# UNITED STATES TAX COURT

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## Record

- **Collection:** Agency decision
- **Document type:** Agency decision

## Text

T.C. Memo. 2012-281
UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JO DELIA HOVIND, Petitioner y.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 1362-10.

Filed October 3, 2012.

James L. Chase, for petitioner.
Jason D. Laseter, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
MARVEL, Judge: In a notice of deficiency dated November 20, 2009,
respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income tax, additions to

SEWED OCT - 3 2012

-2[*2] tax under section 6651(a)(1), and civil fraud penalties under section 6663(a)
as follows:1

Year

Deficiency

Additions to tax
Sec. 6651(a)(1)

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

$111,959
192,763
191,334
153,432
153,300
135,442
265,445
297,353
146,487

$28,373
48,191
47,833
38,358
38,325
33,860
66,361
74,338
36,622

Penalties
Sec. 6663(a)

$83,969
144,572
143,500
115,074
114,975
101,581
199,084
223,015
109,865

After concessions,2 the issues for decision are: (1) whether and to what extent
'Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue
Code (Code) in effect for the years at issue, and Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Monetary amounts have been rounded to
the nearest dollar.

2In the notice of deficiency respondent made the following adjustments: (1)
increased gross receipts on petitioner's Schedules C, Profit or Loss From
Business, for the years at issue; (2) determined Schedule C business expenses for
the years at issue; (3) increased petitioner's interest income for 2000-04; (4)
increased petitioner's self-employment tax for the years at issue; (5) disallowed
petitioner's claimed personal exemption deductions for the years at issue; and (6)
allowed petitioner a rate reduction credit of $300 for 2001.
In her petition, petitioner assigns error only to respondent's determinations
that she received interest income in 2000-02 and that she received additional
Schedule C income during the years at issue. Ordinarily we deem any issue not
raised in the assignments of error in the petition conceded. See Rule 34(b)(4).
(continued...)

-3[*3] petitioner had unreported Schedule C income and expenses (collectively, net
profit) attributable to Creation Science Evangelism (CSE) and Dinosaur
Adventure Land (DAL) for each of the years at issue; (2) whether petitioner is
liable for additions to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for failing to timely file her
income tax return for each of the years at issue; and (3) whether petitioner is liable
for the fraud penalty under section 6663(a) for each of the years at issue.3

FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of
facts is incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioner resided in Florida when
she filed her petition.

2(...continued)
Accordingly we conclude that petitioner has conceded the adjustments with
respect to her self-employment tax, her personal exemptions, and the rate
reduction credit. While petitioner did not expressly challenge respondent's
determinations with respect to the Schedule C expenses, we construe petitioner's
argument as relating to the allocation of the Schedule C net profit (gross income
minus expenses). Accordingly, we address petitioner's liability for the unreported
Schedule C net profit and the unreported interest income in this opinion.
In her petition, petitioner contends that respondent has waived the
"penalties" for 1998. Petitioner offers no support for this contention, and in his
brief respondent contends that she is liable for both the sec. 6651(a)(1) addition to
tax and the sec. 6663(a) penalty for 1998.

[*4] I.

Background

Petitioner and Kent E. Hovind (Mr. Hovind) married in 1973. After
marrying, petitioner and Mr. Hovind moved to Michigan where they both attended
Midwestern Baptist College. Between 1977 and 1979 petitioner gave birth to her

three children, Kent Andrew Hovind, Eric Hovind, and Marlissa Hovind.
In January 1989 petitioner and her family moved to Pensacola, Florida.
Petitioner began attending Pensacola Christian College and eventually received

both her bachelor's and master's degrees in music. In 1992 she received a second
master of arts degree in sacred music. In 1993 petitioner and Mr. Hovind acquired
by warranty deed property at 29 Cummings Road (29 Cummings Road property)

which they used as their personal residence during the years at issue.

II.

Founding of CSE
Mr. Hovind established CSE in 1989.4 CSE purported to be a

nondenominational religious organization that advocated the message of creation
science and opposed the theory of evolution. CSE promoted its message through
live lectures by Mr. Hovind and Eric Hovind. Mr. Hovind frequently traveled,

4On a date or dates that are not in the record, petitioner and Mr. Hovind
transferred some of their assets to CSE. At some point they transferred the CSE
assets to an unincorporated business trust organization, and later, to an alleged
auxiliary of the Faith Baptist Church.

-5[*5] domestically and internationally, for speaking engagements, and petitioner

occasionally accompanied Mr. Hovind on these trips.
CSE also promoted its message through sales of merchandise that customers
could purchase at the lectures or order through the mail. Most of CSE's income
derived from sales of merchandise, including clothing, videotapes, DVDs, CDs,
bumper stickers, and mouse pads.5 In addition to merchandise promoting the
message of creation science, CSE sold books and videotapes promoting
antigovernment and tax-protester arguments.6 As CSE expanded its property
holdings, CSE also generated income by renting its properties.

5For example, in 2003 CSE earned gross receipts from merchandise sales of.

$1,657,329.
6ÊOr eXample, CSE sold "Good News for 1040 Filers", a video by Joe
Sweet, an individual who promoted the use of unincorporated business trust
organizations to evade Federal income tax. The catalog description states that the
video "[e]xplains how income tax is voluntary for most people". Mr. Sweet has
been permanently enjoined from "[o]rganizing, promoting, marketing, or selling
the tax shelter, plan,.or arrangement entitled 'GOOD NEWS for FORM 1040
Filers: Your Compliance is Strictly VOLUNTARY! BAD NEWS for the IRS!'"
and from "[o]rganizing, promoting, marketing, or selling 'Unincorporated
Business Trust Organizations' (a/k/a 'UBTOs') or any other abusive tax shelter,
plan, or arrangement that incites taxpayers to attempt to violate the internal
revenue laws". Petitioner wrote at least one check drawn on a CSE account to Mr.
Sweet.
.
. ,

-6[*6] III.

Expansion of CSE: 1999-2002

From 1999 through 2002 CSE expanded its operations by purchasing
properties surrounding the 29 Cummings Road property. In October 1999 Mr.
Hovind signed a warranty deed for property at 21-23 Cummings Road (21-23

Cummings Road property).7 In March 2000 Mr. Hovind acquired property at 400
Cummings Road (400 Cummings Road property). In May 2001 petitioner and Mr.
Hovind purchased property at 5720 North Palafox (5720 North Palafox property)
from Darlene Porter.8 In September 2001 petitioner and Mr. Hovind purchased

property at 5800 North Palafox (5800 North Palafox property) from Delores
Choron.9

7Petitioner drafted and signed two checks drawn on a CSE account to pay
for the property.
8The settlement statement for the 5720 North Palafox property recites that
petitioner and Mr. Hovind were to pay $126,391 for the property. To pay for the
property, CSE gave AmSouth two checks drawn on CSE accounts totaling
$126,391 in exchange for an official bank check in the same amount. Petitioner
drafted and signed the two checks drawn on the CSE accounts. Petitioner and Mr.
Hovind also purchased personal property from Ms. Porter. As partial payment for
Ms. Porter's personal property, CSE gave AmSouth a check drawn on a CSE
account in exchange for four official bank checks totaling $30,000. Petitioner
drafted and signed the check drawn on a CSE account. She also drafted and
signed a check drawn on a CSE account made payable to Ms. Porter.
9During 2002-03 petitioner drafted and signed 11 checks drawn on a CSE
account made payable to Ms. Choron.

-7[*7] IV.

Development of Ministerial Trusts

In 2002 Mr. Hovind decided to change the ownership structure of CSE and
to that end contacted Glenn Stoll, the director of Remedies at Law.1° Mr. Stoll
directed clients to form personal ministries which, once created, could be used to
form ministerial trusts to manage ministry assets including management of assets

on a tax-free basis. Mr. Stoll directed clients to associate each ministerial trust
with a corporation sole."

On May 12, 2003, Mr. Hovind created a personal ministry using the CSE
Foundation Trust package Mr. Stoll.provided. Mr. Hovind executed formal
written trust agreements for two trusts, Creation Science Evangelism Ministry and
the Creation Science Evangelism Foundation. Mr. Hovind named the Director of

1°Remedies at Law is an organization that purports to provide financial
advice to religious organizations and individuals. During 2003 petitioner drafted
and signed three checks drawn on a CSE account made payable to Remedies at
Law. Mr. Stoll has been permanently enjoined from "organizing, promoting,
.
marketing, or selling any trust, tax shelter, plan or arrangement" and from
"[p]romoting the false and frivolous position that Federal income taxes can be
reduced or eliminated by using 'Corporations Sole' and 'Ministerial Trusts' to
shelter income".
"The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has defined a corporation sole as "a
corporate form authorized under certain state laws to enable bona fide religious
leaders to hold property and conduct business for the benefit of the religious
entity:" Rev. Rul. 2004-27, 2004-1 C.B. 625, 626; see also Chambers v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-114, slip op. at 36.

