Illinois Exh. 54 but are summarized in a different form. , The drop in efficiency in the Southwest Works in 1940, followed the period of January, February and 116 March when all the flow handled went through the en- tire plant, that is, the preliminary tanks and the acti- vated sludge. From April to date, a part of the flow in varying proportion, has been given only preliminary 1488 treatment by settling. This appears to be due to the explosion in one of the boilers in January, which put two units out of service, because two of the heat-drying units are connected to one line of breeching to a single stack. This cut down the available capacity for sludge drying. It seemed better, early in April, to remove by preliminary settling whatever sludge could be settled for digestion in the West Side Works, and while re- pairing the heat-drying units to discharge the excess settled sewage to the Main Channel, over what could be treated by the activated sludge process to sufficiently load the heat-drying apparatus. We discussed emergency lagoons, but in the light of our experience at Calumet with lagooning activated sludge, we felt it was better to turn the sludge ioose in the channel. 1489 The chief difficulties in tuning-up’ have come from the lack of adequate air compresscrs and adequate dewatering and heat-drying equipment. These lacks are chargeable to inadequate funds prior to 1940. The boilers turned out too much steam generating capacity. Owing to the hookup in pairs on each stack, if repairs are needed, two units of heat-drying have to be shut down. This is being remedied. The changes in the drying equipment are practically completed (September 9, 1940}. The blower capacity has been too low from the start. Three additional blowers are 1490 under contract, each cf 100,000 cubic feet per minute 3 117 ~s capacity. The additional filters under contract are arriving in installments and will be in operation be- fore the end of the year. Some slagging has occurred when sludge is burned in the boiler furnace. The fusion of mineral matter in the sludge may occur if the fur- nace temperature goes too high. This has required at- tention to the operating end, to train the men. If molten slag were to fill the ash pit, the usefulness of the boiler setting might be destroyed. 1491 The remaining reason is that because of inability in the earlier months of 1940 to make a budget, we did not know how much money we had to spend in op- eration. This resulted from the uncertain taxing power of the District for corporate expenses. The Sanitary District had requested a special session of the Legis- lature. It was delayed. The trustees desired to make the money in hand last as long as possible before shut- ting down the plant, if the worst came, and the legisla- N ture was not called in special session or failed to act. For the first five months of 1940, we were up in the air, and after the first three months economies were en- forced to keep down use of power and coal. Luckily the Legislature came to our relief. We were able to go ahead, continue operation, and develop. i492 A special act was passed in 1940, increasing the ability to tax for corporate purposes, to serve the operation of fhe plants and works in the District. It is a taxing power to raise operating money. It enabled the issue of temporary ertificates. 1493 I will furnish the record of air used at the North Side Works from October 3, 1928 up to 1930. 118 “Cross Examination by Mr. Naujoks 1629 At the North Side Works, from October to December j 1928, 0.97 cubic foot of air per gallon of sewage was - used, and in 1929, 0.8 cubic foot per gallon. q 1639 My duties are general. I collaborate with Dr. Mohl- 4 man on many questions of operation and investiga- - tion. I take up questions in connection with the design and operation of the works. I pass on right of way q matters. Such a position might be styled Consulting Engineer. I have no assigned duties to be done each L day. I prepare opinions for the Engineering Depart- ment, our Chief Engineer, and the Legal Department. I was a witness before the Special Masters Hughes and McClennen. - 1631 An explosion in the furnace setting of a boiler at the Southwest Works shut down two units in the dewater- ing and drying end of the sludge handling and restricted the handling of the sludge, and thus interfered with the operation of the works. 1633 There are two sources of sludge, one from the North Side through the pipeline, the other, excess sludge from the Southwest Works. These are mixed. Whatever the conditioning, filtering, and heat-drying apparatus can 4 handle is heat-dried and shipped out in box cars as fer- ti .tilizer material. The excess, due to lack of capacity caused by the shutdown for repairs, was discharged to the Main Channel. About April 1, 1940, the preliminary solids, which had theretofore been handled with the activated sludge, were put into the West Side Works for digestion. This improved the quality of the fertilizer etl ee 119 ~ material and removed grease, which was, higher in the preliminary sludge. 