# State v. Knuff

> Ohio Supreme Court · March 14, 2024 · 175 Ohio St. 3d 82

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9950486

## Case

- **Court:** Ohio Supreme Court
- **Decided:** March 14, 2024
- **Citations:** 175 Ohio St. 3d 82; 239 N.E.3d 259; 2024 Ohio 902
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Deters, J.
- **Cited by:** 68 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
v. Knuff, Slip Opinion No. 2024-Ohio-902.]

NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
the opinion is published.

SLIP OPINION NO. 2024-OHIO-902
THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. KNUFF, APPELLANT.
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
may be cited as State v. Knuff, Slip Opinion No. 2024-Ohio-902.]
Criminal law—Aggravated murders—Convictions and death sentences affirmed.
(No. 2019-1323—Submitted May 2, 2023—Decided March 14, 2024.)
APPEAL from the Court of Common Pleas of Cuyahoga County,
No. CR-17-618285-A.
__________________
DETERS, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal of right in a capital case. Thomas E. Knuff Jr. was
convicted on two counts of aggravated murder with death specifications for killing
John Mann and Regina Capobianco. We affirm his convictions and the imposition
of the death sentences.
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

I. BACKGROUND
A. The Murders
{¶ 2} Knuff was scheduled to be released from prison on April 11, 2017,
after serving a sentence of 15 and a half years. See State v. Knuff, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 80971, 2002-Ohio-6049. A few days before April 11, Alicia Stoner,
a former prison employee with whom Knuff had had a relationship while he was
incarcerated, offered to pick him up upon his release. Knuff had declined her offer,
saying he had already arranged for a ride with “John and his old lady.”
{¶ 3} Shortly after his release, Knuff began staying at Village Motel in
Strongsville in a room paid for by Stoner. On May 10, Knuff told his parole officer,
Marc Fisher, that he would sometimes visit Stoner at her house but that he was
living at the motel. When Fisher went to the motel, however, he learned that the
manager had not seen Knuff since May 5. When Fisher confronted Knuff about
being dishonest regarding his living arrangements, Knuff told Fisher that he was
living with John Mann at 6209 Nelwood Road in Parma Heights. Fisher told Knuff
to report to him the next day.
{¶ 4} That same day, May 10, Fisher spoke with Mann on the telephone.
Mann told Fisher that he lived alone, was not under court-ordered supervision, and
had no weapons or dangerous animals in his house, and he agreed to unannounced
home visits and warrantless searches. So Fisher granted Knuff permission to stay
with Mann, pending a home visit. Knuff reported to Fisher on May 11 as he had
been instructed and received a sanction for being dishonest about his living
arrangements.
{¶ 5} Contrary to Mann’s statements to Fisher, Mann was not living alone
when he allowed Knuff to move into his residence; Regina Capobianco also had
been living at 6209 Nelwood Road, since 2016. The relationship between Knuff
and Capobianco was a complicated one that predated Knuff’s 2017 release from
prison. In 2005, Capobianco began a lengthy pen-pal relationship with Knuff.

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Their relationship, which had developed into a romantic one, ended during Knuff’s
imprisonment because Capobianco had begun using his money to purchase drugs
for herself. When Knuff moved into the house at 6209 Nelwood Road, Capobianco
was still abusing drugs. She was also engaging in prostitution—sometimes at
Mann’s house. Residing with someone engaged in crimes such as drug use or
prostitution could have resulted in progressive sanctions against Knuff. So, a
conflict arose between Knuff and Capobianco, which came to a head on May 11.
{¶ 6} That night, around 8:00 p.m., Knuff sent a text message to Stoner
requesting money for a room for that night, saying, “[W]e have to get Regina out
[of the house] now.” Stoner sent Knuff $80 through Western Union. From 8:19
p.m. on May 11 until the afternoon of May 12, Stoner repeatedly called and sent
text messages to Knuff but received no response. She also called and sent text
messages to Mann between 12:27 a.m. and 10:22 a.m. on May 12 but could not
reach him.
{¶ 7} In the early afternoon of May 12, Knuff finally called Stoner,
sounding panicky and upset. He told her that he needed her to come to him but that
he couldn’t explain why at the time. Stoner picked Knuff up at a bar.
{¶ 8} Once Knuff was in her car, Stoner saw that one of his fingers was
bandaged. Knuff told her that drug dealers had come to Mann’s house because
Capobianco owed them money. He said the dealers beat Mann and took Mann’s
car. He explained that afterwards, a conversation between Mann and Capobianco
escalated and that Capobianco stabbed Mann. Then, Knuff told Stoner, the
situation between himself and Capobianco escalated and he stabbed Capobianco.
Knuff claimed that his finger had been injured when he put up a hand to block
Capobianco from stabbing him. He told Stoner that he remembered stabbing
Capobianco and then blacking out; when he came to, he grabbed Mann’s cellphone
and bus pass and left the house. When Stoner urged Knuff to call an ambulance for
Mann and Capobianco, Knuff responded, “No, they’re dead.”

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{¶ 9} In addition to the story he told Stoner, Knuff gave a variety of
explanations to different people regarding how he had injured his finger. He told
one person that he had been involved in a car chase while driving his son’s truck
and had hurt his finger on the vehicle. To others, he explained that a group of men
had jumped him in Cleveland and tried to stab him; he claimed to have been cut in
the process of disarming these attackers. Other explanations included that he had
been bitten by a dog, that he had cut his finger while trimming hedges, and that he
had been injured in a fight with some men who had supposedly attacked Mann
inside the Nelwood Road house.
{¶ 10} The latter story was one that he told his son Tommy. On the morning
of May 13, Knuff called Tommy and asked to be picked up. Tommy picked him
up from 6209 Nelwood Road. When Knuff got into the vehicle, Tommy asked him
about the bandage on his hand. Knuff then told Tommy there were two dead people
back at the house. When Tommy asked Knuff whether he was responsible for those
deaths, Knuff answered that he was.
{¶ 11} Knuff told Tommy that he had been cleaning the basement at 6209
Nelwood Road and when he went upstairs, he found two men stabbing Mann.
Knuff told Tommy that he had stepped into the fray and killed both of the men who
had been attacking Mann. Knuff told Tommy that he wanted to chop off the men’s
fingers and throw them into a sewer and then chop the bodies up to get rid of them.
{¶ 12} Two days later, on May 15, Tommy drove Knuff to a store where
Knuff bought super-strength glue for his injured finger and a box of large, plastic
trash bags known as “contractor bags.”
{¶ 13} The next day, Stoner gave Knuff a ride to another store where he
bought two hacksaws and two blades and shoplifted an X-Acto knife. Knuff told
Stoner that he was going to use the hacksaws to dismember the bodies.
{¶ 14} On May 17, Knuff took his son’s white SUV without permission.
That night, he broke into two Parma Heights businesses—Classic Hair Studio and

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Spa & Nails. He took a cash register from Classic Hair Studio and cash from Spa
& Nails. Surveillance video from Classic Hair Studio showed him entering the
business and driving away in a white SUV.
{¶ 15} On May 18, Ohio State Highway Patrol Sergeant Alan Dunbar
responded to an alert about a man on a highway holding a gun to his head. Sergeant
Dunbar found Knuff walking back and forth along the highway and heard him say,
“Just kill me, I don’t want to live anymore.” Knuff did not have a gun, however.
Sergeant Dunbar took him into custody without any issues. Knuff told Sergeant
Dunbar that undercover police officers had been chasing him while he was driving
his son’s SUV and that he had crashed the SUV and abandoned it. Sergeant Dunbar
observed that one of Knuff’s index fingers was severely injured, and he called for
an emergency medical transport. Knuff was taken to Medina General Hospital
where Sergeant Dunbar requested a psychiatric hold because Knuff had threatened
self-harm.
{¶ 16} At the hospital, Knuff was seen by Dr. Michelle Beskid, an
emergency-medicine physician. He told Dr. Beskid that he had injured his finger
while being chased by people. However, he told a physician’s assistant that he had
been wounded defending himself when his girlfriend tried to stab him.
{¶ 17} Knuff was sent to Akron General Medical Center for a psychiatric
evaluation and care for his injured finger. There, a nurse in the psychiatric unit
interviewed him. Knuff told the nurse that the previous week, a prostitute had
attacked and killed his roommate John with a knife in his home. Knuff told the
nurse that when he tried to intervene, the prostitute attacked him, lacerating his left
index finger and inflicting other cuts on his hand. Knuff told the nurse he had then
killed the prostitute in self-defense. Knuff’s finger was ultimately amputated.
{¶ 18} Meanwhile, Parma Heights Police Detective Adam Sloan was
investigating Capobianco’s disappearance. Toni Bender, Capobianco’s sister, told
him that Capobianco had been in communication with a recently released prisoner

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named Thomas Knuff Jr. Detective Sloan tried to locate Knuff, thinking that he
might have information about Capobianco. During his investigation, Detective
Sloan learned that Knuff had missed a scheduled court date and that there was an
outstanding warrant for his arrest.
{¶ 19} On May 31, 2017, law-enforcement officers from Brunswick Hills
and Parma Heights Police Departments arrested Knuff at a friend’s home where he
had been staying. When Detective Sloan asked Knuff about Capobianco, Knuff
answered the questions as though Mann and Capobianco were still alive. He told
the detective, “If you can’t find [Mann], I’d imagine they’re together.” He
suggested that Detective Sloan go to Canton and check with Capobianco’s friends,
“Earl” and “Allen.”
{¶ 20} A couple weeks after Knuff’s arrest, on June 15, Parma Heights
police officers responded to a report of a broken window at 6209 Nelwood Road.
One of the responding officers, Scott Jackson, noted a strong odor and the presence
of numerous flies when he approached the door of the residence, but officers found
no one inside the house.
{¶ 21} On June 20, Detective Sloan sent an email to local law-enforcement
agencies and the media identifying Capobianco as a missing person. When Officer
Jackson read the height of Capobianco—4 feet, 11 inches—he realized that her
body may have been concealed under the clutter of the house at 6209 Nelwood
Road. He suggested that officers return to the house to search it more thoroughly.
{¶ 22} A search was conducted the next day. In one of the bedrooms,
officers found several garbage bags piled around a bed. When they moved the bags,
they uncovered two decomposing bodies that were later identified as Mann and
Capobianco. Autopsies determined that both Mann’s and Capobianco’s cause of
death was homicide caused by sharp-force injuries to the neck and trunk.
{¶ 23} Sometime in late June 2017, Stoner gave Parma Heights police
detectives an undated letter that had been written by Knuff, which he had instructed

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January Term, 2024

her to deliver to his friend Robert Dlugo. Knuff wrote in the letter that he expected
to be returned to prison soon; he stated:

So now I’m really in a jam because before I get out, some evidence
will be discovered * * *, I’ll probably die in prison. * * * I need
someone I can trust to go start a fire at the house I was staying at.
* * * I have some trash bags in a back bedroom with clothes &
papers that when discovered, my life is over. I was in the process
of moving it all when I was arrested & now the only thing I can do
is torch it all.

Knuff stressed how important the task was. “[I]f they go thru [sic] them bags,” he
wrote, “it[’]s over for me bro.”
{¶ 24} In the letter, Knuff promised Dlugo that he would be “well taken
care of” and “won’t ever have to want” because Knuff still had “30,000 $ [sic] from
insurance money.” He offered Dlugo $500 immediately and stated that he would
split some insurance proceeds he had with Dlugo when he came home. He also
provided detailed instructions on how to accomplish the arson, describing the house
and pinpointing the location of the “most incriminating shit” in the back bedroom
(where he had left the bodies).
{¶ 25} On June 29 and 30, 2017, Detective Sloan and Detective Luke
Wittasek, also of the Parma Heights Police Department, conducted several
interviews with Knuff. In these interviews, Knuff consistently claimed that after
Capobianco stabbed Mann to death, she attacked Knuff and he killed her in self-
defense.
{¶ 26} In the police interviews, Knuff’s version of the events of May 11
was as follows: He had been trying to get Capobianco to move out of the house at
6209 Nelwood Road because he feared that he would be returned to prison for

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violating parole if his parole officer found Capobianco there using drugs or
engaging in prostitution. On the evening of May 11, Capobianco had a prostitution
“date” scheduled. Knuff gave her $65 or $70 that he had gotten from Stoner so that
Capobianco could take her date to a motel. Capobianco left the house but later
called Knuff, telling him that she was returning with her date. Knuff then left the
house.
{¶ 27} According to Knuff, when he returned to the house, Capobianco was
screaming and cursing at Mann. Knuff approached the back door, heard Mann cry
in pain, and saw Capobianco assaulting Mann. At first, Knuff thought Capobianco
was punching Mann, but he then saw that she was stabbing him with a knife.
{¶ 28} Knuff claimed that he had entered the house, disarmed Capobianco,
and threw the knife aside. He stated that Capobianco then ran into the kitchen and
that while he was checking on Mann, Capobianco returned with another knife and
attacked him. Knuff said he got the second knife away from Capobianco, struggled
with her, and finally pinned her down. Knuff told the detectives that Capobianco
had been stabbed during the struggle.
{¶ 29} Knuff recounted to the detectives that he left the house after the
stabbings. Realizing that he might go back to prison because of the killings, Knuff
eventually decided he should clean up the crime scene. By his own admission, he
undertook a variety of tasks to clean the crime scene, including dragging the bodies
into a bedroom, covering the bodies, and trying to wipe away blood spatter.
B. Procedural History
{¶ 30} Knuff was indicted on 21 counts:
Count 1 Aggravated murder of Capobianco with prior calculation and design,
in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), with four death-penalty
specifications: one course-of-conduct specification for the
purposeful killing of two or more persons, in violation of R.C.

