# Munn v. United States > District of Columbia Court of Appeals · November 1, 1971 · 283 A.2d 28 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9753097 ## Case - **Full name:** Willie George MUNN, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee - **Court:** District of Columbia Court of Appeals - **Decided:** November 1, 1971 - **Citations:** 283 A.2d 28; 1971 D.C. App. LEXIS 225 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Opinion of the court by Pair - **Judges:** Hood, Gallagher - **Cited by:** 27 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9753097 ## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction) - finding that probable cause is an objective standard that turns on whether a reasonable officer, in light of his experience and training, could believe a crime was being committed ## Opinion text PAIR, Associate Judge: Tried without a jury, appellant was convicted of possession of heroin in violation of the Uniform Narcotics Act. 1 At trial, appellant moved to suppress as evidence tinfoil packets containing heroin, urging that they were the fruit of a search incident to an arrest made without probable cause. The denial of that motion is the crucial question on appeal. 2 The arresting officer testified that on November 13, 1970 at approximately 6:45 p.m., he was seated on the passenger side of a police cruiser which had stopped for a red light at the southeast corner of 14th and Chapin Streets, N. W., in an area of the city known for its high rate of narcotics traffic. He observed, from a distance of about 25 feet, appellant and another man on the northwest corner of the intersection. Neither appellant nor the other man was, at that time, known to the officer who had no information concerning them. The officer testified further that as the cruiser started across the intersection he saw appellant’s companion reach into his pocket and remove a number of flat “tinfoil packs,” each approximately one inch by one-half inch in size, and that he appeared to be “counting or examining” them. At this point the driver of the cruiser turned left onto Chapin Street and, as the cruiser was turning, appellant was observed to receive the “tinfoil packs” from his companion. The cruiser was then stopped at the curb in front of the two *30 men, the car door was opened and, when appellant saw the officers about six feet away, he closed the hand containing the tinfoil packets, put it in his pants’ pocket, and stood there. Appellant was then arrested, searched, and the tinfoil packets, later found to contain heroin, were seized. The officer testified also that, throughout his experience on the narcotics squad, 3 he had seen tinfoil packets similar to those passed to appellant and had, on no occasion, found them to contain other than narcotics. 4 Appellant’s sole contention is that the officer was without probable cause to arrest him and that therefore the narcotics were seized in violation of his fourth amendment rights. We disagree, and affirm the judgment of conviction. In dealing with probable cause * * * as the very name implies, we deal with probabilities. These are not technical; they are the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal technicians, act. The standard of proof is accordingly correlative to what must be proved. [Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175 , 69 S.Ct. 1302, 1310 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949).] There is, of course, a great difference between the quanta of proof required to establish guilt in a criminal case and that required to establish probable cause for an arrest. Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 312 , 79 S.Ct. 329 , 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959). The facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge, at the time of the arrest, are therefore controlling, and the only requirement is that they be sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that a crime is being committed. Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 162 , 45 S.Ct. 280 , 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925). The standard is that of “a reasonable, cautious and prudent peace officer” and must be judged in the light of his experience and training. Bell v. United States, 102 U.S.App.D.C. 383 , 387, 254 F.2d 82, 86 , cert. denied, 358 U.S. 885 , 79 S.Ct. 126 , 3 L.Ed.2d 113 (1958). [Bailey v. United States, 128 U.S.App.D.C. 354 , 389 F.2d 305, 309 (1967).] 5 The facts and circumstances known to the officer at the time of arrest in this case were that appellant and his companion were in an area where narcotics traffic was substantial, and were engaged in a transaction in which a number of small flat tinfoil packets were passed. 6 Throughout the officer’s experience on the narcotics squad, which was for a period of 18 months during which he was involved in over 200 arrests, he had seen similar packets and had always found narcotics in them. Judge Prettyman anticipated a situation similar to that with which we are presently confronted when, in Bell v. United States, supra, he declared: An officer experienced in the narcotics traffic may find probable cause in the smell of drugs and the appearance of paraphernalia which to the lay eye is without significance. [ 254 F.2d at 86 .] *31 Viewing the facts, judged in light of the officer’s experience, we are of the opinion that there was a reasonable basis for his belief that a crime was being committed. We conclude therefore that the arrest was based on probable cause, from which it must follow that the evidence was properly admitted. Affirmed. . D.C.Code 1967, § 33-402. . For reasons given by appellant’s counsel, the trial judge permitted the motion to suppress to be raised during the trial though no such pretrial motion had been made. It was appellant’s only defense at trial. . He had served 18 months on the narcotics squad and participated in over 200 arrests. . Another officer, an expert witness, testified later that tinfoil packets and glassine envelopes are being used now to transport narcotic drugs because capsules are becoming scarce. . In accord, e. g., Harrison v. United States, D.C.App., 267 A.2d 368, 370 (1970). . A question lias been raised respecting the officer’s ability to ascertain the specific nature of the packets. He testified that it was still light out at 6:46 p. m. on November 13 (it was, in fact, dark). However, he stated also that there was a street light on that corner. Noting that there was no evidence introduced to contradict his testimony, we cannot hold clearly erroneous the conclusion that he did, in fact, see that the packets were as described before making the arrest. --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9753097. Public record. Not legal advice.