# AETHER, LLC v. Unt Holding OU

> District Court, C.D. California · October 31, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9981596

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, C.D. California
- **Decided:** October 31, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9981596

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that the standard for establishing general 12 jurisdiction is “fairly high” and requires contacts “that approximate physical presence”

## Opinion text

Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 1 of 18 Page ID #:483

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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Case No.: 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF(Ex)
11 AETHER, LLC,

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT UNT
HOLDINGS, OÜ’S MOTION TO DISMISS
13 v. WITH LEAVE TO AMEND [ECF NO. 19]
AND PLAINTIFF AETHER LLC’S
14 REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE [ECF
15 UNT HOLDINGS, OÜ, NO. 23]
Defendant.
16

17

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19
20 Before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
21 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(6) (ECF No. 19) and Request for Judicial Notice (ECF No. 19-2) filed by
22 Defendant Unt Holdings, OÜ, and Request for Judicial Notice (ECF No. 23-2) filed by Plaintiff
23 Aether, LLC. For the reasons stated herein, the Court GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss regard to
24 Rule 12(b)(2) WITH LEAVE TO AMEND and DENIES AS MOOT the Motion to Dismiss pursuant
25 to 12(b)(6). The Court GRANTS both Defendant Unt Holdings OÜ and Plaintiff Aether, LLC’s
26 Requests for Judicial Notice.
27 / / /
28 / / /

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1
2 BACKGROUND
3 I. Factual Background1
4 Plaintiff Aether, LLC (“Aether”) is a clothing company with its principal place of business in
5 Los Angeles, California. Compl. ¶¶ 2,7.2 Aether owns and operates four retail stores in the United
6 States in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Aspen, Colorado. Id. ¶ 13. Defendant Unt
7 Holdings, OÜ (“Unt”) is a private limited company registered under the laws of Estonia with its
8 principal place of business in Estonia. Id. ¶ 3.
9 Since at least 2009, Aether has held three U.S. Trademark Registrations for the AETHER
10 trademark (the “AETHER mark”) attached to a variety of clothing items including eye wear, t-shirts,
11 sweatshirts, swimwear, and ski apparel3 (collectively, the “AETHER Trademarks”). Id. ¶¶ 8, 20, 33–
12 34.
13 In early January 2021, Aether became aware that Unt had applied with the United States
14 Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) to register “A Aether” as a mark for use in connection with
15 “[e]ye wear; spectacles; smartglasses; sunglasses; prescription eyewear; optical glasses; goggles for
16 sports; 3d spectacles; spectacle frames; spectacle cases; smart phones in the form of eyewear” (the
17 “Products”). Id. ¶ 19. Soon after, on January 21, 2021, Unt registered the website domain
18 “www.aether-eyewear.com” (the “Website”), which directs visitors to pages where they can
19
20

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1 Unless otherwise indicated, the following facts are derived from the Complaint. (“Complaint” or “Compl.”),
22 ECF No. 1.
2 The Complaint includes a number of exhibits. Pursuant to the incorporation by reference doctrine, the Court
23 considers the exhibits in its analysis. See 5A Charles A. Wright & Arthur Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. §
1327 (4th ed. 2022) (“Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 10(c) authorizes the incorporation of ‘a written
24 instrument that is an exhibit’ attached to a pleading and makes the material thus incorporated an integral part
of that pleading for all purposes.”); see also United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003) (“A
25 court may . . . consider certain materials—documents attached to the complaint, documents incorporated by
reference in the complaint, or matters of judicial notice—without converting the motion to dismiss into a
26 motion for summary judgment.”).
3 These trademarks include No. 3723747 for “ski jackets, parkas; jackets, sweat shirts; t-shirts, polo shirts,
27
shirts; rain jackets in Int’l Class 25 on the Principal Register”; No. 3819754 “for shorts and swimwear in Int’l
Class 25 on the Principal Register”; No. 4190890 for “ski pants; ski trousers; ski wear; pants, snowboard
28
pants in Int’l Class 25 on the Principal Register.” Compl. ¶ 8.