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2929.04(A)(5), and three felony-murder specifications—one
predicated on aggravated burglary, one predicated on kidnapping,
and one predicated on aggravated robbery—all in violation of R.C.
2929.04(A)(7)
Count 2 Aggravated murder of Capobianco, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B),
with four death-penalty specifications: one course-of-conduct
specification for the purposeful killing of two or more persons, in
violation of R.C. 2929.04(A)(5), and three felony-murder
specifications—one predicated on aggravated burglary, one
predicated on kidnapping, and one predicated on aggravated
robbery—all in violation of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7)
Count 3 Aggravated murder of Mann with prior calculation and design, in
violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), with four death-penalty specifications:
one course-of-conduct specification for the purposeful killing of two
or more persons, in violation of R.C. 2929.04(A)(5), and three
felony-murder specifications—one predicated on aggravated
burglary, one predicated on kidnapping, and one predicted on
aggravated robbery—all in violation of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7)
Count 4 Aggravated murder of Mann, in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B), with
four death-penalty specifications: one course-of-conduct
specification for the purposeful killing of two or more persons, in
violation of R.C. 2929.04(A)(5), and three felony-murder
specifications—one predicated on aggravated burglary, one
predicated on kidnapping, and one predicated on aggravated
robbery—all in violation of R.C. 2929.04(A)(7)

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Count 5 Aggravated burglary, in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1), with a
notice-of-prior-conviction specification and a repeat-violent-
offender specification
Count 6 Aggravated robbery of Mann, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3),
with a notice-of-prior-conviction specification and a repeat-violent-
offender specification
Count 7 Grand theft (of Mann’s motor vehicle), in violation of R.C.
2913.02(A)(1)
Count 8 Theft (of Mann’s cellphone), in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1)
Count 9 Kidnapping (of Capobianco), in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(3),
with a notice-of-prior-conviction specification and a repeat-violent-
offender specification
Count 10 Kidnapping (of Mann), in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(3), with a
notice-of-prior-conviction specification and a repeat-violent-
offender specification
Count 11 Gross abuse of a corpse (Capobianco), in violation of R.C.
2927.01(B)
Count 12 Gross abuse of a corpse (Mann), in violation of R.C. 2927.01(B)
Count 13 Breaking and entering (of Classic Hair Studio), in violation of R.C.
2911.13(A)
Count 14 Vandalism (of the property of Classic Hair Studio), in violation of
R.C. 2909.05(B)(1)(b)
Count 15 Theft (of a cash register containing cash/money from Classic Hair
Studio), in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1)
Count 16 Breaking and entering (of the property of Spa & Nails), in violation
of R.C. 2911.13(A)

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Count 17 Vandalism (of the property of Spa & Nails), in violation of R.C.
2909.05(B)(1)(b)
Count 18 Theft (of money or services from Spa & Nails), in violation of R.C.
2913.02(A)(1)
Count 19 Attempted tampering with evidence, in violation of R.C. 2923.02
and 2921.12(A)(1)
Count 20 Conspiracy (to commit or promote or facilitate the commission of
aggravated arson), in violation of R.C. 2923.01(A)(1)
Count 21 Conspiracy (to commit or promote or facilitate the commission of
aggravated arson), in violation of R.C. 2923.01(A)(2)

{¶ 31} A jury found Knuff guilty on all counts except Count 6, aggravated
robbery, and the four felony-murder specifications predicated on aggravated
robbery. Knuff was found guilty of all the other specifications: three death-penalty
specifications for each aggravated-murder count, a notice-of-prior-conviction
specification and a repeat-violent-offender specification for the aggravated-
burglary count, and a notice-of-prior-conviction specification and a repeat-violent-
offender specification for each kidnapping count.
{¶ 32} The trial court merged Count 1 with Count 2 (aggravated murder of
Capobianco) and Count 3 with Count 4 (aggravated murder of Mann).
Additionally, Count 9 (kidnapping of Capobianco) was merged with Count 2, and
Count 10 (kidnapping of Mann) was merged with Count 4. The state elected to
proceed with sentencing on the aggravated-felony-murder counts (Counts 2 and 4).
The court also merged Counts 14 and 15 (vandalism and theft of the property of
Classic Hair Studio) with Count 13 (breaking and entering of Classic Hair Studio)
and Counts 17 and 18 (vandalism and theft of the property of Spa & Nails) with
Count 16 (breaking and entering of Spa & Nails). And it merged the two conspiracy
counts.

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{¶ 33} After hearing mitigating evidence, the jury recommended death
sentences on both aggravated-murder counts, and the trial-court judge sentenced
Knuff to death on each count. The judge imposed an aggregate prison term of 37
years for the noncapital counts.
{¶ 34} Knuff appealed to this court, presenting 24 propositions of law. We
affirm his convictions and death sentences, but we remand the cause for the limited
purpose of correcting the judgment entry’s imposition of court costs against Knuff.
II. ANALYSIS1
A. Proposition of Law No. I: Unrecorded Proceedings
{¶ 35} In his first proposition of law, Knuff contends that he suffered
material prejudice because the trial court improperly failed to record certain
“pretrial proceedings”—primarily pretrial conferences—but he also complains that
no record was made of the jury’s view of the crime scene.
{¶ 36} Knuff does not identify the pretrial conferences that he contends
were not recorded. However, the trial court’s docket reflects that frequently,
pretrial conferences (sometimes the docket refers to these conferences as
“pretrials”) and “status hearings” were conducted by the court. The docket also
indicates that numerous “attorney conferences” were held. (The trial court appears
to have used these three terms interchangeably.) The majority of these pretrials,
status hearings, and attorney conferences were not recorded. However, transcripts
do exist for pretrials that were held on August 9, 2017, March 5, 2018, and April 9,
2019, and for attorney conferences that were held on June 20 and December 11,
2018.

1. We consider Knuff’s propositions of law in approximately the order the alleged errors occurred
in the proceedings.

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{¶ 37} Crim.R. 42(D) requires trial courts to “conduct all pretrial and post-
trial conferences on the record.” The issue, then, is what follows from the trial
court’s failure to comply with Crim.R. 42(D).
{¶ 38} Knuff argues that the failure to comply is reversible error. He
compares this case to State v. Said, 71 Ohio St.3d 473, 644 N.E.2d 337 (1994), and
State v. Clinkscale, 122 Ohio St.3d 351, 2009-Ohio-2746, 911 N.E.2d 862, in which
this court held that the failure to record some proceedings constitutes reversible
error. But those cases are distinguishable from this one.
{¶ 39} Said involved an unrecorded competency hearing for the five-year-
old alleged victim—a hearing that was “an indispensable tool.” Said at 476.
Failing to record the hearing was a “fundamental” error that “preclude[d] a proper
review of the application of [Evid.R. 807].” Id. at 475.
{¶ 40} The other case relied on by Knuff—Clinkscale—is significant
because even though it did not involve a death sentence, the defendant was charged
with a capital offense, id. at ¶ 11, and thus the case involved the principle that “the
court must conduct proceedings in capital cases with a strict level of care that
comports with their unique status,” id. at ¶ 23. As in Said, the conclusion in
Clinkscale was based on the critical nature of the unrecorded portion of the
proceeding—the dismissal of a juror during the jury’s deliberations, Clinkscale at
¶ 5. In Clinkscale, this court stressed that the unrecorded matters involved “the
dismissal and replacement of a deliberating juror,” and we said that the recording
of such matters was “of critical importance to protecting a defendant’s
constitutional rights.” Id. at ¶ 15; see also id. at ¶ 18. Additionally, the defendant
in Clinkscale had objected in the trial court to the lack of recording,
(unsuccessfully) attempted to reconstruct the proceeding for the record, and
suffered prejudice from the resulting inability to demonstrate whether the juror’s
dismissal had affected his constitutional rights. Id. at ¶ 16-18.

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{¶ 41} The state directs us to another case for guidance—State v. Palmer,
80 Ohio St.3d 543, 687 N.E.2d 685 (1997), a capital case in which we declined to
reverse the defendant’s conviction, despite the trial court’s failure to record
conferences it held with the attorneys at the bench and in chambers and its failure
to record a jury view. We held that

reversal of convictions and sentences on grounds of some
unrecorded bench and chambers conferences, off-the-record
discussions, or other unrecorded proceedings will not occur in
situations where the defendant has failed to demonstrate that (1) a
request was made at trial that the conferences be recorded or that
objections were made to the failures to record, (2) an effort was
made on appeal to comply with App.R. 9 and to reconstruct what
occurred or to establish its importance, and (3) material prejudice
resulted from the failure to record the proceedings at issue.

Id. at 554; accord State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d
127, ¶ 138. Although the defendant in Palmer tried to reconstruct the unrecorded
conferences, he could not show that his trial counsel had asked that they be
recorded. Even more importantly, the defendant “failed to affirmatively
demonstrate any material prejudice resulting from the unrecorded matters.” Palmer
at 554. “[O]ur cases clearly hold that prejudice will not be presumed from the mere
existence of * * * unrecorded bench and chambers conferences in capital cases.”
Id.; see also State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14, 2006-Ohio-5084, 854 N.E.2d
1038, ¶ 135.
{¶ 42} The unrecorded pretrials at issue here are akin to the “relatively
unimportant portions of [the] trial” that were at issue in Palmer, Clinkscale, 122
Ohio St.3d 351, 2009-Ohio-2746, 911 N.E.2d 862, at ¶ 14. Furthermore, nothing

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in the record shows that Knuff’s trial counsel asked that any of these pretrials be
recorded. Nor has Knuff demonstrated any prejudice by the trial court’s failure to
record the pretrials. The failure to record the pretrials was not reversible error.
{¶ 43} Knuff also argues that the trial court erred in not recording the jury
view. The record indicates that the court reporter attended the jury view—at least,
the trial-court judge said she intended for the court reporter to attend—but the only
record of the jury view is the following notation in the transcript: “Thereupon, The
Court, Counsel, and Jury proceeded to a jury view.” This notation suggests that
defense counsel attended the jury view, but the transcript contains no indication
that defense counsel objected to its not being recorded. As with the pretrials, Knuff
has failed to demonstrate that he objected at trial to the court’s failure to record the
jury view and that material prejudice resulted from that failure.
{¶ 44} Thus, we reject Knuff’s first proposition of law.
B. Proposition of Law No. VI: Severance
{¶ 45} In his sixth proposition of law, Knuff contends that the trial court
erred by denying his motion to sever the breaking-and-entering and related
vandalism and theft charges (Counts 13 through 18) from the indictment for a
separate trial.
{¶ 46} “The law favors joining multiple offenses in a single trial under
Crim.R. 8(A) if the offenses charged ‘are of the same or similar character.’ ” State
v. Lott, 51 Ohio St.3d 160, 163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990). A defendant claiming error
in the denial of severance must affirmatively show that his rights were prejudiced
and that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to grant separate trials. State
v. Hand, 107 Ohio St.3d 378, 2006-Ohio-18, 840 N.E.2d 151, ¶ 166. But the state
may rebut the claim of prejudice by showing that it “could introduce evidence of
the joined offenses as ‘other acts’ under Evid.R. 404(B)” or that “ ‘evidence of each
crime joined at trial is simple and direct.’ ” State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460,
2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 96, quoting Lott at 163.

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{¶ 47} Here, the evidence supporting Counts 13 through 18 was sufficiently
simple and direct to refute Knuff’s claim of prejudice. The counts were proved
principally by the testimony of the victimized shop owners, security-camera
footage, crime-scene photos, and Knuff’s admissions to police during his
interrogation on June 13, 2017. This evidence was separate and distinct from the
evidence that the state used to prove the murders and other crimes that Knuff
committed at the house at 6209 Nelwood Road. It is highly unlikely that the jury
was confused about which evidence applied to the break-ins and which applied to
the murders. See State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d
166, ¶ 52.
{¶ 48} Accordingly, we reject Knuff’s sixth proposition of law.
C. Proposition of Law No. VII: Right to Self-Representation
{¶ 49} Knuff’s seventh proposition of law is that the trial court improperly
refused his request to represent himself without inquiring whether his waiver of
counsel was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made.
{¶ 50} On April 17, 2019, eight days before jury selection began, Knuff’s
trial counsel informed the trial court: “[A]t this time I believe Mr. Knuff would like
to make a motion to the court.” Knuff stated:

First of all, let me say in no way am I trying to disrespect or
delay any proffer to the court. It’s something I have been
considering strongly over the last month-and-a-half, two months of
asking you to [let me] represent myself in this matter because, for
one, there is many things wrong with this case that I know are
wrong. It could be critical to the verdict one way or the other, and
there is key documentation that I believe I’m the only one that would
be able to pinpoint and say this is this and this is that to give me a
fair standing in this trial.

