# VITA/TCE e-instructor guidance

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/agency%3Airs%3A7f2c0814989747f7

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- **Document type:** Agency decision

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4555-E

VITA/TCE e-instructor guidance

Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) / Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE)

2025 RETURNS

Take your VITA/TCE training online at apps.irs.gov/
app/vita. Link to the Practice Lab to gain experience
using tax software and take the certification test online,
with immediate scoring and feedback.

Publication 4555-E (Rev. 10-2025) Catalog Number 55711S Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service www.irs.gov

How to Get Technical Updates?
Updates to the volunteer training materials will be contained in Publication 4491-X, VITA/TCE Training Supplement.
The most recent version can be downloaded at: www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4491x.pdf

Volunteer Standards of Conduct
Volunteer Income Tax Assistance / Tax Counseling for the Elderly (VITA/TCE) Programs
The mission of the VITA/TCE return preparation programs is to assist eligible taxpayers in satisfying their tax
responsibilities by providing free tax return preparation. To establish the greatest degree of public trust, volunteers
are required to maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct and provide quality service.
Annually all VITA/TCE volunteers must pass the Volunteer Standards of Conduct (VSC) certification test and
agree that they will adhere to the VSC by signing and dating Form 13615, Volunteer Standards of Conduct
Agreement – VITA/TCE Programs, prior to volunteering at a VITA/TCE site. In addition, return preparers, quality
reviewers, coordinators, client facilitators and tax law instructors must certify in Intake/Interview and Quality
Review. Volunteers who answer tax law questions, instruct tax law classes, prepare or correct tax returns, or
conduct quality reviews of completed returns must also certify in tax law prior to signing the form. Form 13615 is
not valid until the sponsoring partner’s approving official (coordinator, instructor, administrator, etc.) or IRS contact
confirms the volunteer’s identity, name and address, and signs and dates the form. Volunteers’ names and
addresses in Link & Learn Taxes must match their government issued photo identification. Advise volunteers to
update their My Account page in Link & Learn Taxes with their valid name and address.
As a volunteer in the VITA/TCE Programs, you must adhere to the following Volunteer Standards of Conduct:
VSC #1 – Follow all Quality Site Requirements (QSR).
VSC #2 – Do not accept payment, ask for donations, or accept refund payments for federal or state tax return

preparation from customers.

VSC #3 – Do not solicit business from taxpayers you assist or use the information you gained about them

(taxpayer information) for any direct or indirect personal benefit for yourself or any other specific
individual or organization.

VSC #4 – Do not knowingly prepare false returns.
VSC #5 – Do not engage in criminal, infamous, dishonest, notoriously disgraceful conduct, or any other conduct

considered to have a negative effect on the VITA/TCE programs.

VSC #6 – Treat all taxpayers in a professional, courteous, and respectful manner.

Failure to comply with these standards could result in, but is not limited to, the following:
• Your removal from all VITA/TCE programs
• Inclusion in the IRS Volunteer Registry to bar future VITA/TCE activity indefinitely
• Deactivation of your sponsoring partner’s site VITA/TCE electronic filing ID number (EFIN)
• Removal of all IRS products, supplies, loaned equipment, and taxpayer information from your site
• Termination of your sponsoring organization’s partnership with the IRS
• Termination of grant funds from the IRS to your sponsoring partner and
• Referral of your conduct for potential TIGTA and criminal investigations.
TaxSlayer® is a copyrighted software program owned by Rhodes Computer Services. All screen shots that appear
throughout the official Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) and Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) training
materials are used with the permission of Rhodes Computer Services.
Confidentiality Statement:
All tax information you receive from taxpayers in your volunteer capacity is strictly confidential and should not, under
any circumstances, be disclosed to unauthorized individuals.

4555-E Table of Contents
Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
What’s in this guide? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Are there any new topics? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Scope of Service ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
How do I recommend improvements to the training materials and process? ���������������������������������������������������������� 1

Guidance for Teaching Each Lesson������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Curricula, Lesson Plans, and Presentation Times ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2

Frequently Asked Instructor Questions���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
What are the attributes of effective instructors? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
What is the best way to start? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Where can I find lesson plans, instructor presentations, and general guidance for teaching? ���������� 4
What other resources are available to me? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
What is the most effective teaching approach? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
What are my options for delivering the materials? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Why train using Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT)? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

Students and the Training Resources���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
What type of students should I expect? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7
How do I keep students engaged? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
How do the students get their training materials? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
How do I introduce students to the tax return? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Helpful Hints/Considerations ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9
Can my students teach themselves? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10

Testing and Certification ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11
Which volunteers require training and certification? ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
What techniques can I use to measure my effectiveness? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Do I have to administer a test? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Is the test a team effort? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
How do I access the online test? ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
Do I need to review the test answers with the students? �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12

