# People v. Jenkins > Appellate Court of Illinois · December 21, 2020 · 2020 IL App (3d) 180551 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4645353 ## Case - **Court:** Appellate Court of Illinois - **Decided:** December 21, 2020 - **Citations:** 2020 IL App (3d) 180551 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Opinion - **Cited by:** 4 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4645353 ## Opinion text 2020 IL App (3d) 180551 Opinion filed December 21, 2020 ____________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS THIRD DISTRICT 2020 THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-18-0551 v. ) Circuit No. 11-CF-2122 ) WILLIAM J. JENKINS, ) Honorable ) Sarah F. Jones, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________ JUSTICE WRIGHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McDade and O’Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion. ____________________________________________________________________________ OPINION ¶1 Defendant, William J. Jenkins, an indigent defendant, appeals the second-stage dismissal of his amended postconviction petition on the grounds that the circuit court deprived him of his equal protection right to free access to certain materials necessary to prepare a defense. Defendant argues that he did not receive the effective assistance of counsel in the circuit court and on appeal because the issue was neither preserved by posttrial counsel nor recognized and raised by appellate counsel. ¶2 The State argues that the dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition was proper because defendant was not entitled to free access to his codefendant’s trial transcripts and also contends that trial and appellate counsel did not provide deficient representation by declining to preserve or raise that issue. We reverse the circuit court’s dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition, vacate defendant’s convictions, and remand for further proceedings. ¶3 I. BACKGROUND ¶4 Defendant and codefendant, Ira D. Cunningham, were jointly charged in the same information with two felonies and one misdemeanor offense: residential burglary, theft, and obstructing identification, respectively. Later, the State increased defendant’s charges to four felonies based on a subsequent indictment as follows: Count I—Ira D. Cunningham and William J. Jenkins: residential burglary Count II—William J. Jenkins: burglary Count III—Ira D. Cunningham and William J. Jenkins: theft Count IV—Ira D. Cunningham: obstructing justice Count V—William J. Jenkins: obstructing justice ¶5 The court appointed the office of the public defender to represent defendant. However, defendant elected to proceed as a self-represented litigant with respect to the indicted charges he was facing for residential burglary (720 ILCS 5/19-3 (West 2010)) as alleged in count I, burglary (id. § 19-1(a)) as alleged in count II, and theft (id. § 16-1(a)(4)(A), (b)(4)) as alleged in count III. ¶6 At some point, defendant’s and Cunningham’s cases were severed, and Cunningham’s trial took place first. Defendant’s jury trial was scheduled to commence on Monday, August 20, 2012. On Friday, August 17, 2012, the parties convened for a final pretrial conference. During that court appearance, defendant inquired of the court: “Your Honor, what is the verdict on Mr. 2 Cunningham’s case?” The court replied that Cunningham, a codefendant in Will County case No. 11-CF-2122, had been found guilty on all counts. 1 ¶7 Defendant requested transcripts of his codefendant’s trial, indicating that such transcripts would allow him to identify any discrepancies in the testimony of witnesses testifying at both trials. The following exchange ensued: “THE COURT: *** I can tell you right now that the court reporters don’t have magic wands; that they cannot produce transcripts out of thin air. If I put it over Friday until Monday morning, can you afford these transcripts ***? THE DEFENDANT: No. I am indigent. THE COURT: You do not have a right to free transcripts for trial ***.” Defendant stated that the transcripts were necessary. The colloquy continued: “THE COURT: As it exists right now you do not have a right to them for free. You don’t. You didn’t want the Public Defender’s Office. Public Defender might have been able to obtain those for you. You didn’t want them to represent [you] ***. This is what happened. I can get the court reporters to put together a statement for you, but they can’t have it done overnight. *** [Y]ou don’t get them for free. THE DEFENDANT: I would like a statement if that’s— THE COURT: *** [H]ow many witnesses do we have? 1 According to the State’s motion to dismiss defendant’s postconviction petition, Cunningham’s trial was held in July 2012. No more specific date is found in the record. 