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And I know one of the problems has been like the counsel-
only block and trying to explain to my attorneys and * * * it’s a life-
or-death situation for me. I’m facing the death penalty. I know if
I’m given the time, even a month or two of working fast and
diligently, that I would be able to gather all the things that I know
are there and if I were to present them to you, you would see that
I’m not pulling your leg or wasting the court’s time. It’s very critical
stuff. I believe it’s key to my defense.

(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 51} The trial court immediately denied Knuff’s motion. The court
pointed out that the case had been on the docket for approximately two years and
that Knuff’s attorneys were two of the “most diligent and most experienced
attorneys this state has.” The judge added that she had talked to Knuff the prior
week and that Knuff “probably should have mentioned [it then] if [he] were really
serious about it.”
{¶ 52} In response, Knuff acknowledged that his request was tardy, saying
that he believed additional witnesses and evidence required investigation. He
relayed that he had told his attorneys that he “really didn’t want to do this on [his]
own but [that he] felt that [they] needed a little more time.” To this, the judge
replied, “[E]very defendant that is coming up for trial * * * has the exact same
argument * * *. It’s typically a trial delay tactic.” Accordingly, the judge denied
Knuff’s request as “untimely” and “disingenuous.”
{¶ 53} After the trial-court judge denied Knuff’s request, the prosecutor
offered to remove the counsel-only designation from any discovery documents that
Knuff wanted to review personally. The judge asked Knuff, “Does that help?” And
Knuff replied: “Yeah, that helps. Like I said—yes, your Honor.” That ended the
discussion, and the topic of self-representation was not raised again.

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{¶ 54} We have recognized that “a defendant in a state criminal trial has an
independent constitutional right of self-representation and * * * may proceed to
defend himself without counsel when he voluntarily, and knowingly and
intelligently elects to do so.” State v. Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366, 345 N.E.2d 399
(1976), paragraph one of the syllabus, citing Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806,
95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). But this right—called a Faretta right—must
be “ ‘timely and unequivocally asserted’ ” or else it is waived. State v. Cassano,
96 Ohio St.3d 94, 2002-Ohio-3751, 772 N.E.3d 81, ¶ 38, quoting Jackson v. Ylst,
921 F.2d 882, 888 (9th Cir.1990).
{¶ 55} Assertions of the right to self-representation must also be balanced “
‘against considerations of judicial delay.’ ” United States v. Powell, 847 F.3d 760,
774 (6th Cir.2017), quoting United States v. Martin, 25 F.3d 293, 295-296 (6th
Cir.1994). In fact, “[e]ven a clear request made prior to trial may be denied when
it ‘is merely a tactic to secure a delay in the proceeding.’ ” Id., quoting Robards v.
Rees, 789 F.2d 379, 383 (6th Cir.1986).
{¶ 56} “If a trial court denies the right of self-representation, when properly
invoked, the denial is per se reversible error.” State v. Ahmed, 103 Ohio St.3d 27,
2004-Ohio-4190, 813 N.E.2d 637, ¶ 104. The contested issue here is whether Knuff
properly invoked his Faretta right.
{¶ 57} The state contends that Knuff did not unequivocally invoke his right
to self-representation and that he was seeking to delay the proceedings. But we
need not decide whether Knuff’s request for self-representation was unequivocal,
because we conclude that the request—which was made just eight days before jury
selection began—was untimely and was properly denied for that reason.
{¶ 58} “[A] request for self-representation can be denied when the request
is untimely.” State v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353, 2014-Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d
1112, ¶ 76; accord Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California, Fourth Appellate

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Dist., 528 U.S. 152, 161, 120 S.Ct. 684, 145 L.Ed.2d 597 (2000) (defendant must
make timely assertion of Faretta right).
{¶ 59} In Faretta, the defendant’s declaration that he wanted to represent
himself was made weeks before trial. 422 U.S. at 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d
562. The United States Supreme Court said, “In forcing Faretta, under these
circumstances, to accept against his will a state-appointed public defender, the
California courts deprived him of his constitutional right to conduct his own
defense.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 836. Thus, “to the extent that Faretta addresses
timeliness, as a matter of clearly established law it can only be read to require a
court to grant a self-representation request when the request occurs weeks before
trial.” (Emphasis added.) Hill v. Curtin, 792 F.3d 670, 678 (6th Cir.2014) (en banc).
{¶ 60} Many courts have held that a motion for self-representation is timely
when it is made any time before the trial begins. See State v. Christian, 657 N.W.2d
186, 191-193 (Minn.2003) (motion timely when made before voir dire begins);
United States v. Johnson, 223 F.3d 665, 668 (7th Cir.2000) (motion timely when
made before jury empaneled) (citing cases from Tenth and Second Circuits); United
States v. Lawrence, 605 F.2d 1321, 1325 (4th Cir.1979) (motion timely when made
before “meaningful trial proceedings” have commenced). However, other courts
have held that a request is untimely if it is not made “within a reasonable time prior
to commencement of trial.” People v. Windham, 19 Cal.3d 121, 127-128, 560 P.2d
1187 (1977). Accord Lyons v. State, 106 Nev. 438, 445-446, 796 P.2d 210 (1990),
clarified on other grounds by Vanisi v. State, 117 Nev. 330, 341, 22 P.3d 1164
(2001).
{¶ 61} We have rejected a bright-line rule that a motion for self-
representation is timely when it is made “any time before trial.” Cassano, 96 Ohio
St.3d 94, 2002-Ohio-3751, 772 N.E.2d 81, at ¶ 40 (defendant’s request made three

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days before trial was untimely).2 Yet Knuff argues that a motion for self-
representation that is made eight days before trial, as his was, should be considered
timely because in each of the cases cited in Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353, 2014-
Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d 1112, the court found timely a motion for self-representation
that was made even closer than eight days before trial. While Knuff’s assertion
regarding the cases cited in Neyland is true, courts have also found requests similar
to Knuff’s to be untimely. See United States v. Smith, 413 F.3d 1253, 1281 (10th
Cir.2005), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Hutchinson, 573 F.3d
1011 (10th Cir.2009); People v. Ruiz, 142 Cal.App.3d 780, 784, 790-791, 191
Cal.Rptr. 249 (1983).
{¶ 62} And other factors affect the timeliness determination: the need for a
continuance if the motion is granted, the number of previous defense-requested
continuances, the length of time the case has been pending, any previous
expressions of dissatisfaction with counsel by the defendant, and the complexity of
the case. In Smith, for instance, the Tenth Circuit deemed a motion for self-
representation untimely because it was asserted six days before trial in a complex
case that had been going on for nearly a year, that had previously been continued,
and that would require a lengthy continuance if the request were granted. Smith at
1281; see also, e.g., Lyons at 446 (request timely if made early enough to allow
defendant to prepare for trial without continuance). “The requirement of timeliness
is to avoid unjustifiable delay or disruption of orderly court proceedings.” Ruiz at
791.

2. Admittedly, in Cassano v. Shoop, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit rejected
our conclusion in Cassano that Cassano’s motion for self-representation was untimely. Shoop, 1
F.4th 458, 474-475 (6th Cir.2021). But Cassano is distinguishable from this case because Cassano’s
motion for self-representation that was made three days before trial was not his first such motion.
Indeed, the Sixth Circuit acknowledged that the request made three days before trial “might have
been untimely” had it been Cassano’s first request. Shoop at 475. Cassano is further distinguishable
because the trial court “contribut[ed] to Cassano’s purportedly untimely request” by telling him
months earlier that he had no right to represent himself. Shoop at 475.

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{¶ 63} Here, Knuff indicated that if he were allowed to represent himself,
he might need “a month or two” to “gather all the things that [he knew were] there.”
The indictment was filed on July 10, 2017, so the case had been pending 21 months
when Knuff moved to represent himself on April 17, 2019, eight days before the
trial was scheduled to begin. And Knuff had already been granted three
continuances. Knuff had not previously indicated any dissatisfaction with counsel
or even hinted at wishing to represent himself. Under these circumstances, we hold
that Knuff’s request to represent himself was untimely.
{¶ 64} Because Knuff’s motion to represent himself was untimely, the trial
court did not err by denying it without first inquiring into the knowing, intelligent,
and voluntary nature of Knuff’s attempted waiver of counsel. Accordingly, we
reject Knuff’s seventh proposition of law.
D. Proposition of Law No. VIII: Jury Selection
{¶ 65} Knuff argues in his eighth proposition of law that the trial court
unreasonably restricted his counsel’s voir dire questioning, thereby denying him a
meaningful, constitutionally adequate voir dire.
{¶ 66} During voir dire, defense counsel told several prospective jurors that
at the start of the penalty phase, Knuff would be entitled to a “presumption of a life
sentence.” Eventually, the state objected to defense counsel’s use of the word
“presumption” in the context of the penalty phase. The prosecutor explained that
he did not object to defense counsel’s telling prospective jurors that the state had
the burden of proof on the issue of a death sentence but that counsel’s use of the
word “presumption” was inconsistent with this court’s precedent. Defense counsel
agreed to use different language and continued questioning prospective jurors as
follows: “When we start this second phase, presume a death sentence can only be
imposed if the State of Ohio proves to you beyond a reasonable doubt that the
aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating factors.”

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{¶ 67} Later during voir dire, defense counsel said to a prospective juror:
“[I]t’s assumed that he should get a life sentence unless and until the government
can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that those aggravating circumstances
outweigh any mitigation.” The prosecutor objected. At sidebar, the trial court
asked defense counsel to “lay the options out” neutrally, “without saying we’re
starting with life options.” Defense counsel responded:

The life options are there no matter what. That’s all I’ve
said. * * * You have life options on the table. One of those is an
appropriate sentence that the legislature found for this crime. If they
prove beyond a reasonable doubt the aggravating circumstances
outweigh the mitigating factors, then it’s death. Otherwise, these
[life sentences] are just as appropriate penalties.

{¶ 68} The trial court said: “That’s fine. * * * Can we say it like that?”
Defense counsel replied that he could but that he preferred to “say it the way [he’d]
been saying it.” The trial-court judge said, “I like the way you said it just now.”
When defense counsel sought a yes or no ruling on his use of the “presumption”
language, the judge replied: “I’m telling you I like the new way that you’re saying
it” (i.e., without “presumption”).
{¶ 69} During further voir dire questioning, defense counsel told
prospective jurors that in the penalty phase, the jury would “start out with” a life
sentence and could return a death sentence only if the state carried its burden.
{¶ 70} A trial-court judge has discretion over the scope, length, and manner
of voir dire. LaMar, 95 Ohio St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, at ¶ 40;
State v. Getsy, 84 Ohio St.3d 180, 190, 702 N.E.2d 866 (1998). However,
“[q]uestions on voir dire must be sufficient to identify prospective jurors who hold
views that would prevent or substantially impair them from performing the duties

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required of jurors.” State v. Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 53, 2005-Ohio-5981, 836
N.E.2d 1173, ¶ 57, citing Morgan v. Illinois, 504 U.S. 719, 734-735, 112 S.Ct.
2222, 119 L.Ed.2d 492 (1992).
{¶ 71} Knuff contends that the trial court’s restriction on defense counsel’s
use of the word “presumption” during voir dire questioning was improper and
arbitrary. He argues that it was “critical for the defense to ensure that the jurors
understood the weighing process as a vehicle by which mercy can be expressed and
that a death sentence could only be imposed if the State carried its burden” of
establishing that the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating factors.
{¶ 72} But the trial court did allow defense counsel to explain the state’s
burden to prospective jurors, even allowing counsel to say that a life sentence is
what they “start out with” when considering the sentence. Knuff does not expound
on why his counsel’s use of the specific phrase “presumption of life” during voir
dire questioning was necessary to convey this concept. Nor does he cite any
authority holding that defense counsel was entitled to use that phrase.
{¶ 73} Ultimately, the issue is whether the trial court, by barring defense
counsel from using the phrase “presumption of life” during voir dire prevented
counsel from engaging in questioning that was “sufficient to identify prospective
jurors who hold views that would prevent or substantially impair them from
performing the duties required of jurors,” Jackson, 107 Ohio St.3d 53, 2005-Ohio-
5981, 836 N.E.2d 1173, at ¶ 57. Counsel was not so prevented. Accordingly,
Knuff’s eighth proposition of law is rejected.
E. Proposition of Law No. IX: Challenges for Cause
{¶ 74} Knuff’s ninth proposition of law also focuses on voir dire. Knuff
contends that the trial court erroneously overruled his for-cause challenges to
prospective juror Nos. 5 and 20 and erroneously granted the state’s for-cause
challenges to five prospective jurors.
{¶ 75} As this court has explained:

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On a challenge for cause, the ultimate question is whether
the juror swore that he could set aside any opinion he might hold
and decide the case on the evidence, and whether the juror’s
protestation of impartiality should be believed. This determination
necessarily involves a judgment on credibility, so deference must be
paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the juror. Hence, a trial
court’s resolution of a challenge for cause will be upheld unless it is
unsupported by substantial testimony, so as to constitute an abuse of
discretion.