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1 purchase the Products. Id. The website is accessible in the United States and in California and the
2 products are available in United States Dollars. Id. ¶ 20.
3 On August 18, 2021, Aether filed a Notice of Opposition with the Trademark Trial and
4 Appeal Board of the USPTO opposing the registration of Unt’s mark on the ground of likelihood of
5 confusion. See Aether, LLC v. Unt Holdings Oü, No. 91271219-OPP (TTAB, filed Aug. 18, 2021);
6 see also Declaration of Eric Caligiuri (“Caligiuri Decl.”), ECF No. 23–1, Ex. 11.
7 II. Procedural History
8 Aether filed its initial complaint on January 13, 2021, alleging eight causes of action: (1)
9 trademark infringement, 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1); (2) false designation of origin, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(A);
10 (3) trademark dilution, 12 U.S.C. § 1125(C); (4) cyberpiracy, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(d); (5) common law
11 trademark infringement; (6) common law unfair competition; (7) unfair competition, CAL. BUS. &
12 PROF. CODE §§ 17200, et seq.; and (8) trademark dilution and injury to business reputation, CAL.
13 BUS. & PROF. CODE §§ 14202, et seq. ECF No. 1. On October 20, 2021, Unt filed the instant Motion
14 to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rules of
15 Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(6). Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 19 (“Motion” or “Mot.”). Unt
16 also filed a contemporaneous Request for Judicial Notice in support of the Motion. Unt’s Request for
17 Judicial Notice, ECF No. 19-2 (“Unt Request”),. On February 10, 2022, pursuant to an Order of the
18 Chief Judge, this case was transferred to this Court. ECF No. 25. The Motion was fully briefed as of
19 March 28, 2022. See Opposition, ECF No. 23 (“Opp’n”),; Reply, ECF No. 28. Aether also filed a
20 contemporaneous Request for Judicial Notice in support of the Opposition. Aether’s Request for
21 Judicial Notice, ECF No. 23–2 (“Aether Request”). On June 14, 2022, the Court deemed this matter
22 appropriate for resolution without oral argument and vacated the hearing. ECF No. 32; see also C.D.
23 Cal. L.R. 7-15.
24 REQUESTS FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE
25 I. Applicable Law
26 A court may take judicial notice of facts not subject to reasonable dispute where the facts
27 “(1) [are] generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and
28 readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” FED. R. EVID.

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1 201(b). Under this standard, courts may take judicial notice of “undisputed matters of public record,”
2 but generally may not take judicial notice of “disputed facts stated in public records.” Lee v. City of
3 Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 690 (9th Cir. 2001), overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. Cnty. of
4 Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119, 1125–26 (9th Cir. 2002).
5 II. Aether’s Request for Judicial Notice
6 Aether submits—and asks the Court to take judicial notice of—eleven (11) exhibits in
7 support of its Opposition:
8 1. A copy of the webpage located at: https://minimalissimo.com/creators/aether-eyewear
9 attached as Exhibit 1 to the Declaration of Eric Caligiuri, ECF No. 23-1 (“Caliguri
10 Decl.”) (last visited January 22, 2022).
11 2. A copy of the webpage located at: https://www.dezeen.com/2021/03/12/aether-audio-
12 eyewear/ attached as Exhibit 2 to the Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
13 3. A copy of the webpage located at: https://www.wallpaper.com/technology/aether-audio-
14 eyewear and attached as Exhibit 3 to the Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
15 4. A copy of the webpage located at:
16 https://www.linkedin.com/company/aethereyewear/posts/?feedView=all attached as
17 Exhibit 4 to the Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
18 5. A copy of the webpage located at: https://www.designboom.com/technology/aether-
19 audio-enabled-eyewear-collectionambience- 04-02-2021/ and attached as Exhibit 5 to the
20 Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
21 6. A copy of the webpage located at: https://www.opumo.com/magazine/aether-next-gen-
22 audio-eyewear/ attached as Exhibit 6 to the Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
23 7. A copy of the webpage located at: https://imboldn.com/aether-audioeyewear/ attached as
24 Exhibit 7 to the Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
25 8. A copy of the webpage located at: https://www.opticaljournal.com/aether-to-launch-its-
26 premier-audioenabled-eyewearcollection/ as visited on January 22, 2022, and attached as
27 Exhibit 8 to the Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 22, 2022).
28

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1 9. A copy of pages from the webpage located at: https://aethereyewear. com/ attached as
2 Exhibits 9 and 10 to the January 24, 2022 Caliguri Decl. (last visited January 23, 2022).
3 10. A true and correct copy of Unt’s Answer in Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
4 proceeding no. 91271219 as attached as Exhibit 11 to the Caliguri Decl.
5 Aether Request at 1–3.
6 Although a district court generally may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in
7 ruling on a motion to dismiss, the court may take judicial notice of matters in the public record. Lee,
8 250 F.3d at 689–90. In the Ninth Circuit, matters of public record include “[r]ecords and reports of
9 administrative bodies.” Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir.
10 2006). Trademark Board proceedings, as records and reports of administrative bodies, are matters of
11 public record. See Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Records and reports of
12 administrative bodies . . . clearly constitute [matters of the public record].”). Accordingly, the Court
13 finds Exhibit 11 appropriate for judicial notice.
14 Exhibits 1 through 10 are copies of webpages that display the content of the webpages at the
15 time this action was filed. The Court takes judicial notice of these exhibits to “indicate what was in
16 the public realm at the time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true.” Von Saher
17 v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010).
18 Accordingly, the Aether Request is GRANTED.
19 III. Unt’s Request for Judicial Notice
20 Unt submits—and asks the Court to take judicial notice of—two (2) exhibits in support of its
21 Opposition:
22 1. Exhibit One: Aether Audio Eyewear Terms & Conditions,
23 https://aethereyewear.com/pages/terms-conditions (last visited October 20, 2021) ;
24 2. Exhibit Two: Trademark Electronic Search System Record – Unt’s United States
25 Trademark Application Serial No. 79/295,088 (LIVE), A Aether + Design.
26 See Unt Request at 3–4.
27 The Court can take judicial notice of what was in the public realm at a certain time, not
28 whether the contents of the material were true. Von Saher, 592 F.3d at 960 (holding that a court may