3 [THE STATE]: Seven to nine witnesses and jury selection. We’re doing opening statements, closing arguments, return a verdict. THE COURT: I can see it. I looked at Mr. Cunningham’s docket. My court reporters do work very hard. If we can get some ballpark, can I tell him in the thousands. Would it be fair? [THE STATE]: Yes. THE COURT: You don’t get them for free. You don’t have a right for them free transcripts [sic]. You don’t have a right to them for free. Motion for transcripts is denied.” ¶8 Defendant’s jury trial began on August 20, 2012, as scheduled. Upon completion of the four-day trial, the jury found defendant guilty on all counts. ¶9 The public defender represented defendant for purposes of his posttrial proceedings. The public defender filed a motion for a new trial, which the circuit court denied. The court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 20 years’ imprisonment for residential burglary and burglary, as well as concurrent terms of 5 years’ imprisonment for theft and obstructing justice. Defendant filed a pro se motion to reconsider sentence, which the court denied. ¶ 10 On direct appeal, defendant argued that his sentences for theft and obstructing justice were improper insofar as the court believed he was extended-term eligible on those charges. This court agreed and remanded the matter for resentencing on those convictions. People v. Jenkins, No. 3- 13-0547 (2015) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). The circuit court subsequently resentenced defendant to terms of five years’ and three years’ imprisonment for theft and obstructing justice, respectively. 4 ¶ 11 On November 30, 2015, defendant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief. In his petition, defendant claimed, inter alia, that he “was denied the right to free Transcript[s] of his Co- Defendant Trial’s [sic].” The court appointed counsel to represent defendant in postconviction proceedings, and counsel filed an amended petition. ¶ 12 The amended postconviction petition alleged that the denial of access to free transcripts violated defendant’s rights to due process and equal protection. The amended petition also alleged that posttrial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to raise the transcript issue in his motion for new trial and that appellate counsel was similarly ineffective for failing to raise the transcript issue on direct appeal. ¶ 13 The State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s amended petition. The State’s motion asserted, inter alia, that the transcripts from Cunningham’s trial were unavailable at the time of defendant’s request and that defendant was not entitled to free copies of those transcripts. ¶ 14 The court granted the State’s motion to dismiss defendant’s amended petition. This appeal follows. ¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS ¶ 16 On appeal, defendant argues that the circuit court erroneously dismissed his amended postconviction petition. The amended postconviction petition alleged that the denial of access to free transcripts of his codefendant’s trial violated defendant’s constitutional rights to due process and equal protection. The amended petition also alleged that defendant received ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel because neither attorney raised the circuit court’s refusal to provide a free transcript of his codefendant’s trial as grounds to set aside his convictions. Since there are no disputed facts, defendant requests that this court provide direct relief by vacating 5 his convictions and remanding to the circuit court for a new trial rather than a third-stage evidentiary hearing. ¶ 17 The State contends that the amended postconviction petition lacked merit and was properly dismissed by the trial court. In support of this argument, the State relies on the decision from the United States Supreme Court in Britt v. North Carolina, 404 U.S. 226 (1971). Without the existence of judicial error, the State asserts that neither posttrial counsel nor appellate counsel could be criticized as ineffective for failing to challenge a correct ruling by the trial court. Next, a brief discussion of the conduct that constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel is in order. ¶ 18 The sixth amendment guarantees a defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel in all critical stages of criminal proceedings. U.S. Const., amend. VI; People v. Hughes, 2012 IL 112817, ¶ 44. This includes a right to the effective assistance of counsel on direct appeal (People v. Easley, 192 Ill. 2d 307, 328 (2000)) and in posttrial proceedings (People v. Miller, 2020 IL App (1st) 163304, ¶ 61). However, appellate counsel is not obligated to raise “every conceivable issue on appeal.” People v. Williams, 209 Ill. 2d 227, 243 (2004). A claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel