# For use in preparing (2024)

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/agency%3Airs%3Aa714c2043c20940a

## Record

- **Collection:** Agency decision
- **Document type:** Agency decision

## Text

Publication 17

Your Federal
Income Tax

For use in preparing

2024 Returns

For Individuals

TAX GUIDE

2024
Get forms and other information faster and easier at:
• IRS.gov (English)
• IRS.gov/Spanish (Español)

Jan 22, 2025

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• IRS.gov/Vietnamese (Tiếng Việt)

Publication 17 (2024) Catalog Number 10311G
Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service www.irs.gov

Your Federal
Income Tax
For Individuals

Contents
What's New

....................... 1

Reminders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

Part One. The Income Tax Return . . . . . . . . . . 6
1 Filing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Filing Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4 Tax Withholding and Estimated Tax . . . . . 37
Part Two. Income and Adjustments
to Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5 Wages, Salaries, and Other Earnings . . . . 47
6 Interest Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
7 Social Security and Equivalent Railroad
Retirement Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8 Other Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
9 Individual Retirement Arrangements
(IRAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

11
12

Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Other Itemized Deductions . . . . . . . . . 101

Part Four. Figuring Your Taxes, and
Refundable and Nonrefundable Credits . . 107
13 How To Figure Your Tax . . . . . . . . . . . 107
14 Child Tax Credit and Credit for Other
Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2024 Tax Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2024 Tax Computation Worksheet

. . . . . . . . 124

2024 Tax Rate Schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Your Rights as a Taxpayer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

How To Get Tax Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Index

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Where To File

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Part Three. Standard Deduction, Itemized
Deductions, and Other Deductions . . . . . . 93
10 Standard Deduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
All material in this
publication may be
reprinted freely. A
citation to Your Federal
Income Tax (2024)
would be appropriate.

The explanations and examples in this publication
reflect the interpretation by the Internal Revenue Service
(IRS) of:

• Tax laws enacted by Congress,
• Treasury regulations, and
• Court decisions.
However, the information given does not cover every
situation and is not intended to replace the law or change
its meaning.

This publication covers some subjects on which a
court may have made a decision more favorable to
taxpayers than the interpretation by the IRS. Until these
differing interpretations are resolved by higher court
decisions or in some other way, this publication will
continue to present the interpretations by the IRS.
All taxpayers have important rights when working with
the IRS. These rights are described in Your Rights as a
Taxpayer in the back of this publication.

What's New
This section summarizes important
tax changes that took effect in
2024. Most of these changes are
discussed
in
more
detail
throughout this publication.
Future developments. For the
latest information about the tax law
topics covered in this publication,
such as legislation enacted after it
was published, go to IRS.gov/
Pub17.
Who must file. Generally, the
amount of income you can receive
before you must file a return has
been increased. For more information, see chapter 1, later.
Due date of return. File Form
1040 or 1040-SR by April 15, 2025.
See chapter 1, later.
Additonal child tax credit
(ACTC) amount increased. The
maximum ACTC amount has increased to $1,700 for each qualifying child.
Standard deduction amount increased. For 2024, the standard
deduction amount has been increased for all filers. The amounts
are:

• Single or Married filing separately—$14,600;

• Married filing jointly or Qualifying surviving
spouse—$29,200; and

• Head of household—$21,900.
See chapter 10, later.
Digital assets received as ordinary income. If you received digital assets as ordinary income, and
that income is not reported elsewhere on your return, you will enter
those amounts on Schedule 1
(Form 1040), line 8v.
Reporting excessive payments,
increase in tax, and recapture
amounts related to certain investment credits. If you reported
an excessive payment, an increase
in tax, and/or a recapture amount
related to certain credits on Form
4255, Certain Credit Recapture,
Excessive Payments, and Penalties, you will also need to report
those amounts on Schedule 2
(Form 1040). See the instructions
for Form 4255 and Schedule 2,
lines 1d, 1e, 1f, 1y, 17a, 17z, and
19.
Repayment amount from Form
8936. If you have a repayment of
the credit for new or previously
owned clean vehicles reported on
Form 8936 and Schedule A (Form
8936), those amounts will now be
reported on Schedule 2 (Form
1040), lines 1b and 1c.
Publication 17 (2024)

Purchase of savings bonds discontinued. The program allowing
for your refund to be deposited into
your TreasuryDirect® account to
buy savings bonds, as well as the
ability to buy paper bonds with your
refund, has been discontinued.
Form 8888 is now only used to split
your direct deposit refund between
two or more accounts or to split
your refund between a direct deposit and a paper check. For more
information,
go
to
TreasuryDirect.gov/ResearchCenter/Faq-IRS-Tax-Feature.
U.S. tax allocable to the U.S. Virgin Islands now reported on
Schedule
3
(Form
1040),
line 13z. If you use Form 8689, Allocation of Individual Income Tax to
the U.S. Virgin Islands, to figure
your amount of U.S. tax allocable
to the U.S. Virgin Islands, you will
now report this amount on Schedule 3 (Form 1040), line 13z.
Choosing to treat nonresident
alien or dual-status alien
spouse as U.S. resident. If you
and your spouse choose to treat a
nonresident alien or dual-status
alien spouse as a U.S. resident for
2024, or if a prior year's choice to
treat a nonresident alien spouse as
a U.S. resident remains in effect for
2024, check the box in the Filing
Status section of the Form 1040 or
1040-SR and enter the name of the
nonresident alien or dual-status
alien spouse in the entry space.
See chapter 1, later.
Reporting a transfer of a credit
for a new or previously owned
clean vehicle credit to a dealer
at the time of sale. If you purchased a new or used clean vehicle from a registered dealer and reduced the amount you paid at the
time of sale by transferring the
credit to the dealer, you must file a
tax return and attach Form 8936
and Schedule A (Form 8936) to report the transfer of the credit and
reconcile your eligibility on your return.

payment, those payments may be
nontaxable. See Pub. 547 for more
information.
Surviving spouse election to be
treated as employee. Beginning
in 2024, a surviving spouse who is
the designated beneficiary of an
employee covered by a qualified
retirement plan (or other plan to
which the required minimum distribution rules apply) or who is the
designated beneficiary of an IRA
owner, may elect to be treated as
the employee for purposes of the
required minimum distribution
rules. See Pub. 575 and Pub.
590-B.
Wage limitation for pre-tax
catch-up contributions. If you
are an eligible participant in an applicable employer plan, you may
make pre-tax catch-up contributions only if your wages from the
employer sponsoring the plan did
not exceed $145,000.
IRA contribution limit increased.
Beginning in 2024, the IRA contribution limit is increased to $7,000
($8,000 for individuals age 50 or
older) from $6,500 ($7,500 for individuals age 50 or older).
Distributions to victims of domestic abuse. Beginning with
distributions made after December
31, 2023, a distribution to a domestic abuse victim is not subject
to the 10% additional tax on early
distributions if the distribution
meets certain requirements. See
Pub. 590-B for more information.
Distributions for emergency
personal expenses. Beginning
with distributions made after December 31, 2023, the exception to
the 10% additional tax for early distributions is expanded to include
distributions for certain emergency
personal expenses. See Pub.
590-B for more information.
Deferred compensation contribution limit increased. If you
participate in a 401(k) plan, 403(b)
plan, or the federal government’s
Thrift Savings Plan, the total annual amount you can contribute is
increased to $23,000 ($30,500 if
age 50 or older) for 2024. This also
applies to most section 457 plans.

Certain relief payments made to
individuals affected by the East
Palestine train derailment are
not taxable. If you received relief
payments from a government
agency, Norfolk Southern Railway,
or its subsidiary, insurer, agent, or
a related person due to being affected by the February 3, 2023,
East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment, these payments may be nontaxable. See Pub. 547 for more information.

2024 is the last year to file Form
5405. The 15-year repayment period for the first-time homebuyer
credit for homes purchased in
2008 began with your 2010 tax return and ends with your 2024 tax
return.

Qualified wildfire relief payments are not taxable. If you received a qualified wildfire relief

Nontaxable Medicaid waiver
payments reported on Form(s)
W-2. If you received nontaxable

Medicaid waiver payments, those
amounts should now be reported
to you on Form(s) W-2 in box 12,
code II.
Direct File. Direct File is a permanent option for taxpayers to file federal
tax
returns
online—for
free—directly and securely with the
IRS starting in 2025. Go to
IRS.gov/DirectFile. Direct File is a
filing option for taxpayers in participating states who have relatively
simple tax returns reporting only
certain types of income and claiming certain credits and deductions.
Go to IRS.gov/DirectFile for information about additional states
who've joined, and the new tax situations Direct File added to the
service for the 2024 tax year.
Health flexible spending arrangements (health FSAs) under cafeteria plans. For tax years
beginning in 2024, the dollar limitation under section 1251(i) on voluntary employee salary reductions for
contributions to health FSAs is
$3,200.
Delayed refund for returns
claiming the ACTC. The IRS cannot issue refunds before mid-February 2025 for returns that properly
claim the ACTC. This time frame
applies to the entire refund, not just
the portion associated with the
ACTC.
Standard mileage rate. The
2024 rate for business use of a vehicle is 67 cents a mile. The 2024
rate for use of your vehicle to do
volunteer work for certain charitable organizations is 14 cents a
mile. The 2024 rate for operating
expenses for a car when you use it
for medical reasons is 21 cents a
mile.
Modified adjusted gross income
(AGI) limit for traditional IRA
contributions. For 2024, if you
are covered by a retirement plan at
work, your deduction for contributions to a traditional IRA is reduced
(phased out) if your modified AGI
is:

• More than $123,000 but less

than $143,000 for a married
couple filing a joint return or a
qualifying surviving spouse,

• More than $77,000 but less

than $87,000 for a single individual or head of household,
or

• Less than $10,000 for a mar-

ried individual filing a separate
return.

If you either live with your spouse
or file a joint return, and your
spouse is covered by a retirement
1

plan at work but you aren't, your
deduction is phased out if your
modified AGI is more than
$230,000 but less than $240,000. If
your modified AGI is $240,000 or
more, you can't take a deduction
for contributions to a traditional
IRA. See How Much Can You Deduct in chapter 9, later.
Modified AGI limit for Roth IRA
contributions. For 2024, your
Roth IRA contribution limit is reduced (phased out) in the following
situations.

• Your filing status is married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse and your modified
AGI is at least $230,000. You
can't make a Roth IRA contribution if your modified AGI is
$240,000 or more.

• Your filing status is single,

head of household, or married

filing separately and you didn't
live with your spouse at any
time in 2024 and your modified AGI is at least $146,000.
You can't make a Roth IRA
contribution if your modified
AGI is $161,000 or more.

• Your filing status is married filing separately, you lived with
your spouse at any time during the year, and your modified AGI is more than zero.
You can't make a Roth IRA
contribution if your modified
AGI is $10,000 or more. See
Can You Contribute to a Roth
IRA in chapter 9, later.

2025 modified AGI limits. You
can find information about the 2025
contribution and modified AGI limits in Pub. 590-A.
Tax law changes for 2025. When
you figure how much income tax
you want withheld from your pay

and when you figure your estimated tax, consider tax law changes
effective in 2025. For more information, see Pub. 505.
Alternative minimum tax (AMT)
exemption amount increased.
The AMT exemption amount is increased to $85,700 ($133,300 if
married filing jointly or qualifying
surviving spouse; $66,650 if married filing separately). The income
levels at which the AMT exemption
begins to phase out have increased to $609,350 ($1,218,700 if
married filing jointly or qualifying
surviving spouse).
New reporting requirements for
Form 1099-K. The American
Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the ARP)
changed the reporting requirements for third-party settlement organizations. Beginning in 2024,
there
are
lower
reporting
thresholds for Form 1099-K. See
chapter 8, later.

Updated reporting requirements
for Form 1099-K. For 2024, payment card companies, payment
apps, and online marketplaces will
be required to send you a Form
1099-K when the amount of your
business transactions during the
year is more than $5,000. In calendar year 2025, the threshold will
lower to more than $2,500; and for
2026 and later years, the threshold
will be more than $600.

exceed 400% of the federal poverty
line and generally increases the
credit amounts. For more information, see Pub. 974 and Form 8962
and its instructions.

provided only to the person who legally has a right to the data. Taxpayers using the new mobile-friendly verification procedure
can gain entry to existing IRS online services such as the Child Tax
Credit Update Portal, Online Account, Get Transcript Online, Get
an Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN),
and Online Payment Agreement.
Additional IRS applications will
transition to the new method over
the next year. Each online service
will also provide information that
will instruct taxpayers on the steps
they need to follow for access to
the service. You can also see
IR-2021-228 for more information.

