# Spradley v. United States

> District Court, N.D. Alabama · January 10, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9991954

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Alabama
- **Decided:** January 10, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9991954

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that a statute’s use of “or” to provide “a non- exhaustive list that provide[s] mere illustrative examples of means by which to meet” an element of the crime, the statute is indivisible

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
WESTERN DIVISION

MONTEZ VANTARUS SPRADLEY, ]
]
Movant, ]
]
v. ] Case No.: 7:22-cv-8006-ACA
]
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ]
]
Respondent. ]

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Movant Montez Vantarus Spradley, proceeding pro se, filed this motion to
vacate his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, contending that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel during his suppression proceedings (“Ground One”), his
sentencing (“Grounds Two and Three”), and on appeal (“Ground Four”). After
reviewing the government’s response (docs. 8, 21), the court appointed counsel for
Mr. Spradley and allowed additional briefing (docs. 22, 23). The court has already
entered an order denying Grounds One, Two, and Four (doc. 36), but held a hearing
on Ground Three. The court WILL GRANT the § 2255 motion with respect to
Ground Three. The court will set a date for a resentencing hearing in a separate order.
I. BACKGROUND
In its earlier order, the court included a comprehensive description of the
proceedings in Mr. Spradley’s criminal case. (See doc. 36 at 2–7). The court omits
from this opinion any description of the facts that were relevant only to the grounds
that the court has already rejected.

1. Proceedings in the Criminal Case
In 2020, Mr. Spradley pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a
firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). United States v.

Spradley, case no. 7:19-cr-257-ACA-SGC-1, doc. 59 (N.D. Ala. July 30, 2019).1 By
that time, he had already been convicted of five felonies under Alabama law: (1) a
2004 conviction for second degree assault; (2) a 2013 conviction for felony murder;
(3) a 2013 conviction for intimidating a witness; (4) a 2017 conviction for unlawful

possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute; and (5) a 2017
conviction for unlawful possession of a controlled substance. (Spradley doc. 59 at
19; see also Spradley doc. 48 at 13–17).

At the time of Mr. Spradley’s offense and sentencing, a conviction for being
a felon in possession of a firearm carried a maximum sentence of ten years’
imprisonment, 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2) (2018), but if the defendant qualified as an
armed career criminal, the statutory minimum increased to fifteen years’

imprisonment, id. § 924(e)(1) (2018). The presentence investigation report
recommended finding that Mr. Spradley was an armed career criminal because three

1 The court will refer to any documents filed in Mr. Spradley’s underlying criminal case as
“Spradley doc. ___.” The court will refer to any documents filed under this case number as “doc.
__.”
of his five felony convictions qualified as either violent felonies or serious drug
offenses. (Spradley doc. 48 at 8 ¶ 24). Specifically, the presentence investigation

recommended finding that Mr. Spradley’s 2003 conviction for second degree assault
was a violent felony, his 2006 conviction for felony murder was a violent felony,
and his 2017 conviction for unlawful possession with intent to distribute a controlled

substance was a serious drug offense. (Id. at 11–13 ¶ 33, 14–16 ¶ 36, 16–17 ¶ 37).
At the sentencing hearing, Mr. Spradley objected to two factual issues in the
presentence investigation report but not to the guidelines calculations or the
recommendation to find that he was an armed career criminal. (Spradley doc. 60 at

4–5). The court sustained Mr. Spradley’s two factual objections and otherwise
adopted the presentence investigation report. (Id.). Trial counsel then called three
witnesses to speak on Mr. Spradley’s behalf. (Id. at 6–22). One witness testified

about Mr. Spradley’s difficult childhood and struggles with his mental health and
substance abuse. (Id. at 6–12). Another witness was Anna Arceneaux, who had
represented Mr. Spradley during capital murder proceedings, which preceded his
guilty plea to felony murder. (Spradley doc. 60 at 12–17). She described the

weakness of the evidence in the capital murder case and barriers to her organization’s
efforts to help Mr. Spradley with post-incarceration reintegration into society. (Id. at
13–15).
The third witness was Richard Jaffe, Mr. Spradley’s state court trial counsel.
(Id. at 17–22). He, too, described the problems with the State’s evidence in the

capital murder case. (Id. at 19–20). He stated that, because Mr. Spradley was facing
a twenty-year sentence in an unrelated case, “it wasn’t worth a gamble [to try a
capital case] when you could get a plea for concurrent time with the understanding

that he’s going to do, I don’t know, another—and I forgot, 14 months, or whatever
it was, minimum months in exchange for an Alford plea.” (Spradley doc. 60 at 20).
He acknowledged that Alabama does not permit “nolo pleas . . . but Alford pleas do
occasionally occur.” (Id.). According to Mr. Jaffe, the state court initially rejected

Mr. Spradley’s attempt to make an Alford plea, but when the defense indicated it
would go to trial, the court permitted the plea. (Id.). Based on this testimony, trial
counsel requested the mandatory minimum fifteen years. (Id. at 23–24).

