# T. C. Memo. 2002-200

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## Record

- **Collection:** Agency decision
- **Document type:** Agency decision

## Text

s.r. amas

T. C. Memo. 2002-200

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

TIMOTHY THOMAS AND JANICE KATHLEEN KUBERSKI, Petitioners y.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 1174-01.

Filed August 12,

2002.

Timothy Thomas Kuberski and Janice Kathleen Kuberski,
pro sese.
Charles J. Graves, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

COHEN, Judge:

Respondent determined deficiencies in

petitioners' Federal income taxes and an addition to tax as
follows:

.

BERVED

AUG 1 2 2002

- 2

-

Year

Deficiency

Addition to Tax
Sec. 6651(a)(1)

1994
1995
1996
1998

$25,014
31,785
20,543
19,554

$5,628.38
----

The issue for decision is whether petitioners are entitled to
deduct losses claimed on their Schedule C, Profit or Loss From
Business, for Caduceus Thoroughbreds, a horse breeding and racing
operation.

Respondent determined that petitioners' horse

activity was not an activity engaged in for profit within the
meaning of section 183.

Unless otherwise indicated, all section

references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the
years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court
Rules of Practice and Procedure.
FINDINGS OF FACT

Petitioners were residents of Phoenix, Arizona, at the time
they filed their petition.
Kuberski

At all material times, Timothy Thomas

(petitioner) was a physician.

Petitioners filed joint

Federal income tax returns for 1994 through 1998, reporting
annual combined earnings from employment ranging from
approximately $287,000 to approximately $342,000.

Petitioner has been involved in the thoroughbred horse
industry in Arizona since 1980.

Petitioner's goal was to breed,

raise, and race thoroughbred horses.

- 3 During the years in issue, petitioner operated Caduceus
Thoroughbreds in conjunction with Sun State Farm, an

S corporation.

,

Petitioner and Fillipo Santoro (Santoro) formed

Sun State Farm in 1986 to develop a modern and complete

thoroughbred horse facility capable of dealing with all facets of
the thoroughbred industry.

In 1986, Sun State Farm purchased a

36-acre parcel of land in Wickenburg, Arizona (the farm).

The

farm was flat, was zoned for farming, had good access to nearby
highways, and had a good water supply.

Petitioner, with the help

of his uncle and ranch manager, made certain improvements to the
farm, including constructing barn facilities for the horses.
Horses that Caduceus Thoroughbreds owned were boarded at the
Sun State Farm facility from 1986 through 1996.

Caduceus

Thoroughbreds deducted boarding fees totaling $416,236 that were
paid to Sun State Farm from 1986 through 1996.
Petitioner and Santoro dissolved Sun State Farm after a
"falling out" in 1996.

Petitioner's horses remained at the

property, and petitioner continued to market his thoroughbreds
using the name Sun State Farm.
Petitioner wrote a business plan in 1995 for Caduceus
Thoroughbreds that was a supplement to a plan written for Sun
State Farm in 1987.

Although the name on the 1995 business plan

had changed, petitioner had not significantly changed the
operations.

- 4

-

The business plan that petitioner wrote in 1987 for Sun

State Farm identified key advisers to the business, such as a
veterinarian, an accountant, a nutritionist, and other experts in
the thoroughbred horse industry.

The 1987 plan identified farm

assets and their potential appreciation and outlined expenses
such as wages, utilities, boarding fees, race training fees, and
sale preparation fees.

The business plan included a cashflow

projection, an income and loss statement, a description of

additional revenue sources, and a listing of potential capital
improvements for the farm.

Petitioner projected annual expenses

of $93,100 and annual income of $102,600.

The plan also

projected the acquisition of a stallion to proceed with the
breeding operation.

The plan included an economic analysis

compiled by the University of Arizona, which studied the impact
of the thoroughbred horse breeding industry on the Arizona
economy.
The 1995 supplement gave a general description of the
operations of Caduceus Thoroughbreds but did not include any

financial data or income projections other than a projected cost
of between $7,000 and $10,000 to prepare a horse for the
racetrack.