Changes to reporting amounts
from Form 1099-K. Beginning in
2024, if you received a Form(s)
1099-K that shows payments that
were included in error or for personal items sold at a loss, you will
now enter these amounts in the entry space at the top of Schedule 1
(Form 1040).

Reminders
Listed
below
are
important
reminders and other items that may
help you file your 2024 tax return.
Many of these items are explained
in more detail later in this
publication.
Special rules for eligible gains
invested in Qualified Opportunity Funds. If you have an eligible
gain, you can invest that gain into a
Qualified Opportunity Fund (QOF)
and elect to defer part or all of the
gain that is otherwise includible in
income. The gain is deferred until
the date you sell or exchange the
investment or December 31, 2026,
whichever is earlier. You may also
be able to permanently exclude
gain from the sale or exchange of
an investment in a QOF if the investment is held for at least 10
years. For information about what
types of gains entitle you to elect
these special rules, see the Instructions for Schedule D (Form
1040). For information on how to
elect to use these special rules,
see the Instructions for Form 8949.
Secure your tax records from
identity theft. Identity theft occurs
when someone uses your personal
information, such as your name,
SSN, or other identifying information, without your permission, to
commit fraud or other crimes. An
identity thief may use your SSN to
get a job or may file a tax return using your SSN to receive a refund.
For more information about identity
theft and how to reduce your risk
from it, see chapter 1, later.
Taxpayer identification numbers. You must provide the taxpayer identification number for
each person for whom you claim
2

certain tax benefits. This applies
even if the person was born in
2024. Generally, this number is the
person's SSN. See chapter 1, later.
Filing status name changed to
qualifying surviving spouse.
The
filing
status
qualifying
widow(er) is now called qualifying
surviving spouse. The rules for the
filing status have not changed. The
same rules that applied for qualifying widow(er) apply to qualifying
surviving spouse.
Lines 1a through 1z on Forms
1040 and 1040-SR. Beginning in
2022, line 1 was expanded and
there are new lines 1a through 1z.
Some amounts that in prior years
were reported on Form 1040, and
some amounts reported on Form
1040-SR, are now reported on
Schedule 1.

• Scholarships and fellowship
grants are now reported on
Schedule 1, line 8r.

• Pension or annuity from a

nonqualified deferred compensation plan or a non-governmental section 457 plan
are now reported on Schedule
1, line 8t.

• Wages earned while incarcer-

ated are now reported on
Schedule 1, line 8u.
Line 6c on Forms 1040 and
1040-SR. A checkbox was added
on line 6c. Taxpayers who elect to
use the lump-sum election method
for their benefits will check this box.
See the Instructions for Form 1040.
Premium tax credit (PTC). The
ARP expanded the PTC by
eliminating the limitation that a taxpayer's household income may not

Credits for qualified sick and
family leave wages. The credits
for qualified sick and family leave
wages paid in 2023 for leave taken
before April 1, 2021, and for leave
taken after March 31, 2021, and
before October 1, 2021, are now
reported on Schedule 3, line 13z.
See Schedule H (Form 1040) for
more information.
Qualified charitable distribution
one-time election. Beginning in
2023, you can elect to make a
one-time distribution up to $50,000
from an individual retirement account to charities through a charitable remainder unitrust, or a charitable gift annuity funded only by
qualified distributions. See Pub.
590-B for more information.
Self-employed health insurance
deduction. Use Form 7206 and
its instructions to determine any
amount of the self-employed health
insurance deduction you may be
able to claim and report on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), line 17.
Identity verification. The IRS
launched an improved identity verification and sign-in process that
enables more people to securely
access and use IRS online tools
and applications. To provide verification services, the IRS is using
ID.me, a trusted technology provider. The new process is one
more step the IRS is taking to ensure that taxpayer information is

Adoption credit. The adoption
credit and the exclusion for employer-provided adoption benefits
are both $16,810 per eligible child
in 2024. The amount begins to
phase out if you have modified AGI
in excess of $252,150 and is completely phased out if your modified
AGI is $292,150 or more.
ACTC and bona fide residents
of Puerto Rico. Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico are no longer
required to have three or more
qualifying children to be eligible to
claim the ACTC. Bona fide residents of Puerto Rico may be eligible to claim the ACTC if they have
one or more qualifying children.
Exception to the 10% additional
tax for early distributions. The
exception to the 10% additional tax
for early distributions includes the
following.

• Distributions from a retirement
plan in connection with federally declared disasters.

Publication 17 (2024)

• Distribution from a retirement

plan made to someone who is
terminally ill.

• Distributions to firefighters at
age 50 or with 25 years of
service under the plan.

See Form 5329 and Pub. 590-B
for more information.
New clean vehicle credit. The
credit for new qualified plug-in
electric drive motor vehicles has
changed. This credit is now known
as the clean vehicle credit. The
maximum amount of the credit and
some of the requirements to claim
the credit have changed. The credit
is still reported on Form 8936 and
Schedule 3 (Form 1040), line 6f.
For more information, see Form
8936.
Previously owned clean vehicle
credit. This credit is available for
previously owned clean vehicles
acquired and placed in service after 2022. For more information, see
Form 8936.
Reporting
requirements
for
Form 1099-K. Form 1099-K is issued by third-party settlement organizations and credit card companies to report payment transactions
made to you for goods and services.
You must report all income on
your tax return unless excluded by
law, whether you received the income electronically or not, and
whether you received a Form
1099-K or not. The box 1a and
other amounts reported on Form
1099-K are additional pieces of information to help determine the
correct amounts to report on your
return.
If you received a Form 1099-K
that shows payments you didn’t receive or is otherwise incorrect,
contact the Form 1099-K issuer.
Don’t contact the IRS; the IRS can’t

correct an incorrect Form 1099-K.
If you can’t get it corrected, or you
sold a personal item at a loss, see
the instructions for Schedule 1,
lines 8z and 24z, later, for more reporting information.
All IRS information about Form
1099-K is available by going to
IRS.gov/1099K.

Faster ways to file your return.
The IRS offers fast, accurate ways
to file your tax return information
without filing a paper tax return.
You can use IRS e-file (electronic
filing). See chapter 1, later.

Foreign-source income. If you
are a U.S. citizen with income from
sources outside the United States
(foreign income), you must report
all such income on your tax return
unless it is exempt by law or a tax
treaty. This is true whether you live
inside or outside the United States
and whether or not you receive a
Form W-2 or Form 1099 from the
foreign payer. This applies to
earned income (such as wages
and tips) as well as unearned income (such as interest, dividends,
capital gains, pensions, rents, and
royalties).
If you live outside the United
States, you may be able to exclude
part or all of your foreign earned income. For details, see Pub. 54.

Change of address. If you
change your address, notify the
IRS. See chapter 1, later.

Foreign financial assets. If you
had foreign financial assets in
2024, you may have to file Form
8938 with your return. See Form
8938 and its instructions or go to
IRS.gov/Form8938 for details.
Automatic 6-month extension to
file tax return. You can get an automatic 6-month extension of time
to file your tax return. See chapter 1, later.
Payment of taxes. You can pay
your taxes by making electronic
payments online; from a mobile device using the IRS2Go app; or in
cash, or by check or money order.
Paying electronically is quick, easy,
and faster than mailing in a check
or money order. See chapter 1,
later.

Free electronic filing. You may
be able to file your 2024 taxes online for free. See chapter 1, later.

Refund on a late-filed return. If
you were due a refund but you did
not file a return, you must generally
file your return within 3 years from
the date the return was due (including extensions) to get that refund.
See chapter 1, later.
Frivolous tax returns. The IRS
has published a list of positions
that are identified as frivolous. The
penalty for filing a frivolous tax return is $5,000. See chapter 1, later.
Filing erroneous claim for refund or credit. You may have to
pay a penalty if you file an erroneous claim for refund or credit. See
chapter 1, later.
Access your online account.
You must authenticate your identity.
To securely log into your federal tax
account, go to IRS.gov/Account.
View the amount you owe, review
your last 5 years of payment history, access online payment options, and create or modify an online payment agreement. You can
also access your tax records online.
Health care coverage. If you
need health care coverage, go to
HealthCare.gov to learn about
health insurance options for you
and your family, how to buy health
insurance, and how you might
qualify to get financial assistance
to buy health insurance.

Disclosure, Privacy Act, and Paperwork Reduction Act information. The IRS Restructuring and
Reform Act of 1998, the Privacy
Act of 1974, and the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1980 require that
when we ask you for information,
we must first tell you what our legal
right is to ask for the information,
why we are asking for it, how it will
be used, what could happen if we
do not receive it, and whether your
response is voluntary, required to
obtain a benefit, or mandatory under the law. A complete statement
on this subject can be found in your
tax form instructions.
Preparer e-file mandate. Most
paid preparers must e-file returns
they prepare and file. Your preparer
may make you aware of this requirement and the options available to you.
Treasury Inspector General for
Tax Administration. If you want
to confidentially report misconduct,
waste, fraud, or abuse by an IRS
employee,
you
can
call
800-366-4484 (call 800-877-8339
if you are deaf, hard of hearing, or
have a speech disability, and are
using TTY/TDD equipment). You
can remain anonymous.
Photographs of missing children. The IRS is a proud partner
with the National Center for
Missing & Exploited Children®
(NCMEC). Photographs of missing
children selected by the Center
may appear in this publication on
pages that would otherwise be
blank. You can help bring these
children home by looking at the
photographs
and
calling
1-800-THE-LOST
(1-800-843-5678) if you recognize
a child.

Introduction
This publication covers the general
rules for filing a federal income tax
return. It supplements the information contained in your tax form instructions. It explains the tax law to
make sure you pay only the tax you
owe and no more.
How this publication is arranged. Pub. 17 closely follows
Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income
Tax Return, and Form 1040-SR,
U.S. Tax Return for Seniors, and
their three Schedules 1 through 3.
Pub. 17 is divided into four parts.
Each part is further divided into
chapters, most of which generally
discuss one line of the form or one
line of one of the three schedules.
Publication 17 (2024)

The introduction at the beginning
of each part lists the schedule(s)
discussed in that part.
The table of contents inside the
front cover, the introduction to each
part, and the index in the back of
the publication are useful tools to
help you find the information you
need.
What is in this publication. This
publication begins with the rules for
filing a tax return. It explains:
1. Who must file a return,
2. When the return is due,
3. How to e-file your return, and
4. Other general information.

It will help you identify which filing
status you qualify for, whether you
can claim any dependents, and
whether the income you receive is
taxable. The publication goes on to
explain the standard deduction, the
kinds of expenses you may be able
to deduct, and the various kinds of
credits you may be able to take to
reduce your tax.
Throughout this publication are
examples showing how the tax law
applies in typical situations. Also
throughout this publication are
flowcharts and tables that present
tax information in an easy-to-understand manner.
Many of the subjects discussed
in this publication are discussed in

greater detail in other IRS publications. References to those other
publications are provided for your
information.
Icons. Small graphic symbols,
or icons, are used to draw your attention to special information. See
Table 1 for an explanation of each
icon used in this publication.
What is not covered in this publication. Some material that you
may find helpful is not included in
this publication but can be found in

3

your tax form instructions booklet.
This includes lists of:

• Pub. 587, Business Use of

• Where to report certain items

Help from the IRS. There are
many ways you can get help from
the IRS. These are explained under How To Get Tax Help at the
end of this publication.

shown on information documents, and

• Tax Topics you can read at
IRS.gov/TaxTopics.

If you operate your own business or have other self-employment income, such as from babysitting or selling crafts, see the
following publications for more information.

• Pub. 334, Tax Guide for Small
Business.

• Pub. 225, Farmer's Tax Guide.

Your Home.

Comments and suggestions.
We welcome your comments about
this publication and suggestions for
future editions.
You can send us comments
through IRS.gov/FormComments.
Or, you can write to the Internal
Revenue Service, Tax Forms and
Publications, 1111 Constitution
Ave. NW, IR-6526, Washington,
DC 20224.