-8[*8] Ecclesiastical Enterprises and the Firm Foundation, corporations sole
established by Mr. Stoll, as trustees. In the trust package both the Director of
Ecclesiastical.Enterprises and the Firm Foundation are identified as being under
the jurisdiction of the "Kingdom of Heaven". Mr. Hovind is listed as the "CEO
Manager" of Creation Science Evangelism Ministry. Petitioner is listed as the
"First Position Successor".
The trust package included sample warranty deeds that demonstrated how to

transfer property to a ministerial trust. Petitioner and/or Mr. Hovind purportedly

transferred title of the following properties: (1) the 29 Cummings Road
property;*(2) the 21-23 Cummings Road property;" (3) the 400 Cummings Road .
"On May 30, 2000, petitioner and Mr. Hovind signed a warranty deed
conveying the 29 Cummings Road property to the Faith Baptist Fellowship. The
documentary stamps on the warranty deed indicate that the property was
transferred for little or-no value. On August 18, 2004, Mr. Hovind signed a
quitclaim deed on behalf of himself and the Faith Baptist Fellowship transferring
the 29 Cummings Road property to the "29 Cummings Road Trust, a Ministerial
Property Trust, its trustee being Director of Ecclesiastical Enterprises". Despite
these alleged transfers petitioner and Mr. Hovind maintained a homeowner's
insurance policy on the property from at least December 8, 2003, through
December 8, 2008. CSE paid petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's insurance premiums
from December 8, 2003, through December 7, 2004.

"On May 30, 2000, Mr. Hovind signed a warranty deed conveying the 2123 Cummings Road property to "Elder Kent Hovind, Trustee for Faith Baptist
Fellowship" for little or no value. On August 10, 2000, Mr. Hovind, as trustee for
the Faith Baptist Fellowship, signed a warranty deed conveying a portion of the
(continued...)

-9[*9] property;" (4) the 5720;North Palafox property;15 and (5) the 5800 North

Palafox property.16

V.

Expansion of CSE: 2003-05

.

In November 2003 CSE acquired property at 116 Cummings Road (116
Cummings Road property)." In May 2004 CSE acquired property at 12 Oleander

"(...continued)
21-23 Cummings Road property to Eric Hovind. On August 18, 2004, Mr. Hovind
signed a quitclaim deed conveying another portion of the 21-23 Cummings Road
property to the "21 Cummings Road Trust, a Ministerial Property Trust, its trustee
being Director of Ecclesiastical Enterprises".

"On May 30, 2000, Mr. Hovind signed a warranty deed conveying the 400
Cummings Road property to the Faith Baptist Fellowship. The documentary
stamps on the warranty deed indicate that the property was transferred for little or
no value. On August 18, 2004, Mr. Hovind signed a quitclaim deed on behalf of
himself and the Faith Baptist Fellowship allegedly transferring the 400 Cummings
Road property to the "400 Block Cummings Subdivision Trust, a Ministerial
Property Trust, its trustee being Director of Ecclesiastical Enterprises".
isOn August 18, 2004, petitioner and Mr. Hovind signed a quitclaim deed
conveying the 5720 North Palafox property to the "5720 N. Palafox Trust, a
Ministerial Property Trust, its trustee being Director of Ecclesiastical Enterprises".

On August 18, 2004, Mr. Hovind signed a quitclaim deed conveying the
5800 North Palafox property from the Faith Baptist Fellowship to the "5800 N.
Palafox Trust, a Ministerial Property Trust, its trustee being Director of
Ecclesiastical Enterprises". There is no deed in the record documenting the

.

alleged conveyance of the 5800 North Palafox property from petitioner and Mr.
Hovind to the Faith Baptist Fellowship.
Petitioner drafted and signed two checks drawn on a CSE account to pay
for the 116 Cummings Road property.

-10 [*10] Drive. In June 2004 CSE acquired property at 100 Cummings Road. In
August 2005 CSE acquired property at 120 Oleander Drive. The Creation Science

Evangelism Foundation held title to the properties.
CSE built a biblically themed amusement park, DAL, on the acquired

properties.18 DAL featured rides, a museum, and a science center. DAL provided
tours for visitors and hosted birthday parties. DAL charged admission for entry to
the park, sold concessions, and offered merchandise for sale.

VI.

Operation of CSE
A.

In General

During the years at issue Mr. Hovind and petitioner operated CSE as an
unincorporated entity.19 CSE maintained its primary office at 29 Cummings Drive.
B.

Bank Accounts

From January 1, 1998, through August 31, 2006, CSE maintained an
account ending in 8656 (account 8656) at AmSouth Bank. From October 17,

18There was no division between the operations or finances of CSE and
DAL. Employees often performed tasks for both CSE and DAL. DAL was not
organized as a separate entity. Accordingly, we find that DAL was an asset of
CSE and its revenue and expenses were properly treated as revenue and expenses

of CSE.
19Special Agent Scott Schneider discovered no corporate or partnership
documents during the course of his investigation.

- 11 [*11] 2000, through May 30, 2003, CSE maintained a money market account .
ending in 5129 (account 5129) at AmSouth Bank. From November 29, 2002,
through December 29, 2006, CSE maintained an account ending in 1872 (account
1872) at Regions Bank. Beginning June 6, 2006, CSE maintained an account
ending in 8577 (account 8577) at Wachovia Bank.

C.

Petitioner's Role

Petitioner worked at CSE during the years at issue. Her titles included
"assistant office manager", "assistant trust secretary", and "managing director".

Petitioner was identified as a supervisor orLinternal documents and directly
supervised at least three employees. She maintained a regular workspace at CSE.

Petitioner's responsibilities included maintaining records for payroll,

vacation pay, and benefits;20 paying all ministry bills; collecting rent; providing
financial data to Mr. Hovind for future planning; keeping the buildings clean and
supplied; and keeping in contact with Mr. Hovind to make decisions in his

absence. During the years at issue petitioner also reconciled the bank statements .
for account 8656. She met with Mr. Hovind weekly to keep him informed of

20Until 2003 employees were paid in cash. Employee compensation was not
characterized as wages; instead, petitioner and Mr. Hovind referred to the
payments as "love offerings". CSE did not withhold payroll taxes from employee
compensation.

- 12 [*12] CSE's financial status, including current figures for bank deposits, loans,
payroll-expenses, and merchandise sales. She also issued instructions and
memoranda to the entire staff. Petitioner, along with Mr. Hovind, was responsible
for authorizing all expenditures over $20. Petitioner did not receive wages for her
services at CSE.
D.

Petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's Finances

Although petitioner and Mr. Hovind maintained separate personal bank

accounts,21 there was no distinction between their finances and CSE's finances."

CSE paid petitioner's living expenses, including room and board, and provided an
automobile. Petitioner drafted and signed checks drawn on CSE bank accounts for

2iDuring the years at issue petitioner and Mr. Hovind maintained the
following personal bank accounts: (1) from December 23, 1997, through January
25, 2007, an account at First Union National Bank (later Wachovia Bank, N.A.,
presently Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.) under the name "Mrs. Jo Delia Hovind; Kent ,
E. Hovind" (account 8049); and (2) from December 18, 1997, through January 20,
1999, an account at Sun Trust Bank under the name "Dr. Kent E. Hovind or Jo
Delia Hovind" (account 0811). From January 14, 1998, through January 16, 2001,
petitioner maintained an account at the Peoples Bank under the name "Jo Hovind"
(account 5201).

"For example, on a date not apparent from the record Mr. Hovind's mother
died, leaving him an inheritance. Mr. Hovind deposited the inheritance into a CSE
account.

- 13 [*13] personal expenses, including living expenses,P her children's medical
expenses,24 and her children's tuition at Jackson Hole Bible College and
Tennessee Temple University. She drafted and signed checks drawn on CSE bank
accounts to purchase a piano for her.pérsonal use.. She drafted and signed at least

one check made payable to herself and wrote checks made payable to Eric

Hovind," Ryan Hovind, Tanya Hovind, Kent Andrew Hovind, Danielle Hovind,
and Chad Hovind.
Petitioner also drafted and signed numerous checks made payable to cash. .

In 1998 she drafted and signed nine checks to cash drawn on account 8656,

totaling $41,000. In 1999 she drafted and signed 39 checks made payable to cash
drawn on account 8656, totaling $226,638. In 2000 she drafted and signed 28

checks made payable to cash drawn on accòunt 8656:totaling $258,000. In 2001.

she drafted and signed 49 checks made payable to cash drawn on account 8656,

.

totaling $465,700. In 2002 she drafted and signed 46 checks made payable to cash

"For example, petitioner drafted and signed checks made payable to J.C.
Penney and Circuit City.

24In 2000 petitioner drafted and signed checks drawn on account 8656 for
Kent Andrew Hovind's and Marlissa Hovind's medical expenses.
"Petitioner and Mr. Hovind also lent Eric Hovind approximately $50,000
from a CSE account.

- 14 [*14] drawn on account 8656, totaling $345,250. In 2003 she drafted and signed
37 checks made payable to cash drawn.on account 8656, totaling $136,340.
VII.