Curricula, Lesson Plans, and Presentation Times�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Basic Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Advanced Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
Military Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
International Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

i

Training Resources
IRS Forms, Instructions & Publications
Electronic Software Practice Lab
Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT)
Form 1040 Instructions
Filing Information
VITA/TCE Central
Site Coordinator Corner

Introduction
What’s in this guide?
This instructor guide contains the information and guidance you need to satisfy our mutual goal of providing
consistent yet tailored instruction for preparing accurate and complete federal tax returns. Our audience will
be individuals from all walks of life interested in providing America’s taxpayers top-quality tax-return preparation service as part of the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) and Tax Counseling for the Elderly
(TCE) programs.
Demographics (type of tax preparation services and individuals providing these services) vary from city to
city and site to site. Due to these differences, not all the materials in this guide will apply to all sites. Therefore, it is up to you to provide the guidance, insight, and skills necessary to assist your students in understanding and applying tax law with integrity and fairness to all. In the following pages, you will find suggestions for:
• Conducting effective training classes
• Measuring the effectiveness of the training you provide
• Using the training materials and tools available from IRS

Are there any new topics?
See the Legislative Extenders tab in Publication 4012 or the Important Changes lesson in Publication 4491.

Scope of Service
Volunteers are trained to assist in the filing of Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, and Form
1040-SR, U.S. Income Tax Return for Seniors, and certain schedules and forms. The Scope of Service
chart in Publication 4012 covers limitations or expansion of scope of service for each certification level.
This list is not all-inclusive. To be covered under the Volunteer Protection Act, volunteers must stay within
the scope of the VITA/TCE programs and prepare returns for which they achieved certification.
See the updated Scope of Service Chart in Publication 4012.

How do I recommend improvements to the training materials and process?
There are several ways to share your comments and suggestions for future versions of the VITA/TCE
training materials.

Locally
Discuss your suggestions with your partner, sponsor, and local IRS-SPEC relationship manager.

Nationally
1. E-mail your feedback to: specdirect@irs.gov
2. Complete the evaluation on L&LT (locate the evaluation link for your course of study)
3. Complete Form 15247, Product Review Feedback for SPEC Products, and email to ts.spec.

products@irs.gov

Your feedback is greatly appreciated but individual responses are not possible. Your suggestions and
concerns will be considered for future revisions of the materials.
Seek advice from your IRS-SPEC relationship manager about the best way to share your ideas.

1

Guidance for Teaching Each Lesson
Curricula, Lesson Plans, and Presentation Times
Each certification course has a landing page (separate student and teacher versions) with links to all
lessons in its curriculum. From the certification course teacher landing page, click any lesson to proceed
to the lesson landing page, which includes basic information about the lesson, the time requirement, and a
link (in the right sidebar) to the lesson plan PDF.
The links below will take you to charts at the end of this publication with recommended lesson presentation
times and links to teacher landing pages and lesson plans.
Basic Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Advanced Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Military Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
International Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans

2

Frequently Asked Instructor Questions
What are the attributes of effective instructors?
Effective instructors take every step necessary to ensure that their students appreciate the importance of
the information they are trying to impart. They have a passion for teaching and a desire to provide professional, high-quality instruction. The instructional attributes of our instructors have a direct impact on the
quality of each students’ training experience. The following chart contains general suggestions and considerations for conducting effective face-to-face training.

Suggestion

Consideration

Let training be a shared
experience between you and
the students.

The old cliché that the teacher learns as much from the students as students do from the
teacher is true.

Avoid any perception of
talking down to the students.

Some students may be CEOs, active accountants, college professors, lawyers, teachers, or
other career and trade professionals.

Encourage study beyond the
classroom setting.

While the individuals are volunteering their services, many of them understand that tax law
is complex and requires a personal commitment beyond the classroom to be effective when
assisting taxpayers with their returns. Create a setting for nonclassroom study including
assistance in developing study groups for working the practice problems and exercises.
Encourage students to use training tools available on www.irs.gov.

Create a friendly
environment.

Use icebreakers or other techniques to get the students to mix and mingle.

Gain an understanding of
adult learning styles and
technology-based learning.

Search the Internet for adult learning and other technology-based learning websites to gain
insight and acquire ideas for engaging and empowering your students.

Leave any anger or stress
outside.

Any anger, even if not directed at the students, will be felt by them, and it will turn them off.
Instructors who display high stress create stress among students.

Be prepared.

Professional instructors spend about two hours in preparation for every hour in the classroom.

Be human and be yourself.

If you make a mistake, admit it. No one expects, nor even wants, you to be perfect.