Although we can’t respond individually to each comment received,
we do appreciate your feedback
and will consider your comments
and suggestions as we revise our
tax forms, instructions, and publications. Don’t send tax questions,
tax returns, or payments to the
above address.
Getting answers to your tax
questions. If you have a tax question not answered by this publication or the How To Get Tax Help
section at the end of this publication, go to the IRS Interactive Tax
Assistant page at IRS.gov/Help/ITA
where you can find topics by using
the search feature or viewing the
categories listed.

Getting tax forms, instructions, and publications. Go to
IRS.gov/Forms to download current and prior-year forms, instructions, and publications.
Ordering tax forms, instructions, and publications. Go to
IRS.gov/OrderForms to order current forms, instructions, and publications; call 800-829-3676 to order
prior-year forms and instructions.
The IRS will process your order for
forms and publications as soon as
possible. Don’t resubmit requests
you’ve already sent us. You can get
forms and publications faster online.

Publication 17 Changes
Note. This publication does not cover the topics listed in the following table. Please see the primary publication.

Chapter Removed

Title of Chapter

Primary Source

6

Tip Income

Pub. 531, Reporting Tip Income

8

Dividends and Other Distributions

Pub. 550, Investment Income and
Expenses

9

Rental Income and Expenses

Pub. 527, Residential Rental Property
(Including Rental of Vacation Homes)

10

Retirement Plans, Pensions, and Annuities Pub. 575, Pension and Annuity Income

13

Basis of Property

Pub. 551, Basis of Assets

14

Sale of Property

Pub. 550

15

Selling Your Home

Pub. 523, Selling Your Home

16

Reporting Gains and Losses

Pub. 550

18

Alimony

Pub. 504, Divorced or Separated
Individuals

19

Education-Related Adjustments

Pub. 970, Tax Benefits for Education

20

Other Adjustments to Income

Pub. 463, Travel, Gift, and Car Expenses

22

Medical and Dental Expenses

Pub. 502, Medical and Dental Expenses

24

Interest Expense

Pub. 550
Pub. 936, Home Mortgage Interest
Deduction

25

Charitable Contributions

Pub. 561, Determining the Value of
Donated Property
Pub. 526, Charitable Contributions

26

Nonbusiness Casualty and Theft Losses

Pub. 547, Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts

29

Tax on Unearned Income of Certain Minor Form 8615, Tax for Certain Children Who
Children
Have Unearned Income

30

Child and Dependent Care Credit

Pub. 503, Child and Dependent Care
Expenses

31

Credit for the Elderly or the Disabled

Schedule R (Form 1040), Credit for the
Elderly or the Disabled

33

Education Credits

Pub. 970

34

Earned Income Credit (EIC)

Pub. 596, Earned Income Credit (EIC)

35

Premium Tax Credit

Pub. 974, Premium Tax Credit (PTC)

36

Other Credits

4

Publication 17 (2024)

IRS mission. Provide America's
taxpayers top-quality service by

helping them understand and meet
their tax responsibilities and en-

force the law with integrity and fairness to all.

Table 1. Legend of Icons
Icon

Explanation

!

Items that may cause you particular problems, or an alert about pending legislation that may be enacted after
this publication goes to print.

CAUTION

An Internet site or an email address.
An address you may need.
Items you should keep in your personal records.
RECORDS

Items you may need to figure or a worksheet you may need to complete and keep for your records.
An important phone number.
TIP

Publication 17 (2024)

Helpful information you may need.

5

Part One.
The Income Tax
Return

The four chapters in this part provide basic information on the tax system.
They take you through the first steps of filling out a tax return. They also
provide information about dependents, and discuss recordkeeping
requirements, IRS e-file (electronic filing), certain penalties, and the two
methods used to pay tax during the year: withholding and estimated tax.
The Form 1040 and 1040-SR schedules that are discussed in these
chapters are:

• Schedule 1, Additional Income and Adjustments to Income; and
• Schedule 3, Part II, Other Payments and Refundable Credits.
• Go to IRS.gov/SecureAccess to view the

1.
Filing
Information
What's New
Due date of return. File Form 1040 or
1040-SR by April 15, 2025.
Who must file. Generally, the amount of income you can receive before you must file a return has been increased. See Table 1-1, Table 1-2, and Table 1-3 for the specific amounts.

Reminders
File online. Rather than filing a return on paper, you may be able to file electronically using
IRS e-file. For more information, see Why
Should I File Electronically, later.
Access your online account (individual taxpayers only). Go to IRS.gov/Account to securely access information about your federal tax
account.

• View the amount you owe and a breakdown by tax year.

• See payment plan details or apply for a
new payment plan.

• Make a payment, view 5 years of payment

history and any pending or scheduled payments.

• Access your tax records, including key

data from your most recent tax return, your
economic impact payment amounts, and
transcripts.

• View digital copies of select notices from
the IRS.

• Approve or reject authorization requests
from tax professionals.

• View your address on file or manage your
communication preferences.

6

required identity authentication process.

Change of address. If you change your address, you should notify the IRS. You can use
Form 8822 to notify the IRS of the change. See
Change of Address, later, under What Happens
After I File.
Enter your social security number. You must
enter your social security number (SSN) in the
spaces provided on your tax return. If you file a
joint return, enter the SSNs in the same order
as the names.
Direct deposit of refund. Instead of getting a
paper check, you may be able to have your refund deposited directly into your account at a
bank or other financial institution. See Direct
Deposit under Refunds, later. If you choose direct deposit of your refund, you may be able to
split the refund among two or three accounts.
Pay online or by phone. If you owe additional
tax, you may be able to pay online or by phone.
See How To Pay, later.
Installment agreement. If you can’t pay the
full amount due with your return, you may ask to
make monthly installment payments. See Installment Agreement, later, under Amount You
Owe. You may be able to apply online for a payment agreement if you owe federal tax, interest,
and penalties.
Automatic 6-month extension. You can get
an automatic 6-month extension to file your tax
return if, no later than the date your return is
due, you file Form 4868. See Automatic Extension, later.
Service in combat zone. You are allowed extra time to take care of your tax matters if you
are a member of the Armed Forces who served
in a combat zone, or if you served in a combat
zone in support of the Armed Forces. See Individuals Serving in Combat Zone, later, under
When Do I Have To File.
Adoption taxpayer identification number. If
a child has been placed in your home for purposes of legal adoption and you won't be able to
get a social security number for the child in time
to file your return, you may be able to get an
adoption taxpayer identification number (ATIN).
For more information, see Social Security Number (SSN), later.
Taxpayer identification number for aliens. If
you or your dependent is a nonresident or resident alien who doesn't have and isn't eligible to
Chapter 1

Filing Information

get a social security number, file Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, with the IRS. For more information, see Social Security Number (SSN), later.
Individual taxpayer identification number
(ITIN) renewal. Some ITINs must be renewed.
If you haven't used your ITIN on a U.S. tax return at least once for tax years 2021, 2022, or
2023, it has expired and must be renewed if you
need to file a U.S. federal tax return. You don't
need to renew your ITIN if you don't need to file
a federal tax return. You can find more information at IRS.gov/ITIN.
Frivolous tax submissions. The IRS has
published a list of positions that are identified as
frivolous. The penalty for filing a frivolous tax return is $5,000. Also, the $5,000 penalty will apply to other specified frivolous submissions. For
more information, see Civil Penalties, later.

Introduction
This chapter discusses the following topics.

•
•
•
•
•

Whether you have to file a return.
How to file electronically.
How to file for free.
When, how, and where to file your return.
What happens if you pay too little or too
much tax.

• What records you should keep and how
long you should keep them.

• How you can change a return you have already filed.

Do I Have To
File a Return?
You must file a federal income tax return if you
are a citizen or resident of the United States or
a resident of Puerto Rico and you meet the filing
requirements for any of the following categories
that apply to you.
1. Individuals in general. (There are special
rules for individuals whose spouse has
died, executors, administrators, legal representatives, U.S. citizens and residents
living outside the United States, residents
of Puerto Rico, and individuals with
income from U.S. territories.)
Publication 17 (2024)

2. Dependents.

Table 1-1. 2024 Filing Requirements for Most Taxpayers

3. Certain children under age 19 or full-time
students.
4. Self-employed persons.
5. Aliens.
The filing requirements for each category are
explained in this chapter.
The filing requirements apply even if you
don't owe tax.

TIP

Even if you don't have to file a return, it
may be to your advantage to do so.
See Who Should File, later.

File only one federal income tax return
for the year regardless of how many
CAUTION jobs you had, how many Forms W-2
you received, or how many states you lived in
during the year. Don't file more than one original
return for the same year, even if you haven’t received your refund or haven’t heard from the
IRS since you filed.

!

Individuals—In General
If you are a U.S. citizen or resident, whether you
must file a return depends on three factors.
1. Your gross income.
2. Your filing status.
3. Your age.
To find out whether you must file, see Table 1-1, Table 1-2, and Table 1-3. Even if no table shows that you must file, you may need to
file to get money back. See Who Should File,
later.
Gross income. This includes all income you
receive in the form of money, goods, property,
and services that isn't exempt from tax. It also
includes income from sources outside the United States or from the sale of your main home
(even if you can exclude all or part of it). Include
part of your social security benefits if:
1. You were married, filing a separate return,
and you lived with your spouse at any time
during 2024; or
2. Half of your social security benefits plus
your other gross income and any tax-exempt interest is more than $25,000
($32,000 if married filing jointly).
If either (1) or (2) applies, see the Instructions
for Form 1040 or Pub. 915 to figure the social
security benefits you must include in gross income.
Common types of income are discussed in
Part Two of this publication.
Community property states. Community
property states include Arizona, California,
Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas,
Washington, and Wisconsin. If you and your
spouse lived in a community property state, you
must usually follow state law to determine what
is community property and what is separate income. For details, see Form 8958 and Pub.
555.

Publication 17 (2024)

THEN file a return if
your gross income
was at least...**

IF your filing status is...

AND at the end of 2024 you
were...*

Single

under 65

$14,600

65 or older

$16,550

under 65 (both spouses)

$29,200

65 or older (one spouse)

$30,750

65 or older (both spouses)

$32,300

Married filing jointly***

Married filing separately

any age

$5

Head of household

under 65

$21,900

65 or older

$23,850

under 65

$29,200

65 or older

$30,750

Qualifying surviving spouse

*

If you were born on January 1, 1960, you are considered to be age 65 at the end of 2024. (If your spouse
died in 2024 or if you are preparing a return for someone who died in 2024, see Pub. 501.)
** Gross income means all income you received in the form of money, goods, property, and services that
isn't exempt from tax, including any income from sources outside the United States or from the sale of
your main home (even if you can exclude part or all of it). Don't include any social security benefits unless
(a) you are married filing a separate return and you lived with your spouse at any time during 2024, or (b)
one-half of your social security benefits plus your other gross income and any tax-exempt interest is more
than $25,000 ($32,000 if married filing jointly). If (a) or (b) applies, see the Instructions for Form 1040 or
Pub. 915 to figure the taxable part of social security benefits you must include in gross income. Gross
income includes gains, but not losses, reported on Form 8949 or Schedule D. Gross income from a
business means, for example, the amount on Schedule C, line 7, or Schedule F, line 9. But, in figuring
gross income, don't reduce your income by any losses, including any loss on Schedule C, line 7, or
Schedule F, line 9.
*** If you didn't live with your spouse at the end of 2024 (or on the date your spouse died) and your gross
income was at least $5, you must file a return regardless of your age.

Nevada, Washington, and California domestic partners. A registered domestic partner in Nevada, Washington, or California must
generally report half the combined community
income of the individual and their domestic
partner. See Pub. 555.
Self-employed individuals. If you are
self-employed, your gross income includes the
amount on line 7 of Schedule C (Form 1040),
Profit or Loss From Business; and line 9 of
Schedule F (Form 1040), Profit or Loss From
Farming. See Self-Employed Persons, later, for
more information about your filing requirements.

!

CAUTION

If you don't report all of your self-employment income, your social security
benefits may be lower when you retire.

Filing status. Your filing status depends on
whether you are single or married and on your
family situation. Your filing status is determined
on the last day of your tax year, which is December 31 for most taxpayers. See chapter 2
for an explanation of each filing status.
Age. If you are 65 or older at the end of the
year, you can generally have a higher amount of
gross income than other taxpayers before you
must file. See Table 1-1. You are considered 65
on the day before your 65th birthday. For example, if your 65th birthday is on January 1, 2025,
you are considered 65 for 2024.

Chapter 1

Filing Information

Surviving Spouses,
Executors, Administrators,
and Legal Representatives
You must file a final return for a decedent (a person who died) if both of the following are true.