Criminal Investigation and Proceedings
On a date not apparent from the record, the IRS began investigating the

operations of CSE. In 2001 Special Agent Schneider was assigned the case

, ,

involving CSE. Thereafter, he served summonses in an attempt to obtain records
from CSE. Neither petitioner nor Mr. Hovind supplied any records in response to
the summonses. Special Agent Schneider attempted to obtain the records through

summons enforcement but again received no records.
On April 14, 2004, Special Agent Schneider, along with other special agents

from the IRS Criminal Investigation Division, executed a search warrant at the 29
Cummings Road and 21-23 Cummings Road properties. During execution of the
search warrant Special Agent Schneider asked petitioner whether there was any
cash on the premises. Petitioner informed Special Agent Schneider that there was
approximately $3,000 in cash; however, Special Agent Schneider found $42,000
in cash on the premises. Of the $42,000, approximately $14,000 was in a safe next
to petitioner's desk, and approximately $15,000 was in a night stand in petitioner
and Mr. Hovind's bedroom.

- 15 [*15] In addition to the cash, Special Agent Schneider found an employee list,
bank records, and boxes of checks in and around petitioner's desk. Although

petitioner was not initially a target of the investigation, Special Agent Schneider
eventually expanded the investigation to include petitioner after reviewing the
items seized pursuant to the séarch warrant.

On July 11, 2006, petitioner was indicted on 45 counts of structuring
monetary transactions to avoid financial reporting requirements.26 On October 17,
2006, a jury trial commenced in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of

Florida, Pensacola Division. The jury found petitioner guilty on all counts, and
the District Court sentenced petitioner to one year and one day of incarceration

and three years of supervised release and required her to pay a $3,500 fine and a
$4,500 special'monetary assessment.
26petitiOner was indiCted on the basis of the checks she had drafted to cash
and endorsed. Tit. 31 U.S.C. sec. 5324(a)(3) (2006) prohibits an individual from
structuring a transaction to avoid a cash transaction report. Tit. 31 U.S.C. sec.

5324(d) (2006) imposes a criminal penalty of a fine, imprisonment,.or both against
an individual who structures transactions to evade reporting requirements.
"Mr. Hovind was indicted on 45 counts of structuring monetary
transactions to avoid reporting requirements, 12 counts of willfully failing to
deduct and pay Federal income and withholding taxes for employees of CSE, see
sec. 7202, and 1 count of obstructing the administration of the internal revenue
laws, see sec. 7212(a). The jury found Mr. Hovind guilty on all counts. The
District Court sentenced Mr. Hovind to 120 months' incarceration and three years'
(continued...)

- 16 [*16] The District Court subsequently issued forfeiture orders as to petitioner and

Mr. Hovind. Under the forfeiture orders, petitioner and Mr. Hovind were liable

individually and jointly in the amount of $430,400. On June 27, 2007, the court
entered its first Order Forfeiting Substitute Property against petitioner and Mr.
Hovind, which forfeited petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's interests in account 8577

and 10 properties.28 On October 8, 2008, the court entered its second Order
Forfeiting Substitute Property, which forfeited petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's
interests in account 1872.29

VIII. Civil Examination
In 2007 respondent began an examination in respect of petitioner and Mr.
Hovind. IRS Revenue Agent AlyceFaye was assigned to petitioner's case.
Revenue Agent AlyceFaye mailed petitioner a letter requesting that petitioner

"(...continued)
supervised release and required him to pay a $2,000 fine, a $5,800 special
monetary assessment, and $604,875 in restitution.
28The properties included the 5720 and 5800 North Palafox properties, the

21-23, 29, 100, 116, and 400 Cummings Road properties, and the 12 and 120
Oleander Road properties.
290n December 30, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
affirmed petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's convictions and the forfeiture orders.

United States v. Hovind, 305 Fed. Appx. 615 (11th Cir. 2008). Pursuant to Fed.
R. Evid. 201, we take judicial notice of the Court of Appeals' opinion.

- 17 [*17] contact her. She also attempted to contact petitioner via telephone but

received no response. Revenue Agent AlyceFaye eventually held a telephone
conference with petitioner and an individual representing himself as petitioner's
attorney. During the call Revenue Agent AlyceFaye informed petitioner that she
had no records of petitioner's filing tax returns for 1998-99 and 2000-06.
Petitioner repeatedly stated that she did not have any taxable income and therefore
was not required to file returns for those years.
Petitioner did not provide any records or other information to respondent
either before or after the telephone conference. Consequently, respondent used the
records seized during the criminal investigation to conduct the examination for
petitioner's 1998-99 and 2000-04 tax years and summoned bank records to

conduct the examination for petitioner's 2004-06 tax years.3°
IX.

Petitioner's Tax Reporting and the Notice of Deficiency
Petitioner and Mr. Hovind did not file joint Federal income tax returns for

the years at issue. In response to respondent's examination and after respondent's
issuance of a so-called 30-day letter, petitioner, on September 5, 2008, untimely
filed tax returns for the years at issue. In addition to her involvement with CSE,
3°With respect to petitioner's 2004 xable year, the bank records seized .
during the criminal investigation covered approximately the first six months of

2004.

.

- 18 [*18] petitioner maintained a piano lesson business at her home. On the

Schedules C attached to her Forins 1040, U.S. Iridividual Income Tax Return,
petitioner reported business income from her piano lesson business. Petitioner
also reported "other income", ranging from $14,403 to $1r5,707, attributable to
"[p]ersonal use CSE residence", "[p]ersonal use CSE auto", and "[o]ccupancy of
livirig space
On November 20, 2009, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of
defidiency for the years at issue." Respondent undertook to reconstruct income

generated from CSE activities by analyzing deposits into the joint accounts of
petitioner and Mr. Hovihd, petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's personal accounts,.and
the CSE áccounts during the years at issue. Respondent excluded from taxable net

deposits the items that constituted refunds or ti·ansfers from another account.

Because neither petitioner nor Mr. Hovind cooperated with respondent s
requests for information and records, respondent was unable to determinê who
actually earned the inòome. Therefore, respondent issued separate notices of
deficiency to each of petitioner and Mr. Hovind, determining identical
deficiencies.

- 19 [*19] Respondent determined the taxable net deposits into the various bank
accounts" as follows:

Year

Joint acets.
Personal acct.
8049
0811
. 5201

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

$50,364
29,424
54,450
39,265
24,170
22,030
11,398
8,666
3,463

$2,161
1,580
-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-

$639
-0772
- -0-0-0-0-0-0-

CSE accts.
8656
1872

$595,001
1,154,039
1,690,078
1,602,251
1,778,824
1,379,678
1,466,762
1,515,866
1,003,370

-0-0-0;
-0$40,896
493,956
641,133
749,495
517,661

Net deposits
$648,165
1,185,043
1,745,300
1,641,516
1,843,890
1,895,664
2,119,293
2,274,027
1,524,494

In part on the basis of the deposits analysis summarized above, respondent

determined that CSE had gross receipts" and deductible expenses" as follows:

"Respondent determined that all deposits into account 5129, a CSE
account, were nontaxable transfers. Respondent determined that account 5129
earned $707, $2136, and $2 in interest income in 2000, 2001, and 2002,
respectively. Respondent did not include the interest income in calculating CSE's
net taxable deposits. Respondent determined that there were no taxable deposits
into account 8577, a CSE account.
"Respondent reduced CSE's Schedule C gross receipts by the amounts of
gross receipts petitioner reported on the Schedules C attached to her untimely filed
returns.
34TO CalCulate Operating 254Xpenses,
reSpOndent determined CSE's average
operating expenses for 1998-99 and calculated the ratio of operating expenses to
gross receipts. Respondent used this ratio to calculate operating expenses for
2000-06.

- 20 [*20]Year

1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

Sch. C gross receipts

Wages/Salary expense

Other expenses

$647,045
1,179,423
1,733,803
1,638,732
1,840,280
1,893,591
2,112,794
2,272,682
1,524,494

$42,500
186,087
457,914
494,321
597,208
643,226
411,662
411,662
411,662

$315,123
510,785
797,549
753,817
846,529
871,052
971,885
· 1,045,434
701,267

Respondent also determined that petitioner received interest income of $707,

$2,136, $2, $5, and $2 in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively.
X.

Tax Court Proceedings
On January 15, 2010, petitioner filed a petition with this Court contesting

respondent's determinations. Mr. Hovind also filed a petition with this Court

contesting respondent's determinations in the separate notice of deficiency issued
to him. Respondent filed motions to calendar and consolidate the two cases for
trial, briefing, and opinion. On December 16, 2010, the Court issued an order

directing the parties to show cause why the cases should not be calendared and
consolidated. Petitioner responded to this Court's order and objected to the
granting of respondent's motions. By order dated March 14, 2011, the Court

denied respondent's motions to calendar and consolidate. Consequently, we set

- 21 [*21] petitioner's case for trial during the Mobile, Alabama, trial session
beginning April 25, 2011.

.
I.

OPINION

Presumption of Correctness and Burden of Proof With Respect to Tax
Deficiencies
A.