1634 The repairs are practically complete. The practice of not treating all the sewaze completely at the South- west Works during 1940 originated in the troubles such as the accident in the boiler. We were fearful our money might not hold out to operate into June or until such time as the Legislature would give relief. The. 1635 operating department decided to by-pass the portion of sewage whose sludge could not be hcat-dried and. sold and put the preliminary effluent into the Main - Channel. To complete the sludge handling, eight filters © are under contract to increase the present 24 to 32. These should be in service by the end of 1940. In the boiler repairs, the connections to the stacks are being rearranged to give flexibility so only one unit can be shut down, instead of two at a time. The blower ca- pacity is inadequate at present to continuously carry 4)0 m.g.d. Three blowers, each of 100,000 cubic foot per minute are under contract. One blower will be delivered in 18 months, all in two years. At present the Southwest Works is underblowered, because our money did not go far enough to buy sufficient blowers for the nominal capacity of 400 m.g.d. The PWA Board 1637 cut out one blower and left us three. I believe the bids were taken within the last three months. Deliveries are difficult to obtain because of the competition with the United States, which is buying such equipment for use in the manufacture and testing of aeroplanes. 1638 The contracts were let as soon as possible after the report made hy the PWA Review Board. The present equipment does not furnish sufficient air for the com- 120 plete treatment of all the sewage at the Southwest Plant. The figures on Illinois Exh. 90, 51, 52, 53, and 54 are expressed in pounds of dry weight, in one case computed from the removals of suspended matter by 1639 the plant, and in another from the sludge measure- ments. It is possible they will not entirely cross- check. In the sewage field it is difficult to reconcile sludge weights with suspended matter. The North Side pipeline has a flow capacity of 2.5 m.g.d. and operates at a fairly uniform rate. The density has varied around 98-14 per cent water. , 1640 The problem of cleaning the pipeline is béfore us, to restore its capacity. From the Standard Saturation tables of the American Public Health Association, the dissolved oxygen in Lake Michigan water may be around 8.1 p.p.m. in the summer and up to 14 cr 15 p.p.m. in the winter. 1641 The winter conditions in the waterway are better than in the summer, although conditions were not satisfactory in January, 1939, following the cut in diver- sion. The dissolved oxygen dropped to zero at Lock- port, which is very unusual. Conditions continued unsatisfactory in the winter and early spring, even with a high dissolved oxygen in the lake. There was less trouble in the 1939-1940 winter than in the pre- vious winter. 1642 The chart (Rec. 258) shows on monthly averages some dissolved oxygen in January, February, and March of 1940. In April, 1940, the dissolved oxygen was exhausted. The B.O.D. in 1940 were lower than in 1939. My general impression is that conditions were better in the winter of 1939-1940 than in January to March, 1939. 1645. of 92 per cent was attained. Fr 121 1643 The introduction of oxygen tends to reduce the B.O.D. somewhat. However, under existing conditions, the increase in oxygen may have little practical value, de- pending on how it is done. With B.O.D. running up to 25 to 30 parts per million in 1940 and 40 in 1939, it would be difficult to obtain sufficient oxygen without 1644 increasing the diversion. At the North Side Works, the B.O.D. removal in September, 1929, attained 97.2 per cent. That was the maximum reduction in B.O.D. in that year. The average r sr the year 1929 was 95 per cent of the 5-day B.Q.D. in 1926, the air used was 0.97 cubic feet per gallon af sewage. In‘ 1929, 0.8 cubic feet per gallon was used. 1930, air in amount 0.52 _ cubic feet per gallon was and removal of B.O.D. In 1931, a removal of 92.6 per cent of B.O.D. was obtained. In 1932, a remov- al of 91.7 per cent of B.O.D. was obtained with 9.4: cubic feet of air per gallon. In 1933, a removal of 88.3 1646 per cent of B.O.D. was obtained with 0.37 cubic feet per gallon. In the later years a good effluent was ob- tained with a lower use of air, around 0.4 cubic feet per gallon, than formerly, with as good an effluent. In such degrees of treatment and amounts of air, a slight differ- ence in the amount of air does not make much differ- ence in the reduction of B.O.D. In the exhibits from 1936 to 1937, the air averaged 0.36, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37 cubic feet per gallon, with a reduction of B.O.D. of 91.5 or 92 or 92-14 per cent. The reduction of B.O.D. is lower in winter, and greater in the summer. Little is gained by using more air, because nitrates are produced, which are of little value in our ultimate result. We are trying to keep dissolved oxygen in the flow at all times, where- 122 as nitrate oxygen