will succeed only where a defendant shows that counsel was objectively unreasonable in failing to raise a claim on appeal and that, absent that failure, the defendant’s conviction would have been reversed on direct appeal. Id. Thus, such a claim turns on whether the claim at issue was meritorious. Easley, 192 Ill. 2d at 329 (“[U]nless the underlying issues are meritorious, defendant has suffered no prejudice from counsel’s failure to raise them on appeal.”). ¶ 19 Accordingly, this court must first decide the underlying issue, namely, whether this indigent defendant’s request for a free transcript of his codefendant’s trial should have been granted by the trial court pursuant to the equal protection clause of our constitution. If so, then we will address whether the failure of counsel to preserve or address the transcript issue constituted 6 deficient legal representation. Finally, we will examine whether the deficient representation, if any, resulted in prejudice to defendant and warrants postconviction relief. ¶ 20 A. Equal Protection Considerations ¶ 21 1. Precedent from the United States Supreme Court ¶ 22 An indigent defendant’s equal protection right to free access to transcripts of circuit court proceedings evolves from a trio of cases decided by the United States Supreme Court beginning in the 1950s. In Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S. 12 (1956), the Court held that equal protection demands that an indigent defendant be provided with free transcripts of his previous trial, or an adequate alternative, for the purposes of direct appeal. After observing that every defendant is entitled to purchase his own transcripts if he has sufficient means, the Court commented: “Providing equal justice for poor and rich, weak and powerful alike is an age-old problem. People have never ceased to hope and strive to move closer to that goal. *** Both equal protection and due process emphasize the central aim of our entire judicial system—all people charged with crime must, so far as the law is concerned, ‘stand on an equality before the bar of justice in every American court.’ ” Id. at 16-17 (quoting Chambers v. Florida, 309 U.S. 227, 241 (1940)). The Court further opined that the denial of adequate appellate review to the indigent was an “invidious discrimination[ ]” that ran contrary to the equal protection clause. Id. at 18. The Griffin Court declared bluntly: “There can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a man gets depends on the amount of money he has.” Id. at 19. ¶ 23 Eleven years later, in Roberts v. LaVallee, 389 U.S. 40 (1967), the Supreme Court recognized that an indigent defendant was entitled to a free transcript of his preliminary hearing as a matter of equal protection. In so holding, the Court reiterated: 7 “Our decisions for more than a decade now have made clear that differences in access to the instruments needed to vindicate legal rights, when based upon the financial situation of the defendant, are repugnant to the Constitution. *** ‘[T]o interpose any financial consideration between an indigent prisoner of the State and his exercise of a state right to sue for his liberty is to deny that prisoner the equal protection of the laws.’ ” Id. at 42 (quoting Smith v. Bennett, 365 U.S. 708, 709 (1961)). ¶ 24 In his dissent, Justice Harlan observed that both the defendant and defendant’s attorney had been present at the preliminary hearing and should have had notice of the contents of that hearing. Id. at 43 (Harlan, J., dissenting). Justice Harlan’s dissent pointed out that the defendant had not “suggested any use to which the preliminary hearing transcript could have been put, although [having been present at the hearing] he is in a position to know what it contains.” Id. Consequently, Harlan cautioned that the majority’s holding created precedent that could mandate “any document related to the criminal process, no matter how demonstrably trivial its significance, must be supplied free to indigents simply because the State is willing to make it available to others able to pay for it.” Id. Harlan concluded that he “would at least undertake to examine the importance of the particular document in question.” Id. at 44. ¶ 25 Four years later, the Supreme Court had an opportunity to act on Justice Harlan’s concerns. In Britt, an indigent defendant requested a transcript of a prior mistrial in his own case. The Court developed a two-factor test for determining the importance of the requested transcript for purposes of developing a defense strategy. The Court opined: “In prior cases involving an indigent defendant’s claim of right to a free transcript, this Court has identified two factors that are relevant to the determination 8 of need: (1) the value of the transcript to the defendant in connection with