• Your spouse died in 2024 or you are the

executor, administrator, or legal representative.

• The decedent met the filing requirements
at the date of death.

For more information on rules for filing a decedent's final return, see Pub. 559.

U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens
Living Abroad
To determine whether you must file a return, include in your gross income any income you received abroad, including any income you can
exclude under the foreign earned income exclusion. For information on special tax rules that
may apply to you, see Pub. 54. It is available online and at most U.S. embassies and consulates. See How To Get Tax Help in the back of
this publication.

Residents of Puerto Rico
If you are a U.S. citizen and also a bona fide
resident of Puerto Rico, you must generally file
a U.S. income tax return for any year in which
you meet the income requirements. This is in
addition to any legal requirement you may have
to file an income tax return with Puerto Rico.
7

If you are a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico
for the entire year, your U.S. gross income
doesn't include income from sources within
Puerto Rico. It does, however, include any income you received for your services as an employee of the United States or a U.S. agency. If
you receive income from Puerto Rican sources
that isn't subject to U.S. tax, you must reduce
your standard deduction. As a result, the
amount of income you must have before you are
required to file a U.S. income tax return is lower
than the applicable amount in Table 1-1 or Table 1-2. For more information, see Pub. 570.

Individuals With Income From
U.S. Territories
If you had income from Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, special
rules may apply when determining whether you
must file a U.S. federal income tax return. In addition, you may have to file a return with the individual island government. See Pub. 570 for
more information.

Dependents
If you are a dependent (one who meets the dependency tests in chapter 3), see Table 1-2 to
find out whether you must file a return. You must
also file if your situation is described in Table 1-3.
Responsibility of parent. Generally, a child is
responsible for filing their own tax return and for
paying any tax on the return. If a dependent
child must file an income tax return but can’t file
due to age or any other reason, then a parent,
guardian, or other legally responsible person
must file it for the child. If the child can’t sign the
return, the parent or guardian must sign the
child's name followed by the words “By (your
signature), parent for minor child.”
Child's earnings. Amounts a child earns by
performing services are included in the child’s
gross income and not the gross income of the
parent. This is true even if under local law the
child's parent has the right to the earnings and
may actually have received them. But if the child
doesn't pay the tax due on this income, the parent is liable for the tax.

Certain Children Under
Age 19 or Full-Time
Students
If a child's only income is interest and dividends
(including capital gain distributions and Alaska
Permanent Fund dividends), the child was under age 19 at the end of 2024 or was a full-time
student under age 24 at the end of 2024, and
certain other conditions are met, a parent can
elect to include the child's income on the parent's return. If this election is made, the child
doesn't have to file a return. See Instructions for
Form 8814, Parents’ Election To Report Child’s
Interest and Dividends.

8

Self-Employed Persons
You are self-employed if you:

• Carry on a trade or business as a sole proprietor,

• Are an independent contractor,
• Are a member of a partnership, or
• Are in business for yourself in any other
way.

Self-employment can include work in addition to your regular full-time business activities,
such as certain part-time work you do at home
or in addition to your regular job.
You must file a return if your gross income is
at least as much as the filing requirement
amount for your filing status and age (shown in
Table 1-1). Also, you must file Form 1040 or
1040-SR and Schedule SE (Form 1040),
Self-Employment Tax, if:
1. Your net earnings from self-employment
(excluding church employee income) were
$400 or more, or
2. You had church employee income of
$108.28 or more. (See Table 1-3.)
Use Schedule SE (Form 1040) to figure your
self-employment tax. Self-employment tax is
comparable to the social security and Medicare
tax withheld from an employee's wages. For
more information about this tax, see Pub. 334.
Employees of foreign governments or international organizations. If you are a U.S.
citizen who works in the United States for an international organization, a foreign government,
or a wholly owned instrumentality of a foreign
government, and your employer isn't required to
withhold social security and Medicare taxes
from your wages, you must include your earnings from services performed in the United
States when figuring your net earnings from
self-employment.
Ministers. You must include income from
services you performed as a minister when figuring your net earnings from self-employment,
unless you have an exemption from self-employment tax. This also applies to Christian Science practitioners and members of a religious
order who have not taken a vow of poverty. For
more information, see Pub. 517.

Aliens
Your status as an alien (resident, nonresident,
or dual-status) determines whether and how
you must file an income tax return.
The rules used to determine your alien status are discussed in Pub. 519.
Resident alien. If you are a resident alien for
the entire year, you must file a tax return following the same rules that apply to U.S. citizens.
Use the forms discussed in this publication.
Nonresident alien. If you are a nonresident
alien, the rules and tax forms that apply to you
are different from those that apply to U.S. citizens and resident aliens. See Pub. 519 to find
out if U.S. income tax laws apply to you and
which forms you should file.
Chapter 1

Filing Information

Dual-status taxpayer. If you are a resident
alien for part of the tax year and a nonresident
alien for the rest of the year, you are a dual-status taxpayer. Different rules apply for each part
of the year. For information on dual-status taxpayers, see Pub. 519.

Who Should File
Even if you don't have to file, you should file a
federal income tax return to get money back if
any of the following conditions apply.
1. You had federal income tax withheld or
made estimated tax payments.
2. You qualify for the earned income credit.
See Pub. 596 for more information.
3. You qualify for the additional child tax
credit. See chapter 14 for more information.
4. You qualify for the premium tax credit. See
Pub. 974 for more information.
5. You qualify for the American opportunity
credit. See Pub. 970 for more information.
See chapter 13 for more information.

Form 1040 or 1040-SR
Use Form 1040 or 1040-SR to file your return.
(But also see Why Should I File Electronically,
later.)
You can use Form 1040 or 1040-SR to report all types of income, deductions, and credits.

Why Should I File
Electronically?
Electronic Filing
If your adjusted gross income (AGI) is less than
a certain amount, you are eligible for Free File,
a free tax software service offered by IRS partners, to prepare and e-file your return for free. If
your income is over the amount, you are still eligible for Free File Fillable Forms, an electronic
version of IRS paper forms. Table 1-4 lists the
free ways to electronically file your return.
Direct File, Free File, and Free Fillable
Forms all provide eligible taxpayers the ability to
e-file their taxes for free. See IRS.gov/DirectFile
and IRS.gov/FreeFile for details and to see if
you are eligible.
IRS e-file uses automation to replace most of the
manual steps needed to process paper returns.
As a result, the processing of e-file returns is
faster and more accurate than the processing of
paper returns. However, as with a paper return,
you are responsible for making sure your return
contains accurate information and is filed on
time.
If your return is filed with IRS e-file, you will receive an acknowledgment that your return was
received and accepted. If you owe tax, you can
e-file and pay electronically. The IRS has processed more than one billion e-filed returns
Publication 17 (2024)

Table 1-2. 2024 Filing Requirements for Dependents
See chapter 3 to find out if someone can claim you as a dependent.
If your parents (or someone else) can claim you as a dependent, use this table to see if you
must file a return. (See Table 1-3 for other situations when you must file.)
In this table, unearned income includes taxable interest, ordinary dividends, and capital gain
distributions. It also includes unemployment compensation, taxable social security benefits,
pensions, annuities, and distributions of unearned income from a trust. Earned income includes
salaries, wages, tips, professional fees, and taxable scholarship and fellowship grants. (See
Scholarships and fellowships in chapter 8.) Gross income is the total of your earned and
unearned income.
Single dependents—Were you either age 65 or older or blind?
No.

You must file a return if any of the following apply.
• Your unearned income was more than $1,300.
• Your earned income was more than $14,600.
• Your gross income was more than the larger of:
• $1,300 or
• Your earned income (up to $14,150) plus $450.

Yes. You must file a return if any of the following apply.
• Your unearned income was more than $3,250 ($5,200 if 65 or older and blind).
• Your earned income was more than $16,550 ($18,500 if 65 or older and blind).
• Your gross income was more than the larger of:
• $3,250 ($5,200 if 65 or older and blind), or
• Your earned income (up to $14,150) plus $2,400 ($4,350 if 65 or older and
blind).
You must file a return if any of the following apply.
• Your unearned income was more than $1,300.
• Your earned income was more than $14,600.
• Your gross income was at least $5 and your spouse files a separate return and
itemizes deductions.
• Your gross income was more than the larger of:
• $1,300, or
• Your earned income (up to $14,150) plus $450.
Yes. You must file a return if any of the following apply.
• Your unearned income was more than $2,850 ($4,400 if 65 or older and blind).
• Your earned income was more than $16,150 ($17,700 if 65 or older and blind).
• Your gross income was at least $5 and your spouse files a separate return and
itemizes deductions.
• Your gross income was more than the larger of:
• $2,850 ($4,400 if 65 or older and blind), or
• Your earned income (up to $14,150) plus $2,000 ($3,550 if 65 or older and
blind).
safely and securely. Using e-file doesn't affect
your chances of an IRS examination of your return.
Requirements for an electronic return. The
requirements for signing an electronic return will
be different depending on whether you use tax
software or a tax practitioner. If you are filing
electronically using Direct File, you should follow the instructions provided to you by Direct
File for how to sign your electronic return. Otherwise, to file your return electronically, you
must sign the return electronically using a personal identification number (PIN) and provide
the information described below. If you are filing
online using software, you must use a Self-Select PIN. If you are filing electronically using a
tax practitioner, you can use a Self-Select PIN
or a Practitioner PIN.
If we issued you an identity protection personal identification number (IP PIN) (as
Publication 17 (2024)

described in more detail next), all six digits of
your IP PIN must appear in the IP PIN spaces
provided next to the space for your occupation
for your electronic signature to be complete.
Failure to include an issued IP PIN on the electronic return will result in an invalid signature
and a rejected return. If you are filing a joint return and both taxpayers were issued IP PINs,
enter both IP PINs in the spaces provided.
Self-Select PIN. The Self-Select PIN method
allows you to create your own PIN. If you are
married filing jointly, you and your spouse will
each need to create a PIN and enter these PINs
as your electronic signatures.
A PIN is any combination of five digits you
choose except five zeros. If you use a PIN, there
is nothing to sign and nothing to mail—not even
your Forms W-2.
Your electronic return signed with a Self-Select PIN is considered a validly signed return
Chapter 1

!

CAUTION

Married dependents—Were you either age 65 or older or blind?
No.

only when it includes your PIN; last name; date
of birth; IP PIN, if applicable; and your adjusted
gross income (AGI) from your originally filed
2023 federal income tax return, if applicable. If
you're filing jointly, your electronic return must
also include your spouse's PIN; last name; date
of birth; IP PIN, if applicable; and AGI, if applicable, in order to be considered validly signed.
(You, and your spouse if filing jointly, may each
use your own prior-year pin to verify your identity if you filed electronically last year. If you use
your prior-year PIN or enter your IP PIN, you are
not required to enter your prior-year AGI. The
prior-year PIN is the five-digit PIN you used to
electronically sign your 2023 return.)
If you need your AGI from your originally
filed 2023 federal income tax return, and you
don’t have your 2023 income tax return, you can
access your transcript through your online account at IRS.gov/Account. You can also go to
IRS.gov/Transcript or call the IRS at
800-908-9946 to get a free transcript of your return. Don't use your AGI from an amended return (Form 1040-X) or a math error correction
made by the IRS. AGI is the amount shown on
your 2023 Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 11.
For more information, go to IRS.gov/Efile.

Filing Information

You can’t use the Self-Select PIN
method if you are a first-time filer under
age 16 at the end of 2024.

Practitioner PIN. The Practitioner PIN method
allows you to authorize your tax practitioner to
enter or generate your PIN. Your electronic return is considered a validly signed return only
when it includes your PIN; last name; date of
birth; and IP PIN, if applicable. If you’re filing
jointly, your electronic return must also include
your spouse’s PIN; last name; date of birth; and
IP PIN, if applicable, in order to be considered a
validly signed return. The practitioner can provide you with details.
Form 8453. You must send in a paper Form
8453 if you have to attach certain forms or other
documents that can’t be electronically filed. See
Form 8453.
Identity Protection PIN (IP PIN). If the IRS
gave you an IP PIN, enter it in the spaces provided on your tax form. If the IRS hasn’t given you
this type of number, leave these spaces blank.
For more information, see the Instructions for
Form 1040.
All taxpayers are now eligible for an IP

TIP PIN. For more information, see Pub.