does not become available until the dissolved oxygen is exhausted. In the earlier period 1647 more nitrates were carried than now, yet the present effluent is practically just as good. The use of more air would not duplicate the result of 1929, because that was obtained with a period of aeration of 7.2 hours on a reduced flow and now the period is around 4.5 to 5 hours. There is an element of time in the period of aeration, as well as the amount of air. 1648 The use of more air without an additional aeration period would not do much good. Nitrate production by the activated sludge process does not do enough bene- fit to warrant the expense. This is the trend in many of 1649 the large activated sludge plants insthe United States - The making of nitrates by the activated sludge process is not an efficient use of public money. Additional air will make a little more nitrate in the effluent, but the nitrates do not become available until the dissolved ‘oxygen is exhausted. Then you are at the point of nuisance. The small amount of oxygen in the nitrate is unimportant. It is best to keep up the degree of treat- ment through the entire system of the Sanitary District. The nitrate content is not a common index of stream condition. The first index is the dissolved oxygen, be- cause some must be present in order to avoid a nuisance 1650 in the absence of sludge banks. Nitrates in a stream may be a detriment. Some of the older sewage plants in the United States produced 10, 15, or more parts per million of nitrate. The nitrate encouraged the propaga- tion of plants, algae, and the like, which die and make a nuisance. Nitrates may produce a secondary nuisance worse than the conditions created by the raw sewage 123 before a treatment plant was built. Nitrate forms in the. Illinois Waterway as the flow nears Peoria as part of the purification cycle. The condition of the Illinois Waterway above Peoria 1651 for a number of miles is good. There is at least 3 or 4 parts per million of dissolved oxygen. Fish have moved up the river and commercial fishing is practiced up to Ottawa. From the standpoint of the dissolved oxygen test, the river is in good condition. We do not analyze for nitrate because we do not consider that test of value. I have no data on the content of nitrite and niffates in any stream the size of the Illinois Waterway with refer- ence to nuisance. * In the Calumet area, the Calumet River flows out into Lake Michigan at South Chicago. Near 130th Street, 1652 it forms two branches, the Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet. The Grand Calumet runs easterly to Gary. The Little Calumet runs southeasterly, passing the controlling works of the Sanitary District at Blue Island. The Sanitary District endeavors to keep the flow in the Calumet River out of and away from Lake Michigan. There is another outiet to Lake Michigan, in East Chicago, the East Chicago Ship Canal. The Grand Calumet River receives the flow as high as 600 c.f.s. of condenser or cooling water from the steel mills in Gary. Most of this runs into Lake Michigan through the East Chicago Ship Canal, carrying the pollution of sewage from Gary, part of East Chicago, Hammond, and part of Whiting. Current meter tests show a flow west- 1653 ward into Illinois around 30 to 40 c.f.s. The menace to the Chicags water supply is the discharge of un- treated sewage at East Chicago. In Illinois the sewage 124 has been picked up along the Calumet River within the Sanitary District, except for part of Blue Island. Certain pickling liquor wastes are also discharged direct to the river, as unfit to enter the treatment works. These are a relatively small part of the pollution with the present dilution. The flow from Indiana into the Calumet-Sag Channel is from 40 to 50 c.f.s. Mr. Howson states the Gary plant went into operation about Sep- tember 1, 1940. With the completion of the Gary and Hammond plants, a small load will still come from In- diana into Illinois. 1655 The finai solution of the Indiana situation in the Cal- umet region depends on the proposed arrangements of Controlling Works or Locks by the United States in the proposed widening of the Calumet-Sag Channel. The Snaitary District has suggested two Controlling Works —one in the Calumet River, the other in the East Chica- go Ship Canal, so no flow goes to the lake. This would require the steel mills to reverse their condenser water back to the lake instead of discharging into the Calumet River, unless the United States permitted the condenser water to be taken in addition to the allowed diversion. The Sanitary District has not consented to such flow. The decision of the War Department is awaited. What- ever the Indiana towns may do in sewage treatment ‘ is welcomed, both from the standpoint of the channels and the effect on the Chicago water supply™ 1656 Lemont discharges raw sewage into the Main Chan- nel, but is planning treatment works. Lockport dis- charges into Deep Run, as does the Texas Company, ‘en- tering the Waterway about half way between Lockport and Joliet. The flow of Stateville Prison goes to the ad Phill ea ain 125 Des Plaines River. The flow of the old penitentiary may enter the river below Brandon Dam. The treat- ment of any sewage entering the Waterway above Joliet from municipalities, industries, cr state institutions will improve conditions by the amount of pollution removed, although a very small proportion of the whole. 