The new plan emphasized a change in focus from

breeding to racing.

The plan also cautioned that, despite

increasing purses, the value of Arizona thoroughbreds had not
improved commensurately, and owners were still buying expensive

- 5 horses elsewhere.

Petitioner projected that, as his operation

became more experienced and recognized, the potential fon profit

would increase.
Petitioner believed that he could breed a better-thanaverage thoroughbred horse because of his medical background and
his understanding of physiology and statistical analysis.
Petitioner is a licensed trainer and owner, as well as a

certified horse appraiser.

He has taken annual classes on taxes,

business, shoeing horses, veterinary problems, animal husbandry,
and sales preparation.

Petitioner wrote several articles for the

thoroughbred horse industry, including one explaining the dosage
system, a horse breeding theory, and others related to various

medical problems in the racehorse industry.

Petitioner sent out

bills every month, knew all the mares on the farm, and knew why
particular mares were bred with his stallion.
Petitioners characterize the thoroughbred horse industry as
a "loss" industry and contend that statistically it is possible
to make a profit only once every 25 years.

Petitioners have

never made a profit from their Schedule C horse breeding and
racing activity.
From 1980 through 1998

(excluding 1981, 1983, and 1985 for

which no information was introduced), petitioners reported the

following gross receipts and losses with respect to the horse-

-

6

-

related activity on Schedules C of their Federal income tax
returns:

Year

Gross Receipts

(Loss)

1980
1982
1984
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993

-0-0$136
5,375
13,832
5,935
3,434
2,306
14,388
33,280
39,662

$(1,825)
(435)
(22,690)
(44,320)
(46,440)
(39,684)
(38,602)
(33,662)
(89,355)
(106,041)
(96,738)

1994

40,485

(62,142)

1995
1996
1997
1998

19,824
26,630
24,931
52,492
$282,710

(80,205)
(67,605)
(95,432)
(63,087)
$(888,263)

Total

Petitioners' returns for 1994, 1995, and 1996 reported, on
Schedule E, Supplemental Income and Loss, losses from Sun State
Farms.

Their returns for the years in issue reported, on

Forms 4797, Sales of Business Property, the following sales of
horses:
1994

2 horses @ $1,000

1995

1
1
1
1

horse
horse
horse
horse

@
@
@
@

$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000

Only two of the horses were sold for more than they cost, for a
combined profit of $333.

Petitioners' 1994 return was signed by petitioner on
February 18, 1997.

- 7 OPINION

.. .

Respondent determined that petitioners' horse breedipg was

not an äctivity engaged in f or p rof it within the meaning of
section 183.

Section 183(a) provides that, if·an activity is not-

engaged in for profit, no deductions. attributable to the activity
shall be allowed except .as provi

ded in section 183 (b) .

Section

183 (b) (1) allows ·only those ,deductions that are not dependent
upon a profit motive, such as. taxes.
the deductions that twou

Section ,183 (b) (2) allows

ld be allowable if the activity was

engaged^ in for prbfit, but only to the extent that gross income
attributable to the activity excee

section 183 (b) (1) .

ds) ther deductions permitted by

An "activ.ity not rengaged in for prof it" is

defined in section 183 (c) as "any activity .other than pne ·with
respect to which deductions are allbwa bl e for the taxable year
under section 162 or under paragraph (1) or

(2) of section 212.

Petit-ioners bear the burden of proving"that the requisite
1 142 (a) • Golantya,v. Commissione..I, 72
profit motive' exists. Ru e
-i
T. C. 411, 426 (1979) , · af fd. without published topinion 647 F.2d
170

(9th Cir. 198ï).

Sect'ion 7491t(a),-'which is erfective with

respect to court proceedings arising· in. connection with
.
the Commissioner commenting. after July 22, 1998,
examinations by
the - date- of its. enacttríent by section _3001 (a) of the <Internal
Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998,. Pub. L.
105-206, 112 Stat. 726, does not apply to place the burden of

.

- 12.-

revenues is an indication that the taxpayer did not have a profit
motive.