The court ultimately sentenced Mr. Spradley to 235 months’ imprisonment,
at the high end of the advisory guidelines range. (Spradley doc. 60 at 36; Spradley
doc. 49 at 2). Mr. Spradley appealed only the denial of his motion to suppress. United
States v. Spradley, 828 F. App’x 679 (11th Cir. 2020). The Eleventh Circuit

affirmed. Id. at 681.
2. Proceedings in the § 2255 Case
Mr. Spradley filed this § 2255 motion pro se, asserting four grounds for relief.

(Doc. 1). After the government responded to the motion (doc. 8), and Mr. Spradley,
still proceeding pro se, replied to the government’s response (doc. 12), and moved
for an evidentiary hearing (doc. 13), the court ordered the government to file a

supplemental response, giving a list of specific issues the court wanted the
government to address (doc. 14). The government opposed the motion for a hearing,
contending that “the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show

that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.” (Doc. 17 at 2) (quotation marks omitted).
After receiving the government’s supplemental response, which continued to oppose
any hearing on the motion (doc. 21), the court appointed counsel for Mr. Spradley
(doc. 22), who filed a supplemental reply (doc. 33).

This court then denied Mr. Spradley’s § 2255 motion with respect to three of
the grounds asserted but set a hearing on one of the grounds because it appeared
likely to be meritorious. (Doc. 36). The claim the court permitted to proceed was

that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance at sentencing for failing to object to
the use of the felony murder conviction as an ACCA predicate. (Id. at 15–16). The
court instructed the parties to “be prepared to present argument about whether
Alabama’s felony murder statute is divisible, including any relevant Alabama

caselaw about the divisibility of the statute,” among other things. (Id. at 16).
That hearing took place on January 10, 2024, almost two years after
Mr. Spradley filed his pro se § 2255 motion and almost twenty months after the

government first opposed that motion in full. At the hearing, Mr. Spradley’s trial
counsel testified that he did not make a strategic decision not to challenge the use of
the felony murder conviction; instead, he assumed that it qualified as a violent

felony. After Mr. Spradley’s appointed attorneys argued in support of the § 2255
motion, the government, for the first time, read the case Mr. Spradley had cited in
his supplemental reply, and on the basis of that case, conceded that Mr. Spradley

was entitled to relief under § 2255. In light of that concession, the court will not
describe the evidence about Mr. Spradley’s underlying conviction.
II. DISCUSSION
The only remaining ground for relief is Mr. Spradley’s claim that trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to object to the use of his Alabama felony murder
conviction as an ACCA predicate. (Doc. 1 at 5). The government has conceded that
relief is due, and the court’s independent review supports that concession.

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Mr. Spradley must
demonstrate both that (1) his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness and (2) he suffered prejudice because of that deficient
performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–91 (1984). To show

deficient performance, the movant “must show that counsel made errors so serious
that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the
Sixth Amendment.” Griffith v. United States, 871 F.3d 1321, 1329 (11th Cir. 2017)

(quotation marks omitted). To establish prejudice, the movant “must show that there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

When Mr. Spradley was convicted in this case, a defendant convicted of being
a felon in possession of a firearm faced a maximum sentence of ten years’
imprisonment.2 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2) (2018). But that ten-year maximum would

become a fifteen-year minimum if the defendant had “three previous convictions . . .
for a violent felony or a serious drug offense.” Id. § 924(e). Mr. Spradley’s
presentence investigation report recommended finding that Mr. Spradley’s previous
felony convictions for second degree assault, felony murder, and unlawful

possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance counted as predicate
offenses for ACCA purposes. (Spradley doc. 48 at 11–17). Mr. Spradley did not
object to that recommendation and, at the sentencing hearing, the court adopted the

recommendation. (Spradley doc. 60 at 4–5). Mr. Spradley now asserts that trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the use of the felony murder
conviction as a “violent felony.” (Doc. 1 at 5; doc. 12 at 1–2).
As relevant to this case, a “violent felony” is “any crime punishable by

imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.” 18

2 In 2022, Congress amended § 924(a) so that a defendant convicted of being a felon in
possession of a firearm faces a maximum of fifteen years’ imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 824(a)(8),
Pub. L. 117-159, 136 Stat 1313 (June 25, 2022).
U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(B)(i). “Physical force” means “(1) an act that is physical,
meaning that it must be exerted by and through concrete bodies, not intellectual or

emotional force and (2) a physical act that is directly or indirectly capable of causing
physical pain and injury.” United States v. Sanchez, 940 F.3d 526, 530 (11th Cir.
2019) (quotation marks omitted). Mr. Spradley argues that felony murder under

Alabama law does not categorically involve the use, attempted use, or threatened
use of physical force. (Doc. 1 at 5; doc. 12 at 2; doc. 13 at 3). So the court will set
out the analytical framework under which it must decide whether a conviction counts
as a “violent felony” under the ACCA.