1658 The sewage at the start of the Calumet plant con- tained a great deal of acid pickling liquor waste from the steel mills, foundries, and others, where acid is used to clean the product. There is also a paint mill, with varied wastes. The pickling liquor interefered with the operation of the plant by introducing ferrous iron, 1659 which oxidized in contact with the air and created a deposit in the surface of the diffuser plates. The pres- sure built up rapidly, so each tank had to be drained and the plates cleaned every two weeks. At the request of the Sanitary District, practically all these industries have diverted or transported all such waste direct to the river or Calumet-Sag Channel. 1660 The diffuser plates have not been used as long as those on the North Side. Further cleaning may be re- quired. Certain industrial wastes may have interfered with operation. Rather than handle one waste, the pro- ducer moved that department from Chicago. We are 1661 trying to operate the Calumet Works to the highest de- gree and eliminate whatever interferes. The B.O.D, removal at the Calumet Works has at times exceeded 92 per cent. During 1940, the average B.O.D. removal for the first five months was 91.3 per cent. With the additional capacity available, a longer period of aeration with a greater amount of air per gal- _ lon of sewage might produce a somewhat higher grade effluent. Whether the additional aeration would aia in a i a 126 removal of B.O.D. is a question. The nitrification might be greater. The B.O.D. might be reduced perhaps one part per miliion. 1662 I will examine the procedure referred to in the Bud- get Report on Engineering Work for the Sanitary Dis- trict of 1940, on page 53, aid see what caused the bet- ter reductions of B.O.D., with an increase of air rates and somewhat higher concentration of solids in’, the mixed liquor. Apparently the record shows aroun@é 83.5 to 86.9 per cent in the summer months and a jump in November to 92.2 and in December to 91. 1663 I assist in the preparation of the Budget Report in a general way. I would want to check up and see if I approved that particular statement in its entirety. I have prepared a record of the nitrates and nitrites, and air in cubic feet per gallort for the various works from 1664 1928 to 1940. The results for the Southwest Works are on the activated effluent alone. 1665 (Pearse Cross Exam. Exh. 1) st 1666 I do not recall the amount of oxygen in a pound of nitrate. Dr. Mohiman states that there is 0.47 pound of oxygen in a pound of nitrate, the relation being 80 to 170. That is the available oxygen. 667 The West Side Works provides preliminary treat- ment only ‘in Imhoff tanks.. The amount of sewage handled in those works is given by the exhibits. I will look up the amount of the West Side sewage run threugh the Southwest Works each month. f 1668 I will also obtain how much doad the Southwest Works can now. assume. In January to May, 1940, the West Side Works removed a little less than 50 per cent of the B.O.D. The June and July averages brought it ‘2 = 127 up around 50 per cent. No chemicals are added. The addition of chemicals would increase the treatment, but not to a removal of 75 per cent. a? 1669 In our tests the removal did not go much above 60 per cent. I assisted in the investigations. in a general way. Dr. Mohlman directed them. I took the final data and worked up the Report of April 16, 1940, with the aid of the others who signed it. 1670-1671 Assuming the B.O.D. in the raw sewage at the West Side averages 100 parts per million, the final efflu- ent without chemicals averages 57 parts per million and with chemicals 36. parts per million, the difference (21 p.p.m.) on a flow of 450 m.g.d. represents an equiv- alent population of 444,000. , If the raw sewage of the West Side area was settled in Imhoff tanks and chemicals applied so as to reduce the B.O.D. from 100 to 36 parts per million, this would amount to increasing the treatment of approximately 440,000 people. 