Presumption of Correctness

The Commissioner's deficiency determination ordinarily is entitled to a
presumption of correctness. See Bone v. Commissioner, 324 F.3d 1289, 1293

(11th Cir. 2003), a_ffg T.C. Memo. 2001-43. However, when a case involves
unreported income, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, to which

an appeal in this case would lie absent a stipulation to the contrary, see sec.
7482(b)(1)(A), (2), has held that the Commissioner's determination of unreported
income is entitled to a presumption of correctness only if the determination is

supported by a minimal evidentiary foundation linking the taxpayer to an incomeproducing activity, see Blohm v. Commissioner, 994 F.2d 1542, 1549 (11th Cir.
1993), aff'g T.C. Memo. 1991-636. Once the Commissioner produces evidence
linking the taxpayer to an income-producing activity, the presumption of

correctness applies and the burden of production shifts to the taxpayer to rebut that
presumption by establishing that the Commissioner's determination is arbitrary or

- 22 [*22] erroneous. Id. at 1549; see also United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 441-

442(1976).
Respondent introduced abundant evidence establishing that petitioner was

involved in the operations of and had an ownership interest in CSE during the
years at issue. Petitioner managed CSE's financial affairs, purchased assets, and

drafted and signed checks. She also supervised employees and made executive
decisions in Mr. Hovind's absence. We conclude that respondent laid the requisite

minimal evidentiary foundation for the contested unreported income adjustments
and that respondent's determinations are entitled to a presumption of correctness.
Although her argument is not entirely clear, petitioner appears to contend
that respondent's determinations are not entitled to the presumption of correctness

because respondent acted arbitrarily in allocating 100% of the income from CSE
to both petitioner and Mr. Hovind. Respondent contends that he may issue
separate notices of deficiency to two taxpayers assigning identical items of income
to both taxpayers.

The Commissioner "may, in notices of deficiency present alternative claims
for deficiencies when there is a basis for doing so. He may assert, in the
alternative, that the same income was received by different taxpayers". Doggett v.

Commissioner, 66 T.C. 101, 103 (1976). It is well established that the

- 23 [*23] Commissioner may take alternative positions to protect the public fisc. See

Fayeghi v. Commissioner, 211 F.3d 504, 508 n.3 (9th Cir. 2000), a_ff'g T.C.

Memo. 1998-297; Preston v. Commissioner, 209 F.3d 1281, 1286 (11tli Cir.
2000), aff'g in part, vacating in part, and remanding T.C. Memo. 1999-49; Revell,
Inc., 273 F.2d 649, 658-660 (9th Cir. 1960); Centel Commens. Co. v.
Commissioner, 92 T.C. 612, 626 n.7 (1989), aff'd, 920 F.2d 1335 (7th Cir. 1990);
Doggett v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. at 103.
The Commissioner may assert alternative positions as long as he does not .
act arbitrarily, capriciously, or in bad faith. See Estate of Goodall v.

Commissioner, 391 F.2d 775, 782-783 (8tli Cir. 1968), vacating T.C. Memo.
1965-154; Revell, Inc., 273 F.2d at 658-660. The Commissioner may make
alternative determinations against spouses. See Doggett v. Commissioner, 66 T.C.
at 103. The fact that the Commissioner "has made a separate determination of tax
against each of the * * * spouses for the same tax liability·does not negate the
presumption of correctness as to either notice." Smith v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1996-292, slip op. at 8.
Respondent issued separate notices of deficiency to petitioner and Mr.
Hovind in which he determined, in effect, that petitioner and Mr. Hovind were

each liable for 100% of the net profit generated by CSE and its related activities.

-24 [*24] Respondent issued the notices of deficiency following an examination
during which petitioner and Mr. Hovind failed to cooperate with respondent.
Because neither petitioner nor Mr. Hovind cooperated during the examination,
respondent did not determine how much of the total net income was attributable to
petitioner and Mr. Hovind, respectively.

Although petitioner argues otherwise, we find that respondent acted in good
faith in issuing the notices of deficiency to both petitioner and Mr. Hovind. On
the basis of petitioner and Mr. Hovind's bank records alone, respondent could not
determine whether and to what extent petitioner and Mr. Hovind individually were
liable for the unreported net income of CSE. The actions of petitioner and Mr.
Hovind in withholding information resulted in respondent's determination to
assign the same income to each of petitioner and Mr. Hovind.35
Furthermore respondent seeks a consistent resolution for both petitioner and
Mr. Hovind. Respondent concedes that the notices of deficiency are intended to

assert alternative deficiencies and that the Commissioner is seeking to tax the
35As the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit noted in Estate of

Goodall v. Commissioner,,391 F.2d 775, 782-783 (8th Cir. 1968), vacating T.C.
Memo. 1965-154, tax cases often involve substantial sums of money and the
Commissioner is charged with protection of the revenues; therefore, "[g]ood faith
inconsistency buttressed by acceptable argument, when considered in the
framework of the Commissioner's responsibilities, cannot be regarded as an
offense which provides a bar to bona fide tax litigation."

- 25 [*25] profit only once. See Doggett v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. at 102; Holdner v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-175, slip op. at 20-21: We therefore reject
petitioner's arguments, and .we conclude that respondent's determinations are
entitled to the presumption of correctness.
B.

Burden of Proof

Generally, the taxpayer béars the burden of proving that the Commissioner's
determinations in a notice of deficiency are erroneous. See Rule 142(a); Welch v.

Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). If, however, a taxpayer produces credible
evidence36 with respect to any factual issue relevant to ascertaining the taxpayer's
tax liability and satisfies the requirements of section 7491(a)(2), the burden of
proof on any such issue shifts to the Commissioner. Sec. 7491(a)(1). Section
7491(a)(2) requires a taxpayer to demonstrate that he or she complied,with the .
substantiation requirements, maintained all records required under the Code, and
cooperated with reasonable requ'ests by the Secretary" for witnesses, information,
36Credible evidence is evidenCe the Court would find sufficient upon vvhich
to base a decision on the issue in the taxpayer's favor, absent any contrary

evidence. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 442 (2001).
37The term "Secretary" means "the Secretary of the Treasury or his
delegate", sec. 7701(a)(11)(B), and the term "or his delegate" means "any officer,
employee, or agency of the Treasury Department duly authorized by the Secretary
of the Treasury directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority, to
(continued...)

- 26 [*26] documents, meetings, and interviews. See also Higbee v. Commissioner,

116 T.C. 438, 440-441 (2001). The taxpayer bears the burden of proving that all
of the section 7491(a) requirements have been satisfied. Rolfs v. Commissioner,

135 T.C. 471, 483 (2010), aff'd, 668 F.3d 888 (7th Cir. 2012).
Petitioner contends that the burden of proof should shift to respondent under
section 7491(a) because she produced credible evidence and satisfied the
requirements of section 7491(a)(2).38 We disagree. The record establishes that

petitioner did not cooperate with respondent's reasonable requests and did not
maintain the required records. Accordingly, petitioner bears the burden of proof.

See Higbee v: Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 440-441.
II.

Petitioner's Income for the Years at Issue

A.

Applicability of the Bank Deposits Method

Gross income includes "all income from whatever source derived". Sec.
61(a). A taxpayer must maintain books and records establishing the amount of his

"(...continued)
perform the function mentioned or described in the context", sec. ·

7701(a)(12)(A)(i).
38In her brief petitioner contends only that she introduced credible evidence
and cooperated with all reasonable requests by the Secretary. She does not
address whether she complied with the substantiation requirements or maintained
all required records.

- 27 [*27] or her gross income. Sec. 6001. If a taxpayer fails to maintain and produce
the required books and records, the Commissioner may determine the taxpayer's
income by any method that clearly reflects income. See sec. 446(b); Petzoldt v.

Commissioner, 92 T.C. 66.1, 693 (1989); sec. 1.446-1(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.
The Commissioner's reconstruction of income "need only be reasonable in light of
all surrounding facts and circumstances." Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at

687.

The bank deposits method is a permissible method of reconstructing

income. See Clayton v. Coiümissioner, 102 T.C. 632, 645 (1994); see also

Langille v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-49, aff'd, 447 Fed. Appx. 130 (11th
Cir. 2011). Bank deposits.constitute prima facie evidence of income. See

Tokarski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74, 77 (1986). The Commissioner need ñot
show the likely source of a deposit treated as income, but the Commissioner "must
take into account any nontaxable source or deductible expense of which * * * [he]

has knowledge" in reconstructing income using the bank deposits method. See
Clayton v. Commissioner, 102 T:C. at 645-646. However, the Commissioner need
not follow any "leads" suggesting that a taxpayer has deductible expenses.- DiLeo

v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 858, 872 (1991), aff'd, 959 F.2d 16 (2d Cir. 1992).

- 28 [*28] After the Commissioner reconstructs a taxpayer's income and determines a
deficiency, the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the Commissioner's use
of the bank deposits method is unfair or inaccurate. See Clayton v. Commissioner,
102 T.C. at 645. The taxpayer must prove that the reconstruction is in error and
may do so, in whole or in part, by proving that a deposit is not taxable. See id.
Respondent introduced credible evidence that petitioner did not maintain
adequate books and records with respect to her income. Although the record
contains evidence that she maintained some records with respect to the operations
of CSE, these records alone do not clearly reflect CSE's income. See Holland v.