Avoid eating, gum chewing,
or drinking anything other
than water during the training
session.

If the training session is very informal, this does not apply.

Arrive early, at least 30–45
minutes.

Plan to stay at least this long after classroom training to answer additional student questions.

Address everyone by name.

Use tent cards or legible name tags. Have your name in clear sight.

Do not give legal advice to
students.

Your advice can be construed incorrectly as a policy of the IRS or sponsoring organization.

3

What is the best way to start?
If you agree that proper planning minimizes poor performance, the planning process is the place to start
once you’ve obtained your certification for the course(s) you will teach.
We recommend the following steps for your planning process:
1. Notify students about prerequisites for the course and what to expect in their reporting instructions.
2. Prepare for training as an instructor team (if appropriate).
3. Allow two hours of preparation time for every hour of instruction (at a minimum).
4. Review and discuss the first two lessons as an instructional team. These lessons contain information

that will flow throughout the course materials.

5. Establish your lesson plans using Curricula, Lesson Plans, and Presentation Times in this guide and the

Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT) lesson plans, which can be accessed from this publication.

6. Start class/lessons with informative icebreakers.
7. Introduce students to their training materials – show them how to use Publication 4012.
8. Share critical administrative and logistical requirements.
9. Contact your local IRS-SPEC relationship manager for best practices, prior year missing test question

reports, common return errors at your partner/sponsor’s site, and other support.

10. Review the test and retest introductory information to ensure you understand the certification

requirements and procedures.

11. Assist students to understand how their efforts impact each taxpayer they serve; make sure they

understand all aspects of the volunteer standards of conduct.

Instructors must be certified in the course(s) they teach. Certification is required each year before
instructional services are provided.

Where can I find lesson plans, instructor presentations, and general guidance
for teaching?
The main resources are this publication, your local IRS-SPEC relationship manager, and the extensive
instructor guidance on the Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT) application on www.irs.gov – the lesson plans and
interactive features for teaching volunteers all aspects of the return preparation process, including the
volunteer standards of conduct. In addition, VITA/TCE Central includes links to the PowerPoint® files with
instructor notes.

What other resources are available to me?
When planning your lessons using the tools and guidance on L&LT, you will have immediate access to
these resources:
1. Publication 17, Federal Income Tax Guide for Individuals.
2. An early release of the official IRS return preparation software for volunteers.
3. Tax Tips, Interview Tips, and TaxSlayer screen hints for completing an accurate tax return. These

resources are also available in the VITA/TCE Volunteer Resource Guide, Publication 4012.

4. TaxSlayer training modules within the Practice Lab. Users must establish a user name and password

to gain access to the Practice Lab.

4

Your students will find Publication 17, the Form 1040 instructions, and www.irs.gov content helpful when
assisting taxpayers. Publication 17 is a “searchable” electronic product on www.irs.gov.
If your students do not have access to a computer in formal training sessions, a projector/data show and at
least one computer will be helpful for engaging the students.
Visual aids should be used to reinforce or illustrate your spoken word – they add impact to your presentation and enhance students’ understanding of the topics you present. The visual aids available from the IRS
are Link & Learn Taxes course materials, the Practice Lab, and the “searchable” Publication 17.
Work closely with your local IRS relationship manager and seek best practices or teaching aids used by
other partners.
You may also find it helpful to introduce certain topics using the fact sheets, tax tips, YouTube videos,
and podcasts available from the IRS Newsroom.

Characteristics of Effective Visual Aids
Relevant

Do not use an aid just to use one.

Simple

If it is too complicated, its purpose will probably be lost.

Legible

If they cannot see it, what is the point?

Accurate

Errors – misspelling or math errors – are distracting.

Colorful

This makes it more pleasant and memorable.

Manageable

Make it easy to use, so it flows with the lesson.

When using products from other sources, including www.irs.gov, make sure the information is current.

What is the most effective teaching approach?
The VITA/TCE training materials provide for active learning. Active learning is accomplished when the
instructor steps aside and allows, even encourages, students to interact with each other. Active learning
also allows students to use the same tools they will use to accomplish the task or action being taught.
Active learning engages students and allows them to gain practical “just-in-time” training.
The training materials (electronic and print) are designed for you to engage students with role-playing,
completing exercises in small groups, using technical resources to research tax situations, and completing
practice exercises and returns using tax-preparation software.
Develop your training around your knowledge of your students and their needs.

What are my options for delivering the materials?
Tailor the materials to meet your students’ needs and the needs of the taxpayers they will assist. Your IRS
relationship manager can assist you in developing your training plan and the materials you need to support
the plan.
The IRS prefers training using Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT) in the classroom and self-study environments with training products – such as Publication 4012, VITA/TCE Volunteer Resource Guide, or
Publication 4012-A VITA/TCE Volunteer Resource Guide With Updates, Publication 4491, VITA/TCE
Training Guide, and Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest.