5477. To apply for an IP PIN, go to
IRS.gov/IPPIN and use the Get an IP PIN tool.
Power of attorney. If an agent is signing your
return for you, a power of attorney (POA) must
be filed. Attach the POA to Form 8453 and file it
using that form's instructions. See Signatures,
later, for more information on POAs.
State returns. In most states, you can file an
electronic state return simultaneously with your
federal return. For more information, check with
your local IRS office, state tax agency, tax professional, or the IRS website at IRS.gov/efile.
Refunds. You can have a refund check mailed
to you, or you can have your refund deposited
directly to your checking or savings account or
split among two or three accounts. With e-file,
9

Table 1-3. Other Situations When You Must File a 2024 Return
You must file a return if any of the following apply for 2024.
1.

You owe any special taxes, including any of the following (see the instructions for Schedule 2 (Form 1040)).
a. Alternative minimum tax.
b. Additional tax on a qualified plan, including an individual retirement arrangement (IRA), or other tax-favored account.
c. Household employment taxes.
d. Social security and Medicare tax on tips you didn't report to your employer or on wages you received from an employer who
didn't withhold these taxes.
e. Uncollected social security and Medicare or RRTA tax on tips you reported to your employer or on group-term life insurance
and additional taxes on health savings accounts.
f. Recapture taxes.

2.

You (or your spouse, if filing jointly) received health savings account, Archer MSA, or Medicare Advantage MSA distributions.

3.

You had net earnings from self-employment of at least $400.

4.

You had wages of $108.28 or more from a church or qualified church-controlled organization that is exempt from employer
social security and Medicare taxes.

5.

Advance payments of the premium tax credit were made for you, your spouse, or a dependent who enrolled in coverage
through the Marketplace. You or whoever enrolled you should have received Form(s) 1095-A showing the amount of the
advance payments.

6.

You are required to include amounts in income under section 965 or you have a net tax liability under section 965 that you are
paying in installments under section 965(h) or deferred by making an election under section 965(i).

7.

You purchased a new or used clean vehicle from a registered dealer and reduced the amount you paid at the time of sale by
transferring the credit to the dealer. See Form 8936 and Schedule A (Form 8936).

your refund will be issued faster than if you filed
on paper.
You may not get all of your refund if you owe
certain past-due amounts, such as federal tax,
state income tax, state unemployment compensation debts, child support, spousal support, or
certain other federal nontax debts, such as student loans. See Offset against debts under Refunds, later.

Table 1-4. Free Ways To e-file

Refund inquiries. Information about your return will generally be available within 24 hours
after the IRS receives your e-filed return. See
Refund Information, later.

•

IRS partners offer name-brand products for free.

•

Many taxpayers are eligible for Free File software.

•

Everyone is eligible for Free File Fillable Forms, an electronic version of IRS paper forms.

Amount you owe. To avoid late-payment penalties and interest, pay your taxes in full by April
15, 2025 (for most people). See How To Pay,
later, for information on how to pay the amount
you owe.

•

Free File software and Free File Fillable Forms are available only at IRS.gov/FreeFile.

Using Your Personal Computer
You can file your tax return in a fast,
easy, and convenient way using your
personal computer. A computer with Internet access and tax preparation software are
all you need. Best of all, you can e-file from the
comfort of your home 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week.
IRS-approved tax preparation software is
available online and in retail stores. For information, visit IRS.gov/efile.

Through Employers and Financial
Institutions
Some businesses offer free e-file to their employees, members, or customers. Others offer it
for a fee. Ask your employer or financial
10

Use Direct File to file your federal tax return online, securely with the IRS.
•

Taxpayers with relatively simple returns in participating states are eligible for Direct File.

•

Go to IRS.gov/DirectFile for information about additional states that have joined, and the
new tax situations Direct File added for the 2024 tax year.

Use Free File for free tax software and free e-file.

Use VITA/TCE for free tax help from volunteers and free e-file.
•

Volunteers prepare your return and e-file it for free.

•

Some sites also offer do-it-yourself software.

•

You are eligible based either on your income or age.

•

Sites are located nationwide. Find one near you by visiting IRS.gov/VITA.

institution if they offer IRS e-file as an employee,
member, or customer benefit.

Free Help With Your Return
The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA)
program offers free tax help to people who generally have less than $67,000 in adjusted gross
income, persons with disabilities, and limited-English-speaking taxpayers who need help
preparing their own tax returns. The Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) program offers free
tax help for all taxpayers, particularly those who
are 60 years of age and older. TCE volunteers

specialize in answering questions about pensions and retirement-related issues unique to
seniors.
You can go to IRS.gov to see your options
for preparing and filing your return, which include the following.

• Direct File. Go to IRS.gov/DirectFile. See
if you qualify to file your federal tax return
for free directly with the IRS.

• Free File. Go to IRS.gov/FreeFile. See if

you qualify to use brand-name software to
prepare and e-file your federal tax return
for free.

• VITA. Go to IRS.gov/VITA, download the

free IRS2Go app, or call 800-906-9887 to

Chapter 1

Filing Information

Publication 17 (2024)

find the nearest VITA location for free tax
return preparation.

Table 1-5. When To File Your 2024 Return
For U.S. citizens and residents who file returns on a calendar year
basis.

• TCE. Go to IRS.gov/TCE, download the

free IRS2Go app, or call 888-227-7669 to
find the nearest TCE location for free tax
return preparation.

Using a Tax Professional
Many tax professionals electronically file tax returns for their clients. You may personally enter
your PIN or complete Form 8879, IRS e-file Signature Authorization, to authorize the tax professional to enter your PIN on your return.
Note. Tax professionals may charge a fee
for IRS e-file. Fees can vary depending on the
professional and the specific services rendered.

When Do I
Have To File?
April 15, 2025, is the due date for filing your
2024 income tax return if you use the calendar
year. For a quick view of due dates for filing a
return with or without an extension of time to file
(discussed later), see Table 1-5.
If you use a fiscal year (a year ending on the
last day of any month except December, or a
52-53-week year), your income tax return is due
by the 15th day of the 4th month after the close
of your fiscal year.
When the due date for doing any act for tax
purposes—filing a return, paying taxes,
etc.—falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the due date is delayed until the next business day.
Filing paper returns on time. Your paper return is filed on time if it is mailed in an envelope
that is properly addressed, has enough postage, and is postmarked by the due date. If you
send your return by registered mail, the date of
the registration is the postmark date. The registration is evidence that the return was delivered.
If you send a return by certified mail and have
your receipt postmarked by a postal employee,
the date on the receipt is the postmark date.
The postmarked certified mail receipt is evidence that the return was delivered.
Private delivery services. If you choose to
mail your return, you can use certain private delivery services designated by the IRS to meet
the “timely mailing treated as timely filing/
paying” rule for tax returns and payments.
These private delivery services include only the
following.

• UPS Next Day Air Early A.M., UPS Next

Day Air, UPS Next Day Air Saver, UPS 2nd
Day Air, UPS 2nd Day Air A.M., UPS
Worldwide Express Plus, and UPS Worldwide Express.

• FedEx First Overnight, FedEx Priority

Overnight, FedEx Standard Overnight, FedEx 2 Day, FedEx International Next Flight
Out, FedEx International Priority, FedEx International First, and FedEx International
Economy.

• DHL Express 9:00, DHL Express 10:30,

DHL Express 12:00, DHL Express
Worldwide, DHL Express Envelope, DHL

Publication 17 (2024)

For Most Taxpayers
No extension requested
Automatic extension

April 15, 2025

June 16, 2025

October 15, 2025

October 15, 2025

Import Express 10:30, DHL Import Express
12:00, and DHL Import Express Worldwide.
To check for any updates to the list of designated private delivery services, go to IRS.gov/
PDS. For the IRS mailing addresses to use if
you’re using a private delivery service, go to
IRS.gov/PDSStreetAddresses.
The private delivery service can tell you how
to get written proof of the mailing date.
Only the U.S. Postal Service can deliver to P.O. boxes. You can’t use a priCAUTION vate delivery service to make tax payments required to be sent to a P.O. box.

!

Filing electronic returns on time. If you use
IRS e-file, your return is considered filed on time
if the authorized electronic return transmitter
postmarks the transmission by the due date. An
authorized electronic return transmitter is a participant in the IRS e-file program that transmits
electronic tax return information directly to the
IRS.
The electronic postmark is a record of when
the authorized electronic return transmitter received the transmission of your electronically
filed return on its host system. The date and
time in your time zone controls whether your
electronically filed return is timely.
Filing late. If you don't file your return by the
due date, you may have to pay a failure-to-file
penalty and interest. For more information, see
Penalties, later. Also see Interest under Amount
You Owe, later.
If you were due a refund but you didn't file a
return, you must generally file within 3 years
from the date the return was due (including extensions) to get that refund.
Nonresident alien. If you are a nonresident
alien and earn wages subject to U.S. income
tax withholding, your 2024 U.S. income tax return (Form 1040-NR) is due by:

• April 15, 2025, if you use a calendar year;
or

• The 15th day of the 4th month after the end
of your fiscal year, if you use a fiscal year.

If you don't earn wages subject to U.S. income tax withholding, your return is due by:

• June 16, 2025, if you use a calendar year;
or

• The 15th day of the 6th month after the end
of your fiscal year, if you use a fiscal year.

See Pub. 519 for more filing information.
Filing for a decedent. If you must file a final
income tax return for a taxpayer who died during the year (a decedent), the return is due by
Chapter 1

Filing Information

For Certain Taxpayers
Outside
the United States

the 15th day of the 4th month after the end of
the decedent's normal tax year. See Pub. 559.

Extensions of Time To File
You may be able to get an extension of time to
file your return. There are three types of situations where you may qualify for an extension.

• Automatic extensions.
• You are outside the United States.
• You are serving in a combat zone.

Automatic Extension
If you can’t file your 2024 return by the due date,
you may be able to get an automatic 6-month
extension of time to file.
Example. If your return is due on April 15,
2025, you will have until October 15, 2025, to
file.
If you don't pay the tax due by the regular due date (April 15 for most taxpayCAUTION ers), you will owe interest. You may
also be charged penalties, discussed later.

!

How to get the automatic extension. You
can get the automatic extension by:
1. Using IRS e-file (electronic filing), or
2. Filing a paper form.
E-file options. There are two ways you can
use e-file to get an extension of time to file.
Complete Form 4868 to use as a worksheet. If
you think you may owe tax when you file your
return, use Part II of the form to estimate your
balance due. If you e-file Form 4868 to the IRS,
don't send a paper Form 4868.
E-file using your personal computer or a
tax professional. You can use a tax software
package with your personal computer or a tax
professional to file Form 4868 electronically.
Free File and Free File Fillable Forms, both
available at IRS.gov, allow you to prepare and
e-file Form 4868 for free. You will need to provide certain information from your 2023 tax return. If you wish to make a payment by direct
transfer from your bank account, see Pay online
under How To Pay, later, in this chapter.
E-file and pay by credit or debit card or
by direct transfer from your bank account.
You can get an extension by paying part or all of
your estimate of tax due by using a credit or
debit card or by direct transfer from your bank
account. You can do this by phone or over the
Internet. You don't file Form 4868. See Pay online under How To Pay, later, in this chapter.
11

Filing a paper Form 4868. You can get an extension of time to file by filing a paper Form
4868. If you are a fiscal year taxpayer, you must
file a paper Form 4868. Mail it to the address
shown in the form instructions.
If you want to make a payment with the form,
make your check or money order payable to
“United States Treasury.” Write your SSN, daytime phone number, and “2024 Form 4868” on
your check or money order.
When to file. You must request the automatic
extension by the due date for your return. You
can file your return any time before the 6-month
extension period ends.
When you file your return. Enter any payment you made related to the extension of time
to file on Schedule 3 (Form 1040), line 10.