United States,.348 U.S. 121, 133-134 (1954). Petitioner did not maintain any
records with respect to other income and/or her proper share of CSE's income.
Therefore, we find that it was reasonable for respondent to use an indirect method,
i.e., the bank deposits method, to reconstruct her income.
For each year at issue respondent reconstructed petitioner's income using

the bank deposits method. Respondent analyzed petitioner's bank records and
prepared schedules that summarized the deposits to, disbursements from, and other
transactions occurring in petitioner's and CSE's bank accounts during the years at

- 29 [*29] issue and identified deposits that were not taxable.39 Respondent has
properly reconstructed petitioner's income using the bank deposits method for the
years at issue. Accordingly, the·burden of proof falls on petitioner to demonstrate
that respondent's determinations are arbitrary or erroneous.
B.

Petitioner's Arguments

Petitioner does not assign error to respóndent's use of the bank deposits
method or respondent's reconstruction of income. 'Petitioner contends only that
respondent may not assign the unreported income to her because the unreported
income is attributable entirely to Mr. Hovind. Although her argument is not

entirely clear, petitioner appears to argue that the doctrine of collateral estoppel
precludes respondent from relitigating the issue of whether she may be assigned

any of the unreported income from CSE because courts in prior cases have held
that Mr. Hovind alone is responsible for CSE's income. Petitioner also contends
that she neither earned nor was responsible for the unreported income and
therefore respondent acted erroneously in attributing the unreported income to
petitioner. We address each of petitioner's arguments below.

.

39Revenue Agent AlyceFaye credibly testified that she eliminated from
taxable income the items she identified as nontaxable, such as interaccount
transfers or returned checks.

- 30 [*30] C.

Collateral Estoppel
1.

In General

Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, once an issue of fact or law is

"actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, that
determination is conclusive in subsequent suits based on a different cause of
action involving a party to the prior litigation." Montana v. United States, 440
U.S. 147, 153 (1979). Collateral estoppel is a judicially created equitable
principle the purposes of which are to protect parties from unnecessary and

redundant litigation, to conserve judicial resources, and to foster certainty in and .
.reliance on judicial action. Id. at 153-154.

The following five conditions must be satisfied before we may apply
collateral estoppel in the context of a factual dispute:
(1)[t]he issue in the second suit must be identical in all respects with
the issue decided in the first suit, (2) the issue in the first suit must
have been the subject of a final judgment entered by a court of
competent jurisdiction, (3) the person against whom collateral
estoppel is asserted must have been a party or in privity with a party
in the first suit, (4) the parties must actually have litigated the issue in

the first suit and resolution of the issue must have been essential to
the prior decision, and (5) the controlling facts and applicable legal
principles must remain unchanged from those in the first suit.
Bussell v. Commissioner, 130 T.C. 222, 239-240 (2008); see also Ron Lykins, Inc.

v. Commissioner, 133 T.C. 87, 101 (2009); Peck v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 162,

- 31 [*31] 166-167 (1988), aff'd, 904 F.2d 525 (9th Cir. 1990). The party asserting
collateral estoppel as an affirmative defense, in this case petitioner, bears the
burden of proof. See Rule 142(a).
Petitioner did not affirmately plead collateral estoppel in her pleadings as
required by Rule 39.' However, respondent did not object to petitioner's raising
the collateral estoppel argument, and respondent argued the issue on brief. Under

these circumstances, we consider the issue to have been raised and tried by
consent of the parties. See Rule 41(b); see also LeFever v. Commissioner, 103

T.C. 525, 538 (1994), aff'd, 100 F.3d 778 (10th Cir. 1996).
In support of her argument, petitioner relies on this Court's opinion in

Hovind v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2006-143, aff'd, 228 Fed. Appx. 966 (11th
Cir. 2007), and the opinion of the U.S. Bankruptcy Codrt for the Northern District

of Florida in In re Hovind, 197 B.R. 157 (Bkrtcy. N.D. Fla. 1996). Petitioner also
relies on the transcript of Mr. Hovind's sentencing.proceedings before the U.S.
District Court.

2.

Hovind v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2006-143

In Hovind this Court reviewed the appropriateness of a proposed levy action

with respect to Mr. Hovind's 1995-97 Federal income tax deficiencies and
additions to tax. We held that the underlying liability was not properly at issue

- 32 [*32] because Mr. Hovind had received a notice of deficiency and a lien notice
regarding the liabilities. Id., slip op. at 12. After reviewing the Commissioner's
determination for an abuse of discretion, we held that the proposed levy action
could proceed. Id., slip op. at 13-14.
In reaching its holding, this Court made no findings with respect to whether
petitioner owned, controlled, or operated CSE. Mr. Hovind did not contest, and
this Court did not address, the merits of the underlying liabilities. Consequently,
the parties did not actually litigate the issue of whether Mr. Hovind alone is

responsible for the income of CSE.

3.

In re Hovind, 197 B.R. 157

In In re Hovind the IRS filed a motion to dismiss, alleging that Mr. Hovind

filed the case ''in bad faith for the sole purpose of avoiding payment of Federal
income taxes." Id. at 158. The U.S. Bankruptcy Court found that Mr. Hovind
failed to file tax returns, resisted collection efforts, and provided false information

to the court, and therefore it dismissed Mr. Hovind's petition for bankruptcy under

chapter 13. Id. at 161.
In its opinion the U.S. Bankruptcy Court did not address Mr. Hovind's

liability for the unpaid Federal income taxes. The parties did not actually litigate
the issue of whether Mr. Hovind alone was responsible for CSE's income, and the

- 33 [*33] U.S. Bankruptcy Court made no findings concerning Mr. Hovind or
petitioner's level of dominion and control over CSE's operations.
4.

Sentencing Transcript

In her brief petitioner relies on statements made by the assistant U.S.
attorney and by the presiding judge at Mr. Hovind's sentencing proceedings.4°
The statements by the assistant U.S. attorney are not findings of fact that were
actually and necessarily decided by a court of competent jurisdiction.

Accordingly, these statements do not have preclusive effect.
With respect to statements made by the presiding judge, petitioner relies
solely on the following statement made by the court in making an upward

adjustment to the base level offense on the basis that Mr. Hovind was an organizer
and leader of the structuring operation:

Mr. Hovind, as I've already indicated, was the decision-making
authority for the operation, and based on the degree of control and
influence that he exercised over others, including those involved in
the financial transactions at issue here, I believe I can find and do find .
that the adjustment for being an organizer and a leader of an
otherwise extensive operation is appropriate, that he did direct the

4°In support of her argument petitioner also cites the transcript of her own
sentencing proceedings before the U.S. District Court. Petitioner, however, does
not explain why the transcript of her sentencing proceedings should preclude
respondent from litigating the issue of whether she bears responsibility for the
unreported income at issue in this case.

- 34 [*34] activities of those involved in the fmancial transactions,
namely, those activities of his wife, Mrs. Hovind.
Although the presiding judge found that Mr. Hovind "direct[ed] the
activities of those involved in the financial transactions", this statement related to

Mr. Hovind's role as a director in structuring the cash transactions. We find that
the presiding judge did not actually and necessarily decide that Mr. Hovind alone
exerted control over CSE. Beyond her statement that Mr. Hovind had "decisionmaking authority", the presiding judge made no findings with respect to
petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's relative involvement with CSE.

Because petitioner has not established that she satisfied any of the
conditions for collateral estoppel to apply, we reject petitioner's collateral estoppel
argument.
D.

Allocation of Income

Section 61(a) defines gross income as "all income from whatever source
derived, including (but not limited to) the following items: (1) Compensation for

services, including fees, commissions, fringe benefits, and similar items; (2) Gross
income derived from business; (3) Gains derived from dealings in property; (4)
Interest; (5) Rents". The defmition is construed broadly and extends to all

accessions to wealth, clearly realized, over which the taxpayer has complete

- 35 [*35] control. Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 431 (1955).
As the Supreme Court explained, a gain "constitutes taxable income when its
recipient has such control over it that, as a practical.matter, he derives readily
realizable economic value from it." Rutkin v. United States, 343 U.S. 130, 137

(1952).
When the Commissioner reconstructs income using the bank deposits
method, the taxpayer's gross income includes deposits into all accounts over

which the taxpayer has dominion and control including deposits into the
taxpayer's personal bank accounts. See Chambers v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2011-14, slip op. at 17; Price v. Commissioner, T;C..Memo. 2004-103, slip op. at
25; Cohen v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-42, slip'op. at 9; Woodall v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2002-318, slip op. at 7; Woods v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1989-611, aff'd without published.opinion 929 F.2d 702 (6th Cir. 1991).
A taxpayer has dominion and control when the taxpayer is free to use the funds at

will. Rutkin, 343 U.S. at 137. Use of funds for personal purposes indicates
dominion and control. Woods v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1989-611.
Petitioner testified that she had little involvement with the operation of

CSE. Petitioner further testified that she signed checks on behalf of CSE only

- 36 [*36] when Mr. Hovind told her to do so. She also testified that she did not draft
the checks and that she only signed blank checks.41
We find petitioner's testimony to be self-serving, unreliable, and not
credible. Petitioner had signatory authority and exercised control over CSE's

accounts. She drafted and signed checks drawn on CSE accounts during the years
at issue. Her irívolvement with CSE during the years at issue was extensive.
Petitioner supervised employees, made executive decisions in Mr. Hovind's
absence, and maintained some records.
The record also contains ample credible evidence that petitioner managed

CSE's financial affairs,42 including evidence that petitioner reconciled CSE's

accounts and advised Mr. Hovind on financial matters. In affirming petitioner's
and Mr. Hovind's criminal convictions, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th
Circuit stated that "[c]ompany documents and records of the transactions

41With respect to the checks drawn on account 1872 for the period from
November 29, 2002, through December 29, 2006, it appears that Mr. Hovind
signed all of the checks. It is unclear whether petitioner, Martha Harris, a CSE
employee, or Mr. Hovind drafted the checks. With respect to the checks drawn on
account 8656 between July 30, 1999, and January 30, 2004, it appears that
petitioner drafted and signed most of the checks.
42Special Agent Schneider testified that petitioner was Mr. Hovind's "righthand man" and that petitioner controlled CSE's finances and made all business
decisions in Mr. Hovind's absence.