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1 take judicial notice to “indicate what was in the public realm at the time, not whether the contents of
2 those articles were in fact true”). Accordingly, this Court takes judicial notice of the webpage
3 printout offered as Exhibit One.
4 The Court further takes judicial notice of the Trademark Electronic Search System Record
5 offered as Exhibit Two as it falls into the category of public records that courts have deemed
6 appropriate for judicial notice. See, e.g., Barron, 13 F.3d at 1377 (“Records and reports of
7 administrative bodies . . . clearly constitute [matters of the public record].”).
8 Accordingly, Unt’s Request is GRANTED.
9 MOTION TO DISMISS UNDER 12(b)(2)
10 I. Applicable Law
11 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), a party may file a motion to dismiss a
12 complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction. FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(2). In the face of a 12(b)(2) motion,
13 “the plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the court has jurisdiction.” In re W. States
14 Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitrust Litig. (Western States), 715 F.3d 716, 741 (9th Cir. 2013). In
15 determining whether a complaint lacks personal jurisdiction, a court may consider evidence
16 presented in affidavits and may order discovery on the jurisdictional issues. Doe v. Unocal Corp.,
17 248 F.3d 915, 922 (9th Cir. 2001), overruled on other grounds as discussed in Williams v. Yamaha
18 Motor Co., 851 F.3d 1015, 1024 (9th Cir. 2017).
19 Where the parties do not request and the Court does not hold an evidentiary hearing—as in
20 this case—“the plaintiff need make only a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts to withstand
21 the motion to dismiss. That is, the plaintiff need only demonstrate facts that if true would support
22 jurisdiction over the defendant.” Id. (quoting Ballard v. Savage, 65 F.3d 1495, 1498 (9th Cir. 1995)).
23 Under such circumstances, a district court must accept the uncontroverted allegations in the
24 plaintiff’s complaint as true. Brayton Purcell LLP v. Recordon & Recordon, 606 F.3d 1124, 1127
25 (9th Cir. 2010), abrogated on other grounds Axiom Foods, Inc. v. Acerchem Int’l, Inc., 874 F.3d
26 1064 (9th Cir. 2017). Although the court may not assume the truth of allegations in a pleading which
27 are contradicted by affidavit, conflicts between the facts contained in the parties’ affidavits must be
28

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1 resolved in the plaintiff’s favor for purposes of deciding whether a prima facie case for personal
2 jurisdiction exists. Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1223 (9th Cir. 2011).
3 When no applicable federal statute governing personal jurisdiction exists, as is the case here,
4 the district court applies the law of the state in which the district court sits. Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d
5 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 125 (2014)). Accordingly,
6 the Court looks to “California’s longarm statute [which] allows courts to exercise personal
7 jurisdiction over defendants to the extent permitted by the Due Process Clause of the United States
8 Constitution.” Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211 (quoting Daimler, 571 U.S. at 125); see also CAL. CIV. PROC.
9 CODE § 410.10.
10 Due process allows courts to exercise jurisdiction only over a defendant who has “certain
11 minimum contacts with [the forum] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional
12 notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)
13 (internal quotation marks omitted). Personal jurisdiction may be either general or specific. See Picot,
14 780 F.3d at 1211; Morrill v. Scott Fin. Corp., 873 F.3d 1136, 1141–42 (9th Cir. 2017); see also
15 Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 nn.8–9 (1984).
16 II. Discussion
17 Unt moves to dismiss the Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) for lack
18 of personal jurisdiction. Mot. at 1. According to Unt, as it is located and headquartered in Estonia, it
19 does not have the required substantial or continuous and systematic contacts with the United States
20 or California to establish general jurisdiction. Id. at 3. Unt further argues that the Court lacks specific
21 jurisdiction because Unt has neither purposefully directed its activities to the United States or
22 California, although it has sought registration of its trademark in the United States. Id. In response,
23 Aether appears to concede that the Court does not have general jurisdiction over Unt. See generally
24 Opp’n. However, Aether contends that the Court has specific jurisdiction over Unt because Unt
25 purposefully directed its activities to the United States and California by registering the “A Aether”
26 trademark with the USPTO and promoting advertisements and offers for the Products in the United
27 States and California. Id. at 5–9.
28 / / /