5

The VITA/TCE training contains the information necessary for preparing tax returns, understanding tax law,
researching tax law topics, and conducting quality reviews. The material also contains information necessary for screening taxpayers’ documentation for VITA/TCE program eligibility.
Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT) is online and interactive. Students will learn tax law, how to research tax law
issues, listen to mock interviews, and complete sample tax-return scenarios using early releases of the
tax-return preparation software for the filing season.
There are several VITA/TCE training courses—Volunteer Standards of Conduct, Intake/Interview and
Quality Review, Basic, Advanced, Military, International, Puerto Rico, and Foreign Student and Scholar,
Site Coordinator, and OPI (Over-the-Phone Interpreter). All the courses and exams are available via L&LT.
The Basic, Advanced, Military and International courses are also contained in Publication 4491. All exams
are also included in Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor's Test/Retest. Students do not have to certify
for Basic to take the Foreign Student and Scholar course. Some of the topics from Basic are included in the
Foreign Student and Scholar course material. It is a standalone course.
All volunteers must pass the Volunteer Standards of Conduct certification test. In addition, all returning tax
preparers, quality reviewers, instructors, and site coordinators must pass the Intake/Interview and Quality
Review test.
New volunteers in these same positions are required to take Intake/Interview & Quality Review Training
and pass the certification test which will provide a consistent certification path similar to the VITA/TCE tax
law certifications. Site coordinators must pass the Site Coordinator certification test annually.
Health Savings Accounts (HSA) is no longer an optional specialty course and is included in the Advanced
training. Publication 4942, VITA/TCE - Health Savings Account (HSA), is still available only as a reference
guide.
VITA/TCE training includes the use of the Practice Lab. This lab is accessible through L&LT, and is an
earlier release of the actual return preparation software used at VITA/TCE sites.
Actual tax returns that will be filed with the IRS must not be completed using the software in the
Practice Lab.

Why train using Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT)?
L&LT has evolved over the years. It is interactive and the course materials are taught in the order of the
entries on the tax return (Form 1040). L&LT can be used in a computer lab training environment or in
classes with one or two computers and a projector or data show.
L&LT is the preferred method for all aspects of volunteer training. The 24/7 online interactive application,
accessible on www.irs.gov, is designed for classroom, self-study, and a combination of self-study and
classroom training. Some of the features you will find helpful are:
• Lesson plans, classroom presentations, and interactive tools for course preparation and presentation. The

information is available to students and instructors and includes links to FAQs, tax topics, assessments,
videos, job aids, and the TaxSlayer training modules.

• Immediate feedback and scoring of test answers and problems.
• A link to the Practice Lab, which can be used to complete practice problems and exercises or any examples

you develop for your students as well as the return preparation scenarios for the certification test.

6

Students and the Training Resources
What type of students should I expect?
VITA/TCE volunteers serve people of various backgrounds throughout the United States. Therefore, your
class may consist of senior citizens, veterans, homemakers, college students, young adults, teenagers,
etc. The more you know about each student, the easier it will be to design your presentation to meet the
individual training needs of each student.
Some things you might want to know about your students are:
1. What traits, experience, or skills do they have in common?
2. Will they be familiar with the terms you might use in your speech or will you need to provide

explanations for them?

3. What examples or illustrations can you use that will relate to their interests and background?

How do I keep students engaged?
Breathe life into the course you teach by sharing your experiences and insights. It may take more time but,
by using the active learning approach, your students will be engaged and require less assistance when
preparing actual returns. Here are some suggestions for student engagement:
1. Role-playing the problems and exercises in the electronic software will allow your students to:
a. Gain an understanding of the tax preparation process and the resources available to them
b. Learn to use resource materials available to them at the site
c. Complete exercises and problems that provide an understanding of tax law and how to apply it in

various situations

d. Understand the importance of following the tax-return preparation process and safeguarding taxpayer

information

e. Complete an accurate return – each and every time
2. Demonstrate and allow your students to use the Practice Lab to gain experience:
a. Completing returns using the tax-return preparation software available from the IRS
b. Preparing tax returns based on the test scenarios online
3. Visual aids, such as flip charts or boards, can help with comprehension, as well as holding the students’

interest in the materials.

Visual aids are one of the most effective “attention getters.”
Throughout the training process, remind your students of “What happens to taxpayers when incorrect
returns are filed with the IRS?”
Finally, while the test is open book, remind students that tax law is complicated and they must take the test
on their own. Encourage students to review the test materials (Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s
Test/Retest) for their level of certification prior to or at the beginning of class.