(Cleaned up.) State v. Madison, 160 Ohio St.3d 232, 2020-Ohio-3735, 155 N.E.3d
867, ¶ 42. Knuff has not demonstrated that the trial court abused its discretion with
respect to any of the for-cause challenges.
1. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Overruling Knuff’s For-
Cause Challenges
a. Prospective juror No. 5
{¶ 76} On his juror questionnaire in response to the inquiry “What are your
general feelings about the death penalty, and why do you feel that way,” prospective
juror No. 5 wrote that he believes the death penalty is “a viable option, provided
that there is no doubt as to the guilt of the individual, and that the crime committed
was intentional, and meet[s] the requirements defined by law to justify [its] use.”
When asked during voir dire what he meant by that response, he explained that he
“would not exclude” the death penalty from consideration and that his decision
whether to vote to impose the death penalty “would depend on * * * the trial.”
Prospective juror No. 5 also checked a box on the questionnaire indicating his
agreement with the following statement: “I favor the death penalty, but would not
always vote for it in every case of aggravated murder. I would seriously weigh

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January Term, 2024

and consider the aggravating and mitigating factors to determine the appropriate
penalty in this case.” (Boldface sic.)
{¶ 77} When questioned during voir dire, prospective juror No. 5 agreed
that if the state failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating
circumstances outweighed the mitigating factors in a case, he could impose a life
sentence without having any reservations or hesitations about doing so. The
prosecutor subsequently asked: “Even though the Defendant is found guilty, would
you still be fair and open-minded and consider any mitigation in terms of
conducting that weighing process * * *?” The prospective juror said he would. He
thereafter reaffirmed his willingness to impose a life sentence in some cases.
{¶ 78} Later, defense counsel asked the prospective juror about his
understanding of the process of weighing the aggravating circumstances against the
mitigating factors in a death-penalty case. Defense counsel explained that
mitigating factors are “[r]easons that would suggest to you * * * that a life sentence
is more appropriate than a death sentence,” including “the Defendant’s background,
upbringing, [and] childhood.” Defense counsel then asked the prospective juror
whether he could consider a defendant’s daily drug use in the fifth grade as a
mitigating factor. To this, the prospective juror responded: “I guess it would
depend to me on if he was in fifth grade and this happened what was done in the
last however many years since then. I mean, we all have stuff that happened to us
as kids.” Even though the prospective juror said that he would not consider
marijuana use as a youth “as an explanation” for committing the type of murders at
issue in this case and that he would not “weigh [it] heavily” as a mitigating factor,
he repeatedly stated that he would give that factor some weight in mitigation, and
he agreed that he would give that factor “fair consideration.” He relayed that other
aspects of a defendant’s childhood—such as the use of “[h]arder drugs” or being
the victim of child abuse—might carry more weight with him.

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{¶ 79} Defense counsel challenged prospective juror No. 5 for cause,
stating that the mitigation case may include evidence that Knuff had used drugs in
the fifth and sixth grades and that prospective juror No. 5 could not “adequately
weigh that specific mitigating factor.” Defense counsel argued, “I understand that
when pressed [prospective juror No. 5] did say, ‘Sure, I’ll consider it,’ ” but counsel
contended that “based on the totality of his answers and his demeanor, [prospective
juror No. 5] would merely acquiesce to listening to [that evidence] and not fairly
consider it.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 80} The trial court overruled the challenge, noting that the prospective
juror’s answers were “thoughtful and clear, [and] that he would consider all of those
options, including drug use in the fifth grade.” Defense counsel ultimately used a
peremptory challenge to have this prospective juror excused.
{¶ 81} The record discloses no basis for Knuff’s claim that prospective
juror No. 5 would not fairly weigh juvenile drug use as a mitigating factor in this
case. Knuff has failed to show that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
his challenge of prospective juror No. 5 for cause.
b. Prospective juror No. 20
{¶ 82} The defense initially asked that prospective juror No. 20 be excused
without any voir dire because he had served on a jury in a capital case in
approximately 1995 and had voted to sentence the defendant in that case to death.
Defense counsel argued that no matter what counsel said at trial, prospective juror
No. 20 would inevitably draw comparisons between this case and the earlier one
that would be “unfairly prejudicial to [Knuff] and/or the State”; counsel also
contended that prospective juror No. 20 would be inclined to vote for death in this
case because he had done so before.
{¶ 83} The trial court decided to examine the prospective juror. The trial
court asked prospective juror No. 20 whether he could serve on a capital-case jury
again “and be fair and impartial.” The prospective juror replied: “Oh, sure. Very

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January Term, 2024

much so.” He also confirmed that he could separate his views in this case from
those he had in the earlier case in which he had served as a juror. Extensive voir
dire from defense counsel and the state revealed that prospective juror No. 20
recalled very little of his prior capital-case jury service.
{¶ 84} Prospective juror No. 20 also stated that he could vote to impose a
life sentence and that he would consider all the evidence that would be presented
in mitigation. He expressed his belief that death is an appropriate penalty for
“gruesome” crimes but is not the only appropriate penalty.
{¶ 85} After the voir dire of prospective juror No. 20, defense counsel
renewed his challenge for cause. Counsel stated, “I don’t think it’s appropriate that
somebody that has been through this process and has already rendered a death
verdict * * * should be placed on another jury” in a capital case. The trial court
agreed with the state that the prospective juror’s voir dire responses indicated his
ability to be fair and impartial as a juror in this case and overruled the challenge.
{¶ 86} Prior jury service automatically disqualifies a prospective juror from
service only if the prospective juror served on the grand jury that found the
indictment, Crim.R. 24(C)(3), on a petit jury in the same case against the same
defendant, Crim.R. 24(C)(4), or on the jury in a civil action against the same
defendant for the same act, Crim.R. 24(C)(5). See also R.C. 2945.25(E), (F). The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defense counsel’s for-cause
challenge to prospective juror No. 20.
2. The Trial Court Did Not Improperly Grant the State’s For-Cause Challenges
{¶ 87} Knuff also argues that the trial court improperly granted the state’s
for-cause challenges to prospective juror Nos. 7, 80, 93, 118, and 120—each of
whom indicated harboring reservations about the death penalty. We find no merit
in this argument.
{¶ 88} Excluding an impartial prospective juror for cause solely because the
prospective juror expresses reservations about imposing the death penalty is

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constitutionally impermissible. State v. Keith, 79 Ohio St.3d 514, 519-520, 684
N.E.2d 47 (1997), citing Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 520-523, 88 S.Ct.
1770, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968). Such a prospective juror may be excluded only if his
views “would prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a
juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.” Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S.
38, 45, 100 S.Ct. 2521, 65 L.Ed.2d 581 (1980); see also State v. Rogers, 17 Ohio
St.3d 174, 478 N.E.2d 984 (1985), paragraph three of the syllabus, vacated on other
grounds, 474 U.S. 1002, 106 S.Ct. 518, 88 L.Ed.2d 452 (1985).
{¶ 89} We will not disturb a trial court’s ruling on a challenge for cause
“unless it is manifestly arbitrary and unsupported by substantial testimony, so as to
constitute an abuse of discretion.” State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d 1, 8, 679
N.Ed.2d 646 (1997).
a. Prospective juror No. 7
{¶ 90} In response to the inquiry on the jury questionnaire about her
“general feelings about the death penalty,” prospective juror No. 7 wrote: “We
don’t have the right to kill people. Life sentence. No parole.” And in response to
a question asking her to check whichever statement “most accurately state[d] [her]
opinion regarding the death penalty,” prospective juror No. 7 checked: “I would
never vote for the death penalty in any case. I am so strongly opposed to the death
penalty that I would always vote against the death penalty no matter what the
evidence is.” (Boldface sic.) Although she said during voir dire that she could
“follow the rules” when given instructions by a judge regarding how to apply the
law, she also revealed that no matter how heinous the crime, she could not vote to
impose the death penalty in a capital case and that she would not want to be put in
a position to have to vote that way on a jury if the law required her to do so.
{¶ 91} The trial court upheld the state’s challenge for cause of prospective
juror No. 7. The court observed that even though the prospective juror was saying

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that she would follow the law and the judge’s instructions, her body language was
saying something different. The trial court explained:

She was actually shaking her head no. She was physically
shaking her head no during the questioning portion of whether she
could sign her name on a death verdict. She was shaking her head
no, but saying that she would follow the law out of her mouth.
***
[S]he was shaking her head no when [counsel] talked to her
about whether she would be willing to sign a death verdict, so [the]
motion for cause is granted at this time.

{¶ 92} The trial court’s decision was supported by prospective juror No. 7’s
questionnaire and voir dire responses and the court’s own observations of her
demeanor. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in granting the state’s for-cause challenge to prospective juror
No. 7.
b. Prospective juror No. 80
{¶ 93} Prospective juror No. 80 indicated on his questionnaire that he would
not vote for the death penalty in any case, no matter what the evidence showed, and
that he would be unable to sign a verdict imposing a death sentence. During voir
dire, prospective juror No. 80 reiterated his feelings about the death penalty; he
stated that “probably” nothing the court could say would change his position. Much
like prospective juror No. 7, prospective juror No. 80 stated that he would follow
the law if he were selected as a juror. The trial court sua sponte excused prospective
juror No. 80 for cause. Defense counsel objected to the excusal because the
prospective juror had said that if selected as a juror, he would follow the law and
the court’s instructions despite his feelings about the death penalty.

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{¶ 94} Prospective juror No. 80 contradicted himself during voir dire—
saying first that he would always vote against imposing the death penalty, then
saying that he would follow the law, thereby raising a credibility issue for the trial
court. Knuff cites nothing in the record to show that the trial court abused its
discretion in excusing prospective juror No. 80 for cause.
c. Prospective juror No. 93
{¶ 95} Prospective juror No. 93 strongly opposed capital punishment. On
his questionnaire, he indicated that he would never vote for the death penalty in any
case. He wrote that he would fairly consider mitigating evidence “but only in
furtherance of a verdict other than the death penalty.” Finally, prospective juror
No. 93 indicated that he did not think he would be able to sign a death verdict.
{¶ 96} During voir dire, prospective juror No. 93 backed away from these
positions, saying that he “would have no problem applying the law” and that “[i]f
the law required [him] to find a certain way, [he was] going to follow the law.” He
stated that he would find it “very difficult” to sign a death verdict but that he
“suppose[d]” he could do so “out of respect for the system of law that we have.”
{¶ 97} Prospective juror No. 93 stated that while he could consider
imposing a death sentence in a case with few or no mitigating factors and in which
the aggravating circumstances were “overwhelming,” he “would be looking for
reasons to find those mitigating factors and to apply them in a way that allowed
[him] to not apply the death penalty.” Prospective juror No. 93 stated:

I’m not trying to suggest that I would be creating things, but if there
is information there that would allow me to reasonabl[y] find one
way or the other, * * * my general perspective on it is that I’m going
to lead [sic] towards the direction that would allow me to find a no
verdict on the death penalty.

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{¶ 98} The prosecutor tried to get prospective juror No. 93 to clarify his
position:

[PROSECUTOR]: * * * No one will ever tell you how
you’re going to weigh the aggravation against the mitigation. That’s
up to you. So knowing that, do you think that you would ever be
able to find or would you ever find that the aggravation outweighs
the mitigation knowing that that would then mean you have to
impose the death penalty?
[PROSPECTIVE] JUROR NO. 93: No.