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1 A. The Court lacks general jurisdiction over Unt.
2 Unt argues that the Court should dismiss this case because it has no contacts with California
3 that could support general jurisdiction. Mot. at 3. “General jurisdiction exists when a defendant is
4 domiciled in the forum state or his activities there are ‘substantial’ or ‘continuous and systematic.’”
5 Panavision Int’l, L.P. v. Toppen, 141 F.3d 1316, 1320 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Helicopteros, 466
6 U.S. at 414–16), modified, Yahoo! Inc. v. La Ligue Contre Le Racisme Et L’Antisemitisme, 433 F.3d
7 1199, 1207 (9th Cir. 2006). The Ninth Circuit has recognized this as “an exacting standard, as it
8 should be, because a finding of general jurisdiction permits a defendant to be haled into court in the
9 forum state to answer for any of its activities anywhere in the world.” Schwarzenegger v. Fred
10 Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 801 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Bancroft & Masters, Inc. v. Augusta
11 Nat. Inc., 223 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2000) (noting that the standard for establishing general
12 jurisdiction is “fairly high” and requires contacts “that approximate physical presence”).
13 Unt contends it is an Estonian corporation, with a principal place of Estonia, and has no
14 “offices, property, employees, bank accounts, or business” in the United States. Mot. at 3.
15 As Aether makes no argument that general jurisdiction exists, the Court deems the argument
16 conceded. See, e.g., John-Charles v. California, 646 F.3d 1243, 1247 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011) (deeming
17 issue waived where party “failed to develop any argument”).
18 B. The Court lacks specific jurisdiction over Unt.
19 “Even if a defendant has not had continuous and systematic contacts with the state sufficient
20 to confer ‘general jurisdiction,’ a court may exercise ‘specific jurisdiction.’” Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211.
21 Unt alleges that the Court should dismiss this case because Unt has no contacts with California or
22 the United States more broadly that could support specific jurisdiction. Mot. at 3–4. Specific
23 jurisdiction exists where the claim for relief arises directly from a defendant’s contacts with the
24 forum state. AT&T Co. v. Compagnie Bruxelles Lambert, 94 F.3d 586, 588 (9th Cir. 1996).
25 In its Opposition, Aether clarifies that it is also seeking to establish specific jurisdiction
26 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(k)(2). Opp’n at 4. Rule 4(k)(2), also known as the federal
27 long arm statute, authorizes district courts to exercise jurisdiction over a foreign defendant “in a
28 narrow band of cases” where “the United States serves as the relevant forum for minimum contacts

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1 analysis.” Glencore Grain Rotterdam B.V. v. Shivnath Rai Harnarain Co., 284 F.3d 1114, 1126 (9th
2 Cir. 2002); FED. R. CIV. P 4(k)(2) (“If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution
3 and laws of the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, with
4 respect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over the person of any
5 defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction of any state.”).
6 Both Rule 4(k)(2) and the California long arm statute require that the Court’s exercise of
7 jurisdiction comport with due process. Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1155 (9th Cir.
8 2006).
9 For due process to be satisfied, the following three-part “minimum contacts” test must be
10 satisfied:
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(1) The non-resident defendant must purposefully direct his activities or
12 consummate some transaction with the forum or resident thereof; or perform some
act by which he purposefully avails himself of the privileges of conducting
13 activities in the forum, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of its laws; (2)
the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-related
14 activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and
substantial justice, i.e. it must be reasonable.
15
16 Picot, 780 F.3d at 1211. The plaintiff bears the burden of pleading allegations satisfying the
17 first two prongs of this test. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802. If the plaintiff is able to do so, the
18 burden then shifts to the defendant to show why the exercise of personal jurisdiction would not be
19 reasonable and fair under the third prong. Id.
20 i. The Court applies the “purposeful direction” test.
21 Purposeful availment is typically defined as “actions taking place in the forum that invokes
22 the benefits and protections of the laws in the forum.” Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1155 (citing
23 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 803). Here, Aether does not argue that Unt’s actions took place in
24 California or in the United States. See generally Compl.; Opp’n. Instead, Aether pleads that Unt
25 “purposefully directed its activities to the United States and California.” Opp’n at 5. Further,
26 “where . . . a case sounds in tort,” the court is directed to “employ the purposeful direction test.”
27 Axiom Foods, Inc., 874 F.3d at 1069. When an action is based on trademark infringement, the Ninth
28 Circuit requires that the Court utilize the purposeful direction test. See Ayla, LLC v. Alya Skin Pty.