- 37 {*37] established that * * * {petitioner] controlled the finances of * * * [CSE] and
controlled most of the checks that were cashed:" United States v. Hovind, 305

Fed. Appx. 615, 617 (11th Cir. 2008). On the basis of the entire record, we find
that petitioner exercised dominion and control over CSE bank accounts.
Although we reject petitioner's argument that Mr. Hovind alone exercised

dominion and control over CSE's accounts, the preponderance of credible
evidence in the record demonstrates, and we so find, that petitioner was actively
involved in the operation of CSE and that she and Mr. Hovind jointly owned and

operated CSE. Respondent has introduced no credible evidence that petitioner
was the sole owner of CSE or that Mr. Hovind had only minimal involvement in
CSE's operation. Accordingly, we are faced with the task of determining how
much of CSE's net profit should be allocated to petitioner.43

Neither party introduced any definitive proof regarding a more precise
allocation of income between petitioner and Mr. Hovind or credible evidence .

regarding the scope of petitioner's and Mr. H,0vind's involvement in CSE. In the
absence of credible evidence regardmg a more precise basis for allocating the net

43We reCOgniZe reSpondent's aCknowledgment that he is seeking to tax
CSE's profits only once. Petitioner and Mr. Hovind, however, did not file joint
returns for the years at issue, and therefore they are not jointly and severally liable
for the determined income tax deficiencies.

- 38 [*38] income generated by CSE," we will allocate income to petitioner in
accordance with our finding that petitioner and Mr. Hovind jointly owned

. .

and controlled CSE. Because petitioner did not introduce any credible evidence
to support a finding that her ownership interest in CSE was more or less
than.50%, we shall allocate 50% of the unreported net profit attributable to
CSE to her as unreported income. See, e.g., McKenzie Family Trust v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1984-9. Accordingly, we find that petitioner
had unreported income equal to 50% of the net profit attributable to CSE,

defined as CSE's gross receipts reduced by the Schedule C expenses allowed
in the notice of deficiency, for the years at issue.45 Because we find that

.

.

"Neither party addressed the effect of State law on petitioner's right to
income with respect to a joint bank account or an unincorporated business. Under
Florida law, petitioner and Mr. Hovind likely held their interests in the joint bank
accounts and CSE as tenancies by the entirety. See Beal Bank, SSB v. Almand &

Assocs., 780 So. 2d 45, 58-59 (Fla. 2001); see also Clements v. Clements, 509 So.
2d 957, 958 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1987). "When a married couple holds property as
a tenancy by the entireties, each spouse is said to hold it 'per tout,' meaning that
each spouse holds the 'whole or the entirety, and not a share, moiety, or divisible

part.'" Beal Bank, SSB, 780 So. 2d at 53. While, under State law, petitioner may
have had the right to the entirety of income in the joint bank accounts and earned
by CSE, the issue in the current proceeding is the appropriate allocation of that
income for Federal tax purposes. Because we are convinced that petitioner and
Mr. Hovind jointly owned and controlled CSE and its related activities, we shall
allocate only a portion of the net income to petitioner.

"Additionally, we note that petitioner had income attributable to her piano
lesson business that was reported on the Schedules C attached to her untimely
(continued...)

-39 [*39] both petitioner and Mr. Hovind had dominion and control over CSE's

accounts during the years at issue and we allocate the income accordingly, we also
find that petitioner has unreported income equal to 50% of the interest income

earned on CSE's accounts during the years at issue. Finally, we find that
petitioner had unreported income equal to 100% of the deposits into her personal

account during the years at issue.
III.

Section 6651(a)(1) Additions to Tax
Section 6651(a) imposes an addition to tax for failure to timely file a return

in the amount of 5% of the tax liability required to be shown on the return for each
month during which such failure continues, but not exceeding 25% in the
aggregate, unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not

due to willful neglect. See sec. 6651(a)(1); United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241,
245 (1985). Reasonable cause exists if the taxpayer exercised ordinary business
care and prudence but was unable to file the return within the time prescribed by

law. Sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Willful neglect is a
"conscious, intentional failure or reckless indifference." Boyle, 469 U.S. at 245.

45(...continued)
filed returns. The total unreported income allocated to petitioner pursuant to this
opinion shall be adjusted appropriately in the Rule 155 computations to reflect the
income that she reported.

- 40 [*40] Under section 7491(c), respondent has met his burden of production
because petitioner admits, and the record clearly establishes, that petitioner failed
to file her 1998-99 and 2000-06 tax returns by the due dates. Petitioner argues
that she had reasonable cause for failing to timely file her returns because she

believed that she was not required to file returns for the years at issue.
A taxpayer's mistaken belief that no return is required under the law does
not necessarily constitute reasonable cause for failure to file a return. See Beck
Chem. Equip. Corp. v. Commissioner, 27 T.C. 840, 860 (1957); P. Dougherty Co.

v. Commissioner, 5 T.C. 791, 800 (1945), aff'd, 159 F.2d 269 (4th Cir. 1946). A
taxpayer who decides not to file a return must use reasonable care to ascertain that

no return was necessary. See Beck Chem. Equip. Corp. v. Commissioner, 27 T.C.

at 858-860.
Reasonable reliance on the advice of a tax adviser that no return is required
to be filed may constitute reasonable cause for a taxpayer's failure to file the

return. See Boyle, 469 U.S. at 250-251 n.9. The taxpayer must show that: (1) the
adviser was a competent and qualified professional who had sufficient expertise to
justify the taxpayer's reliance on him, (2) the taxpayer provided all necessary and
accurate information to the adviser, and (3) the taxpayer actually relied in good
faith on the adviser's judgment. See Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Commissioner,

-41 [*41] 115 T.C. 43, 99 (2000), aff'd, 299 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2002); see also Estate
of La Meres v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 294, 315-316 (1992).
Petitioner testified that she did-not file tax returns for the years at issue on
the basis of her mother's advice. Petitioner testified that her mother, who is not a

certified public accountant, was a tax-return preparer who had been preparing tax
returns for approximately 25 years. Petitioner further testified that she told her.
mother how much she earned from piano lessons and that her mother advised her
that she did not need to file a return.
Petitioner also testified that she talked to other individuals about whether

she was required to file a tax return. Petitioner testified that she spoke with John
Schlabach, a certified public accountant. She testified that she told Mr. Schlabach

about her income from the piano lessons and that he advised her that she did not
need to file a return. She further testified that she did not show either her mother
or Mr. Schlabach the checks she had drafted and signed drawn on CSE accounts.

In the absence of corroborating evidence, we are not required to accept .
petitioner's self-serving testimony. See Tokarski>v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. at 77.
Furthermore, petitioner did not introduce into evidence any documentation

regarding her meetings with Mr. Schlabach, and petitioner did not call either her
mother or Mr. Schlabach as a witness. A taxpayer's failure to call witnesses and

- 42 [*42] produce relevant documentary evidence within her control supports an
inference that such testimony and documentation would not support her position.

Wichita Terminal Elevator Co. v. Commissioner, 6 T.C. 1158, 1165 (1946), aff'd,
162 F.2d 513 (10th Cir. 1947).
Petitioner's testimony is neither credible nor sufficient, even if we believed
it, to establish that petitioner had reasonable cause for her failure to file timely
returns for the years at issue. We sustain respondent's determination that

petitioner is liable for the section 6651(a)(1) additions to tax.

IV.

Section 6663(a) Fraud Penalties
If any part of an underpayment on a return is due to fraud, section 6663(a)

imposes on the taxpayer filing the return a penalty equal to 75% of the part of the
underpayment attributable to fraud. The Commissioner has the burden of proving
by clear and convincing evidence that the taxpayer is liable for the fraud penalty..

See secs. 6663(a), 7454(a); Rule 142(b); DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. at 873.
To carry his burden of proof, the Commissioner must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that (1) an underpayment of tax exists, and (2) some part of .
the underpayment is due to fraud. See sec. 6663(b). If the Commissioner proves
that any part of an underpayment is attributable to fraud, then the entire

- 43 _
[*43] underpayment shall be treated as attributable to fraud unless the taxpayer
shovvs by a preponderance of the evidence that a part was not so attributable. See
id.

.

A.