Burger v. Commissioner, 809 F.2d 355, 360 (7th Cir.

.

1987), affg. T.C. Memo. 1985-523. .A continuous series of losses
during the startup stage will not necessarily be deemed
indicative that the activity was not engaged in for profit.

1.183-2(b)(6), Income Tax Regs.

Sec.

However, the cumulative loss

should not be of .such a magnitude that an overall profit from a
combination of operations and realized appreciation of business
assets could not possibly be achieved.

Bessenyev v.

Commissioner, 45 T..C. 261.,. 274

(1965), affd. 379 F.2d 252

Cir. 1967); sec.

Income Tax Regs.

1.183-2(b)(4),

.
(2d

From 1980 when petitioner began the thoroughbred horse
activity through 1998, Caduceus Thoroughbreds had cumulative

losses exceeding. $888.,000.s. The Court has recognized that the
startup phase of a horse breeding activity is 5 to 10 years.
Engdahl v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. at 669.

In this case, the years

in issue are well beyond the period customarily necessary to
bring a similar operation to..profitable status.

.Sec. 1.183-

2(b)(6), Income Tax Regs.

Petitioners' Schedule C losses for 1994, 1995, 1996, and
1998 'are $62,142, $80,205., $67,605, and $63,087, respectively.

Petitioners claim.that- the losses were due to unforeseen
circumstances such as .lawsuits, against the business, downturns in
business, changes in the purse structure at races, a decrease in

O

- 13 -

Breeder's awards, and death or problems with important horses.
However, petitioners presented no evidence at trial to
corroborate their claims.

In fact, the 1995 business plan .

supplement states that purses in races had increased over the
years but that the value of Arizona thoroughbreds had not
increased commensurately.

The evidence available from the record

indicates that, despite petitioner's realization that the
thoroughbred horse activities had not proved profitable, no
substantial changes were made to the operations.
The amount of profits earned in relation to the amount of

losses incurred, the amount of the investment, and the value of
the assets in use may indicate a profit objective.
2(b)(7), Income Tax Regs.
independent of tax savings.
1326,

1341

Sec. 1.183-

Profit means economic profit,
Drobny v. Commissioner, 86 T.C.

(1986); Engdahl v. Commissioner,

72 T.C.

at 670.

Petitioners' Federal income tax returns reflect that, without the

effect of depreciation deductions, two horses were sold at a
profit of $333 during the 4 years in issue.

Petitioner has never

made a profit in his horse activities, although they have
generated generous tax savings in the form of depreciation

deductions and.net losses that offset his substantial income as a
physician.
Petitioners argue that the Internal Revenue Service unfairly
pursues high income taxpayers who engage in breeding and racing

-

horses.

14

-

Obviously, petitioners' financial status permits them to

engage in an activity reporting large losses over decades,

The

financial status of the taxpayers is an appropriate inquiry under
the regulations, section 1.183-2(b)(8), Income Tax Regs., and in

the case law.

See Golanty v. Commissioner, 72 T.C. at 428.

Petitioners' level of income permitted them to continue the horse
activity without ·a profit.

If they had regarded the activity as

a business, they would have focused more on the financial aspects
and ways to cut their losses.

Only their other income allowed

their continued pursuit of losing operations.

•

Petitioners argue that many years of losses are necessary
to make a profit in the horse breeding and racing industry.

They

cite Duley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1981-246, for the
proposition that the opportunity to earn a profit in a highly
speculative venture is sufficient to demonstrate profit motive.
Petitioner claims that he bred Quinton's Fan Club, a horse that

sold as a yearling for $7,500 and, after the sale, went on to
become a world record holder and stakes winner of over $100,000.

No evidence was presented regarding petitioner's reliance on a
professional trainer or petitioner's own ability to train and run
a racehorse whose winnings would provide him with a realistic

chance of recovering the losses incurred in prior years.
Petitioners contend that certain assets that have
appreciated in value over the years should be considered when

a

- 15 -

analyzing whether the requisite profit motive exists.

