# United States v. State of Michigan > Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit · August 23, 1988 · 851 F.2d 803 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9477897 ## Case - **Full name:** UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. STATE OF MICHIGAN, Defendant-Appellant - **Court:** Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit - **Decided:** August 23, 1988 - **Citations:** 851 F.2d 803; 1988 WL 69054 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Concurring in part by Wellford - **Judges:** Martin, Wellford, Nelson - **Cited by:** 29 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9477897 ## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction) - holding that the statute of limitations provided by 28 U.S.C. § 2415, rather than the state statute of limitations, governed an action brought by the United States on behalf of federal credit unions seeking to recover as damages sales taxes improperly paid by the federal credi… - holding federal credit union federal instrumentality and immune from state taxation because it performs an “important governmental function” and is “extensively regulated” under federal, law - holding a federal credit union not to be a government actor for Constitutional purposes - holding that “an action for unjust enrichment is based on a quasi-contract, which is synonymous with a ‘contract implied in law.’ ” ## Opinion text WELLFORD, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: I agree with Judge Martin that the district court properly exercised jurisdiction in this difficult case despite the Tax Injunction Act. I agree also that 12 U.S.C. § 1768 provides the federal credit unions, which are the real parties at interest, with a clear exemption from “all taxation now or hereafter imposed ... by any State, Territorial or local taxing authority except ... real property and any tangible personal property....” Congress had the power to grant that exemption to those then newly authorized federally chartered agencies. The wisdom of such a broad tax exemption from state and local sales taxes to these agencies that operate in local communities much like the myriad other tax-paying credit agencies that now exist may be open to question in light of the developments of the intervening fifty years since federal credit unions came into being. I doubt that *811 they any longer perform “an important governmental function,” but it is for the Congress to decide whether the exemption should continue in force. I am also not prepared to emphasize any federal fiscal agency role of federal credit unions. I join in Judge Martin’s rationale dealing with the incidence of the Michigan sales tax upon instrumentalities such as federal credit unions. See First Agricultural National Bank v. State Tax Commission, 392 U.S. 339 , 88 S.Ct. 2173 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1138 (1968) and United States v. Mississippi Tax Commission, 421 U.S. 599 , 95 S.Ct. 1872 , 44 L.Ed.2d 404 (1975). I dissent however with regard to the applicable statute of limitations period. I would not hold the exemption from state taxation to be related to or founded upon an implied contract or unjust enrichment theory or basis upon which recovery of state sales taxes mistakenly paid would be guided by 28 U.S.C. § 2415 (a). I find no specific applicable limitation period fixed by federal law and would therefore hold this suit for recovery of state taxes to be subject to the four year limitation provided by § 9 of the Michigan General Sales Tax Act, Mich.Comp.Laws § 205.59. There was a voluntary payment of Michigan sales taxes here by the entities involved, and I would hold them, and the United States, bound by the reasonable Michigan limitations period of four years applicable to over-payment of these taxes. --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/9477897. Public record. Not legal advice.