# Dickey v. State > Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas · December 15, 1999 · 22 S.W.3d 490 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9608916 ## Case - **Full name:** Ervin Jerome DICKEY, Appellant, v. the STATE of Texas - **Court:** Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas - **Decided:** December 15, 1999 - **Citations:** 22 S.W.3d 490; 1999 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 138; 1999 WL 1144880 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Concurrence by Keller - **Judges:** Keasler, McCormick, Meyers, Mansfield, Keller, Holland, Womack, Johnson, Price - **Cited by:** 103 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9608916 ## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction) - noting After the accident, the arguments escalated in a parking that a person would be entitled to use deadly force in self- lot. Many people exited their cars, and according to defense against another, even if the other was unarmed appellant, they were “vicious,” “ferocious,”… - holding there was no harm for exclusion of a multiple assailants instruction because the evidence that the deceased and another were acting in concert was ambiguous at best - noting that a person would be entitled to use deadly force in self-defense against another, even if the other was unarmed and made no threatening moves, provided that the other was a party to a hostile group - noting that during the closing arguments, the prosecutor made 46 several references to the multiple-assailants theory, despite the absence of said instruction in the charge ## Opinion text KELLER, J., delivered a concurring opinion, in which MANSFIELD and HOLLAND, J.J., joined. WOMACK, J., delivered a dissenting opinion. JOHNSON, J., delivered a dissenting opinion, in which PRICE, J., joined. KELLER, J., delivered a concurring opinion in which MANSFIELD and HOLLAND, JJ., joined. The theory behind the multiple assailants charge is that, when it is clear that an attack is being conducted by multiple people as a group, a defendant is justified in using force against any member of the group, even if the recipient of that force is not engaging in conduct that would, by itself, justify the use of force (or deadly force as the case may be). For example, if a defendant were trapped in a house with several hostile individuals, some of whom were brandishing firearms and threatening the defendant, the defendant may be justified in using deadly force against a different person who was blocking an exit that would otherwise be a viable path of retreat. The use of deadly force against the person blocking the exit would be justified, even though that person possessed no firearms and made no threatening moves, because of that person’s complicity with those who threatened the defendant’s life. The rule concerning multiple assailants is essentially an application of the law of parties to the defendant’s assailants. In this case, however, if appellant’s testimony is believed, Brown committed an act that, by itself, justified the use of deadly force- — he reached for his gun. And Brown’s action of reaching for his weapon was essential to establish that Brown was part of a group assault against appellant. So, under this record, for the jury to have believed that Brown and Marvis were about to conduct a group assault against appellant, the jury must also have believed that Brown was preparing personally to assault appellant. The latter theory was contained in the jury charge, and the jury’s rejection of that theory necessarily shows that the jury would also have rejected a multiple assailants theory. With these comments, I join the majority opinion. --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9608916. Public record. Not legal advice.