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1 Ltd., 11 F.4th 972, 979 (9th Cir. 2021) (“Trademark infringement is treated as tort-like for personal
2 jurisdiction purposes, and so we focus on purposeful direction here.”) (citing AMA Multimedia, LLC
3 v. Wanat, 970 F.3d 1201, 1208 (9th Cir. 2020) (“[The plaintiff] alleges copyright and trademark
4 infringement claims, which sound in tort, so we apply a ‘purposeful direction’ analysis and ask
5 whether [the defendant] has purposefully directed activities at the United States.” (citation
6 omitted))). The Court thus applies the “purposeful direction” test.
7 ii. Unt has not purposefully directed its actions toward California.
8 When the prevailing claim is a tort: “(1) the defendant must purposefully direct his activities
9 toward the forum; (2) the claim must be one which arises out of or relates to the defendant’s forum-
10 related activities; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial
11 justice.” Axiom Foods, 874 F.3d at 1068–70 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “The
12 plaintiff bears the burden of satisfying the first two prongs of the test.” Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at
13 802. If the plaintiff meets that burden, “the burden then shifts to the defendant to ‘present a
14 compelling case’ that the exercise of jurisdiction would not be reasonable.” Id.
15 “Evidence of direction generally consists of action taking place outside the forum that is
16 directed at the forum.” Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1155. In the Ninth Circuit, purposeful direction is
17 analyzed under the Calder “effects” test, which requires the defendant to have “(1) committed an
18 intentional act, (2) expressly aimed at the forum state, (3) causing harm that the defendant knows is
19 likely to be suffered in the forum state.” Id. (citing Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783 (1984)). Under the
20 third prong of the Calder test, the plaintiff must show “something more” than just mere harm—it
21 must be able to show that the defendant’s conduct was “expressly aimed” at California or the United
22 States. Id. at 1156. “Mere foreseeability” of effects in the forum is not enough. Schwarzenegger, 374
23 F.3d at 804–05.
24 Unt contends that Aether failed to satisfy this three-prong test and that the Court may not
25 exercise specific jurisdiction because not only has Unt not directed any conduct toward the United
26 States or California, but Aether’s claims do not arise out of any of Unt’s California or United States
27 related activities. Mot. at 4–7. In support of this argument, Unt alleges many of the same facts it
28 presents to argue lack of general jurisdiction, that: (1) Unt is an Estonian corporation, with a

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1 principal place of business in Estonia, and has never operated any locations in California; (2) Unt
2 has no employees in the United States and does not manufacture or sell any products in the United
3 States; and (3) the fact that Unt filed a trademark application with the USPTO, standing alone, is
4 insufficient to establish jurisdiction. Id.
5 In response, Aether argues that Unt met the “purposeful direction” requirement by: (1)
6 applying to register a trademark for “A Aether” for eyewear; (2) “purportedly enter[ing] into an
7 agreement whereby it has licensed the right to use the A Aether mark on products sold in California
8 and the United States; (3) “specifically push[ing] marketing and promotion for these infringing
9 products to residents of the United States and California via publications available in English”; (4)
10 promoting and advertising on its website the Products “for shipping to United States” while
11 displaying prices and charging customers in United States Dollars. Opp’n at 6–7; Compl. ¶ 20. The
12 Court addresses each “intentional act” in turn.
13 iii. Registration and prosecution of trademark
14 First, the fact that Unt applied to register the “A Aether” mark fails to qualify as “purposeful
15 direction.” Unt does not dispute that it applied to register an intent-to-use (“ITU”) application with
16 the USPTO. Mot. at 5. However, Hannes Unt, President of Unt Holdings, has stated that Unt has yet
17 to sell any products using the mark. See Declaration of Hannes Unt (“Unt Decl.”), ECF No. 28–1 ¶
18 3. As the import of the purposeful direction analysis is to determine whether the defendant
19 “purposefully direct[ed] his activities toward the forum,” the mere fact of registration without any
20 indication of actual use of the mark through sales is insufficient as it fails to show that Unt took any
21 affirmative steps to expressly aim its actions to California. Cf. Ayla, LLC, 11 F.4th at 980 (where the
22 defendant not only filed a trademark application in the United States but also “promoted its allegedly
23 infringing product by means of references explicitly aimed at Americans” and had made “substantial
24 sales to American consumers” in the United States).
25
26 / / /
27 / / /
28