7

How do the students get their training materials?
The process, procedure, and agreements for obtaining student materials are reached during the spring/
summer planning meeting between the IRS-SPEC relationship manager and the partner/sponsor.
L&LT can be accessed any time on www.irs.gov. Each year in November, the new tax law updates
become available.
Efforts are underway to transition VITA/TCE training to e-learning products and all of the products below
may be ordered as standalone products:
• Publication 4012, Volunteer Resource Guide
• Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest

Late legislation and other technical changes to the training products (excluding Publication 17) are usually
issued in January in Publication 4491-X, available on www.irs.gov. Make sure your students are aware
of these updates and are properly certified to complete returns using the updated information. For specific
information, contact your partner/sponsor or IRS relationship manager. Also visit the Partner and Volunteer
Resource Center.

How do I introduce students to the tax return?
Using the tax return (Form 1040) in Publications 4012 or 4012-A, share the following insights about the tax
return with your students.
What is a tax return, and why complete one? Since we are on a “pay as you go” tax system, completing a
tax return determines whether an individual has overpaid or underpaid income taxes throughout the year.
All persons who are required to file an individual tax return use Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax
Return or 1040-SR, U.S. Income Tax Return for Seniors, and schedules, to report income, calculate taxes
and credits, and report payments.
Which sections of the return are most important for the students to understand? Any missing, incomplete,
or incorrect information in any of the sections of Form 1040 and/or schedules can result in processing
delays or an incorrect refund or balance due amount.
What are some considerations when teaching each section? The intake and interview process is a critical
component of the return preparation process. All students must be able to use the technical research tools
and the information provided by the taxpayer on Form 13614-C (and validated by the volunteer preparer) to
prepare an accurate return.
Using the illustrations in Publications 4012 or 4012-A, show students the connection between Form
13614-C (Intake/Interview & Quality Review Sheet) and Form 1040.
Many people will only need to file Form 1040 or Form 1040-SR, U.S. Tax Return for Seniors, and no schedules. However, if the taxpayers’ return is more complicated (for example, they claim certain deductions or
credits or owe additional taxes), you will need to complete one or more of the numbered schedules. See
the Form 1040 Instructions for a general guide to which schedule(s) you will need to use based on your
circumstances. See the instructions for the schedules for more information.
For a copy of Form 1040, refer to www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf.
The schedules are as follows:
• Schedule 1: Additional Income and Adjustments to Income
• Schedule 2: Additional Taxes
• Schedule 3: Additional Credits and Payments

8

Helpful Hints/Considerations
An incorrect or missing Social Security number can increase the taxpayer’s tax, reduce the refund, or delay
the refund. Volunteers must fully understand the five filing statuses in order to correctly choose the one that
gives the taxpayer the lowest tax.
To determine if a return needs to be filed, volunteers need the taxpayers’:
• Citizenship status and filing status
• Knowledge of any income from outside the United States
• Basic information to help determine their gross income
• Federal income tax withheld

Taxpayers may also elect to have $3 applied to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund. This election
does not change the amount of a refund.
Gross income is all income received in the form of money, goods, property, and services that are not
exempt from tax. It includes income from sources outside the United States, even if the income can be
excluded once it is reported.
Certain credits and payments can only be listed on certain Form 1040 schedules.
Incorrect computations and failure to report “all income” are common filing errors.
Taxpayers are required to retain records used to prepare their return. They should keep these records
and a copy of their return until the statute period for the return has expired. At the conclusion of training,
students should be familiar with all record keeping provisions.
Some credits, such as Earned Income Credit (EIC), and Additional Child Tax Credit, are refundable credits
and are included in the payments schedule.
Make sure volunteers understand the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits.
Third Party Designee and Paid Preparer will contain the VITA/TCE Site Identification Number (SIDN).
Volunteers should ensure the returns they prepare contain their site’s correct SIDN. The volunteer preparer
cannot be the third-party designee.
Volunteers should encourage taxpayers to file their return by the filing date even if they cannot pay
the full amount (“amount you owe”). Payment options are explained in Publications 4012 or 4012-A,
Tab K, Finishing the Return.
Missing signature(s) or failing to sign the return is a common error made by taxpayers. When the IRS
receives an unsigned return, processing is suspended, and a letter is issued to the taxpayer requesting a
signature.
A return is not considered valid unless it is signed, and joint returns must be signed by both spouses.
Publications 4012 or 4012-A, Tab B, Starting a Return and Filing Status, contains additional insights.