1672 The addition of chemicals to the West Side Works would improve the effluent by removing organic pol- lution, and so cut down the amount of B.O.D. in the Pool. The amelioration of the Pool is subject to the effect of the sludge deposits. I listened to Andrew’s testimony and cannot tell to wnat degree the dredging he proposed would change conditions in the Pool. Ap- .parently his method of measurement does not reach the~ material Dr. Mohlman and I classify as sewage sludge. The sludve determined by Andrew is very dense and not the lighter sewage sludge. If this dense materia! were removed, the conditions in the Pool would be much the same. I doubt if he cou!d remove all the canes baceaal 128 1673 fied as sewage sludge. The removal of the denser ma- terial, unless an obstruction to navigation, ig a very speculative benefit, and so is any dredgirg that I can conceive. Sewage sludge around 90 per cent moisture 1674 content is hard to drain off a relatively flat floor. If the Pool were emptied, a lot of the sludge material would flow out. How much is hard to say, as I do not know the relation of the outlet of the Pool and its bottom depths. I do not believe he can drain it out short of actual pump- ing. When draining, there will be 2,000 or 3,000 c.f.s. rémning in all the time. Doubtful if anyone would advocate running the Chicago River into the Lake to drain and sweep out the Poel at Joliet. 1675 Dredging is impractical and will accomplish little unless it is in removal of actual obstructions to navi- gation. I doubt if much of thé s@wage sludge will be moved which has a demand for oxygen and is decom- posing for two or three years in the Pool. It is intensely speculation. I would hesitate many times before spend- ing the public money on such a venture. 1675 The time for an organic deposit in a stream to finally ~ decompose and become inert is not thoroughly deter- mined and may run from three to five years. It isa question of the decomposition of the organic material in the mass. Andrew is working on the question of removal of deposits which are essentially inert, but may contain some organic material. He wants}to remove physical material in the deeper layers. We are looking to the removal of a body of more or less liquid stuff which would flow, if it would drain down, relatively slewly. It is not solid or liquid sand. It has a very ef- fective demand for oxygen. Pa eee 129 1676-1677 Our studies on the Illinois Waterway show a double demand from sludge deposits in the Waterway, coming partly from the sludge coming contemporane- ously and partly from the prior deposits and from the winter deposits. Stream cleaning the Joliet Pool is very speculative as to whether it would accomplish any practical result unless to remove an obstruction to navigationwhich is caused by material, some or a good portion of which may never have come from a sewer. 1678 If the liquid material went out of the Pool) it wuld create a demand for,oxygen in the lower regions of the Pool and transfer the complaints from Lockport and Joliet to points below. There weuld also be odors from the exposed surfaces, and confplaints from shippers if navigation were stopped. I conclude that pulling the Pool down and doing some housecizaning is utterly im- practical. Material is removed from Imhoff tanks at moistures as low as 90 to 87 per cent. In settling * basins of the old type, with very flat bottoms, men are used with rubber boots and squeegees to shove the sludge along with the aid of fire hoses. Andrew could move some of the border line material. The bottom material is relatively dense, but he says he 1680 cannot walk on it. Over the dense material is material of increasing fluidity, maybe 6, 7, 8 per cent solid. Ever since I joined the Sanitary District staff, I have dis- cussed cleaning waterways, with the late Mr. Wisner, the cleaning of the channels. We came to the conclu- sion that trying to clean a waterway of such material by dredging is very impractical. In Chicago, the Health Department would not permit disposal in the lake. At Joliet, it would be necessary to pump the material to 130 ” a lagoon, where it, would decompose and create odors. 1681 This would shift fhe trouble from one spot to another. If the money were spent in the treatment works of the Sanitary District to speed up the work, it would be better. The District expects to discharge less and less ma- terial to the Waterway, until eventually, with complete treatment, a small residual is reached of relatively light suspended matter, perhaps 5 or 7 per cent of the total. It will move a long way, but should not tend to form a dense sludge. The final result is entirely dif- ferent from the summer of 1939. 1682 If no more sludge were put into the Waterway the difficuity in Brandon Pool will gradually lessen. In two or three years the people down there will forget all about the Pool, from the odor standpoint. An addi- tional diversion in the summer months. would be help- ful in sweeping along the gases and products of decom- 1683 position out of the Pool. That is why conditions were supportable prior. to the cut in diversion. 1685 How the suspended solids can be moved out of the Brandon Pool, and how much can be moved, I do not know. I therefore do not know how much you could ameliorate the condition in Brandon Pool. Of course, on a hypothetical.basis, if you moved all the solids from that Pool to the next, you have improved conditions. I do not know a practical way of moving the solids. I doubt if a dredge with constant pumping, and stirring the Pool would do; much good. I am skeptical as to whet [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/brief%3Amicro_IA40385002_1758%3A001. Public record. Not legal advice.