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iv. The Court does not find that the USPTO actions are sufficient to establish
1 purposeful direction to California.
2
Unt argues that the “A Aether” mark is not within its control and is instead licensed “solely
3
to Aether Eyewear PTE.” Reply at 6. Aether’s argument rests on two allegations. First, Aether points
4
to an undated interview with Hannes Unt in which Hannes Unt discloses that he collaborated with
5
Unt’s manufacturing partner to create “design prototypes” for the Products. Opp’n at 6 (citing to
6
Caliguri Decl., Ex.1 at 10); id. at 11. Second, Aether also alleges that Unt engaged in an intentional
7
act because it “engaged in an Opposition Proceeding with Aether at the Trademark Trial and
8
Appeals Board . . . over its mark.” Id. Both arguments are unpersuasive.
9
First, as previously discussed, though the Court may notice Aether’s exhibits, it may not
10
consider the facts contained in the exhibits for their truth. See Von Saher, 592 F.3d at 960.
11
Second, while engaging in a trademark prosecution proceeding may qualify as purposeful
12
direction and express aiming,4 trademark prosecution proceedings are not “in and of [themselves]
13
sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over the [defendant].” Yahoo!, 433 F.3d at 1209. Again,
14
Aether must show “something more,” such as an indication that Unt made a specific decision to
15
market its eyewear in California, obtained a California-specific distributor to market and sell the
16
eyewear, or made other contacts with the California market. See, e.g., Tobin v. Astra Pharm.
17
Products, Inc., 993 F.2d 528, 544 (6th Cir. 1993). While Aether contends that Unt “implies that it
18
has likely entered into a license agreement for the infringing products for sale in the United States,”
19
this allegation is not in the Complaint, nor are any allegations suggesting that Unt distributed
20
products in California. See Opp’n at 2; Unt Decl. ¶ 4. In the absence of more direct allegations, the
21
Court does not find that Unt caused harm that it knew is “likely to be suffered in the forum state.”
22
Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1155. Accordingly, the Court finds the USPTO Actions insufficient to
23
establish purposeful direction.
24
/ / /
25
/ / /
26
27
4 See Starbuzz Tobacco, Inc. v. Capomaccio, No.: SACV 14-02056-CJC(RNBx), 2015 WL 12765458, at *3
28
(C.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2015)

12
Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 13 of 18 Page ID #:495

v. The Court does not find that the marketing and promotion materials are
1 sufficient to establish purposeful direction to California.
2
Next, Aether alleges that Unt’s English-language marketing and promotion materials “push”
3
the Products to California residents. Opp’n at 7. Aether directs the Court’s attention to eight online
4
magazine articles discussing Aether eyewear. See Caliguiri Decl., Exs. 2–10; Opp’n at 11. Unt
5
argues that evidence of marketing is insufficient as only two of the proffered articles are connected
6
to United States-based websites. See Reply at 6. However, the Ninth Circuit has held that “mere
7
advertisement” without “something more” is insufficient to establish purposeful direction. Cybersell,
8
Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc., 130 F.3d 414, 418 (9th Cir. 1997). Aether’s “something more” appears to be
9
the fact that the advertisements are in English and that Unt’s website displays costs in United States
10
Dollars. Opp’n at 7. However, as English is the official language of over fifty countries,5 the Court
11
finds this argument unpersuasive.
12
Next, the Court considers the question of whether Unt’s use of United States Dollars
13
qualifies as purposeful direction. First, the entirety of the United States, not just California, use the
14
United States Dollar as its currency, making this factor inconsequential regarding purposeful
15
direction to the state of California. Moreover, while the Ninth Circuit has found that use of the
16
United States Dollar by a foreign defendant may be sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction, such
17
a determination has been made in the presence of other persuasive evidence. See, e.g., Ayla, LLC, 11
18
F.4th at 983 (finding defendant subject to personal jurisdiction in the forum state where the Court
19
determined that the defendant “sought to capture the attention of an American audience and thereby
20
sell allegedly infringing products to that audience with advertisements addressed to ‘USA BABES,’
21
representations that its products were approved by the FDA, and promises that it could ship goods
22
from the Idaho distribution center to American customers within five business days” and made
23
“about 10% of its total sales . . . to the United States” with United States currency). In the absence
24
other availing evidence here, the Court does not find that Unt’s use of the United States Dollar
25
establishes purposeful direction to California.
26
27
5 Field Listing–Languages, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/languages
28
(last visited June 6, 2022).