Individuals Outside the
United States
You are allowed an automatic 2-month extension, without filing Form 4868 (until June 16,
2025, if you use the calendar year), to file your
2024 return and pay any federal income tax due
if:
1. You are a U.S. citizen or resident; and
2. On the due date of your return:
a. You are living outside the United
States and Puerto Rico, and your
main place of business or post of duty
is outside the United States and Puerto Rico; or
b. You are in military or naval service on
duty outside the United States and
Puerto Rico.
However, if you pay the tax due after the regular due date (April 15 for most taxpayers), interest will be charged from that date until the
date the tax is paid.
If you served in a combat zone or qualified
hazardous duty area, you may be eligible for a
longer extension of time to file. See Individuals
Serving in Combat Zone, later, for special rules
that apply to you.
Married taxpayers. If you file a joint return,
only one spouse has to qualify for this automatic
extension. If you and your spouse file separate
returns, the automatic extension applies only to
the spouse who qualifies.
How to get the extension. To use this automatic extension, you must attach a statement to
your return explaining what situation qualified
you for the extension. (See the situations listed
under (2), earlier.)
Extensions beyond 2 months. If you can’t file
your return within the automatic 2-month extension period, you may be able to get an additional 4-month extension, for a total of 6
months. File Form 4868 and check the box on
line 8.
No further extension. An extension of more
than 6 months will generally not be granted.
However, if you are outside the United States
and meet certain tests, you may be granted a
longer extension. For more information, see
When To File and Pay in Pub. 54.

12

Individuals Serving in
Combat Zone
The deadline for filing your tax return, paying
any tax you may owe, and filing a claim for refund is automatically extended if you serve in a
combat zone. This applies to members of the
Armed Forces, as well as merchant marines
serving aboard vessels under the operational
control of the Department of Defense, Red
Cross personnel, accredited correspondents,
and civilians under the direction of the Armed
Forces in support of the Armed Forces.
Combat zone. A combat zone is any area the
President of the United States designates by
executive order as an area in which the U.S.
Armed Forces are engaging or have engaged in
combat. An area usually becomes a combat
zone and ceases to be a combat zone on the
dates the President designates by executive order. For purposes of the automatic extension,
the term “combat zone” includes the following
areas.
1. The Arabian peninsula area, effective January 17, 1991.
2. The Kosovo area, effective March 24,
1999.
3. The Afghanistan area, effective September 19, 2001.
See Pub. 3 for more detailed information on
the locations comprising each combat zone.
Pub. 3 also has information about other tax benefits available to military personnel serving in a
combat zone.
Extension period. The deadline for filing your
return, paying any tax due, filing a claim for refund, and taking other actions with the IRS is
extended in two steps. First, your deadline is
extended for 180 days after the later of:
1. The last day you are in a combat zone or
the last day the area qualifies as a combat
zone, or
2. The last day of any continuous qualified
hospitalization (defined later) for injury
from service in the combat zone.
Second, in addition to the 180 days, your
deadline is also extended by the number of
days you had left to take action with the IRS
when you entered the combat zone. For example, you have 31/2 months (January 1–April 15)
to file your tax return. Any days left in this period
when you entered the combat zone (or the entire 31/2 months if you entered it before the beginning of the year) are added to the 180 days.
See How Much Extra Time Do These Extensions Give Me? in Pub. 3 for more information.
The rules on the extension for filing your return also apply when you are deployed outside
the United States (away from your permanent
duty station) while participating in a designated
contingency operation.
Qualified hospitalization. The hospitalization
must be the result of an injury received while
serving in a combat zone or a contingency operation. Qualified hospitalization means:

• Any hospitalization outside the United
States, and

Chapter 1

Filing Information

• Up to 5 years of hospitalization in the United States.

See Pub. 3 for more information on qualified
hospitalizations.

How Do I Prepare
My Return?
This section explains how to get ready to fill in
your tax return and when to report your income
and expenses. It also explains how to complete
certain sections of the form. You may find Table 1-6 helpful when you prepare your paper return.

Table 1-6. Six Steps for Preparing
Your Paper Return
1 — Get your records together for income
and expenses.
2 — Get the forms, schedules, and
publications you need.
3 — Fill in your return.
4 — Check your return to make sure it is
correct.
5 — Sign and date your return.
6 — Attach all required forms and
schedules.
Electronic returns. For information you may
find useful in preparing an electronic return, see
Why Should I File Electronically, earlier.
Substitute tax forms. You can’t use your own
version of a tax form unless it meets the requirements explained in Pub. 1167.
Form W-2. If you were an employee, you
should receive Form W-2 from your employer.
You will need the information from this form to
prepare your return. See Form W-2 under Credit
for Withholding and Estimated Tax for 2024 in
chapter 4.
Your employer is required to provide or send
Form W-2 to you no later than January 31,
2025. If it is mailed, you should allow adequate
time to receive it before contacting your employer. If you still don't get the form by early
February, the IRS can help you by requesting
the form from your employer. When you request
IRS help, be prepared to provide the following
information.

• Your name, address (including ZIP code),
and phone number.

• Your SSN.
• Your dates of employment.
• Your employer's name, address (including
ZIP code), and phone number.

Form 1099. If you received certain types of income, you may receive a Form 1099. For example, if you received taxable interest of $10 or
more, the payer is required to provide or send
Form 1099 to you no later than January 31,
2025 (or by February 18, 2025, if furnished by a
broker). If it is mailed, you should allow adequate time to receive it before contacting the
Publication 17 (2024)

payer. If you still don't get the form by February
18 (or by March 3, 2025, if furnished by a
broker), call the IRS for help.

When Do I Report My
Income and Expenses?
You must figure your taxable income on the basis of a tax year. A “tax year” is an annual accounting period used for keeping records and
reporting income and expenses. You must account for your income and expenses in a way
that clearly shows your taxable income. The
way you do this is called an accounting method.
This section explains which accounting periods
and methods you can use.

Accounting Periods
Most individual tax returns cover a calendar
year—the 12 months from January 1 through
December 31. If you don't use a calendar year,
your accounting period is a fiscal year. A regular
fiscal year is a 12-month period that ends on the
last day of any month except December. A
52-53-week fiscal year varies from 52 to 53
weeks and always ends on the same day of the
week.
You choose your accounting period (tax
year) when you file your first income tax return.
It can’t be longer than 12 months.
More information. For more information on
accounting periods, including how to change
your accounting period, see Pub. 538.

Accounting Methods
Your accounting method is the way you account
for your income and expenses. Most taxpayers
use either the cash method or an accrual
method. You choose a method when you file
your first income tax return. If you want to
change your accounting method after that, you
must generally get IRS approval. Use Form
3115 to request an accounting method change.
Cash method. If you use this method, report
all items of income in the year in which you actually or constructively receive them. Generally,
you deduct all expenses in the year you actually
pay them. This is the method most individual
taxpayers use.
Constructive receipt. Generally, you constructively receive income when it is credited to
your account or set apart in any way that makes
it available to you. You don't need to have physical possession of it. For example, interest credited to your bank account on December 31,
2024, is taxable income to you in 2024 if you
could have withdrawn it in 2024 (even if the
amount isn't entered in your records or withdrawn until 2025).
Garnished wages. If your employer uses
your wages to pay your debts, or if your wages
are attached or garnished, the full amount is
constructively received by you. You must include these wages in income for the year you
would have received them.
Debts paid for you. If another person cancels or pays your debts (but not as a gift or
loan), you have constructively received the
amount and must generally include it in your
Publication 17 (2024)

gross income for the year. See Canceled Debts
in chapter 8 for more information.

same order in submitting other forms and documents to the IRS.

Payment to third party. If a third party is
paid income from property you own, you have
constructively received the income. It is the
same as if you had actually received the income
and paid it to the third party.

If you, or your spouse if filing jointly,
don't have an SSN (or ITIN) issued on
CAUTION or before the due date of your 2024 return (including extensions), you can't claim certain tax benefits on your original or an amended
2024 return.

Payment to an agent. Income an agent receives for you is income you constructively received in the year the agent receives it. If you indicate in a contract that your income is to be
paid to another person, you must include the
amount in your gross income when the other
person receives it.
Check received or available. A valid check
that was made available to you before the end
of the tax year is constructively received by you
in that year. A check that was “made available
to you” includes a check you have already received, but not cashed or deposited. It also includes, for example, your last paycheck of the
year that your employer made available for you
to pick up at the office before the end of the
year. It is constructively received by you in that
year whether or not you pick it up before the end
of the year or wait to receive it by mail after the
end of the year.
No constructive receipt. There may be
facts to show that you didn't constructively receive income.
Example. Lennon, a teacher, agreed to the
school board's condition that, in Lennon’s absence, Lennon would receive only the difference between Lennon’s regular salary and the
salary of a substitute teacher hired by the
school board. Therefore, Lennon didn't constructively receive the amount by which Lennon’s salary was reduced to pay the substitute
teacher.
Accrual method. If you use an accrual
method, you generally report income when you
earn it, rather than when you receive it. You
generally deduct your expenses when you incur
them, rather than when you pay them.
Income paid in advance. An advance payment of income is generally included in gross
income in the year you receive it. Your method
of accounting doesn't matter as long as the income is available to you. An advance payment
may include rent or interest you receive in advance and pay for services you will perform
later.
A limited deferral until the next tax year may
be allowed for certain advance payments. See
Pub. 538 for specific information.
Additional information. For more information
on accounting methods, including how to
change your accounting method, see Pub. 538.

Social Security Number
(SSN)
You must enter your SSN on your return. If you
are married, enter the SSNs for both you and
your spouse, whether you file jointly or separately.
If you are filing a joint return, include the
SSNs in the same order as the names. Use this
Chapter 1

Filing Information

!

Once you are issued an SSN, use it to file
your tax return. Use your SSN to file your tax return even if your SSN does not authorize employment or if you have been issued an SSN
that authorizes employment and you lose your
employment authorization. An ITIN will not be
issued to you once you have been issued an
SSN. If you received your SSN after previously
using an ITIN, stop using your ITIN. Use your
SSN instead.
Check that both the name and SSN on your
Form 1040 or 1040-SR, W-2, and 1099 agree
with your social security card. If they don't, certain deductions and credits on your Form 1040
or 1040-SR may be reduced or disallowed and
you may not receive credit for your social security earnings. If your Form W-2 shows an incorrect SSN or name, notify your employer or the
form-issuing agent as soon as possible to make
sure your earnings are credited to your social
security record. If the name or SSN on your social security card is incorrect, call the Social Security Administration (SSA) at 800-772-1213.
Name change. If you changed your name because of marriage, divorce, etc., be sure to report the change to your local SSA office before
filing your return. This prevents delays in processing your return and issuing refunds. It also
safeguards your future social security benefits.
Dependent's SSN. You must provide the SSN
of each dependent you claim, regardless of the
dependent's age. This requirement applies to all
dependents (not just your children) claimed on
your tax return.
Your child must have an SSN valid for
employment issued before the due
CAUTION date of your 2024 return (including extensions) to be considered a qualifying child for
certain tax benefits on your original or amended
2024 return. See chapter 14.

!

Exception. If your child was born and died
in 2024 and didn't have an SSN, enter “DIED” in
column (2) of the Dependents section of Form
1040 or 1040-SR and include a copy of the
child's birth certificate, death certificate, or hospital records. The document must show that the
child was born alive.
No SSN. File Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Card, with your local SSA office to
get an SSN for yourself or your dependent. It
usually takes about 2 weeks to get an SSN. If
you or your dependent isn't eligible for an SSN,
see Individual taxpayer identification number
(ITIN), later.
If you are a U.S. citizen or resident alien, you
must show proof of age, identity, and citizenship
or alien status with your Form SS-5. If you are
12 or older and have never been assigned an
SSN, you must appear in person with this proof
at an SSA office.
Form SS-5 is available at any SSA office, on
the Internet at SSA.gov/forms/ss-5.pdf, or by
13

calling 800-772-1213. If you have any questions
about which documents you can use as proof of
age, identity, or citizenship, contact your SSA
office.
If your dependent doesn't have an SSN by
the time your return is due, you may want to ask
for an extension of time to file, as explained earlier under When Do I Have To File.
If you don't provide a required SSN or if you
provide an incorrect SSN, your tax may be increased and any refund may be reduced.
Adoption taxpayer identification number
(ATIN). If you are in the process of adopting a
child who is a U.S. citizen or resident and can’t
get an SSN for the child until the adoption is final, you can apply for an ATIN to use instead of
an SSN.
File Form W-7A, Application for Taxpayer
Identification Number for Pending U.S. Adoptions, with the IRS to get an ATIN if all of the following are true.

• You have a child living with you who was
placed in your home for legal adoption.

• You can’t get the child's existing SSN even
though you have made a reasonable attempt to get it from the birth parents, the
placement agency, and other persons.

• You can’t get an SSN for the child from the
SSA because, for example, the adoption
isn't final.

• You are eligible to claim the child as a dependent on your tax return.