the appeal or trial for which it is sought, and (2) the availability of alternative devices that would fulfill the same functions as a transcript.” Britt, 404 U.S. at 227. ¶ 26 Significantly, the Court held that the defendant was not obligated to make a “particularized showing of need” for a transcript of his prior mistrial because the importance of that particular transcript was so obvious that its value to a defendant should be presumed by the trial court. Id. at 228. The Court observed as follows: “Our cases have consistently recognized the value to a defendant of a transcript of prior proceedings, without requiring a showing of need tailored to the facts of the particular case. *** [E]ven in the absence of specific allegations it can ordinarily be assumed that a transcript of a prior mistrial would be valuable to the defendant in at least two ways: as a discovery device in preparation for trial, and as a tool at the trial itself for the impeachment of prosecution witnesses.” Id. ¶ 27 It should be noted that the defendant in Britt conceded that adequate alternatives were available to him. Id. at 230. Nonetheless, the Court emphasized that, in the absence of such a concession, the second prong of the Britt test does not place the burden of the person requesting a free transcript to “bear the burden of proving inadequate such alternatives as may be suggested by the State or conjured up by a court in hindsight.” Id. ¶ 28 2. Precedent from Illinois Case Law ¶ 29 After the Britt decision in 1971, several decisions in this state addressed the issue of an indigent defendant’s right to free access to the transcripts of a codefendant’s proceeding. Surprisingly, those courts did not acknowledge or rely upon Britt when deciding this issue. For example, in 1972, the First District held that the defendant was entitled to a new trial on the grounds 9 that the defendant’s request for a free transcript of his codefendants’ trial should have been granted. People v. Russell, 7 Ill. App. 3d 850 (1972). Citing Illinois cases adopting the rule that an indigent defendant is entitled to free mistrial transcripts, the Russell court—without further analysis or reference to Britt—concluded that the same rule applied to transcripts of a codefendant’s trial. Id. at 852. ¶ 30 Similarly, without reference to Britt, this court reached the same conclusion in People v. Hudson, 7 Ill. App. 3d 333, 338 (1972). In Hudson, the defendant requested a free transcript of his own prior mistrial and a free transcript of a codefendant’s separate trial. In that decision, this court opined that an indigent defendant “would ordinarily be entitled to these materials upon a timely request.” Id. Our court ordered that the transcripts of the codefendant’s trial should be supplied to the defense, free of charge, prior to the new trial. Id. Both of these decisions support the defendant’s position in this appeal. ¶ 31 However, 20 years later this court seemed to step back from the language in Hudson. In People v. Rial, 214 Ill. App. 3d 420 (1991), the defendant raised nine contentions of error, including a claim that he was erroneously denied a free transcript of his codefendant’s trial. Referencing Griffin but without mentioning Britt’s two-part test, this court stated: “While the law holds that an indigent defendant is entitled to a free transcript of his own trial (Griffin, [351 U.S. 12]), it does not hold he is entitled to a free transcript of someone else’s trial.” Id. at 425. In a slightly different context, in Harris v. State, 212 Ill. App. 3d 13 (1991), this court upheld the denial of an indigent defendant’s request for a free transcript of a codefendant’s trial but once again did not apply or reference the Britt two-part test. 10 ¶ 32 Consequently, the case law from this court is conflicting and has yet to specifically apply the two-part Britt test. Therefore, instructive guidance can be found in the decisions applying the Britt test from some courts of other jurisdictions. ¶ 33 3. Precedent from Other Jurisdictions ¶ 34 Without exception, the case law from other jurisdictions that we have examined provides that equal protection considerations mandate free access to transcripts of prior proceedings for indigent defendants under limited conditions. The majority of these decisions employ an analysis that narrowly construes Britt. E.g., State v. Peterson, 349 N.E.2d 308, 430, 434 (Ohio 1976); McKibbon v. State, 749 S.W.2d 83, 85-86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (en banc); Phillips v. State, 65 So. 3d 971, 1001 (Ala. Crim. App. 2010); Harris v. Stovall, 212 F.3d 940, 945 (6th Cir. 2000); State v. Oswald, 606 N.W.2d 238, 250 (Wis. Ct. App. 1999). ¶ 35 Those courts narrowly construing Britt limited Britt’s holding to the facts of that case. E.g., Harris, 212 F.3d at 945 (“Petitioner