They claim

that the farm where the horses were boarded appreciated over the
years.

There is no reliable evidence in the record, however, of

the value of the land.

Petitioner gave evasive and inconsistent

testimony about disposition of the land when Sun State Farm was
dissolved.

Petitioner testified:

Q
[Respondent's counsel]
When Sun State Farm was
dissolved, the property was sold; is that correct?
A

[Petitioner]

Yes.

Q
In 1996, after Sun State Farm was dissolved,
who purchased that property?
A

I don't know.

Q

You don't know?

A

No.

Q

Did you purchase that property?

A

No.

Q
So, you just previously testified that you
currently own that property; is that correct?
A

Yes.

Q
So at what point did you purchase the
property?
A

I never purchased it.

It is unclear from this testimony how petitioner would have had
an interest in appreciation of the land after 1996, and there is

no evidence that any appreciation was realized in or before 1996.

-

16

-

Petitioners also argue that the stallion Sunny Feet was
purchased at no cost but was one of the most successful stallions
in Arizona, producing 10-percent stakes winners and over $100,000
in futurity stakes races.

Petitioner stated that the stallion's

untimely death had compromised his chances of making a profit
from breeding fees and awards.

No credible evidence was offered

by petitioners with regard to Sunny Feet to substantiate their

claims.
Petitioner considers himself an expert in the thoroughbred
industry and believes that, as a physician with a background in
statistical analysis, he can produce a higher quality
thoroughbred than other Arizona breeders.

A taxpayer's

expertise, research, and study of an activity, as well as his

consultation with experts, may be indicative of a profit motive.
Sec. 1.183-2(b)(2), Income Tax Regs.

In the 1995 supplement to

the business plan, petitioner stressed that the focus of Caduceus
Thoroughbreds would be on nutrition and training.

Although

petitioner named several key advisers to the breeding and racing
operation in the 1987 and 1995 business plans, he did not present
any further evidence of their expertise in the industry or that

he actually relied on such experts.

Petitioner has no formal

. training in equine science and has not shown that he performed
any research or analysis on the profitability of his operations.

- 17 -

Petitioners devote considerable attention in their brief to
arguing that the regulations set an impossible mandate for
profitability in the horse racing and breeding industry.

Specifically, petitioners point to the presumption under section
1.183-1(c), Income Tax Regs., that a horse breeding or racing
activity is engaged in for profit if its gross income exceeds
deductions for any 2 of 7 consecutive years.

Petitioners

emphatically argue that it is only possible to make a profit once

in 25 years.

Although petitioners seem to think otherwise, an

activity's history of losses is not an exclusive factor, nor is
it an impossible obstacle to overcome in successfully proving a
profit motive in horse breeding activities.

See Rinehart v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-9; Routon v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 2002-7; Jordan v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-206; Yancy

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1984-431; Ellis v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo.

1984-50; Coe v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1974-129; Deerman

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1974-84; Foster v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1973-13.

It is a persuasive factor in this case, however,

because of the amount of the losses, the length of the period of
losses, and the absence of offsetting considerations.
We conclude that petitioner's horse breeding and racing operation
was not an activity engaged in for profit.
Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for failure to

file a required return on the date prescribed, unless it is shown

- 18 -

.

that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful
neglect.
1997.

Petitioners'

1994 tax return was signed February 18,

Petitioners presented no evidence and did not offer any

explanations as to why they failed to file timely their 1994
return.

Neither petitioners' trial memorandum nor their opening

brief mentioned the late filing of their return.
deemed to have conceded the issue.

They are thus

They belatedly claim in their

reply brief that they were not given enough time to address this

issue.

The trial of this case substantially exceeded the time

estimated by the parties.

Much time was wasted by petitioner's

refusal to execute an appropriate stipulation or to heed the
Court's attempts to direct his testimony to relevant facts.

Petitioners are liable for the addition to tax for 1994.
We have considered petitioners' remaining arguments.

To the

extent that they are not discussed above, those arguments are
totally lacking in merit.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered
for respondent.

---

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