After the adoption is final, you must apply for an
SSN for the child. You can’t continue using the
ATIN.
See Form W-7A for more information.
Nonresident alien spouse. If your spouse is a
nonresident alien, your spouse must have either
an SSN or an ITIN if:

• You file a joint return, or
• Your spouse is filing a separate return.
If your spouse isn't eligible for an SSN, see the
following discussion on ITINs.
Individual taxpayer identification number
(ITIN). The IRS will issue you an ITIN if you are
a nonresident or resident alien and you don't
have and aren’t eligible to get an SSN. This also
applies to an alien spouse or dependent. To apply for an ITIN, file Form W-7 with the IRS. It
usually takes about 7 weeks to get an ITIN. Enter the ITIN on your tax return wherever an SSN
is requested.
Make sure your ITIN hasn’t expired. See Individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN)
renewal, earlier, for more information on expiration and renewal of ITINs. You can also find
more information at IRS.gov/ITIN.
If you are applying for an ITIN for yourTIP self, your spouse, or a dependent in order to file your tax return, attach your
completed tax return to your Form W-7. See the
Form W-7 instructions for how and where to file.
You can’t e-file a return using an ITIN in
the calendar year the ITIN is issued;
CAUTION however, you can e-file returns in the
following years.

!

14

ITIN for tax use only. An ITIN is for federal
tax use only. It doesn't entitle you to social security benefits or change your employment or
immigration status under U.S. law.
Penalty for not providing social security
number. If you don't include your SSN or the
SSN of your spouse or dependent as required,
you may have to pay a penalty. See the discussion on Penalties, later, for more information.
SSN on correspondence. If you write to the
IRS about your tax account, be sure to include
your SSN (and the name and SSN of your
spouse, if you filed a joint return) in your correspondence. Because your SSN is used to identify your account, this helps the IRS respond to
your correspondence promptly.

Presidential Election
Campaign Fund
This fund helps pay for Presidential election
campaigns. The fund also helps pay for pediatric medical research. If you want $3 to go to
this fund, check the box. If you are filing a joint
return, your spouse can also have $3 go to the
fund. If you check the box, your tax or refund
won't change.

Computations
The following information may be useful in making the return easier to complete.
Rounding off dollars. You can round off cents
to whole dollars on your return and schedules. If
you do round to whole dollars, you must round
all amounts. To round, drop amounts under 50
cents and increase amounts from 50 to 99
cents to the next dollar. For example, $1.39 becomes $1 and $2.50 becomes $3.
If you have to add two or more amounts to
figure the amount to enter on a line, include
cents when adding the amounts and round off
only the total.
If you are entering amounts that include
cents, make sure to include the decimal point.
There is no cents column on Form 1040 or
1040-SR.
Equal amounts. If you are asked to enter the
smaller or larger of two equal amounts, enter
that amount.
Negative amounts. If you file a paper return
and you need to enter a negative amount, put
the amount in parentheses rather than using a
minus sign. To combine positive and negative
amounts, add all the positive amounts together
and then subtract the negative amounts.

Attachments
Depending on the form you file and the items reported on your return, you may have to complete additional schedules and forms and attach
them to your paper return.
You may be able to file a paperless re-

TIP turn using IRS e-file. There's nothing to

Form W-2. Form W-2 is a statement from your
employer of wages and other compensation
paid to you and taxes withheld from your pay.
You should have a Form W-2 from each employer. If you file a paper return, be sure to attach a copy of Form W-2 in the place indicated
on your return. For more information, see Form
W-2 in chapter 4.
Form 1099-R. If you received a Form 1099-R
showing federal income tax withheld, and you
file a paper return, attach a copy of that form in
the place indicated on your return.
Form 1040 or 1040-SR. If you file a paper return, attach any forms and schedules behind
Form 1040 or 1040-SR in order of the “Attachment Sequence No.” shown in the upper right
corner of the form or schedule. Then, arrange
all other statements or attachments in the same
order as the forms and schedules they relate to
and attach them last. Don't attach items unless
required to do so.

Third Party Designee
If you want to allow your preparer, a friend, a
family member, or any other person you choose
to discuss your 2024 tax return with the IRS,
check the “Yes” box in the “Third Party Designee” area of your return. Also, enter the designee's name, phone number, and any five digits
the designee chooses as their personal identification number (PIN).
If you check the “Yes” box, you, and your
spouse if filing a joint return, are authorizing the
IRS to call the designee to answer any questions that arise during the processing of your return. You are also authorizing the designee to:

• Give information that is missing from your
return to the IRS;

• Call the IRS for information about the pro-

cessing of your return or the status of your
refund or payments;

• Receive copies of notices or transcripts related to your return, upon request; and

• Respond to certain IRS notices about math
errors, offsets (see Refunds, later), and return preparation.

You aren't authorizing the designee to receive any refund check, bind you to anything
(including any additional tax liability), or otherwise represent you before the IRS. If you want
to expand the designee's authorization, see
Pub. 947.
The authorization will automatically end no
later than the due date (without any extensions)
for filing your 2025 tax return. This is April 15,
2026, for most people.
See your form instructions for more information.

Signatures
You must sign and date your return. If you file a
joint return, both you and your spouse must sign
the return, even if only one of you had income.

attach or mail, not even your Forms
W-2. See Why Should I File Electronically, earlier.
Chapter 1

Filing Information

Publication 17 (2024)

If you file a joint return, both spouses
are generally liable for the tax, and the
CAUTION entire tax liability may be assessed
against either spouse. See chapter 2.

!

Your return isn't considered a valid return unless you sign it in accordance with the requirements in the instructions for your return.
You must handwrite your signature on your
return if you file it on paper. Digital, electronic, or
typed-font signatures are not valid signatures
for Forms 1040 or 1040-SR filed on paper.
If you electronically file your return, you can
use an electronic signature to sign your return in
accordance with the requirements contained in
the instructions for your return.
Failure to sign your return in accordance
with these requirements may prevent you from
obtaining a refund.
Enter your occupation. If you file a joint return, enter both your occupation and your spouse's occupation.
When someone can sign for you. You can
appoint an agent to sign your return if you are:
1. Unable to sign the return because of disease or injury,
2. Absent from the United States for a continuous period of at least 60 days before the
due date for filing your return, or
3. Given permission to do so by the IRS office in your area.
Power of attorney. A return signed by an
agent in any of these cases must have a power
of attorney (POA) attached that authorizes the
agent to sign for you. You can use a POA that
states that the agent is granted authority to sign
the return, or you can use Form 2848. Part I of
Form 2848 must state that the agent is granted
authority to sign the return.
Court-appointed conservator, guardian, or
other fiduciary. If you are a court-appointed
conservator, guardian, or other fiduciary for a
mentally or physically incompetent individual
who has to file a tax return, sign your name for
the individual. File Form 56.
Unable to sign. If the taxpayer is mentally
competent but physically unable to sign the return or POA, a valid “signature” is defined under
state law. It can be anything that clearly indicates the taxpayer's intent to sign. For example,
the taxpayer's “X” with the signatures of two witnesses might be considered a valid signature
under a state's law.
Spouse unable to sign. If your spouse is unable to sign for any reason, see Signing a joint
return in chapter 2.
Child's return. If a child has to file a tax return
but can’t sign the return, the child's parent,
guardian, or another legally responsible person
must sign the child's name, followed by the
words “By (your signature), parent for minor
child.”

Paid Preparer
Generally, anyone you pay to prepare, assist in
preparing, or review your tax return must sign it

Publication 17 (2024)

and fill in the other blanks, including their Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN), in the
paid preparer's area of your return.
Many preparers are required to e-file the tax
returns they prepare. They sign these e-filed returns using their tax preparation software. However, you can choose to have your return completed on paper if you prefer. In that case, the
paid preparer can sign the paper return manually or use a rubber stamp or mechanical device. The preparer is personally responsible for
affixing their signature to the return.
If the preparer is self-employed (that is, not
employed by any person or business to prepare
the return), the preparer should check the
self-employed box in the “Paid Preparer Use
Only” space on the return.
The preparer must give you a copy of your
return in addition to the copy filed with the IRS.
If you prepare your own return, leave this
area blank. If another person prepares your return and doesn't charge you, that person
shouldn't sign your return.
If you have questions about whether a preparer must sign your return, contact any IRS office.

Refunds
When you complete your return, you will determine if you paid more income tax than you
owed. If so, you can get a refund of the amount
you overpaid or you can choose to apply all or
part of the overpayment to your next year's
(2025) estimated tax.
If you choose to have a 2024 overpayment applied to your 2025 estimated
CAUTION tax, you can’t change your mind and
have any of it refunded to you after the due date
(without extensions) of your 2024 return.

!

Follow the Instructions for Form 1040 to
complete the entries to claim your refund and/or
to apply your overpayment to your 2025 estimated tax.
If your refund for 2024 is large, you may
TIP want to decrease the amount of income tax withheld from your pay in
2025. See chapter 4 for more information.

DIRECT DEPOSIT Instead of getting a pa-

Simple. Safe. Secure.
per check, you may be
able to have your refund deposited directly into
your checking, savings, health savings, brokerage, or other similar account, including an individual retirement arrangement (IRA). Follow the
Instructions for Form 1040 to request direct deposit. If the direct deposit can’t be done, the IRS
will send a check instead.

Don't request a deposit of any part of your
refund to an account that isn't in your name.
Don't allow your tax preparer to deposit any part
of your refund into the preparer’s account. The
number of direct deposits to a single account or
prepaid debit card is limited to three refunds a
year. After this limit is exceeded, paper checks
will be sent instead. Learn more at IRS.gov/
DepositLimit.
IRA. You can have your refund (or part of it) directly deposited to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA,
but not a SIMPLE IRA. You must establish the
Chapter 1

Filing Information

IRA at a bank or financial institution before you
request direct deposit.
Split refunds. If you choose direct deposit,
you may be able to split the refund and have it
deposited into more than one account. Complete Form 8888 and attach it to your return.
Overpayment less than one dollar. If your
overpayment is less than $1, you won't get a refund unless you ask for it in writing.
Cashing your refund check. Cash your tax
refund check soon after you receive it. Checks
expire the last business day of the 12th month
of issue.
If your check has expired, you can apply to
the IRS to have it reissued.
Refund more or less than expected. If you
receive a check for a refund you aren’t entitled
to, or for an overpayment that should have been
credited to estimated tax, don't cash the check.
Call the IRS.
If you receive a check for more than the refund you claimed, don't cash the check until you
receive a notice explaining the difference.
If your refund check is for less than you
claimed, it should be accompanied by a notice
explaining the difference. Cashing the check
doesn't stop you from claiming an additional
amount of refund.
If you didn't receive a notice and you have
any questions about the amount of your refund,
you should wait 2 weeks. If you still haven’t received a notice, call the IRS.
Offset against debts. If you are due a refund
but haven’t paid certain amounts you owe, all or
part of your refund may be used to pay all or
part of the past-due amount. This includes
past-due federal income tax, other federal debts
(such as student loans), state income tax, child
and spousal support payments, and state unemployment compensation debt. You will be notified if the refund you claimed has been offset
against your debts.
Joint return and injured spouse. When a
joint return is filed and only one spouse owes a
past-due amount, the other spouse can be considered an injured spouse. An injured spouse
should file Form 8379, Injured Spouse Allocation, if both of the following apply and the
spouse wants a refund of their share of the
overpayment shown on the joint return.
1. You aren’t legally obligated to pay the
past-due amount.
2. You made and reported tax payments
(such as federal income tax withheld from
your wages or estimated tax payments), or
claimed a refundable tax credit (see the
credits listed under Who Should File, earlier).
Note. If the injured spouse's residence was
in a community property state at any time during
the tax year, special rules may apply. See the
Instructions for Form 8379.
If you haven’t filed your joint return and you
know that your joint refund will be offset, file
Form 8379 with your return. You should receive
your refund within 14 weeks from the date the
paper return is filed or within 11 weeks from the
date the return is filed electronically.
15

If you filed your joint return and your joint refund was offset, file Form 8379 by itself. When
filed after offset, it can take up to 8 weeks to receive your refund. Don't attach the previously
filed tax return, but do include copies of all
Forms W-2 and W-2G for both spouses and any
Forms 1099 that show income tax withheld. The
processing of Form 8379 may be delayed if
these forms aren’t attached, or if the form is incomplete when filed.
A separate Form 8379 must be filed for each
tax year to be considered.
An injured spouse claim is different
from an innocent spouse relief request.
CAUTION An injured spouse uses Form 8379 to
request the division of the tax overpayment attributed to each spouse. An innocent spouse
uses Form 8857, Request for Innocent Spouse
Relief, to request relief from joint liability for tax,
interest, and penalties on a joint return for items
of the other spouse (or former spouse) that
were incorrectly reported on the joint return. For
information on innocent spouses, see Relief
from joint responsibility under Filing a Joint Return in chapter 2.