Underpayment of Tax

In the notice of deficiency respondent determined that petitioner underpaid

her Federal income tax by $111,959,-$192,763, $191.,334, $153,432, $153,300,
$135,442, $265,445, $297,353, and $146,487 for 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. As discussed supra pp. 38-39, we find
that petitioner had unreported income equal to 50%.of the net profit attributable to
CSE, 50% of the income attributable to deposits into joint accounts, and 100% of
the income attributable to deposits into her personal account. Accordingly

respondent has proven by clear and convincing evidence that petitioner underpaid
her Federal income tax for the years at issue.
B.

Fraudulent Intent

1.

Introduction

If fraud is determined for multiple taxable years, the Commissioner's ;
burden "applies separately for each of the years." Temple v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2000-337, slip op. at 24-25, aff'd, 62 Fed. Appx. 605 (6th Cir. 2003). The
Commissioner satisfies this burden by showing that "the taxpayer intended to

- 44 {*44] evade taxes known to be owing by conduct intended to conceal, mislead or
otherwise prevent the collection of taxes." DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. at
874. Fraud "does not include negligence, carelessness, misunderstanding or
unintentional understatement of income." United States v. Pechenik, 236 F.2d

844, 846 (3d Cir. 1956).
The existence of fraud is a question of fact to be resolved upon
consideration of the entire record. See DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. at 874.
Fraud is never presumed and must be established by independent evidence of
fraudulent intent. See Baumgardner v. Commissioner, 251 F.2d 311, 322 (9th Cir.

1957), aff'g T.C. Memo. 1956-112. Fraud may be shown by circumstantial
evidence because direct evidence of the taxpayer's fraudulent intent is seldom

available. See Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at 699; Gajewski v.
Commissioner, 67 T.C. 181, 199-200 (1976), aff'd without published opinion, 578
F.2d 1383 (8th Cir. 1978). The taxpayer's entire course of conduct may establish
the requisite fraudulent intent. See Stone v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 213, 223-224

(1971). Any conduct likely to mislead or conceal may constitute an affirmative act
of evasion, see Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. 492, 499 (1943), and an intent to
mislead may be inferred'from a pattern of such conduct, see Webb v.

Commissioner, 394 F.2d 366, 379 (5th Cir. 1968), aff'g T.C. Memo. 1966-81.

- 45 [*45] However, fraud is not proven when:a court is left with only a suspicion of
fraud, and even a strong suspicion is not sufficient to establish a taxpayer's
liability for the fraud penalty. See Olinger v. Commissioner, 234 F.2d 823, 824
(5th Cir. 1956), aff'g in part, rev'g in part on another ground .T.C. Memo. 1955-9;

Davis v. Commissioner, 184 F.2d 86, 87 (10th Cir. 1950); Green v. Commissioner,
66 T.C. 538, 550 (1976).
. v

. 2.

Badges of Fraud

Because it is difficult to prove fraudulent intent by direct evidence, the

Commissioner may establish fraud by circumstantial evidence, which includes
various "badges of fraud" (hereinafter, factors) on which the courts often rely. See

Bradford v. Commissioner, 796 F.2d 303, 307 (9th Cir. 1986), aff's T.C. Memo.
1984-601; DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. at 875. - The factors focus on whether
the taxpayer engaged in certain conduct that is indicative of fraudulent intent, such

as: (1) understating income; (2) failing to maintain adequate records; (3) offering .

implausible or inconsistent explanations; (4) concealing income or assets; (5)
failing to cooperate with tax authorities; (6) engaging in illegal activities; (7)
providing incomplete or misleading information to the taxpayer's tax return

preparer; (8) offering false or incredible testimony; (9) filing false documents,
including filing false income tax returns; (10) failing to file tax returns; and (11)

- 46 [*46] engaging in extensive dealings in cash.46 See Bradford v. Commissioner,

796 F.2d at 307-308; Parks v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 654, 664-65 (1990);
Recklitis v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 874, 910 (1988); Lipsitz v. Commissioner, 21 '
T.C. 917 (1954), aff'd, 220 F.2d 871 (4th Cir. 1955); see also Morse v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-332, aff'd, 419 F.3d 829 (8th Cir. 2005). The
existence of any one factor is not dispositive, but the existence of several factors is
persuasive circumstantial evidence of fraud. See Niedringhaus v. Commissioner,

99 T.C. 202, 211 (1992); Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at 700.
Respondent contends that the following factors are present in this case: (1)
petitioner understated her income for the years at issue; (2) petitioner failed to
maintain adequate records for the years at issue; (3) petitioner offered implausible
or inconsistent explanations with regard to her role at CSE and her recordkeeping

during the years at issue; (4) petitioner concealed income and assets for the years
at issue; (5) petitioner failed to cooperate with tax authorities regarding the.ýears
at issue; (6) petitioner engaged in, and concealed, illegal activities during the years

46These factors are not exclusive. See Niedringhaus v. Commissioner, 99

T.C. 202, 211 (1992).

- 47 [*47] at issue; (7) petitioner failed to timely file returns for the years at issue; and
(8) petitioner engaged in extensive dealings in cash during the years at issue.47
a.

Understating Income

A pattern of substantially underreporting income for several years is strong
evidence of fraud, particularly if the reason for the understatements is not
satisfactorily explained or due to innocent mistake. See Holland, 348 U.S. at 137-

139; Spies, 317 U.S. at 499; Webb v. Commissioner, 394 F.2d at 379.
On her untimely filed returns, petitioner reported taxable income of $9,194,

$9,199, $8,972, $8,749, $9,418, $9,145, $9,495, $8,564, and $7,257 for 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. Respondent
determined that petitioner underreported her taxable income by $269,668,

$459,894, $456,154, $370,739, $374,175, $356,994, $702,009, $786,846, and
$386,706 for 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006,
respectively. We have found that petitioner is responsible for 50% of the net
profit attributable to CSE, 50% of the income attributable to deposits into joint
accounts, and 100% of the income attributable to deposits into her personal

47Respondent also contends that petitioner filed false documents for the
years at issue. Because we find that respondent has proven that the other factors
are present in this case, we need not address whether petitioner filed false
documents for the years at issue.

- 48 [*48] account. Petitioner failed to report over 90% of her total taxable income for
each of the years at issue.
We find that petitioner substantially underreported her income for 1998-99
and 2000-06. Given the amount of her underreporting, her pattern of
underreporting income, and her lack of any satisfactory explanation for
underreporting, petitioner's understatements are persuasive evidence of fraudulent
intent.

b.

Failing To Maintain Adequate Records

The failure to maintain adequate records supports a finding of fraud. See

Truesdell v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 1280, 1302-1303 (1987); see also
Grosshandler v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. 1, 20 (1980). Although we consider the
taxpayer's level of expertise, a taxpayer is not excused from keeping accurate
records when the taxpayer has experience operating his or her own business.

Korecky v. Commissioner, 781 F.2d 1566, 1569 (11th Cir. 1986), aff'g T.C.
Memo. 1985-63.
In a letter attached to her untimely filed returns, petitioner wrote: "I have
not kept financial records, as I did not know that I needed to do so." Petitioner
introduced no records of her income and did not substantiate the amounts she
claimed as income on her tax returns.

- 49 [*49] Although petitioner claimed that she was unaware of the obligation to keep

financiäl records, we reject this explanation as not credible. Accordingly,
petitióner's'failure to keep and/or provide records of income and expenses is
indicative of fraud.

c.

Implausible or Inconsistent Explanations

A taxpayer's implausible or inconsistent explanations for his or her actions
may constitute circumstantial evidence of fraudulent intent. See Bradford v.

Commissioner, 796 F.2d at 307-308; Bahoric v. Commissioner, 363 F.2d 151, 153
(9th Cir. 1966); Gagliardi v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 772i 784 (2008). A
taxpayer's filinÿ,s and testimony may provide evidence of implausible or
inconsistent explanations. See Goldston v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-9,
slip op. at 8-9.
Petitioner g'ave implausible and inconsistent explanations for her conduct

throughout the trial and on brief. She testified that she wrote checks only at the
direction of Mr. Hovind but later testified that Mr. Hovind frequently traveled and
that she had implied permission to write checks. She also testified that she merely

signed blank checks and that Ms. Harris was the individual primarily responsible
for drafting the checks. At trial, however, petitioner acknowledged-that she
drafted and signed numerous checks drawn on CSE's accounts.

- 50 [*50] Petitioner repeatedly asserted that she had little to no involvement with the
operation of CSE, although the record is replete with evidence that petitioner worked at CSE in a managerial capacity and acted as coowner of the business with

Mr. Hovind. Petitioner continued to refer to CSE's payment of her personal

expenses as nontaxable "love offerings" although she filed returns acknovvledging
that some part of those payments was taxable as income to her.
Finally, petitioner argues that she lacked the intent to evade tax and

therefore we cannot find her liable for the civil fraud penalties. She points to the
fact that she filed amended returns once she was made aware of her Federal filing
obligations. Petitioner also contends that any fraudulent intent during the years at
issue was attributable to Mr. Hovind. However, we find that it is more reasonable

to infer from petitioner's course of conduct that her true intention was to conceal
substantially all of her income and to take her chances that the fraud would not be

discovered. Our finding is supported by the fact that she did not amend her
returns until after respondent began a civil investigation in respect of her.
Furthermore, the record shows that petitioner was an active participant in the

operation of CSE and, along with Mr. Hovind, engaged in a course of conduct
designed to conceal and mislead. Petitioner's assertion of implausible and
inconsistent explanations is circumstantial evidence of her fraudulent intent. .