{¶ 99} Defense counsel subsequently asked prospective juror No. 93
whether he could “fairly weigh” the aggravating circumstances against the
mitigating factors, and he replied that he “could engage in the [weighing] process.”
Defense counsel questioned him further: “If you found that the aggravating
circumstances outweighed the mitigating factors by proof beyond a reasonable
doubt, * * * would you return a verdict for the death penalty?” Prospective juror
No. 93 responded, “I would, but I’d be very unlikely to find that, I think.” The
prospective juror reaffirmed his commitment, however, to “engage in the process
of following the law.”
{¶ 100} The record supports this prospective juror’s excusal for cause
because his responses on the questionnaire and during voir dire indicated that his
views would “substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror,” Adams,
448 U.S. at 45, 100 S.Ct. 2521, 65 L.Ed.2d 581. The trial court therefore did not
abuse its discretion when it excused prospective juror No. 93 for cause.
d. Prospective juror No. 118
{¶ 101} Prospective juror No. 118 wrote on her questionnaire that she was
“completely against” capital punishment, which she described as “barbaric,”

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“unjust,” and “immoral in every case,” even for “extremely heinous crimes.”
Further, she wrote that she “would not take into consideration evidence that might
suggest[] that the defendant ‘deserves’ the death penalty.” In response to the
question inquiring if she could sign her name to a death verdict, she wrote: “I could
not, in good conscious [sic], give any living being the death penalty.” And she
checked the statement indicating that she would never vote for the death penalty,
no matter what the evidence showed. Prospective juror No. 118 reiterated her views
during voir dire.
{¶ 102} Defense counsel asked prospective juror No. 118: “If Ohio law said
that we have a death penalty, would you follow the law if the Judge instructed you
to?” She answered: “If a judge absolutely told me to do something, I don’t want to
be arrested, but I would have really strong compunction against it.” She
acknowledged that she was unsure whether she could sign a death verdict and
whether she could engage in the process of weighing the aggravating circumstances
against the mitigating factors in a capital case.
{¶ 103} When defense counsel questioned prospective juror No. 118 about
whether she could “follow the law regarding the death penalty as [the trial court]
would give it to [her] and impose [the death penalty] if it was mandated under the
evidence,” she responded, “If I absolutely had to, if the Judge said that, I guess.”
But this prospective juror admitted that she would be compromising her beliefs in
that situation and she stated, “I wouldn’t want to do that.”
{¶ 104} The trial court excused prospective juror No. 118 for cause over
defense counsel’s objection. The court said that prospective juror No. 118
“seem[ed] to be adamantly opposed to the death penalty.” The court noted that
even though the prospective juror had stated a willingness to follow the law, the
court believed, based in part on the prospective juror’s body language and tone of
voice during voir dire, that those statements were “hesitant” and “forced.”

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{¶ 105} The record supports the trial court’s determination. The trial court
therefore did not abuse its discretion in excusing prospective juror No. 118 for
cause.
e. Prospective juror No. 120
{¶ 106} Prospective juror No. 120 was not categorically opposed to the
death penalty; she wrote on her questionnaire that it “should be used as a last
resort.” Despite that position, she checked “No” in answer to the question, “Do
you think that you would be able to sign your name to a verdict imposing the death
penalty?” However, she indicated that she would not vote against it in every case.
{¶ 107} During voir dire, she confirmed that she had not misunderstood the
question. She said, “I wouldn’t want to choose if someone lives or dies, to be
honest.” Twice she stated, “I don’t think I would be able to live with that.” Later,
she said that she would be able to follow the law, but she struggled with how she
could live with a decision to impose the death sentence. She ultimately told the
prosecutor that she did not feel that she could sign her name to a death verdict. But
after defense counsel explained the process of weighing the aggravating
circumstances against the mitigating factors to her, prospective juror No. 120 stated
that she could put aside her moral, religious, and philosophical beliefs and follow
the law.
{¶ 108} The state challenged prospective juror No. 120 for cause on the
ground that she had said she could not sign a death verdict. Defense counsel stated
that no such question had been asked. The trial court then resumed voir dire,
directly asking the prospective juror: “If the aggravating circumstances outweigh
the mitigating factors in this case, the law says that you must sign the verdict for
death. Could you do that?” The prospective juror replied: “I’m sorry. No.” The
trial court then excused her for cause.
{¶ 109} The trial court did not act unreasonably or arbitrarily by giving
credence to prospective juror No. 120’s statements that she could not sign a death

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verdict and therefore did not abuse its discretion in excusing prospective juror No.
120 for cause.
{¶ 110} Knuff has failed to show any abuse of discretion by the trial court
with respect to the challenges for cause. We therefore reject his ninth proposition
of law.
F. Proposition of Law No. X: Religious Freedom
{¶ 111} Knuff’s tenth proposition of law is that the practice of death-
qualifying prospective jurors violates the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses
of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution to the extent that it
excludes prospective jurors whose opposition to capital punishment is based on
their religious beliefs. Knuff claims that 19 prospective jurors were excused for
cause because they opposed capital punishment on religious or moral grounds. He
further argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
preserve his First Amendment claim with respect to the excusal of 16 of those
prospective jurors because his counsel failed to object to their being excused.
Finally, Knuff contends that death-qualification denies a defendant the right to be
tried to an impartial jury and to a jury drawn from a fair cross-section of the
community.
{¶ 112} We recently rejected the contention that death-qualification of
prospective jurors violates their First Amendment rights. See Madison, 160 Ohio
St.3d 232, 2020-Ohio-3735, 155 N.E.3d 867, at ¶ 94-96. And the United States
Supreme Court rejected fair-cross-section and impartiality arguments in Lockhart
v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 168-184, 106 S.Ct. 1758, 90 L.Ed.2d 137 (1986). We
find no reason to depart from the holdings in those cases.
{¶ 113} Given these precedents, defense counsel was not ineffective for
failing to press an unmeritorious First Amendment claim. We thus reject Knuff’s
tenth proposition of law.

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G. Proposition of Law No. II: Improper Character Evidence
{¶ 114} In his second proposition of law, Knuff contends that the state
introduced evidence that was irrelevant or of little relevance but was prejudicial
because it showed his bad character.
{¶ 115} Evidence of a person’s character is generally not admissible to
prove that the person acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion.
Evid.R. 404(A). Likewise, “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity
therewith.” Former Evid.R. 404(B).3 132 Ohio St.3d XCVII, CXLVII (effective
July 1, 2012, through June 30, 2022). But Evid.R. 404(B) does allow “evidence of
the defendant’s other crimes, wrongs, or acts to be admitted for other purposes,
such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
or absence of mistake or accident. The key is that the evidence must prove
something other than the defendant’s disposition to commit certain acts.” (Cleaned
up; emphasis sic.) State v. Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440, 161
N.E.3d 651, ¶ 22.
{¶ 116} When evidence is challenged as inadmissible other-acts evidence,
a trial court must perform a three-step analysis:

The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence
is relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is to consider

3. The language of Evid.R. 404(B) was revised in 2022. Effective July 1, 2022, the rule reads:

(B) Other Crimes, Wrongs or Acts.
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of any other crime, wrong or act is not
admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular
occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.

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whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented
to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in
conformity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented
for a legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The
third step is to consider whether the probative value of the other acts
evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice. See Evid.R. 403.

State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, ¶ 19-
20; see also Hartman at ¶ 24-33.
1. Knuff’s Prior Imprisonment and Release on Parole
{¶ 117} Knuff complains that the state introduced evidence that he had
recently been released from prison and was on parole at the time of the murders.
During the trial, Knuff did not object to any of the testimony about which he now
complains, so we review this claim for plain error. To show plain error, Knuff must
demonstrate that “an error occurred, that the error was obvious, and that there is ‘a
reasonable probability that the error resulted in prejudice,’ meaning that the error
affected the outcome of the trial,” (emphasis added in Rogers) State v. McAlpin,
169 Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d 459, ¶ 66, quoting State v.
Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22.
{¶ 118} Knuff cannot demonstrate error with respect to the testimony about
which he now complains. Evidence of Knuff’s prior imprisonment and recent
parole status was not admitted to prove his character and to show his conformity
with that character. Instead, that evidence was essential to telling the story of these
crimes.
{¶ 119} First, the evidence in question explained how Knuff became
involved with Mann and Capobianco: he became acquainted with Capobianco as a
pen pal while in prison and turned to Capobianco and her friend Mann for help

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obtaining a place to stay upon his release from prison. Second, the testimony of
Knuff’s parole officer, Fisher, also established why Knuff was living at the house
at 6209 Nelwood Road when Mann and Capobianco were murdered and why he
had tried to get Capobianco out of the house for her date on the night of May 11—
because any drug use or prostitution at that house could have resulted in revocation
of Knuff’s parole and his return to prison.
{¶ 120} Third, Knuff’s almost 16-year incarceration explained the intensity
of his desire not to return to prison. That desire was his stated reason for leaving
Mann’s and Capobianco’s bodies in the house instead of reporting the incident to
the police.
{¶ 121} Finally, Knuff’s prior incarceration and recent parole status were
relevant to the story of his relationship with Stoner, who was a major participant in
the events surrounding the murders and an important state witness. The state was
entitled to explain how Knuff and Stoner knew each other. Stoner’s relationship
with Knuff was also crucial to evaluating her credibility. Knuff and Stoner formed
their attachment while Knuff was in prison and Stoner was employed with the
Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (“DRC”). Stoner actually resigned
from her DRC job for the sake of her relationship with Knuff.
{¶ 122} Indeed, at trial, defense counsel recognized the relevance of
Knuff’s prior imprisonment and his relationship with Stoner, mentioning both
subjects in his guilt-phase opening statement. Knuff has not demonstrated that the
trial court plainly erred in allowing the challenged testimony.
2. Knuff’s Relationship with His Son
{¶ 123} Knuff asserts that evidence of his relationship with his son
constituted proof that he “was and is a bad father.” Knuff complains that the state
introduced evidence that he was absent from Tommy’s life while in prison; that he
did not contact Tommy during the 2015 and 2016 holidays; that he taught Tommy
how to make “prison alcohol”; that he took Tommy’s cellphone and car without

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Tommy’s permission and never apologized for doing so; and that Tommy suffered
emotionally as a result of dealing with Knuff between his release from prison and
his arrest for the murders of Mann and Capobianco. Again, the testimony
complained of was not objected to at trial, so the standard of review is plain error.
{¶ 124} No plain error is evident. As was true of Stoner, Tommy was an
important witness, so his relationship with Knuff was relevant. Tommy’s
testimony showed his deep love for his father, which helped the jurors determine
his credibility and explained his own conduct. By failing to object to Tommy’s
testimony on these matters at trial, Knuff has forfeited his claim in the absence of
plain error. E.g., McAlpin, 169 Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d 459,
at ¶ 198.
3. Knuff’s Relationship with His Sister
{¶ 125} Knuff also argues that evidence of his relationship with his sister,
Melissa Walters, constituted proof that he “was and is a bad brother.” Walters
testified that her relationship with Knuff changed when their mother died and they
had a dispute over insurance proceeds. According to Walters, because Knuff was
still in prison when their mother died, he gave her his power of attorney (“POA”)
so she could “help him while he was there * * * [i]f he needed anything.” The day
after giving Walters his POA, Knuff revoked the POA because he and Walters had
had an argument and he no longer trusted her. This dispute so upset Walters that
she did not speak to her brother again until his release from prison in 2017.
{¶ 126} The state argues that this testimony from Walters “was relevant to
establish context with respect to the relationship between sister and brother,” but
the state fails to explain how this particular relationship proves anything relevant
to the case at hand. Thus, the testimonial evidence presented by Walters “fails the
first part of the Williams test: relevance,” State v. Tench, 156 Ohio St.3d 85, 2018-
Ohio-5205, 123 N.E.3d 955, ¶ 162.

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{¶ 127} However, defense counsel did not object to Walters’s testimony at
trial, and Knuff has not demonstrated the existence of a reasonable probability that
any error in allowing the testimony from his sister affected the outcome of the trial.
4. Knuff’s Use of the Word “Racist”
{¶ 128} Bryan Gardner, the psychiatric nurse who treated Knuff at Akron
General, testified that as part of the intake process, he asked Knuff to identify any
triggers that may cause him agitation. Over an objection by defense counsel,
Gardner testified that Knuff said his triggers were “[r]acist shit and people being
ignorant.”
{¶ 129} Defense counsel argued at trial that this response prejudiced Knuff
by making him appear to be a racist. The trial court overruled the objection, noting
that Knuff’s words were not racist or otherwise inflammatory in the context in
which they were used. The court interpreted Knuff’s statement as meaning, “I don’t
like racist people or ignorant people.”
{¶ 130} Knuff now renews his argument that the “racist shit” response
suggested that he “was and is a racist.” Although it is unclear to this court how
Gardner’s response regarding Knuff’s reported triggers and agitations was relevant
to the trial, Knuff’s claim of prejudice is unfounded. Knuff said “[r]acist shit” was
a trigger, (i.e., something that would upset him). A reasonable juror would not
interpret Knuff’s use of the word “racist” in this context as an avowal of racism.
Because no likelihood exists that Gardner’s testimony on this issue was prejudicial,
any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
5. Knuff’s Drug Use
{¶ 131} Knuff claims that testimony about his drug use should have been
excluded. Specifically, he complains that (1) Sergeant Dunbar testified that Knuff
had “some kind of glass pipe” in his hand when he confronted Knuff on the
highway, (2) Dr. Beskid testified that when Knuff was taken to Medina General,
his toxicology screen was positive for cocaine and THC, and Nurse Gardner from

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Akron General testified that Knuff was “pretty open” about his drug use, and (3)
Stoner testified that she knew Knuff had used drugs, including cocaine, in the past.
{¶ 132} Knuff did not object to any of this evidence at trial, so he has
forfeited all but plain error. Knuff has not shown the requisite prejudice to
demonstrate plain error. To begin with, considerable evidence was admitted at trial
of Knuff’s drug use, the admission of which Knuff is not claiming as error. Much
of that evidence was included in the police-interrogation videos in which Knuff
frequently and candidly acknowledged buying and using drugs. Indeed, he
frequently cited his drug use to the detectives as the reason for his claimed memory
lapses and his irrational behavior after the murders.
{¶ 133} Moreover, Knuff’s drug habit was relevant. Knuff admitted to the
police that he had stolen Mann’s car after the stabbings and traded it to a “dope
boy” for crack.
6. Knuff’s “Mental Issues”
{¶ 134} Knuff complains that some of the state’s evidence suggested he had
“mental issues.” Specifically, he complains about certain testimony presented by
Sergeant Dunbar and Nurse Gardner.
{¶ 135} Sergeant Dunbar testified on direct examination that when he
encountered Knuff on the highway, Knuff said something to the effect of, “I don’t
want to live, just kill me.” Sergeant Dunbar further testified that Knuff was “pink
slipped” so that he could be held for psychiatric evaluation given his threats to harm
himself. Nurse Gardner testified that he worked in the psychiatric unit at Akron
General, where Knuff was transferred for psychiatric evaluation. Knuff did not
object to any of this testimony at trial.
{¶ 136} No plain error is apparent by the admission of this testimonial
evidence. The state did not use the testimony to show Knuff’s character, and Knuff
does not explain how the information that he was hospitalized for having threatened
self-harm prejudiced him at trial.