has not cited any Supreme Court authority extending the principles of Britt to an indigent defendant’s request for free copies of transcripts from a prior trial of his codefendants ***.”); Oswald, 606 N.W.2d at 250 (“The Supreme Court has not extended Britt’s presumption of usefulness to transcripts of other people’s trials and we decline to do so here.”). ¶ 36 In contrast, a minority of decisions from other jurisdictions have adopted a more expansive view of the holding in Britt. These courts have applied a rebuttable presumption of value of a codefendant’s trial. This approach does not require an indigent defendant to first make a showing of particularized need for the free transcript. E.g., State v. Scott, 319 P.3d 252, 262 (Haw. 2013); United States v. Sheppard, 559 F. Supp. 571, 572-73 (E.D. Va. 1983); see also Woods v. Superior Court, 268 Cal. Rptr. 490, 492-93 (Ct. App. 1990) (applying Britt presumption to transcript of 11 prior civil hearing); Beasley v. State, 404 P.2d 911, 913 (Nev. 1965) (finding a defendant per se entitled to codefendants’ trial transcripts under Griffin, rather than Britt). ¶ 37 Notably, this case law recognizes that a transcript of a codefendant’s trial can be even more valuable to the defense than a transcript of a prior mistrial. Scott, 319 P.3d at 260; McKibbon, 749 S.W.2d at 87 (Clinton, J., dissenting). We share this view. Clearly, the acquisition of a codefendant’s trial transcript has the added value of negating the “considerable strategic advantage” gained by the State when it is essentially presenting the same evidence twice to different triers of fact. Scott, 319 P.3d at 260. Given these obvious benefits, logic leads us to the conclusion that any defendant who could afford to do so would undoubtedly seek out the transcripts from a codefendant’s trial in anticipation of his own trial. See Sheppard, 559 F. Supp. at 573 (“The Court believes defense counsel, if representing a non-indigent defendant, would have to obtain the [codefendants’] transcript sought here in order to keep his representation within the ‘range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.’ ” (quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 770-71 (1970)). ¶ 38 After careful consideration, we conclude that the Supreme Court’s holding in Britt should be broadly construed. See McKibbon, 749 S.W.2d at 87 (Clinton, J., dissenting) (“Britt is merely an application of a broader principle to a given situation, as the Supreme Court itself made abundantly plain ***.”). As a result, we hold that the presumption of value applies equally to requests for free access to transcripts of preliminary hearings in the same case, free transcripts of prior mistrials in the same case, and free transcripts of a codefendant’s trial. ¶ 39 Arguably, the transcript defendant seeks could be viewed as a transcript directly linked to the same criminal prosecution, since both defendants were charged in two counts, counts I and III, of the same five-count indictment before severance. Even viewing the codefendant’s trial on 12 counts I, II, III, and V as a separate proceeding due to severance, without question, counts I and III involved the same allegations of fact against both defendants and would presumably involve the presentation of the same or very similar evidence to the separate triers of fact. Under these circumstances, we hold that the transcript of the codefendant’s trial in this appeal should be viewed as presumptively valuable to defendant’s preparation for his own trial. This approach is consistent with the outcome of our previous decision in Hudson. ¶ 40 This holding also finds support in our supreme court rule governing the production of discovery, which actually mandates the State to turn over to the defense the “relevant written or recorded statements” of witnesses the government intends to call in a defendant’s impending trial, as well as “memoranda containing substantially verbatim reports of their oral statements.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(a)(i) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001). Logically, in some cases, a codefendant’s trial transcript may qualify as a recorded oral statement of a common witness that is subject to disclosure. As observed by the court in People v. Jones, 245 Ill. App. 3d 674, 678 (1993) (“The purpose of Rule 412(a)(ii) is to protect a defendant from surprise and inadequate preparation at trial by allowing defense counsel to investigate the circumstances surrounding any statements.”). ¶ 41 Nonetheless, it must be recognized the presumption of value pertaining to a codefendant’s trial transcript is never conclusive and may always be rebutted by the State. Our view places the burden on the prosecution, the party with superior means and access to information in comparison to an indigent defendant, to rebut the threshold presumption of value of both mistrials and trials of other similarly charged codefendants. ¶ 42 Our next level of inquiry requires an examination of the record to discern whether the presumptive value of this particular codefendant’s trial was rebutted by the record. If so, we may affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the amended postconviction petition. 