# Phillip Brown v. TitleMax of Virginia, Inc.

> Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · May 1, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9965610

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
- **Decided:** May 1, 2024
- **Precedential status:** Unpublished
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9965610

## Opinion text

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 1 of 39

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 23-1595

TOMMY WHITE,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 2 of 39

BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH

2
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 3 of 39

MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1599

MARGIE WEAVIL,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;

3
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 4 of 39

CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH
SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.;
MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE
KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS;
NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS;

4
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 5 of 39

PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA
MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN;
RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN
WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY
TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;
RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1600

5
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 6 of 39

STEPHANIE JONES,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;

6
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 7 of 39

KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

7
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 8 of 39

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1601

LORRAINE SLIGH,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;

8
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 9 of 39

DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH
SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.;
MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE
KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS;
NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS;
PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA
MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN;
RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN
WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY
TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;

9
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 10 of 39

RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1603

MICHELLE KEELING,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY

10
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 11 of 39

AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA

11
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 12 of 39

CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH
JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY
BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS;
PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH
CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR
HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY;
PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;
RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendant - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

12
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 13 of 39

Defendant.

No. 23-1606

MELISSA HOLDER,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;

13
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 14 of 39

JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH
SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.;
MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE
KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS;
NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS;
PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA
MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN;
RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN
WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY
TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;
RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;

14
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 15 of 39

TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.

Defendant.

No. 23-1609

RODNEY HICKMAN,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;

15
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 16 of 39

CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY

16
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 17 of 39

CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS;
SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY
EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES;
TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1610

DAWN HOUSETON,

17
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 18 of 39

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS;
INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK;
GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA
BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;

18
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 19 of 39

KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH
MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON;
WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

19
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 20 of 39

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1612

TARI HARRIS,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS

20
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 21 of 39

MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA

21
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 22 of 39

ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1613

FRANCES GADDY,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE

22
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 23 of 39

JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL
GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA
LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK;
GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA
BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA

23
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 24 of 39

LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH
MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON;
WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

24
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 25 of 39

Defendant.

No. 23-1614

JARRAD COXE,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES
GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK;

25
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 26 of 39

JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT;
JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE
TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER;
JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA
JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON;
KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH
MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON;

26
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 27 of 39

WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1615

PHILLIP BROWN,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA
MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;

27
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 28 of 39

COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY
CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK;
MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN;
MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE;
MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVER; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;

28
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 29 of 39

PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON;
PAMELA WORTHY; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP
GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL
ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER;
RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA;
RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE
SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL
BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON;
WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE
WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1616

29
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 30 of 39

WILLIE BRADFIELD,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA
MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;
COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;

30
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 31 of 39

KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY
CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK;
MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN;
MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE;
MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;
PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON;
PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE
CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD
PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER;
PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA
BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES;
RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA
ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA;
SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING;
SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA
MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS;
TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA
JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TONY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
THOMAS; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL;
WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

31
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 32 of 39

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1617

KATRINA CAMPBELL,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA
MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;
COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;

32
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 33 of 39

DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
BRATTON-HARBISON; KELLY EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN
HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR
SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY
MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD;
LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA
HAIRE; LATONYA HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA
LEARY; LESLIE MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN;
LASHONDA RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY;
LINDSAY CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA
HEDRICK; MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON
BROWN; MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE
GAUSE; MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;
PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON;
PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE
CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD
PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER;
PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA
BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES;
RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA

33
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 34 of 39

ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA;
SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING;
SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA
MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS;
TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA
JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON;
WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE
WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

No. 23-1618

PAULETTE SHANNON,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

and

34
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 35 of 39

AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA
MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;
COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE

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USCA4 Appeal: 23-1615 Doc: 22 Filed: 05/01/2024 Pg: 36 of 39

MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY
CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK;
MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN;
MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE;
MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVER; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;
PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP
BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN;
RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS;
RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY
ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA;
RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE
SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL
BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON;
WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE
WILKERSON,

Plaintiffs,

v.

TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

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Defendants - Appellants,

and

TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

Defendant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
Greensboro. Loretta C. Biggs, District Judge. (1:19-cv-00489-LCB-JLW)

Submitted: April 25, 2024 Decided: May 1, 2024

Before KING, THACKER, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: Anthony J. Durone, Lauren Tallent, BERKOWITZ OLIVER LLP, Kansas
City, Missouri, for Appellants. Andrew H. Brown, James R. Faucher, BROWN,
FAUCHER, PERALDO & BENSON, PLLC, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellees.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Appellants TitleMax of Virginia, Inc., and TitleMax of South Carolina, Inc.

(“TitleMax”), appeal the district court’s orders granting Appellees’ applications under

Section 9 of the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (FAA), to confirm arbitration

awards. On appeal, TitleMax argues the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to

enter the judgments confirming Appellees’ arbitration awards because Appellees’ Section

9 applications did not identify an independent basis for the court’s jurisdiction. We agree.

In Badgerow v. Walters, 596 U.S. 1 (2022), the Supreme Court held that, in contrast

to the method for determining a district court’s jurisdiction over a motion to compel

arbitration under Section 4 of the FAA, there must be “an independent jurisdictional basis”

for a district court to confirm or vacate an arbitration award under Section 9 or 10, id. at 4

(internal quotation marks omitted), that is apparent from “the application actually

submitted to” the court, id. at 5. As we recently explained, this is true regardless of whether

the relevant application was a “freestanding application[]” or was “filed after arbitration in

a previously stayed action.” SmartSky Networks, LLC v. DAG Wireless, LTD., 93 F.4th

175, 184 (4th Cir. 2024). 1 Rather, “all Section 9 and 10 applications must have an

independent jurisdictional basis clear on the face of the application.” Id.

The Section 9 applications at issue in this case did not identify a basis for the district

court’s jurisdiction. The applications did not identify a non-FAA basis for federal question

1
The district court did not have the benefit of our opinion in SmartSky at the time it
ruled on Appellees’ Section 9 motions.

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jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. They did not suggest that the amount in controversy

was above the $75,000 threshold necessary for the district court to have diversity

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. And they did not invoke the district court’s

supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 2 or identify any other basis for the

court’s jurisdiction. Because “a court may look only to the application actually submitted

to it in assessing its jurisdiction,” Badgerow, 596 U.S. at 5 (emphasis added), the district

court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant Appellees’ Section 9 applications.

Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgments and remand to the district

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We dispense with oral argument

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this

court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

VACATED AND REMANDED

2
We express no opinion as to whether a Section 9 or 10 applicant could properly
invoke § 1367 as a basis for the district court’s jurisdiction over such an application.

39

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9965610. Public record. Not legal advice.