!

the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System
(EFTPS), or by debit or credit card.
To pay your taxes online or for more information, go to IRS.gov/Payments.
Pay by phone. Paying by phone is another
safe and secure method of paying online. Use
one of the following methods.

• EFTPS.
• Debit or credit card.
To get more information about EFTPS or to
enroll in EFTPS, visit EFTPS.gov or call
800-555-4477. To contact EFTPS using Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS) for people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a
speech disability, dial 711 and then provide the
TRS assistant the 800-555-4477 number or
800-733-4829. Additional information about
EFTPS is also available in Pub. 966.
To pay using a debit or credit card, you can
call one of the following service providers.
There is a convenience fee charged by these
providers that varies by provider, card type, and
payment amount.

Amount You Owe

ACI Payments, Inc.
888-UPAY-TAXTM (888-872-9829)
fed.acipayonline.com

When you complete your return, you will determine if you have paid the full amount of tax that
you owe. If you owe additional tax, you should
pay it with your return.

Link2Gov Corporation
888-PAY-1040TM (888-729-1040)
www.PAY1040.com

You don't have to pay if the amount you

TIP owe is under $1.

For the latest details on how to pay by
phone, go to IRS.gov/Payments.

If the IRS figures your tax for you, you will receive a bill for any tax that is due. You should
pay this bill within 30 days (or by the due date of
your return, if later). See Tax Figured by IRS in
chapter 13.

Pay by cash. You can pay your taxes in cash.
To find out about the different cash payment
methods, go to IRS.gov/PayCash. Don’t send
cash payments through the mail.

If you don't pay your tax when due, you
may have to pay a failure-to-pay penCAUTION alty. See Penalties, later. For more information about your balance due, see Pub.
594.

!

If the amount you owe for 2024 is large,

TIP you may want to increase the amount

of income tax withheld from your pay or
make estimated tax payments for 2025. See
chapter 4 for more information.

How To Pay
You can pay online, by phone, by mobile device,
in cash, or by check or money order. Don't include any estimated tax payment for 2025 in
this payment. Instead, make the estimated tax
payment separately.
Bad check or payment. The penalty for writing a bad check to the IRS is $25 or 2% of the
check, whichever is more. This penalty also applies to other forms of payment if the IRS
doesn't receive the funds.
Pay online. Paying online is convenient and
secure and helps make sure we get your payments on time.
You can pay online with a direct transfer
from your bank account using IRS Direct Pay or

16

Pay by check or money order. Make your
check or money order payable to “United States
Treasury” for the full amount due. Don't send
cash. Don't attach the payment to your return.
Show your correct name, address, SSN, daytime phone number, and the tax year and form
number on the front of your check or money order. If you are filing a joint return, enter the SSN
shown first on your tax return.
Notice to taxpayers presenting checks.
When you provide a check as payment, you authorize us either to use information from your
check to make a one-time electronic fund transfer from your account or to process the payment
as a check transaction. When we use information from your check to make an electronic fund
transfer, funds may be withdrawn from your account as soon as the same day we receive your
payment, and you will not receive your check
back from your financial institution.
No checks of $100 million or more accepted. The IRS can’t accept a single check (including a cashier’s check) for amounts of
$100,000,000 ($100 million) or more. If you are
sending $100 million or more by check, you’ll
need to spread the payment over two or more
checks with each check made out for an
amount less than $100 million. This limit doesn’t
apply to other methods of payment (such as
electronic payments). Please consider a
Chapter 1

Filing Information

method of payment other than check if the
amount of the payment is over $100 million.
Estimated tax payments. Don't include any
2025 estimated tax payment in the payment for
your 2024 income tax return. See chapter 4 for
information on how to pay estimated tax.

Interest
Interest is charged on tax you don't pay by the
due date of your return. Interest is charged even
if you get an extension of time for filing.
If the IRS figures your tax for you, to

TIP avoid interest for late payment, you

must pay the bill by the date specified
on the bill or by the due date of your return,
whichever is later. For information, see Tax Figured by IRS in chapter 13.
Interest on penalties. Interest is charged on
the failure-to-file penalty, the accuracy-related
penalty, and the fraud penalty from the due date
of the return (including extensions) to the date
of payment. Interest on other penalties starts on
the date of notice and demand, but isn't
charged on penalties paid within 21 calendar
days from the date of the notice (or within 10
business days if the notice is for $100,000 or
more).
Interest due to IRS error or delay. All or part
of any interest you were charged can be forgiven if the interest is due to an unreasonable
error or delay by an officer or employee of the
IRS in performing a ministerial or managerial
act.
A ministerial act is a procedural or mechanical act that occurs during the processing of your
case. A managerial act includes personnel
transfers and extended personnel training. A
decision concerning the proper application of
federal tax law isn't a ministerial or managerial
act.
The interest can be forgiven only if you
aren’t responsible in any important way for the
error or delay and the IRS has notified you in
writing of the deficiency or payment. For more
information, see Pub. 556.
Interest and certain penalties may also be
suspended for a limited period if you filed your
return by the due date (including extensions)
and the IRS doesn't provide you with a notice
specifically stating your liability and the basis for
it before the close of the 36-month period beginning on the later of:

• The date the return is filed, or
• The due date of the return without regard
to extensions.

For more information, see Pub. 556.

Installment Agreement
If you can’t pay the full amount due with your return, you can ask to make monthly installment
payments for the full or a partial amount. However, you will be charged interest and may be
charged a late payment penalty on the tax not
paid by the date your return is due, even if your
request to pay in installments is granted. If your
request is granted, you must also pay a fee. To
limit the interest and penalty charges, pay as
much of the tax as possible with your return. But
Publication 17 (2024)

before requesting an installment agreement,
you should consider other less costly alternatives, such as a bank loan or credit card payment.
To apply for an installment agreement online, go to IRS.gov/OPA. You can also use Form
9465.
In addition to paying by check or money order, you can use a credit or debit card or direct
payment from your bank account to make installment agreement payments. See How To
Pay, earlier.

Gift To Reduce Debt
Held by the Public
You can make a contribution (gift) to reduce debt held by the public. If you
wish to do so, go to Pay.gov and make
a contribution by credit card, debit card, PayPal,
checking account, or savings account. If you
prefer, you can make a check payable to the
“Bureau of Fiscal Service”.
Send your check to:
Bureau of the Fiscal Service
ATTN: Department G
P.O. Box 2188
Parkersburg, WV 26106-2188
Or enclose your separate check in the envelope
with your income tax return. Don't add this gift to
any tax you owe.

Don’t abbreviate the country name. Follow the
country's practice for entering the postal code
and the name of the province, county, or state.

Where Do I File?
After you complete your return, you must send it
to the IRS. You can mail it or you may be able to
file it electronically. See Why Should I File Electronically, earlier.
Mailing your paper return. Mail your paper
return to the address shown in the Instructions
for Form 1040.

What Happens After
I File?
After you send your return to the IRS, you may
have some questions. This section discusses
concerns you may have about recordkeeping,
your refund, and what to do if you move.

What Records Should
I Keep?
This part discusses why you should keep records, what kinds of records you should keep,
and how long you should keep them.
You must keep records so that you can
prepare a complete and accurate inRECORDS come tax return. The law doesn't require any special form of records. However, you
should keep all receipts, canceled checks or
other proof of payment, and any other records
to support any deductions or credits you claim.

For information on making this type of gift
online, go to TreasururyDirect.gov/Help-Center/
Public-Debt-FAQs/#DebtFinance and see the
information under “How do you make a contribution to reduce the debt?”
You may be able to deduct this gift as a
charitable contribution on next year's tax return
if you itemize your deductions on Schedule A
(Form 1040).

If you file a claim for refund, you must be
able to prove by your records that you have
overpaid your tax.
This part doesn't discuss the records you
should keep when operating a business. For information on business records, see Pub. 583.

Name and Address

Why Keep Records?

After you have completed your return, fill in your
name and address in the appropriate area of
Form 1040 or 1040-SR.

!

You must include your SSN in the correct place on your tax return.

CAUTION

Good records help you:

• Identify sources of income. Your records
can identify the sources of your income to
help you separate business from nonbusiness income and taxable from nontaxable
income.

P.O. box. If your post office doesn't deliver mail
to your street address and you have a P.O. box,
enter your P.O. box number on the line for your
present home address instead of your street address.

• Keep track of expenses. You can use

Foreign address. If your address is outside
the United States or its territories, enter the city
name on the appropriate line of your Form 1040
or 1040-SR. Don't enter any other information
on that line, but also complete the spaces below
that line.

• Keep track of the basis of property. You

1. Foreign country name.
2. Foreign province/state/county.
3. Foreign postal code.

Publication 17 (2024)

your records to identify expenses for which
you can claim a deduction. This helps you
determine if you can itemize deductions on
your tax return.

need to keep records that show the basis
of your property. This includes the original
cost or other basis of the property and any
improvements you made.

• Prepare tax returns. You need records to
prepare your tax return.

• Support items reported on tax returns.

The IRS may question an item on your return. Your records will help you explain any
item and arrive at the correct tax. If you
can’t produce the correct documents, you
Chapter 1

Filing Information

may have to pay additional tax and be subject to penalties.

Kinds of Records To Keep
The IRS doesn't require you to keep your records in a particular way. Keep them in a manner that allows you and the IRS to determine
your correct tax.
You can use your checkbook to keep a record of your income and expenses. You also
need to keep documents, such as receipts and
sales slips, that can help prove a deduction.
In this section, you will find guidance about
basic records that everyone should keep. The
section also provides guidance about specific
records you should keep for certain items.
Electronic records. All requirements that apply to hard copy books and records also apply
to electronic storage systems that maintain tax
books and records. When you replace hard
copy books and records, you must maintain the
electronic storage systems for as long as they
are material to the administration of tax law.
For details on electronic storage system requirements, see Revenue Procedure 97-22,
which is on page 9 of Internal Revenue Bulletin
1997-13 at IRS.gov/pub/irs-irbs/irb97-13.pdf.
Copies of tax returns. You should keep copies of your tax returns as part of your tax records. They can help you prepare future tax returns, and you will need them if you file an
amended return or are audited. Copies of your
returns and other records can be helpful to your
survivor or the executor or administrator of your
estate.
If necessary, you can request a copy of a return and all attachments (including Form W-2)
from the IRS by using Form 4506. There is a
charge for a copy of a return. For information on
the cost and where to file, see the Instructions
for Form 4506.
If you just need information from your return,
you can order a transcript in one of the following
ways.

• Access your online account at IRS.gov/
Account.

• Go to IRS.gov/Transcript.
• Use Form 4506-T or Form 4506T-EZ.
• Call 800-908-9946.
There is no fee for a transcript. For more information, see Form 4506-T.

Basic Records
Basic records are documents that everybody
should keep. These are the records that prove
your income and expenses. If you own a home
or investments, your basic records should contain documents related to those items.
Income. Your basic records prove the amounts
you report as income on your tax return. Your income may include wages, dividends, interest,
and partnership or S corporation distributions.
Your records can also prove that certain
amounts aren’t taxable, such as tax-exempt interest.

17

Note. If you receive a Form W-2, keep Copy
C until you begin receiving social security benefits. This will help protect your benefits in case
there is a question about your work record or
earnings in a particular year.
Expenses. Your basic records prove the expenses for which you claim a deduction (or
credit) on your tax return. Your deductions may
include alimony, charitable contributions, mortgage interest, and real estate taxes. You may
also have childcare expenses for which you can
claim a credit.
Home. Your basic records should enable you
to determine the basis or adjusted basis of your
home. You need this information to determine if
you have a gain or loss when you sell your
home or to figure depreciation if you use part of
your home for business purposes or for rent.
Your records should show the purchase price,
settlement or closing costs, and the cost of any
improvements. They may also show any casualty losses deducted and insurance reimbursements for casualty losses.
For detail

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/agency%3Airs%3Aa714c2043c20940a. Public record. Not legal advice.