The court must use what is called the “categorical approach” to determine
whether the “fact of conviction” and “the statutory definition of the prior offense”
fit within the definition of a violent felony. Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575,

602 (1990). “The key . . . is elements, not facts.” Descamps v. United States, 570
U.S. 254, 261 (2013). If “the least of the acts criminalized includes” as an element
“the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against another person,”
the offense is categorically a violent felony. Davis, 875 F.3d at 597; see 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i).
Furthermore, “[t]o qualify as a violent felony under the elements clause, a
conviction must be predicated on the intentional use of physical force.” United

States v. Moss, 920 F.3d 752, 758 (11th Cir. 2019) (emphasis in original), vacated
by 928 F.3d 1340 (11th Cir. 2019) (en banc), reinstated by 4 F.4th 1292 (11th Cir.
2021) (en banc); see also Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817, 1834 (2021)

(plurality) (holding that a violent felony under the ACCA must “require . . . the
active employment of force against another person”); id. at 1835 (“[A] crime that
can be committed through mere recklessness does not have as an element the ‘use

of physical force’ because that phrase has a well-understood meaning applying only
to intentional acts designed to cause harm.”) (Thomas, J., concurring in the
judgment) (quotation marks omitted).
The government concedes that felony murder under Alabama is not

categorically a violent felony. (Doc. 21 at 2–4). The court agrees with that
concession. The version of Alabama’s murder statute in effect in 2004 provided that
a person committed felony murder when:

He or she commits or attempts to commit arson in the first degree,
burglary in the first or second degree, escape in the first degree,
kidnapping in the first degree, rape in the first degree, robbery in any
degree, sodomy in the first degree, aggravated child abuse under
Section 26-15-3.1, or any other felony clearly dangerous to human life
and, in the course of and in furtherance of the crime that he or she is
committing or attempting to commit, or in immediate flight therefrom,
he or she, or another participant if there be any, causes the death of any
person.
Ala. Code § 13A-6-2(a)(3) (2004). Under Alabama law, “the crime of felony murder
requires no intent to kill, but only the intent to commit the underlying felony.” Heard
v. State, 999 So. 2d 992, 995 (Ala. 2007) (alteration and quotation marks omitted).
And at least some of the underlying felonies do not necessarily involve the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against another. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e).
For example, the underlying felonies include “any . . . felony clearly
dangerous to human life.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-2(a)(3). Although the Alabama

Supreme Court has not ruled on what constitutes a “felony clearly dangerous to
human life,” the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals has held that determining
whether a felony qualifies is a “fact-based approach” that requires the “trier of fact
to consider the facts and circumstances of the particular case to determine if such

felony was inherently dangerous in the manner and the circumstances in which it
was committed.” Ex parte Mitchell, 936 So. 2d 1094, 1101 (Ala. Crim. App. 2006).
In Mitchell, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals held that a predicate offense of

unlawful distribution of a controlled substance could qualify depending on the
specific facts and circumstances. Id. at 1096, 1101. Such an underlying felony does
not categorically involve any use, attempted use, or threatened use of force.
Even if a “felony clearly dangerous to human life” necessarily meant a felony

involving the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against a person,
the other enumerated felonies in the felony murder statute do not. For example, a
defendant could be convicted of felony murder for a death caused during a first

degree escape. Ala. Code § 13A-6-2(a)(3). One way a person commits first degree
escape is if, “[h]aving been convicted of a felony, he escapes or attempts to escape
from custody imposed pursuant to that conviction.” Id. § 13A-10-31. No force must

be used, attempted, or threatened for a defendant to commit first degree escape. And
the only intent the defendant must have is to commit escape; the death caused during
the escape can be unintentional. See Heard, 999 So. 2d at 995.