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7. Witness Who Feared “Payback”
{¶ 137} Gregory Harrison, a rideshare driver who gave Knuff a ride late in
the evening on May 14, 2017, testified for the state at trial. Harrison testified that
he was initially hesitant to drive Knuff because Knuff had tattooed hands and
therefore seemed “[s]ketchy” to him.
{¶ 138} The prosecutor asked Harrison if he was nervous about testifying
at trial, and Harrison said he was. The prosecutor then asked: “Are you afraid as
you sit here today of any sort of payback?” Defense counsel’s objection to this
question was sustained, so Harrison did not answer. Defense counsel did not ask
for a curative instruction or to have the question stricken but instead asked for a
mistrial, which was denied.
{¶ 139} At sidebar, the prosecutor informed the court that before testifying,
Harrison had “indicate[d] that he [was] terrified because he [knew about Knuff’s]
botched escape plan and [he was] afraid that * * * Knuff [had] people on the outside
who would * * * not only help him escape but also * * * provide payback for
testifying witnesses.” The trial court noted that Harrison was visibly shaking during
his testimony.
{¶ 140} The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defense
counsel’s motion for a mistrial. Evidence of a witness’s fear of retaliation for
testifying bears on that witness’s credibility. See, e.g., State v. Young, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 110973, 2022-Ohio-3132, ¶ 80 (“Testimony that a witness fears
reprisal for testifying is admissible because it is relevant to the witness’s
credibility”); State v. Battle, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 18AP-728, 2019-Ohio-2931,
¶ 24; People v. Mendoza, 52 Cal.4th 1056, 1084, 132 Cal.Rptr.3d 808, 263 P.3d 1
(2011), quoting People v. Burgener, 29 Cal.4th 833, 869, 129 Cal.Rptr.2d 747, 62
P.3d 1 (2003) (“ ‘Evidence that a witness is afraid to testify or fears retaliation for
testifying is relevant to the credibility of that witness and is therefore admissible’ ”).

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8. References to the Television Show “Dexter”
{¶ 141} Knuff complains that references to the television show “Dexter”
during the trial amounted to the admission of improper character evidence.
{¶ 142} Detective Sloan testified without objection that during his
investigation, he learned that Knuff enjoyed the television series “Dexter.” He
explained: “Dexter is a main character from a television series[.] Dexter is actually
a blood stain analysis expert who was a serial killer who dismembers his victims.
I guess you could call him a vigilante serial killer.”
{¶ 143} Later, during Tommy’s testimony, the prosecutor asked: “When
[Knuff] initially told you what happened and started telling you about getting rid of
the body or the body parts, did he mention a TV show?” A defense objection to
this question was overruled. Tommy testified: “He would talk about the show
Dexter, but I don’t think he ever * * * made the connections between the two, why
he wanted to do it. * * * I just always thought that’s where he got the idea from
was talking about Dexter all the time.” Tommy testified that Knuff had talked about
the show often and that Knuff had said he liked the show a lot.
{¶ 144} Knuff argues that these references implied that he “is a serial killer
just like the main character” in that show. But while the relevance of the references
to “Dexter” during the testimonies of Sergeant Dunbar and Tommy is
questionable—the only connection seems to be Tommy’s speculation about where
Knuff got the idea about dismembering the bodies of Mann and Capobianco—the
references to the television show were not prejudicial to Knuff at trial. That Knuff
liked “Dexter” does not imply that he is a serial killer; indeed, it does not reflect on
his character at all. Any prejudice would stem not from his liking “Dexter” but
from his considering dismembering Mann’s and Capobianco’s bodies, which was
relevant to show his consciousness of guilt.

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{¶ 145} Knuff’s challenges to the trial court’s admission of character
evidence are not well-taken. Accordingly, we reject Knuff’s second proposition of
law.
H. Proposition of Law No. III: Reference to Polygraph Examination
{¶ 146} In his third proposition of law, Knuff complains that the trial court
denied his motion for a mistrial after the jury heard his video-recorded interrogation
containing a reference to the results of a polygraph examination.
{¶ 147} The complete interrogation was produced as state’s exhibit No.
1382 (which was not played at trial and is not in the record). Before trial, the
prosecution produced a version of state’s exhibit No. 1382 from which several
references to a polygraph examination had been redacted. The result was state’s
exhibit No. 1382-A, a video recording of the second part of the June 30, 2017 police
interrogation of Knuff, which was played in open court. The state neglected to
redact from this video the following statement that Detective Wittasek made to
Knuff: “This machine says that you had—had stabbed John.”4
{¶ 148} After state’s exhibit No. 1382-A was played for the jury, some off-
the-record discussion took place between counsel and the trial court, which appears
to have included an objection by defense counsel. The exhibit was then replayed
outside the jury’s presence, following which the trial court ordered that the
statement regarding the “machine” be redacted from the video.
{¶ 149} Defense counsel moved for a mistrial. The trial-court judge noted
that she had “been watching the jury very carefully” while the video played and
that she “did not note any change in anyone’s demeanor” when the contested
portion was played. She also remarked on the difficulty she had had in being able
to hear the word “machine,” stating that she did not even know it had been said

4. In his merit brief, Knuff misquotes the detective as saying, “[T]his machine says you killed John.”

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until it was pointed out to her by counsel. Defense counsel did not request, and the
trial court did not give, a curative instruction to the jury to disregard the challenged
statement. The state produced a new copy of the interview, state’s exhibit No.
1382-B, from which the offending statement had been redacted. State’s exhibit No.
1382-B was submitted to the jury instead of exhibit No. 1382-A.
{¶ 150} Knuff contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for
a mistrial. “Mistrials need be declared only when the ends of justice so require and
a fair trial is no longer possible.” State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 118, 127, 580
N.E.2d 1 (1991). “The granting or denial of a motion for mistrial rests in the sound
discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of
discretion.” State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 480, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001).
{¶ 151} As Knuff points out, polygraph results are inadmissible unless the
parties stipulate to their admission, State v. Souel, 53 Ohio St.2d 123, 132-133, 372
N.E.2d 1318 (1978). But Detective Wittasek did not expressly refer to a polygraph
examination or a lie-detector machine; he spoke only of a “machine.” The state
argues that this word choice did not clearly refer to a polygraph examination.
Indeed, the state proposes that the jury may have taken it as a reference to scientific
testing done by the medical examiner, inasmuch as the detectives had been
discussing the autopsy results with Knuff shortly before the statement was made
about the “machine.”
{¶ 152} Courts generally do not treat unclear references to polygraph
examinations as severely as express references; unclear references are seldom
deemed to create reversible error. In Henley v. Cason, 154 Fed.Appx. 445 (6th
Cir.2005), a prosecutor repeatedly referred to “testing” and “investigative
procedures,” and on appeal, the defendant argued that these references were “thinly
veiled references to a polygraph test.” Id. at 446. However, “the prosecutor never
used the term ‘polygraph test.’ ” Id. On federal habeas review, the court rejected
as “too attenuated” the inference that “the jury understood that a polygraph

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[examination had been] administered.” Id. Additionally, only “a handful” of such
references were made during the two-week trial. Id.; see also Neal v.
Commonwealth, 95 S.W.3d 843, 849 (Ky.2003) (“The word polygraph was never
mentioned,” and “the vague reference to an ‘expert interrogator’ ” did not affect the
jury’s deliberations). Compare People v. Mason, 274 Ill.App.3d 715, 724-725, 653
N.E.2d 1371 (1995) (Conviction reversed based on prosecutor’s “signal[ing] to the
jury that the defendant had failed a polygraph examination”: testimony by four state
witnesses established that the defendant had been taken to the police crime
laboratory, where he spoke with a “technician” or “examiner,” and after learning
“the results of those conversations,” changed his story, and the prosecutor referred
to these facts in his opening statement and closing argument).
{¶ 153} Here, the unidentified “machine” “said” that Knuff “had stabbed
John,” not that Knuff had lied. The reference Detective Wittasek made to “[t]his
machine” was brief and isolated. And the prosecutor said nothing during the trial
that could be construed as referring to a polygraph examination.
{¶ 154} Finally, the trial court observed that no juror had reacted to the
“machine” reference. See State v. Hawkins, 326 Md. 270, 278, 604 A.2d 489 (1992)
(explaining that the “[trial] judge has his finger on the pulse of the trial” and is in
the best position to discern “the reaction of the jurors” to inadmissible references
to a polygraph).
{¶ 155} Considering all the circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in declining to declare a mistrial and finding that the statement about a
“machine” that was made in the videotaped interrogation of Knuff did not render a
fair trial impossible. We therefore reject Knuff’s third proposition of law.
I. Proposition of Law No. IV: Improper Opinion Testimony
{¶ 156} Knuff contends in his fourth proposition of law that he was denied
a fair trial because the state improperly elicited opinion testimony from its
witnesses about the credibility of other witnesses and about the credibility of Knuff

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(who did not testify at trial but whose out-of-court statements were admitted into
evidence).
{¶ 157} “ ‘In our system of justice it is the fact finder, not the so-called
expert or lay witnesses, who bears the burden of assessing the credibility and
veracity of witnesses.’ ” State v. Boston, 46 Ohio St.3d 108, 129, 545 N.E.2d 1220
(1989), quoting State v. Eastham, 39 Ohio St.3d 307, 312, 530 N.E.2d 409 (1988)
(Brown, J., concurring). Witnesses, whether experts or laymen, may not testify
regarding their opinions on the credibility of other witnesses, because that infringes
on the domain of the trier of fact. See State v. Davis, 116 Ohio St.3d 404, 2008-
Ohio-2, 880 N.E.2d 31, ¶ 122-123 (a police officer’s opinion that an accused was
being untruthful when interviewed is inadmissible).
{¶ 158} Knuff contends that two of the state’s witnesses, Stoner and Parma
Heights Police Captain Steve Scharschmidt, improperly opined on the credibility
of other witnesses.
1. Alicia Stoner
{¶ 159} On redirect examination, Stoner testified that when the police
interviewed her on June 23, 2017, she told them that she believed Knuff’s account
of what had happened at 6209 Nelwood Road because she was unaware of any
contradictory information. But she testified that when she talked to the police
again, she told them that “the information that [Knuff had] provided didn’t seem
congruent or didn’t seem necessarily absolute.” Stoner testified, “As I started
thinking back over things, that’s where I doubted what he had told me.” Defense
counsel’s objections to this testimony were overruled.
{¶ 160} The state argues that Stoner’s testimony was admissible because
she never actually said that Knuff was lying; she said only that she had begun to
doubt what he had told her. This is a distinction without a difference. But we find
that any error in the trial court’s admitting Stoner’s testimony in this regard was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