13
Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 14 of 18 Page ID #:496

vi. The Court does not find that Unt’s website is sufficient to establish purposeful
1 direction to California.
2
Finally, Aether’s allegations regarding the Website are also unavailing. As a preliminary
3
matter, there is no indication that Unt owns or operates the Website. See Unt Decl. ¶ 8; Mot. RJN,
4
Ex. 1. Next, even if Unt does operate the Website, a general website listing and selling goods
5
throughout the United States is not sufficient to establish “purposeful direction.” Cybersell, 130 F.3d
6
at 418 (mere advertisement or solicitation for sale of goods and services on a website, without
7
“something more,” does not give rise to specific jurisdiction in the plaintiff’s forum); see also
8
Pebble Beach, 453 F.3d at 1157 (“[W]hen a website advertiser does nothing other than register a
9
domain name and post an essentially passive website and nothing else is done to encourage residents
10
of the forum state, there is no personal jurisdiction.” (internal quotation marks and alterations
11
omitted)).
12
Viewing the evidence provided by Aether, the Court finds that Aether has not established
13
purposeful direction toward California and thus has failed to meet the first prong of the test for
14
specific jurisdiction.
15
Aether has failed to meet the first prong of the purposeful direction test. As purposeful
16
direction requires that the plaintiff adequately satisfy the first two prongs of the test, the Court need
17
not consider the remaining two factors: whether “the plaintiff’s claim arises out of or relates to those
18
activities,” and whether “the assertion of personal jurisdiction is reasonable and fair.”
19
Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802.
20
vii. Aether has not established that Unt is subject to specific jurisdiction in the
21
United States
22
A federal court may exercise jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2) if: (1) plaintiff’s cause of action
23
arises under federal law; (2) the defendant is not subject to personal jurisdiction in any state court of
24
general jurisdiction; and (3) the exercise of personal jurisdiction over the defendant would comport
25
with due process. Glencore Grain Rotterdam, 284 F.3d at 1126.
26
Neither party disputes that the first and second elements are met as Aether’s claims arise
27
under the Lanham Act and Unt has not identified a state court where this case could proceed. Opp’n
28

14
Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 15 of 18 Page ID #:497

1 at 4; Reply at 2. Thus, the parties’ disagreement rests on whether the Court’s exercise of personal
2 jurisdiction would comport with due process.
3
1. By filing a trademark application, Unt has purposefully availed itself
4 of the privilege of doing business in the United States.
5
Aether’s allegations regarding Rule 4(k)(2) are identical to those alleged in support of
6
California-specific jurisdiction. Although the due process standard under Rule 4(k)(2) is largely
7
identical to the traditional jurisdiction analysis, the plaintiff must be able to show that the defendant
8
has minimum contacts with the nation as a whole to establish jurisdiction. See Pebble Beach, 453
9
F.3d at 1159. This is a high bar. See Holland Am. Line v. Wartsila N. Am., Inc., 485 F.3d 450, 462
10
(9th Cir. 2007) (noting that in the “few cases in which our sister circuits have concluded that Rule
11
4(k)(2) conferred jurisdiction,” the defendants have had “extensive contacts with this country”).
12
For the same reasons discussed above, the Court does not find that the Rule 4(k)(2)
13
application changes its analysis as to Aether’s website allegations. However, in this instance, the
14
Court finds Unt’s advertisement allegations and USPTO actions sufficient to show purposeful
15
availment to the United States. Opp’n at 8. Although use of the United States Dollar and USPTO
16
actions are insufficient to establish purposeful direction to California, the same cannot be said for
17
purposeful direction as it relates to nationwide jurisdiction. The “purposeful availment requirement
18
ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of random, fortuitous,
19
or attenuated contacts” with the forum. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985).
20
Unlike in California, where Unt did not take any affirmative steps to target California or avail itself
21
of the privilege of doing business specifically under California law, by filing a trademark
22
application, Unt has specifically availed itself of the privilege of doing business under United States
23 law.6 Indeed, as stated above, Unt does not dispute that it applied to register an ITU application with
24

25
6 As Aether points out, other courts—both district and appellate level—have held that trademark applications
26 are sufficient to establish purposeful availment. See Opp’n at 9–10 (citing cases). The Ninth Circuit has yet to
affirmatively rule on this point and courts within this circuit are split. Compare VMR Prods, LLC v. V2H ApS,
27 No. 13-cv-07719-CBM, 2014 WL 12591932, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 4, 2014) (finding purposeful availment
where the defendant had engaged in a USPTO action and secured a United States-based distributor); Monster
28

15
Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 16 of 18 Page ID #:498

1 the USPTO. Mot. at 5. Section 1(b) of the Lanham governs trademark applications and requires that
2 an ITU application include “the applicant’s bona fide intention to use the mark in [United States]
3 commerce.” 15 U.S.C. § 1051(b)(3)(B); 3 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 19:14
4 (5th ed. 2022) (“Lanham Act § 1(b) requires that the applicant make a verified statement upon
5 application that it has a ‘bona fide intention’ to use the mark in commerce.”).
6 Moreover, the Court finds that Unt’s use of United States Dollars is sufficient to show
7 purposeful availment of the privileges of doing business in this country. As previously stated, courts
8 have found use of United States currency sufficient to establish purposeful availment when evidence
9 of the use of currency exists in conjunction with additional relevant evidence. See Ayla, LLC, 11
10 F.4th at 983. As the Court finds that the USPTO action is sufficient to show purposeful availment,
11 viewing the use of the United States Dollar in conjunction with the USPTO action, the Court finds
12 that Aether has produced enough evidence here.
13 Accordingly, the Court finds the USPTO action and the use of the United States Dollar
14 sufficient to establish this prong.
15 2. Aether has not sufficiently alleged foreseeable harm.
16 The Court next evaluates whether Aether has alleged foreseeable harm. Aether contends that
17 its harm was foreseeable because by Unt engaging in a USPTO action, “it was foreseeable that the
18 harm caused by Unt or its licensee using the infringing mark would be felt in the United States . . .
19 where Aether is undisputably [sic] located.” Opp’n at 12. However, the Court finds that this
20 allegation is insufficient. First, Aether does not adequately detail the harm that it has endured. This
21