- 51 [*51]

d.

Concealing Assets or Income

An intent to evade tax may be inferred from "concealment of assets or

covering up sources of income". Spies, 317 U.S. at 499. Engaging in transactions
likely to mislead or conceal is evidence of fraudulent intent. Id.; see also Simco

Auto. Pump Co. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1999-235, slip op. at 18-19, aff'd
without published opinion, 238 F.3d 422 (6th Cir. 2000). A taxpayer's use of a
business to conceal the personal nature of expenses is evidence of fraud. See

Benes v. Commissioner, 42 T.C. 358, 383 (1964), aff'd, 355 F.2d 929 (6th Cir.
1966); Evans v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-199, slip op. at 13; Romer v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-168, slip op. at 45-46.
During the years at issue petitioner and Mr. Hovind acquired property using
funds in CSE's accounts. While some properties initially were titled in
petitioner's and Mr. Hovind's names, other properties initially were titled in Mr.

Hovind's name alone or in CSE's name. Petitioner and Mr. Hovind titled the
properties in different names even though they used their shared funds to purchase
the properties and petitioner drafted and signed checks to purchase the properties.
Through a series of transactions, petitioner and Mr. Hovind purportedly

transferred the properties to the Faith Baptist Fellowship and later to various
ministerial trusts. Petitioner signed many of the documents that purported to

- 52 [*52] transfer, for little to no value, properties she and Mr. Hovind had purchased.
The dates of transfer coincide with actions and inquiries by respondent with
respect to petitioner, Mr. Hovind, and CSE.
While petitioner signed documents purportedly transferring the properties,
she and Mr. Hovind continued to occupy, control, and rent the properties.
Furthermore, the District Court found that petitioner maintained ownership
interests in all of the properties purportedly transferred to the ministerial trust.

Respondent introduced evidence that petitioner willfully concealed these assets

from the IRS.
Additionally, petitioner wrote checks drawn on CSE's accounts to herself,

to her children, and to cash. She used the funds in CSE's accounts to pay personal
living expenses for herself and her family members, thereby disguising her
personal expenses as business expenses. See, e.g., Romer v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2001-168, slip op. at 45-46.
We find that petitioner concealed income by engaging in purported
transactions to transfer properties and by using business bank accounts to pay her

personal living expenses.

-53 [*53]

e.

Failing To Cooperate With Tax Authorities

Failure to cooperate with revenue agents during an investigation is a badge

of fraud. See Korecky v. Commissioner, 781 F.2d at 1568-1.569; Lord v.
Commissioner, 525 F.2d 741, 747-748 (9th Cir. 1975), aff'g in part, rev'g in part
60 T.C. 199 (1973); Grosshandler v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. at 20. Such failure is
persuasive evidence of a taxpayer's guilty knowledge. See Prof'l Servs. v.

Commissioner, 79 T.C. 888, 932-933 (1982).
With respect to respondent's criminal.investigation, petitioner testified that
she copied all bank records, payroll records, and bank statements and delivered
them to Special Agent Schneider. Petitioner further testified that she did not know

how much cash was on the premises when Special Agent Schneider arrived to
conduct his investigation and-that she did not have access to the cash on the .
premises. With respect to respondent's examination, petitioner testified that she
was not contacted by anyone from the IRS concerning her personal income tax
until July 2008. Pètitioner testified that she attempted to cooperate with Revenue

Agent AlyceFaye's investigation and that Revenue Agent AlyceFaye did not
specifically request that petitioner provide any records.
Although petifioner testified that she booperated with respondent's revenue

ageEts, we find petitioner's testimony to be self-serving and not credible. In

- 54 [*54] contrast, respondent introduced credible evidence that petitioner provided
no records to Special Agent Schneider and that petitioner misled Special Agent
Schneider about the amounts of, and her access to, cash hoards at the 29
Cummings Road property.48 Respondent also introduced credible evidence that
petitioner and her attorney attempted to impede Revenue Agent AlyceFaye's civil

investigation of petitioner.49 Petitioner attempted to cooperate with respondent
only after she had already exerted considerable resistance to respondent's

collection efforts. See Powell v. Granquist, 252 F.2d 56, 61 (9th Cir. 1958).
Petitioner's failure to cooperate with tax authorities is indicative of fraud.

f.

Engaging In or Concealing Illegal Activities

Engaging in illegal activity, even if the taxpayer is not charged with a tax
crime, is circumstantial evidence of fraud. Niedringhaus v. Commissioner, 99

48Petitioner signed a notice attempting to discourage respondent's criminal
investigators from entering her properties or performing their official duties. The
notice purported to warn Federal agents that petitioner would pursue legal
remedies against the Federal agents who interfered.

49Revenue Agent AlyceFaye testified that although she did not specifically
request any records from petitioner during a telephone conference with petitioner
and her attorney she attempted to request records but petitioner repeatedly
interrupted and cut off her requests. She further testified that petitioner provided
no records or documentation during the course of the examination.

- 55 [*55] T.C. at 211; see also Asbury v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-107, slip

op. at 19-20; Langille v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-49, slip op. at 48-49.
In 2006 petitioner was convicted of structuring transactions in order to
avoid cash transaction reporting requirements. The record supports a finding that
petitioner engaged in this illegal activity to conceal income from Federal
authorities, and we so find. Petitioner's participatiön in illegal activities is
persuasive circumstantial evidence of fraud.

g.

Failing To File Returns

Failure to file tax returns, even over an extended period, does not establish
fraud per se. See Grosshandler v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. at 19. An extended
pattern of failing to file tax returns, however, may be persuasive circumstantial

evidence of fraud. See Marsellus v. Commissioner, 544 F.2d 883, 885 (5th Cir. .
1977), afg T.C. Memo. 1975-368; see also Runkle v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2005-112, slip op. at 22. Untimely filing of tax returns also may be persuasive
circumstantial evidence of fraud. See Marcus v. Commissioner, 70 T.C. 562, 577-

578 (1978), aff'd without published.opinion, 621 F.2d 439 (5th Cir. 1980); Energy
Research & Generation, Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-45, slip op. at

43.

- 56 [*56] Petitioner did not file her Federal tax returns for the years at issue until after
Revenue Agent AlyceFaye contacted her about the civil audit and respondent
issued her a 30-day letter. Petitioner did not timely file tax returns for 1998-99

and 2000-06. Petitioner's untimely filing of her tax returns over an extended
period is circumstantial evidence of fraud.
h.

Extensive Dealings in Cash

Extensive dealings in cash to avoid scrutiny of a taxpayer's finances is a

badge of fraud. See Bradford v. Commissioner, 796 F.2d at 307-308. Fraudulent
intent may be inferred when a taxpayer handles his or her affairs in a manner
designed "to avoid making the records usual in transactions of the kind". Spies,

317 U.S. at 499. In particular, when a taxpayer's dealings in cash are
accompanied by attempts to conceal transactions or avoid cash transaction
reporting requirements, that course of conduct is probative evidence of fraud. See

Valbrun v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-242, slip op. at 8-9.
During the years at issue petitioner drafted and signed checks made payable
to cash. Petitioner was the individual at CSE primarily responsible for drafting
and signing checks to cash and the individual who went to the bank to withdraw
the cash from CSE's accounts. In addition, respondent introduced credible

-57-[*57] evidence that petitioner had access to large amounts of cash and that

petitioner stored large amounts of cash in her desk and in her bedroom.
Petitioner was indicted on and convicted of 45 counts of structuring
monetary transactions to avoid financial reporting requirements on the basis of her
extensive history of drafting and signing.checks to cash. Special Agent Schneider

testified that petitioner wrote checks to cash in amounts less than $10,000 in order
to avoid currency transaction reporting requirements.
Petitioner engaged in extensive cash transactions and was the individual

primarily responsible for engaging in those cash transactions. We find that she
engaged in these cash transactions in order to avoid financial reporting
requirements. Petitioner's extensive dealings in cash are persuasive circumstantial

evidence of fraud.
C.

Conclusion

Respondent has proven by clear and convincing evidence that petitioner

underpaid her tax liabilities for 1998-99 and 2000-06 and that some part of her
underpayment for each year was due to fraud. Petitioner bears the burden of
showing by a preponderance of the evidence what portion of each underpayment,

if any, is not attributable to fraud. See sec. 6663(b). Petitioner has not argued or
introduced any credible evidence to prové that any specific portion of any

- 58 [*58] underpayment was not attributable to fraud.5° The record overwhelmingly

establishes that she acted with fraudulent intent. Accordingly, we hold that
petitioner is liable for the section 6663(a) fraud penalties.
We have considered all the other arguments made by the parties, and to the

extent not discussed above, find those arguments to be irrelevant, moot, or without
merit.
To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.

soIn the notice of deficiency respondent considered the amounts of income
petitioner reported in her late-filed returns and subtracted those amounts in
calculating her underpayments.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/agency%3Atax-court%3A277744a921220db7. Public record. Not legal advice.