Because “the least of the acts criminalized” by Alabama’s felony murder
statute does not necessarily “include[ ] the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
physical force against another person,” felony murder is not categorically a violent
felony. See Davis, 875 F.3d at 597. But that does not end the inquiry because there

is a narrow exception to the use of the categorical approach. When the underlying
statute of conviction is “divisible,” meaning that it “lists multiple, alternative
elements, which effectively creates several different crimes,” the court may use the

“‘modified categorical approach’ to determine which crime in the statute formed the
basis of the defendant’s conviction.” United States v. Oliver, 962 F.3d 1311, 1316
(11th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted). The modified categorical approach
permits the court to “consider a limited class of documents, including the indictment,

jury instructions, or plea agreement and colloquy, to determine which of the multiple
crimes listed in the alternatively phrased statute the defendant was convicted of
committing.” Id. at 1317.
From the beginning of this case until the hearing held on January 10, 2024,
the government contended (without any supporting argument or citation to on-point

caselaw) that Alabama’s felony murder statute is divisible. (Doc. 21 at 5). At the
hearing, however, the government read the Alabama Supreme Court’s decision in
Ex parte Rice, 766 So. 2d 143 (Ala. 1999), and, based on that decision, conceded

that the statute is not divisible. Again, the court agrees with the government’s
concession.
“A statute is divisible when the alternatives it lists are elements as opposed to
means.” United States v. Harrison, 56 F.4th 1325, 1332 (11th Cir. 2023). A divisible

statute “lists multiple, alternative elements, and so effectively creates several
different crimes.” Descamps, 570 U.S. at 264 (quotation marks and alteration
omitted). By contrast, an indivisible statute is “one that enumerates various factual

means of committing a single element.” Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. 500, 506
(2016). In other words, with an indivisible statute, “[a] jury could convict even if
some jurors concluded that the defendant used [one method to commit the crime]
while others concluded that he used a [different method].” Id. (cleaned up). To

determine “whether an alternatively phrased statute sets forth elements or means,”
the court must “consult sources of state law, including the language of the statute
itself, pertinent state court decisions, and—if state law fails to provide clear
answers—record documents from the defendant’s own prior conviction.” United
States v. Oliver, 962 F.3d 1311, 1317 (11th Cir. 2020) (quotation marks omitted).

The court, therefore, begins with the felony murder statute. Section 13A-6-
2(a)(3) does not make clear whether it is divisible. The statute lists a number of
different ways to commit murder using the disjunctive “or.” See Ala. Code § 13A-

6-2(a)(3) (2004). But use of “or” is not conclusive because “a state’s criminal statute
may use terms like ‘or’ that can signal either (1) the listing of alternative elements,
thus creating multiple crimes, or (2) the listing of alternative means of committing a
single offense with an indivisible set of elements.” United States v. Gundy, 842 F.3d

1156, 1162 (11th Cir. 2016) (citing Mathis, 579 U.S. at 506). Moreover, at least one
of the alternatives in the statute is a “catch-all” including as an underlying offense
“any other felony clearly dangerous to human life.” Ala. Code § 13A-6-2(a)(3). The

inclusion of the catch-all suggests that the list is illustrative, not exhaustive. See
Oliver, 962 F.3d at 1318 (explaining that a statute’s use of “or” to provide “a non-
exhaustive list that provide[s] mere illustrative examples of means by which to meet”
an element of the crime, the statute is indivisible).

Because the statute is not clear on its face, the court must turn to Alabama
caselaw. See Gundy, 842 F.3d at 1163. Here the answer becomes very clear. In a
1999 case about whether a two convictions for felony murder—one based on a

kidnapping and one based on a robbery, but both arising from the death of a single
victim—violated the defendant’s double jeopardy rights, the Alabama Supreme
Court held that felony murder is “one criminal offense . . . . [that] may be committed

by several different methods, and the State may allege and prove any one or all of
those various methods in its attempt to establish the defendant’s guilt.” Ex parte
Rice, 766 So. 2d at 150. Relying on its own prior precedent, the Court stated that

“when a statute provides alternative or different methods of committing the same
offense, each alternative method is not to be treated as a separate offense.” Id. (citing
Sisson v. State, 528 So. 2d 1159 (Ala. 1988); see also McGee v. State, __ So. 3d __,
2022 WL 3135264, at *3–4 (Ala. Crim. App. Aug. 5, 2022) (relying on Rice to hold

that a defendant’s two convictions for felony murder arising out of the same death
violated double jeopardy).
Although those state cases arose in a different context—whether the

convictions violated the defendant’s right against double jeopardy—the Eleventh
Circuit has held that a state court’s holding about the double jeopardy effect of a
crime can establish the divisibility (or indivisibility) of the crime. Simpson v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 7 F.4th 1046, 1055–56 (11th Cir. 2021) (relying on Florida courts’ double

jeopardy holdings to determine that a Florida statute was indivisible). Accordingly,
the court finds that “a precedential state court decision makes clear that” Alabama’s
felony murder statute’s “alternative phrasing simply lists ‘alternative methods for

committing one offense,’ such that ‘a jury need not agree’ on which alternative
method the defendant committed in order to sustain a conviction, [and] the statute is
not divisible.” Gundy, 842 F.3d at 1163 (quoting Mathis, 579 U.S. at 517). In other

words, Alabama’s felony murder statute is not divisible and cannot be used as a
predicate offense for ACCA enhancement purposes.
Because Mr. Spradley brought this ground as one of ineffective assistance