13 ¶ 43 B. Application of Law to Defendant’s Appeal ¶ 44 The record before this court reveals that the prosecution did not question whether the “dry run” of the evidence presented during a codefendant’s trial would be inherently valuable to the preparation of a defense in this case. Nor did the State argue that the information contained in the transcript of the codefendant’s trial was available to this defendant, free of charge, by other means. Consequently, the record does not rebut or negate the presumptive value of the codefendant’s trial transcript as a necessary tool for the preparation of a defense. ¶ 45 The record demonstrates that the trial court did not deny defendant’s request for a free transcript because it was untimely, lacked presumptive value to the defense, or could be obtained free of charge elsewhere. Instead, the court appeared to believe that the case law established that an indigent but pro se defendant would never be entitled to free access to a transcript of a prior proceeding. The trial court observed, “As it exists right now you do not have a right to them for free. You don’t. You didn’t want the Public Defender’s Office. Public Defender might have been able to obtain those [free transcripts] for you. You didn’t want them to represent [you] ***. This is what happened.” ¶ 46 Respectfully, the application of the two-factor Britt test is not limited to indigent defendants represented by court-appointed counsel but equally applies to those indigent persons proceeding pro se. Therefore, we conclude the trial court’s rationale was erroneous. ¶ 47 Having concluded that the court erred, we now return to the dispositive issue as recited in the opening paragraphs of this analysis, namely, whether either posttrial counsel, appellate counsel, or both should have challenged the trial court’s reasoning for denying the free transcript. Based on our interpretation of the holding in Britt, we conclude that defendant would have been entitled to have his convictions set aside in order for a new trial to take place if the free transcript 14 issue had been preserved and then presented to this court on direct appeal. Thus, it is clear that defendant suffered prejudice as a result of appellate counsel’s failure to recognize and raise this transcript issue on direct appeal, resulting in the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. 2 See Easley, 192 Ill. 2d at 329. ¶ 48 This conclusion is based entirely on facts apparent from the face of this record, which renders a third-stage evidentiary hearing unnecessary. See People v. Jimerson, 166 Ill. 2d 211, 231 (1995) (“Ordinarily, at this juncture of the case, we would remand for an evidentiary hearing on this issue. However, we find that an evidentiary hearing in this instance would be an unnecessary expenditure of judicial time and resources. The record before us provides us with ample evidence that the defendant’s right to due process was violated ***.”). Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s order dismissing defendant’s amended postconviction petition, vacate defendant’s convictions, and remand the matter to the trial court for a new trial. ¶ 49 III. CONCLUSION ¶ 50 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings. ¶ 51 Reversed in part and vacated in part. ¶ 52 Cause remanded. 2 Defendant also claims that posttrial counsel was ineffective for failing to preserve his equal protection claim for purposes of appeal. This alleged deficient performance on the part of posttrial counsel could only have prejudiced defendant if the failure to preserve prevented him from obtaining a reversal on appeal. Defendant’s two claims are overlapping (see, e.g., People v. Simms, 192 Ill. 2d 348, 397-98 (2000)), and he need only prevail on one of them to attain relief. 15 No. 3-18-0551 Cite as: People v. Jenkins, 2020 IL App (3d) 180551 Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 11-CF-2122; the Hon. Sarah F. Jones, Judge, presiding. Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Karalis, and Editha Rosario-Moore, for of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant. Appellant: Attorneys James W. Glasgow, State’s Attorney, of Joliet (Patrick Delfino for and Thomas D. Arado, of State’s Attorneys Appellate Appellee: Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People. 16 --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4645353. Public record. Not legal advice.