# United States v. Paul Adkins, Jr.

> Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit · June 20, 1991 · 937 F.2d 947

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9481773

## Case

- **Full name:** UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Paul ADKINS, Jr., Defendant-Appellant
- **Court:** Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
- **Decided:** June 20, 1991
- **Citations:** 937 F.2d 947; 1991 U.S. App. LEXIS 12843; 1991 WL 106136
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Dissent by Ellis
- **Judges:** Widener, Hall, Ellis, Eastern, Virginia
- **Cited by:** 92 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9481773

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- describing career offender status as “a shortcut to Category VI” and holding that “once a defendant has taken this shortcut” there is “no reason why he should not stand on an equal footing with everyone else whose criminal history calculation is Category VI”
- finding that the district court’s instruction that the Government’s burden is not “beyond all possible doubt” did not constitute an impermissible definition of the term
- rejecting an argument that a jury instruction “attempted to define reasonable doubt by stating that the government need not prove guilt ‘beyond all possible doubt’”

## Opinion text

ELLIS, District Judge,
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent from Section IV of the majority’s opinion. My reasons for doing so are set forth in my opinion in United States v. Saunders, 743 F.Supp. 444 (E.D. Va.1990).
In essence, I cannot accept the majority’s holding that district courts may depart downward where they conclude that career offender status “exaggerates the defendant’s prior offenses.” Ante, at 951. This holding, in my view, contravenes a categorical Congressional command that finds accurate expression in the Sentencing Commission’s guidelines. Thus, in 28 U.S.C. § 994 (h), Congress directed that the Commission “shall assure” that the guidelines for career offenders “specify a sentence to a term of imprisonment at or near the maximum term authorized_” Complying with this directive, the Commission promulgated § 4B1.1, which requires that “[a] career offenders’ criminal history category in every case shall be Category VI.” (Emphasis added.) This mandatory provision overrides the flexibility otherwise accorded sentencing judges in U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 to depart from the guidelines where a defendant’s criminal history under-represents or over-represents his or her past conduct. Significant, too, is that U.S. S.G. § 4A1.3 makes no mention of the career offender category.
In sum, I would affirm the district court in this case because I conclude that sentencing judges have no authority to depart downward from the career offender guideline on the ground that the seriousness of defendant’s past conduct is overstated. Giving sentencing judges this authority might well be sound public policy, but Congress, which alone has the power to grant this authority, has not yet done so.

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9481773. Public record. Not legal advice.