22
Cable Prods., Inc. v. Euroflex S.R.L., 642 F.Supp. 2d 1001, 1010 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (holding that “[t]he
23 privilege of trademark registration invokes the benefits and protections of trademark law” and is thus
sufficient to establish jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2)), with Fumoto Giken Co., Ltd. v. Mistuoka, No. CV 14-
24 9797 DMG (MRWx), 2015 WL 12766167, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 16, 2015) (finding that “evidence of the
existence of [a] .com website and the PTO trademark registration . . . does not amount to sufficient minimum
25 contacts to comport with due process.”). However, having considered the underlying rationale of “minimum
contacts”—“that a nonresident will be aware that it is subject to suit in the forum state”—the Court finds a
26
trademark application to be sufficient. 3–E, “Minimum Contacts” Doctrine, Rutter Group Prac. Guide Fed.
Civ. Proc. Before Trial (Nat Ed.).
27

28

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Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 17 of 18 Page ID #:499

1 prong requires that Aether show “something more” than just mere harm. “Mere foreseeability” of
2 effects in the forum is not enough. Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 804–05.
3 As this test requires that Aether satisfy both the first and second prongs of the test, the Court
4 need not consider the final requirement—whether exercise of jurisdiction would be unreasonable.
5 In sum, the Court finds specific jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2) improper.
6
C. The Court grants Aether leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery.
7
Aether requests leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery if the Court declines to find Unt
8
subject to personal jurisdiction. Opp’n at 16. Specifically, Aether seeks “evidence regarding the
9
terms of the license for use of Unt’s mark and sale of products in the [United States].” Id. Unt argues
10
that the court should deny this request as “no amount of discovery” would change the fact that Unt
11
lacks the sufficient minimum contacts to make personal jurisdiction proper. Reply at 8.
12
The Ninth Circuit adopts a liberal standard with respect to the granting of jurisdictional
13
discovery, noting that it “should ordinarily be granted where pertinent facts bearing on the question
14
of jurisdiction are controverted or where a more satisfactory showing of the facts is necessary.”
15
Butcher’s Union Local No. 498, United Food & Commercial Workers v. SDC Inv., Inc., 788 F.2d
16
535, 540 (9th Cir. 1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). A district court may deny jurisdictional
17
discovery “[w]here a plaintiff’s claim of personal jurisdiction appears to be both attenuated and
18
based on bare allegations in the face of specific denials made by the defendants.” Pebble Beach, 453
19
F.3d at 1160.
20
The Court finds jurisdictional discovery appropriate. Indeed, the Court’s denial to find
21
personal jurisdiction under Rule 4(k)(2), particularly as it relates to Unt’s use of the United States
22
Dollar, is largely predicated on the paucity of evidence provided by Aether. As such, the record
23
indicates that further discovery may outweigh the Court’s determinations regarding the
24
reasonableness of hauling Unt into court in the United States more broadly. Accordingly, the Court
25
GRANTS Aether’s request for jurisdictional discovery as to this limited purpose.
26
/ / /
27
/ / /
28

17
Case 2:21-cv-00313-MEMF-E Document 35 Filed 10/31/22 Page 18o0f18 Page ID #:500

1 CONCLUSION
2 In light of the foregoing reasons, the Court ORDERS:
3 1) Unt and Aether’s Requests for Judicial Notice are GRANTED;
4 2) Unt’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is GRANTED without
5 prejudice;
6 3) Unt’s Motion to Dismiss for failure to state a claim is DENIED AS MOOT; and
7 4) Aether is Request for Jurisdictional Discovery is GRANTED. The parties must
8 submit a discovery plan as to the limited purpose of terms of Unt’s license for use of
9 the Mark and sale of products in the United States no later than fourteen (14) days
10 from the date of this Order;
11 5) To the extent that Aether seeks to amend its Complaint upon the completion of
12 jurisdictional discovery, it must do so within thirty (30) days of the end of the allotted
13 discovery period.
14
15 IT IS SO ORDERED.
16 .-
17 | Dated: October 31, 2022
18 MAAME EWUSI-MENSAH FRIMPONG
19 United States District Judge
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9981596. Public record. Not legal advice.