9

Can my students teach themselves?
Contrary to what you may think or hear, classroom training is just one aspect of volunteer training. There
are many factors to consider when planning your training classes, including:
1. Time/schedule of volunteers – many of them have full-time jobs and are unable to attend a formal 3-

to 5-day training class, some are students who go to school during the week, and some have limited
resources and transportation options.
Classroom training is the preferred method of training. If classroom training is not feasible, please
take steps to ensure you know the volunteers assisting taxpayers at your VITA/TCE site.

2. Flexibility – there is no “one-size fits all” training. The materials available from the IRS are designed to

provide you with the flexibility you need to provide training in different settings. Your local IRS-SPEC
relationship manager can offer guidance on which materials should be used for:
a. Classroom training
b. Online self-study
c. Classroom and online training
d. Teams, i.e., teaming experienced volunteers with new volunteers
e. The VITA/TCE Certification Test should be taken on an individual basis.

3. Best Practices – consult your local IRS-SPEC relationship manager for training concepts used by

partners in your local area, state, and nationally.

Even if you allow your students to “self-study” at some point during the training process, make sure
you have face-to-face interactions/dialog with all potential volunteers.
4. Cost efficiencies – consider the cost of space, transportation, technology, etc. when determining the

best approach to training.

Always do what it takes to ensure your volunteers have the knowledge and ability to complete accurate
returns, each and every time.

10

Testing and Certification
Which volunteers require training and certification?
All volunteers participating at a VITA/TCE site must be trained and certified in the volunteer standards of
conduct. Volunteers involved in the technical aspects of return preparation – screeners, tax preparers,
quality reviewers, etc. – must also be trained and certified to perform their duties. All volunteers can train
and certify online using Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT), if face-to-face training is not feasible. All volunteers
must register and certify via Link & Learn Taxes.
Online testing is fast and efficient; it provides test results immediately. Volunteers who do not pass the test
the first time may review the course material and try again. Also, volunteers who prefer to take the certification test on paper utilizing Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test or Retest, may continue to
complete the test using this method but must transcribe their answers to the test in Link & Learn Taxes to
meet the requirement for all volunteers to register and certify through Link & Learn Taxes.
For the current filing season, you will be able to view any changes to the volunteer certification. See certification information in Form 6744 VITA/TCE Assistor’s Test or Retest.

What techniques can I use to measure my effectiveness?
Always keep in mind the overall objectives of the course and the objectives of each lesson. Exercises are
included in each lesson to assist you in determining if the students are grasping the information. Consider
using the following techniques and information to measure your effectiveness:
1. Ask the students. Establish a technique that requires students to share what they like about their

training experience and what could be done better.

Did you contribute to the effectiveness of each student’s performance at the site? Ask them, analyze
their tests results, and observe their performance in class.
2. Review the certification data. What percentage of students had to take the retest? Which topics were

challenging? For TY2025, all volunteers must certify using L&LT. In addition to acknowledging correct
answers, L&LT contains a reference tool for researching incorrect answers. Ask students to share their
certification results with you so you can address questions they may have.

3. Observation and role-playing. Participants are asked to act out situations they may experience when

assisting taxpayers face-to-face. Afterward, the role-playing activity is evaluated and discussed. There
are usually at least three people involved, the role-players and an observer.

Role-playing typically focuses on practicing interpersonal skills and reducing anxieties that students may
have about certain face-to-face encounters. For example, to apply human-relations and interviewing skills,
a role-playing activity might present a student with an especially challenging taxpayer. This type of activity
allows participants to test their skills and knowledge in a practical setting.
Be sure to actively involve the observer or you will lose their attention. One way to accomplish this is by
giving the observer a written feedback form to fill out during the role-playing activity. After the activity, the
observer can share the feedback with the role-players or the class.

11

Do I have to administer a test?
All volunteers participating at a VITA/TCE site must be certified in the volunteer standards of conduct and, if
applicable, the return preparation process. Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest contains
more detailed information about the minimum certification score and testing requirements.
Encourage volunteers to certify using L&LT by going to VITA/TCE Central. Many volunteers complete the
test scenarios using the electronic software Practice Lab, answer the questions on the paper test (Form
6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest) and then they input the answers to the online test.

Is the test a team effort?
No. Each volunteer must complete the VITA/TCE Certification Test “on their own.” Taking the test in groups
or with outside assistance is a disservice to the taxpayers you have volunteered to help. However, the test
is open-book, so volunteers are encouraged to use reference materials (such as the software, Publications
4012 or 4012-A, Publication 17, and Form 1040 Instructions) along with the techniques you teach them for
using these critical resources.