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{¶ 161} First, as the state points out, the record contains abundant, properly
admitted evidence showing that Knuff lied to several people about the killings of
Mann and Capobianco. Second, Stoner was merely a lay witness, not a police
officer or expert, and although it is true that the rule against witnesses opining on
the credibility of others applies equally to lay witnesses, a jury would be less likely
to give Stoner’s opinion any special weight.
2. Parma Heights Police Captain Steve Scharschmidt
{¶ 162} Knuff also claims that the state impermissibly elicited testimony
from Captain Scharschmidt about the truthfulness of Stoner and of Knuff’s son,
Tommy. Because defense counsel did not object to this testimony at trial, Knuff
has waived all but plain error.
{¶ 163} Captain Scharschmidt participated in the police interviews of
Stoner. On direct examination, the prosecutor asked him whether he had arranged
for Stoner to return for further questioning after her first interview. Captain
Scharschmidt’s answer included this statement: “We did feel that she was being
somewhat evasive and we weren’t getting the truth, so we did then talk to her
several times in the near future.”
{¶ 164} Knuff’s paraphrase in his merit brief of Captain Scharschmidt’s
testimony—“[Knuff] is lying and therefore he is guilty”—is misleading. Knuff
does not identify any testimony by Captain Scharschmidt in which the captain
stated or even implied that Knuff was lying or guilty. He said only that Stoner was
“evasive,” and he did not specify what Stoner had said that he thought was evasive.
{¶ 165} The state argues that Captain Scharschmidt’s testimony was
permissible because it explained why officers chose to speak to Stoner again later.
But the state fails to elucidate why any such explanation was needed.
{¶ 166} Nonetheless, the trial court’s admission of Captain Scharschmidt’s
testimony does not reach the level of plain error. Stoner herself testified that she
had not told officers the entire truth during her first interview. Captain

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Scharschmidt’s statement that Stoner had seemed “evasive” was cumulative of this
testimony and added little or nothing to the state’s case. Knuff has not
demonstrated that the outcome of the trial would have been different had Captain
Scharschmidt’s testimony been excluded.
{¶ 167} Knuff’s counsel did object to Captain Scharschmidt’s testimony
regarding Tommy’s truthfulness. The prosecutor asked the captain: “[W]ere there
times that [Tommy] was being less truthful than other times?” Defense counsel
objected to the question, but Captain Scharschmidt answered, “Yes,” before the
trial court sustained the objection. Defense counsel did not ask the court to strike
Captain Scharschmidt’s answer or give a curative instruction to the jury.
{¶ 168} In this instance, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
As was true when he testified regarding Stoner’s interviews, when Captain
Scharschmidt testified regarding Tommy’s interviews, he did not identify any
particular statements that Tommy had made that he thought were “less truthful
than” other statements that he had made. And like Stoner, Tommy admitted on the
witness stand that he had lied to the police, so Captain Scharschmidt’s testimony
that at times Tommy was “less truthful than at other times” was cumulative.
3. Parma Heights Police Detective Luke Wittasek
{¶ 169} Knuff reiterates his complaint about Detective Wittasek’s
polygraph reference in the videotaped interrogation that was played for the jury (see
discussion of third proposition of law above), recasting it as “improper opinion
testimony regarding Knuff’s credibility.” We reject this claim. To the extent
Detective Wittasek’s statement can be characterized as opinion testimony, as
discussed above, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defense
counsel’s motion for a mistrial after the statement was heard by the jury.
{¶ 170} Knuff’s fourth proposition of law is rejected.

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J. Proposition of Law No. V: Gruesome Autopsy Photos
{¶ 171} In his fifth proposition of law, Knuff contends that the admission
of gruesome autopsy photographs of the victims denied him a fair trial.
{¶ 172} Admission of photographs is within “the sound discretion of the
trial court.” State v. Johnson, 88 Ohio St.3d 95, 117, 723 N.E.2d 1054 (2000). A
photograph is not inadmissible merely because it is gruesome. State v. Kirkland,
160 Ohio St.3d 389, 2020-Ohio-4079, 157 N.E.3d 716, ¶ 101.

“Properly authenticated photographs, even if gruesome, are
admissible in a capital prosecution if relevant and of probative
value in assisting the trier of fact to determine the issues or are
illustrative of testimony and other evidence, as long as the danger
of material prejudice to a defendant is outweighed by their
probative value and the photographs are not repetitive or
cumulative in number.”

Id., quoting State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 473 N.E.2d 768 (1984), paragraph
seven of the syllabus.
{¶ 173} The trial court admitted 57 autopsy photographs: state’s exhibit
Nos. 5 through 33 (of Capobianco’s autopsy) and Nos. 39 through 66 (of Mann’s
autopsy). Of these, three photographs are clearly not gruesome: exhibit Nos. 5 and
38 depict closed body bags without revealing their contents and exhibit No. 15
shows Capobianco’s upper denture after it was removed and cleaned. Exhibit Nos.
6, 8, and 39 are also not gruesome: they show very little of the victims’ bodies,
although some discolored flesh can be seen in each.
{¶ 174} The remaining 51 photographs are gruesome, because they show
the extensive decomposition of Mann’s and Capobianco’s bodies. However, the
relevance of these photographs is clear: the fact of decomposition itself was

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relevant. It explained why the victims’ flesh showed some disruptions (breaks in
the skin that could have been caused by decomposition rather than a wound), why
the medical examiner was unable to determine whether the disruptions were stab
wounds, and why the medical examiner was unable to swab under the victims’
fingernails. The photographs illustrated the medical examiner’s testimony,
documented her handling of the bodies, and showed the victims’ numerous stab
wounds. See, e.g., State v. McKnight, 107 Ohio St.3d 101, 2005-Ohio-6046, 837
N.E.2d 315, ¶ 145 (admission of gruesome autopsy photographs was not plain error
when they “depicted the victim’s wounds, illustrated the coroner’s testimony, and
helped prove [McKnight’s] intent”).
{¶ 175} The photographs at issue here were not repetitive or cumulative.
Each wound was generally depicted twice: once from a distance to show the
wound’s location on the body and once close-up to show its characteristics. And
each body was photographed several times from different angles. Thus, each
photograph has probative value that the others do not.
{¶ 176} Although 51 gruesome photographs were admitted into evidence,
each was relevant, and each possessed unique probative value. Against this
backdrop, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding that
the probative value of each photograph outweighed any prejudicial effect and that
any repetition in the photographs did not materially prejudice Knuff.
{¶ 177} Accordingly, we reject Knuff’s fifth proposition of law.
K. Proposition of Law No. XVII: Jury Instructions
{¶ 178} In his 17th proposition of law, Knuff contends that the trial court
gave erroneous jury instructions. He complains that the trial court erroneously (1)
denied his request for a jury instruction on voluntary manslaughter as an “inferior
degree offense” of aggravated murder and murder, (2) instructed the jury that
attempted concealment of a crime may tend to indicate consciousness of guilt, and
(3) instructed the jury that Knuff, who claimed to have killed Capobianco in self-

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defense, may have had a duty to retreat. Knuff’s first two arguments lack merit.
The trial court’s duty-to-retreat instruction was erroneous, but under the
circumstances, we hold that the error was harmless.
1. Denial of Knuff’s Request for a Voluntary-Manslaughter Instruction
{¶ 179} Knuff contends that the jury should have been instructed on
voluntary manslaughter as an inferior-degree offense of aggravated murder.
According to Knuff, the trial court violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments
to the United States Constitution by declining to give this instruction.
{¶ 180} In Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392
(1980), the United States Supreme Court struck down an Alabama law that
prohibited trial courts from instructing a jury on lesser included offenses in capital
cases. The Supreme Court explained:

[O]n the one hand, the unavailability * * * of convicting on a lesser
included offense may encourage the jury to convict for an
impermissible reason—its belief that the defendant is guilty of some
serious crime and should be punished. On the other hand, the
apparently mandatory nature of the death penalty may encourage it
to acquit for an equally impermissible reason—that, whatever his
crime, the defendant does not deserve death.

Id. at 642-643. The court concluded that the “level of uncertainty and unreliability”
introduced by the two possibilities “cannot be tolerated in a capital case.” Id. at
643.
{¶ 181} Knuff’s claim with respect to the Eighth Amendment fails because
although the jury was not instructed on voluntary manslaughter, it was instructed
on the lesser included offense of murder. “As long as the jury is instructed on some
lesser offense that is supported by the evidence, the Constitution is satisfied.”

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(Emphasis sic.) Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, at
¶ 244.
{¶ 182} Nevertheless, “[r]equested jury instructions should ordinarily be
given if they are correct statements of law, if they are applicable to the facts in the
case, and if reasonable minds might reach the conclusion sought by the requested
instruction.” Id. at ¶ 240. We review a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury
instruction for an abuse of discretion. State v. Wolons, 44 Ohio St.3d 64, 68, 541
N.E.2d 443 (1989).
{¶ 183} “[A] judge is to give instructions on lesser-included and inferior-
degree offenses only when the evidence would allow a jury to reasonably reject the
greater offense and find the defendant guilty on the lesser-included or inferior-
degree offenses.” State v. Lloyd, 171 Ohio St.3d 353, 2022-Ohio-4259, 218 N.E.3d
737, ¶ 26. Knuff contends that the jury should have been instructed on voluntary
manslaughter, which is an offense of inferior degree to aggravated murder, State v.
Tyler, 50 Ohio St.3d 24, 36, 553 N.E.2d 576 (1990). Voluntary manslaughter
occurs when a person knowingly causes the death of another “while under the
influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which is brought on
by serious provocation occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to
incite the [offender] into using deadly force.” R.C. 2903.03(A).
{¶ 184} Whether a voluntary-manslaughter instruction should be given
requires consideration of both an objective and a subjective factor. State v.
Thompson, 141 Ohio St.3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, 23 N.E.3d 1096, ¶ 153. The
objective factor requires determining whether a serious provocation occurred and
whether that provocation was “sufficient to arouse the passions of an ordinary
person beyond the power of his or her control.” State v. Shane, 63 Ohio St.3d 630,
635, 590 N.E.2d 272 (1992). And the subjective factor requires evaluating whether
“this actor, in this particular case, actually was under the influence of sudden
passion or in a sudden fit of rage.” Id. at 634.

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{¶ 185} Knuff was not entitled to a voluntary-manslaughter instruction,
because no evidence was presented to show that he actually was under the influence
of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage when he committed the murders for
which he was convicted. No evidence was presented at trial that he had become
enraged because Capobianco had assaulted him or that he had acted in a fit of rage
when he killed Mann and Capobianco. True, Knuff told police in his interrogations
that he was afraid of Capobianco. But “[f]ear alone is insufficient to demonstrate
the kind of emotional state necessary to constitute sudden passion or fit of rage.”
State v. Mack, 82 Ohio St.3d 198, 201, 694 N.E.2d 1328 (1998). Accord Thompson
at ¶ 157. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to give
a voluntary-manslaughter jury instruction.
2. Consciousness-of-Guilt Jury Instruction
{¶ 186} Knuff also argues that the trial court should not have instructed the
jury on consciousness of guilt. The court instructed the jury as follows: “Testimony
has been admitted indicating that the Defendant attempted to conceal a crime. You
are instructed that the Defendant’s actions in attempting to conceal a crime do not
raise a presumption of guilt, but may tend to indicate the Defendant’s consciousness
or awareness of guilt.” The court further instructed the jury that if it found that
Knuff had tried to conceal a crime and that he had been motivated by consciousness
of guilt, it could then consider that evidence in deciding whether Knuff was guilty
of the crimes with which he had been charged.
{¶ 187} At trial, Knuff’s counsel objected to this instruction without
explaining the basis for the objection. On appeal, Knuff asserts, without discussion
or analysis, that “the evidence in the record did not support a consciousness of guilt
instruction.” But the state did adduce evidence that Knuff attempted to conceal a
crime: he tried to clean up the crime scene; he lied repeatedly about how he had
injured his finger; and he wrote a letter asking his friend to burn down the house
where the murders had taken place, gave that letter to Stoner, and instructed her to

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deliver the letter to Dlugo. In light of this ample evidence, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in giving the consciousness-of-guilt jury instruction.
3. Duty-to-Retreat Jury Instruction
{¶ 188} Next, Knuff takes issue with the trial court’s jury instruction
regarding self-defense. At trial, Knuff maintained that he had killed Capobianco in
self-defense. The trial court accordingly gave a self-defense instruction on Count
Nos. 1 and 2 (aggravated murder of Capobianco). Over defense counsel’s
objection, the trial court’s instruction included this language:

Duty to retreat. The Defendant had no duty to retreat unless
he was at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the death of
Regina Capobianco.

{¶ 189} Knuff contends that the duty-to-retreat instruction was in error. We
agree. But as discussed below, we conclude that the error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.
a. The trial court’s duty-to-retreat jury instruction was in error
{¶ 190} R.C. 2901.05(B) codifies a person’s right to use force in self-
defense and places the burden on the state to “prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
the accused person did not use the force in self-defense.”
{¶ 191} The elements of a self-defense claim are

“(1) that the defendant was not at fault in creating the situation
giving rise to the affray; (2) that the defendant had a bona fide belief
that he [or she] was in imminent danger of death or great bodily
harm and that his [or her] only means of escape from such danger
was in the use of such force; and (3) that the defendant did not
violate any duty to retreat or avoid the danger.”