(doc. 1 at 5), the court must address whether, despite having a meritorious underlying
claim, he can show that counsel was ineffective for failing to raise it during his
sentencing. This requires him to establish both deficient performance and prejudice.
See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–91. Again, Mr. Spradley succeeds.

To show deficient performance, the movant “must show that counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Griffith, 871 F.3d at 1329 (quotation marks

omitted). “Judicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential”
and the court “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within
the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must
overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action

might be considered sound trial strategy.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689.
To start, trial counsel testified that his decision not to challenge the felony
murder conviction’s use as an ACCA predicate was not strategic; indeed, he made

no conscious decision about challenging that conviction, assuming that it qualified.
Even without that testimony, the record in this case refutes the presumption that
counsel made a reasonable strategic decision not to challenge the use of

Mr. Spradley’s felony murder conviction as a predicate offense for ACCA purposes.
With the felony murder conviction, Mr. Spradley faced a mandatory minimum
fifteen year sentence and an advisory guidelines range of much more than that—188

to 235 months’ imprisonment. (Spradley doc. 48 at 25 ¶¶ 79–80). Counsel’s strategy
at the sentencing hearing involved pleading for the mandatory fifteen-year minimum
by calling witnesses who testified about Mr. Spradley’s childhood, his struggles with
his mental health and substance abuse, and the weakness of the evidence underlying

Mr. Spradley’s felony murder conviction. (Spradley doc. 60 at 6–22). Given this
approach, it is clear that Mr. Spradley’s counsel did not make a strategic choice to
focus on a different approach but was simply unaware of the valid basis for

challenging the use of the felony murder.
Moreover, the fact that a conviction for felony murder under Alabama law
could not be used as an ACCA predicate was clear by the time of Mr. Spradley’s
sentencing in January 2020. (See doc. 60 at 1). The United States Supreme Court

first set out the categorical approach to determining whether an offense qualifies as
a violent felony in 1990. Taylor, 495 U.S. at 600. The Supreme Court emphasized
and reiterated that holding repeatedly in the years that followed. See, e.g., Descamps,

570 U.S. at 260–264 (issued in 2013 and discussing the cases following Taylor). The
divisibility analysis, too, was clearly established by January 2020, when
Mr. Spradley was sentenced. See, e.g., Mathis, 579 U.S. at 505–06 (issued in 2016).

It was also clear that the categorical approach and the divisibility analysis were used
determine whether state crimes qualified under the “elements” clause of the ACCA.
See, e.g., Davis, 875 F.3d at 596–97 (issued in 2017). And the divisibility of

Alabama’s felony murder statute has been clear since 1999. See Ex parte Rice, 766
So. 2d at 150. In light of the clarity of the law and the consequences of failing to
object to the use of the felony murder conviction, the court must find that counsel
performed deficiently by choosing to plead for imposition of the mandatory

minimum of fifteen years’ imprisonment instead of seeking application of the
statutory maximum of ten years’ imprisonment.
The court therefore must turn to whether counsel’s deficient performance

prejudiced Mr. Spradley. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. It is beyond cavil that it did.
Had counsel objected, the court would have had to sustain that objection. And
without the ACCA enhancement, Mr. Spradley’s maximum term of imprisonment
would have been ten years, instead of the mandatory minimum of fifteen imposed

under the ACCA. There is more than “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.
Because counsel provided ineffective assistance, the court must “vacate and

set the judgment aside.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). The court must also determine whether
it should “discharge the prisoner or resentence him or grant a new trial or correct the
sentence.” Jd. In these circumstances, resentencing is appropriate. See United States

v. Brown, 879 F.3d 1231, 1239-40 (11th Cir. 2018). The court therefore will set this

case for a resentencing hearing after giving Mr. Spradley and his attorney an
opportunity to prepare.
Ht. CONCLUSION
The court WILL GRANT Mr. Spradley’s § 2255 motion. The court will enter

a separate final order consistent with this opinion.
DONE and ORDERED this January 10, 2024.
ba
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

18

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9991954. Public record. Not legal advice.