How do I access the online test?
The VITA/TCE Certification Test Site is separate from any TaxSlayer or Practice Lab sites. The web based
test includes scoring, immediate feedback regarding the accuracy of the student’s selections, and a certificate of completion. Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest, contains information about the
online testing features and process for accessing the test on Link & Learn Taxes (L&LT).
The web-based VITA/TCE Certification Test can be accessed by going to VITA/TCE Central.
The TaxSlayer Practice Lab can be accessed by using the following link: vita.taxslayerpro.com/
IRSTraining.
The Practice Lab provides a simulated VITA/TCE learning environment in the TaxSlayer Pro Online
software and is complete with learning tools and TaxSlayer support.

Do I need to review the test answers with the students?
Reviewing each student’s test results can assist you in gauging their technical proficiency. Contact your
local IRS-SPEC relationship manager for a copy of the missed questions report to determine which
questions were challenging for all students. Even if your students do not take the test online, the information is helpful. You can use the prior year report to develop your lesson plans for the current year.

12

Curricula, Lesson Plans, and Presentation Times
Lessons marked with an Acrobat® icon ( ) under Teacher Tools have lesson plan and instructor presentation PDFs available on the teacher landing page. An editable PowerPoint® version of the instructor
presentation is available on VITA/TCE Central, under Instructor Tools. (Note: Lesson time estimates do not
include breaks or lunch.)

Basic Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Teacher Tools: Lesson
Plan & Presentation

Content

Estimated time
in minutes

Welcome, Overviews and Highlights
Introductions – students, instructors, evaluations process, etc.

10

Introduce the tax return (See Publication 4555-E – How do I introduce
students to the tax return?)

10

Training Resources (See Course Introduction)

5

Testing and Certification Requirements
(See Form 6744 , VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest)

5

Important Changes This Year

15

Determining Eligibility and Tax Situation
Course Introduction

15–30

Filing Basics

15–45

Determining Filing Status and Exemptions
Filing Status

60

Personal Exemptions

30

Dependents

30

Unique Filing Situations

30

Determining Taxable Income
Income – Wages, Interest, etc.

60

Income – Retirement Income

45

Income – Unemployment Compensation

15

Income – Social Security Benefits

30

Income – Other Income

10

Determining Adjusted Gross Income (AGI)
Adjustments to Income

15

13

Basic Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Teacher Tools: Lesson
Plan & Presentation

Content

Estimated time
in minutes

Computing the Tax and Credits
Standard Deduction and Tax Computation

15–45

Credit for Child and Dependent Care Expenses

30

Education Credits

60

Child Tax Credit and Credit for Other Dependents

30

Miscellaneous Credits

30

Other Taxes

15

Applying Refunding Credits and Computing Payments / Refunds
Payments

30

Earned Income Credit (EIC)

60

Refund and Amount of Tax Owed

30

Completing and Filing the Return
Completing the Return

30

Amending and Filing Returns
Amended and Prior Year Returns

30

Close-Out
Testing Guidelines
(Form 6744 , VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest)

15

Test Review with Instructor (if applicable)

120–240

Online Course Evaluation

15

14

Advanced Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Teacher Tools: Lesson
Plan & Presentation

Content

Estimated time
in minutes

Welcome, Overviews and Highlights
Introductions – students, instructors, evaluations process, etc.

10

Introduce the tax return
(See Publication 4555-E – How do I introduce students to the tax return?)

10

Training Resources (See Course Introduction)

5

Testing and Certification Requirements
(See Form 6744 , VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest)

5

Important Changes This Year

15

Determining Eligibility and Tax Situation
Course Introduction

15–30

Premium Tax Credit

30

Filing Basics

15–45

Determining Filing Status and Exemptions
Filing Status

60

Personal Exemptions

30

Dependents

30

Unique Filing Situations

30

Determining Taxable Income
Income – Wages, Interest, etc.

60

Income – Business

60

Income – Capital Gain or Loss

60

Income – Retirement Income

45

Income – Schedules K-1 and Rental

30

Income – Unemployment Compensation

15

Income – Social Security Benefits

30

Income – Other Income

20

15

Advanced Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Teacher Tools: Lesson
Plan & Presentation

Content

Estimated time
in minutes

Determining Adjusted Gross Income (AGI)
Adjustments to Income

75

Computing the Tax and Credits
Standard Deduction and Tax Computation

15–45

Itemized Deductions

45

Credit for Child and Dependent Care Expenses

30

Education Credits

60

Foreign Tax Credit

60

Child Tax Credit and Credit for Other Dependents

30

Miscellaneous Credits

30

Other Taxes

15

Applying Refunding Credits and Computing Payments / Refunds
Payments

30

Earned Income Credit (EIC)

60

Refund and Amount of Tax Owed

30

Completing and Filing the Return
Completing the Return

30

Amending and Filing Returns
Amended and Prior Year Returns

30

Close-Out
Testing Guidelines
(Form 6744, VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest)

15

Test Review with Instructor (if applicable)