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(Brackets sic.) State v. Messenger, 171 Ohio St.3d 227, 2022-Ohio-4562, 216
N.E.3d 653, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759 N.E.2d 1240
(2002). Because each element must exist for a self-defense claim to prevail, the
state can defeat a self-defense claim by disproving any one of these elements
beyond a reasonable doubt. See State v. Walker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga. No. 109328,
2021-Ohio-2037, ¶ 13 (citing cases); 3 Katz, Giannelli, Lipton & Crocker, Criminal
Law, Section 88:13, at 5 (3d Ed.2009, Supp.2022).
{¶ 192} Former R.C. 2901.09, Ohio’s “castle doctrine” statute, enacted in
2008, created an exception to the duty to retreat, State v. Carosiello, 7th Dist.
Columbiana No. 15 CO 0017, 2017-Ohio-8160, ¶ 18. When this case was tried,5
R.C. 2901.09(B) provided:

For purposes of any section of the Revised Code that sets
forth a criminal offense, a person who lawfully is in that person’s
residence has no duty to retreat before using force in self-defense,
defense of another, or defense of that person’s residence * * *.

2008 Sub.S.B. No. 184.
{¶ 193} The state concedes that the house at 6209 Nelwood Road was
Knuff’s residence. Its argument is that a defendant may not rely on the castle
doctrine if he was at fault in creating the situation in which he ultimately used
forced in self-defense. Therefore, the state reasons, the duty to retreat remains. To

5. Effective April 6, 2021, R.C. 2901.09 provides that a person does not have a duty to retreat before
using force in self-defense if the person using force “is in a place in which the person lawfully has
a right to be,” 2020 Am.S.B. No. 175—expanding the provision from a “castle doctrine” provision
to a “stand your ground” provision. This expansion took effect after Knuff’s trial, and, in any event,
it would not affect our analysis in the instant case.

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require a defendant who seeks to rely on the castle doctrine to prove that he was
not at fault in creating the situation would be to create a judge-made addition to the
statute—something we decline to do. Under the plain terms of R.C. 2901.09, Knuff
had no duty to retreat while in his residence. The trial court’s duty-to-retreat jury
instruction was given in error.
b. The trial court’s error in giving a duty-to-retreat jury instruction was harmless
{¶ 194} Having determined that the trial court erred when it instructed the
jury on the duty to retreat, we must evaluate whether the error was harmless. See
Crim.R. 52(A) (“Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does not affect
substantial rights shall be disregarded”). We conclude that it was.
{¶ 195} The linchpin of Knuff’s self-defense claim was that he killed
Capobianco in self-defense after she killed Mann. The jury rejected this version of
events when it found that Knuff was guilty of Mann’s aggravated murder (a finding
that was untainted by the trial court’s erroneous duty-to-retreat jury instruction),
and at that point, Knuff’s self-defense claim collapsed and whether he had a duty
to retreat was irrelevant.
{¶ 196} Moreover, the trial court’s error was harmless for a second reason.
Fault (or the lack thereof) is, on its own, an element of a self-defense claim.
Messenger, 171 Ohio St.3d 227, 2022-Ohio-4562, 216 N.E.3d 653, at ¶ 14. To
prevail on a self-defense claim, the defendant must not be at fault in creating the
situation. Id. Therefore, if the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that Knuff
was at fault in creating the situation, it could not acquit Knuff on self-defense
grounds regardless of whether he had a duty to retreat. In other words, the addition
of “defendant-at-fault” language to the duty-to-retreat instruction merely duplicated
a necessary element of any self-defense claim. It could not prejudice Knuff.
{¶ 197} Thus, we conclude that the trial court’s error in giving the jury a
duty-to-retreat instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, and we reject
Knuff’s 17th proposition of law.

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L. Proposition of Law No. XVIII: Sufficiency and Weight of the Evidence
{¶ 198} In his 18th proposition of law, Knuff contends that the jury’s
finding of guilt for the aggravated-murder counts, felony-murder specifications,
and underlying felony offenses was based on insufficient evidence and that his
convictions for those offenses were against the manifest weight of the evidence.
We disagree.
1. Sufficiency of the Evidence
{¶ 199} A sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge fails if “ ‘after viewing the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ ” State v. Worley, 164 Ohio St.3d 589, 2021-Ohio-2207, 174 N.E.3d 754,
¶ 57, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph
two of the syllabus, superseded by constitutional amendment on other grounds as
stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102 684 N.E.2d 668 (1997), fn. 4.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence in this case is
sufficient to allow a reasonable jury to find Knuff guilty of committing the
aggravated murders of Mann and Capobianco.
{¶ 200} Knuff contends that his convictions on the aggravated-murder
counts requiring prior calculation and design (Counts 1 and 3) should be reversed
because there was insufficient evidence of prior calculation and design. As the state
points out, those counts were merged with Counts 2 and 4, charging felony murder,
and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on Counts 2 and 4, so Knuff was
never sentenced on Counts 1 and 3. Knuff’s claim regarding prior calculation and
design is therefore moot.
{¶ 201} Knuff further contends that the state failed to prove the felony
offenses underlying the felony-murder specifications: aggravated burglary,
aggravated robbery, and kidnapping.

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{¶ 202} As to aggravated burglary, Knuff contends that he cannot have been
guilty of that offense, because he had Mann’s permission to be on the premises at
6209 Nelwood Road. However, “a [person] who initially gains entry to one’s home
by consent may subsequently become a trespasser if consent is withdrawn. [And]
* * * a jury could justifiably infer from the facts that a victim terminated the
accused’s privilege to remain after commencement of an assault.” State v.
Holloway, 38 Ohio St.3d 239, 243, 527 N.E.2d 831 (1988), citing State v. Steffen,
31 Ohio St.3d 111, 509 N.E.2d 383 (1987); see also State v. Clinton, 153 Ohio
St.3d 422, 2017-Ohio-9423, 108 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 184-185.
{¶ 203} Regarding the charge of aggravated robbery, the jury acquitted
Knuff of the aggravated-robbery count and all four death specifications predicated
on aggravated robbery. So Knuff’s insufficient-evidence claim with respect to the
aggravated-robbery count is moot.
{¶ 204} With regard to the kidnapping charges, Knuff contends that the
evidence of his having restrained Mann and Capobianco was insufficient because
the state failed to prove that there was any restraint other than what was incidental
to the murders. Knuff admitted to police that he held Capobianco down while
stabbing her, and the state cited that admission in support of the restraint element
necessary to prove the kidnapping charge and specification. With regard to the
charges related to Knuff’s kidnapping of Mann, the state argued: “To stab
somebody 15 times, you have to be restraining their liberty.”
{¶ 205} Knuff’s argument is not actually a sufficiency-of-the-evidence
argument; rather, it is a claim that aggravated murder and kidnapping are allied
offenses of similar import that should have been merged in this case. However,
this claim fails because “felony-murder under R.C. 2903.01(B) is not an allied
offense of similar import to the underlying felony,” State v. Keene, 81 Ohio St.3d
646, 668, 693 N.E.2d 246 (1998).

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{¶ 206} Finally, Knuff contends that the evidence was legally insufficient
to disprove the elements of self-defense. However, this court recently held that
“the state’s rebuttal of a defendant’s claim of self-defense” is not “subject to review
under the sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard.” Messenger, 171 Ohio St.3d 227,
2022-Ohio-4562, 216 N.E.3d 653, at ¶ 1.
2. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
{¶ 207} A verdict can be against the manifest weight of the evidence even
though legally sufficient evidence supports it. State v. Robinson, 162 Ohio St. 486,
487, 124 N.E.2d 148 (1955). The reviewing court must determine in view of the
entire record “ ‘whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must
be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Group, 98 Ohio St.3d 248, 2002-
Ohio-7247, 781 N.E.2d 980, ¶ 77, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172,
175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983). But a new trial is warranted only “ ‘in the exceptional
case in which the evidence weighs heavily against conviction.’ ” Id., quoting
Martin at 175.
{¶ 208} Although Knuff’s self-defense claim is not subject to review for
sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he state’s * * * burden of disproving the defendant’s
self-defense claim beyond a reasonable doubt is subject to a manifest-weight review
on appeal,” Messenger at ¶ 27.
{¶ 209} Here, the jury did not lose its way and create a manifest miscarriage
of justice. To the contrary, the evidence (other than Knuff’s self-serving account)
strongly supports the jury’s rejection of Knuff’s self-defense claim and its finding
that he killed both Mann and Capobianco.
{¶ 210} Begin with the autopsies. Mann had downward-oriented stab
wounds in his neck, score marks on the top of his skull, and other head wounds.
His injuries support the inference that he and his killer were similar in stature.
Evidence from the autopsies (and the testimonies of Detective Sloan and the

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medical examiner), however, establishes a significant disparity in height between
Mann and Capobianco, with Mann being roughly a foot taller than Capobianco. In
contrast, Knuff, like Mann, was five feet, eleven inches tall. The jury could have
reasonably inferred that Knuff—not the diminutive Capobianco—was responsible
for Mann’s injuries. And Capobianco had two stab wounds in her back, which
tends to disprove that Knuff acted in self-defense when he was stabbing her.
{¶ 211} Knuff’s actions after the killings also strongly suggest his
consciousness of guilt. He cut the bloodstained living-room carpet into numerous
pieces and placed them in garbage bags. Evidence of smeared bloodstains on a wall
and the ceiling indicate that Knuff had wiped those areas in an attempt to clean up
the crime scene. An unusual late-evening water-usage spike on May 11 at 6209
Nelwood Road was documented by the Cleveland Division of Water. And two
bloodstained mops were found in the kitchen. Knuff admitted to police that he had
wiped the walls. He dragged the bodies into the bedroom and covered them. He
bought hacksaws for the stated purpose of cutting up the bodies (although he did
not follow through on this).
{¶ 212} Knuff refused to seek medical attention for his finger that was
severely wounded on the night of the murders. He tried to get his sister or Stoner
to stitch it up for him, but they both refused. He also lied repeatedly to his son and
to his friends about how he had injured his finger.
{¶ 213} Finally, he wrote to his friend Dlugo, urging him to burn down the
house at 6209 Nelwood Road to destroy evidence that he said would result in a life
sentence for him. He instructed Stoner to deliver the letter to Dlugo and to obtain
kerosene for Dlugo to use in burning the house down.
{¶ 214} This is not the rare case in which the jury lost its way and returned
a verdict against the manifest weight of the evidence. To the contrary, the jury’s
verdict was consistent with the evidence admitted at trial. We therefore reject
Knuff’s 18th proposition of law.

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M. Proposition of Law No. XII: Merger
{¶ 215} Knuff was convicted of three aggravating specifications for each
aggravated-murder count: one course-of-conduct specification, R.C.
2929.04(A)(5), and two felony-murder specifications, R.C. 2929.04(A)(7), one of
which was predicated on aggravated burglary and the other predicated on
kidnapping. In his 12th proposition of law, Knuff contends that the trial court erred
by failing to merge the three aggravating specifications into one for purposes of
sentencing.
{¶ 216} “Merger of capital specifications is required ‘where two or more
aggravating circumstances arise from the same act or indivisible course of
conduct.’ ” McAlpin, 169 Ohio St.3d 279, 2022-Ohio-1567, 204 N.E.3d 459, at
¶ 191, quoting State v. Jenkins, 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 473 N.E.2d 264 (1984),
paragraph five of the syllabus.
1. The Course-of-Conduct Specification Does Not Merge
{¶ 217} The course-of-conduct specification does not merge with either of
the felony-murder specifications. This court has “repeatedly held that
‘specifications for multiple-murder [i.e., course of conduct] and for felony-murder
represent distinct and separate aggravating circumstances,’ ” that those
specifications are “not duplicative,” and that they “do not merge.” State v. Perez,
124 Ohio St.3d 122, 2009-Ohio-6179, 920 N.E.2d 104, ¶ 175, quoting Smith, 80
Ohio St.3d at 116, 684 N.E.2d 668. Accord McAlpin at ¶ 191.
2. The Aggravated-Burglary and Kidnapping Specifications Merge
{¶ 218} The question remains whether the aggravated-burglary and
kidnapping specifications merge. Knuff failed to request merger at trial, so our
review is limited to plain error. See, e.g., State v. Lynch, 98 Ohio St.3d 514, 2003-
Ohio-2284, 787 N.E.2d 1185, ¶ 137.
{¶ 219} To determine whether specifications for aggravating circumstances
merge, we use the same test that we use for determining whether two offenses

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merge as allied offenses of similar import. See, e.g., State v. Jackson, 149 Ohio
St.3d 55, 2016-Ohio-5488, 73 N.E.3d 414, ¶ 128-129. Offenses do not merge if
“(1) the offenses are dissimilar in import or significance—in other words, each
offense caused separate, identifiable harm, (2) the offenses were committed
separately, or (3) the offenses were committed with separate animus or motivation.”
State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 25.
{¶ 220} Under the facts of this case, none of the foregoing factors is present.
First, although aggravated burglary and kidnapping do not inherently cause the
same harm, in this case they did—the murders of Mann and Capobianco. Thus, the
aggravated burglary and kidnappings were not “dissimilar in import or
significance,” id.
{¶ 221} Second, the record cont

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9950486. Public record. Not legal advice.