120–240

Online Course Evaluation

15

16

Military Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Teacher Tools: Lesson
Plan & Presentation

Content

Estimated time
in minutes

Determining Taxable Income
Income – Schedules K-1 and Rental

60

Military Income

60

Determining Adjusted Gross Income (AGI)
Military Adjustments to Income

45

Completing and Filing the Return
Military Finishing and Filing the Return

30

Close-Out
Testing Guidelines
(Form 6744 , VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest)

15

Test Review with Instructor (if applicable)

120–240

Online Course Evaluation

15

International Course – Lesson Presentation Times and Plans
Teacher Tools: Lesson
Plan & Presentation

Content

Estimated time
in minutes

Determining Taxable Income
Income – Other Income

60

Computing the Tax and Credits
Foreign Tax Credit

60

Close-Out
Testing Guidelines
(Form 6744 , VITA/TCE Volunteer Assistor’s Test/Retest)

15

Test Review with Instructor (if applicable)

120-240

Online Course Evaluation

15

17

Link & Learn Taxes is web-based training designed specifically for VITA/TCE volunteers. Each volunteer’s ability to
prepare complete and accurate returns is vital to the credibility and integrity of the program. Link & Learn Taxes, as
part of the complete volunteer training kit, provides the path to achieving this high level of quality service.
Link & Learn Taxes and the Publication 4012, VITA/TCE Volunteer Resource Guide, work together to help volunteers
learn and practice.

Link & Learn Taxes for 2025 includes:
• Access to all VITA/TCE courses
• Easy identification of the VITA/TCE courses with the course icons

◦ As you progress through a lesson, the content for Basic, Advanced, Military, or International will display,
depending on the level of certification you selected
• PowerPoint presentations that can be customized to fit your classroom needs
• VITA/TCE Central to provide centralized access for training materials and reference links
• The Practice Lab

◦ Gives volunteers practice with an early version of the IRS-provided tax preparation software
◦ Lets volunteers complete workbook problems
◦ Lets volunteers prepare test scenario returns for the test/retest

Go to https://apps.irs.gov/app/vita/. You’ll find a
detailed overview and links to the courses.

FSA (Facilitated Self Assistance) empowers taxpayers to prepare their own returns with the assistance of a
certified volunteer. Taxpayers complete their own returns using interview-based software supplied by leaders
in the tax preparation industry. Volunteers assist taxpayers with tax law questions.
Virtual VITA allows partners to initiate the intake process for taxpayers in one location, while utilizing a certified
volunteer to prepare the return in an entirely different location. By incorporating this flexibility, partners can
provide taxpayers with more convenient locations to file their taxes.
For more information contact your SPEC Relationship Manager to see if you should start a FSA or
Virtual VITA site in your community.

Your online resource for volunteer and taxpayer assistance

IRS.gov

Partner and Volunteer Resource Center
www.irs.gov/Individuals/Partner-and-Volunteer-Resource-Center
• What’s Hot!
• Site Coordinator’s Corner
Quality and Tax Alerts for IRS Volunteer Programs
www.irs.gov/individuals/quality-and-tax-alerts-for-irs-volunteer-programs
• Volunteer Tax Alerts
Volunteer Training Resources
www.irs.gov/Individuals/Volunteer-Training-Resources
Outreach Connection
www.irs.gov/Individuals/Outreach-Corner
Interactive Tax Assistant (ITA)
www.irs.gov/help/ita
Online Services and Tax Information for Individuals
www.irs.gov/Individuals
Tools & Applications
www.irs.gov
• Document upload tool
https://www.irs.gov/help/irs-document-upload-tool
• Your account
https://www.irs.gov/your-account
• IRS Free File
https://www.irs.gov/irs-free-file-do-your-taxes-for-free
• Where's My Refund
https://www.irs.gov/wheres-my-refund
• Pay Directly From Your Bank Account
https://www.irs.gov/payments/direct-pay
• Get Your Tax Records
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/get-transcript
• Identity Protection Pin (IP PIN)
https://www.irs.gov/identity-theft-fraud-scams/get-an-identity-protection-pin
• Tax Withholding Estimator
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/tax-withholding-estimator
• Taxpayer Assistance Center Locator
https://www.irs.gov/help/contact-your-local-irs-office
eBooks
Want to view our training products on your mobile or tablet devices? Click here
to access our eBooks: www.irs.gov/individuals/site-coordinator-corner
Mobile App
Another device to use for additional information is IRS2Go. Click here to
download IRS2Go mobile app: www.irs.gov/newsroom/irs2goapp
and much more!
Your direct link to tax information 24/7: www.irs.gov

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/agency%3Airs%3A7f2c0814989747f7. Public record. Not legal advice.