# Hung Vuong Corp. v. United States > United States Court of International Trade · December 3, 2020 · 483 F. Supp. 3d 1321 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4639400 ## Case - **Court:** United States Court of International Trade - **Decided:** December 3, 2020 - **Citations:** 483 F. Supp. 3d 1321; 2020 CIT 174 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Opinion - **Judges:** Baker - **Nature of suit:** 1581(c) - **Cited by:** 19 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4639400 ## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction) - explaining that these two identical statutory phrases about best ability “have the same meaning, and are subject to the same analysis” - noting that Hung Vuong failed to seek advance approval from Commerce for its alternative data format and finding that “Hung Vuong should have made that request of Commerce before unilaterally proceeding with its own alternative methodology” - explaining “export price” and “constructed export price” ## Opinion text Slip Op. 20-174 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Court No. 19-00055 HUNG VUONG CORPORATION, et al., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant, and CATFISH FARMERS OF AMERICA, et al., Defendant-Intervenors. Before: M. Miller Baker, Judge OPINION AND ORDER [Plaintiffs’ motion for judgment on the agency record is granted in part and denied in part. The Court re- mands to Commerce for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.] Dated: December 3, 2020 Robert L. LaFrankie, Crowell & Moring LLP of Wash- ington, DC, argued for Plaintiffs. Kara M. Westercamp, Trial Attorney, Commercial Lit- igation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice of Washington, DC, argued for Defendant. Court No. 19-00055 Page 2 With her on the brief were Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director; Pa- tricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Ian A. McInerney, Attorney, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce of Washington, DC. Jonathan M. Zielinski, Cassidy Levy Kent (USA) LLP of Washington, DC, argued for Defendant-Intervenors. With him on the brief were James R. Cannon, Jr., and Jeffrey B. Denning. Baker, Judge: In some quarters, the humble catfish has a bad reputation. It’s ugly, often maligned as a “bottom-feeder,” and with fins that sting, it’s not so easy to remove from a fishing line intended for state- lier fish.1 But as reported in the newspaper of record, the ugly, ungainly, and prickly catfish is, in fact, a del- icacy. Craig Claiborne, “Catfish, Long a Southern Del- icacy, Branches Out,” N.Y. Times, Nov. 11, 1981, at C6. As a result, commercial catfish farming is a big busi- ness in this country. Indeed, the demand for catfish is so great that for- eign producers have entered the domestic market. Some of those producers are in Vietnam. In 2003, the Commerce Department determined that “catfish”2 1 Use of pliers is highly recommended. 2 In 2002, Congress amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to provide that “the term ‘catfish’ may only be considered to be a common or usual name (or part thereof) for fish classified within the family Ictaluridae” and, fur- ther, that “only labeling or advertising for fish classified within that family [i.e., Ictaluridae] may include the term Court No. 19-00055 Page 3 produced in Vietnam and exported to this country were dumped in the U.S., i.e., sold in the U.S. at below the normal sales price in Vietnam,3 and Commerce im- posed import duties. Under the statutory and administrative scheme, antidumping duties can be reviewed once per year and may be adjusted (upwards or downwards) as to partic- ular entities. This litigation stems from the 14th such review4 of the antidumping order as to certain frozen fish fillets from Vietnam. ‘catfish.’ ” 21 U.S.C. § 321d(a)(1)(A)–(B). The Vietnamese- produced fish at issue in this case are of the species pan- gasius and thus may not legally be marketed in the United States under the name “catfish.” Nevertheless, the domes- tic market apparently perceives the Vietnamese species as functionally equivalent to homegrown catfish. 3 As explained further below, determining the “normal” sales price in a country with a non-market economy such as Vietnam adds another layer of complexity in antidump- ing cases. 4 Lest the reader unfamiliar with trade law conclude “14th administrative review” suggests this case is an administra- tive law version of Jarndyce v. Jarndyce, fear not. On the anniversary of an antidumping order, various affected par- ties (e.g., foreign producers and exporters and domestic competitors) may request an “administrative review” to de- termine the actual assessment rates as to particular sub- ject merchandise for the preceding twelve-month period. See infra Statutory and Regulatory Background Part B. In short, each review is distinct, factually and legally, from any preceding review(s) and is best understood as periodic maintenance of the original antidumping order. Court No. 19-00055 Page 4 In that review, Commerce found that it could not verify information submitted by the Vietnamese pro- ducer and that the administrative record was other- wise incomplete in several respects. Commerce further found that these information deficiencies resulted from the producer’s failure to cooperate to the best of its ability and therefore supplied the missing infor- mation by assuming facts most adverse to the pro- ducer, which resulted in the highest possible import duty. The Vietnamese producer then brought this action challenging Commerce’s decision. After briefing and argument on the producer’s motion for judgment on the agency record, the Court grants the motion in part, denies the motion in part, and remands for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Table of Contents Statutory and Regulatory Background........................6 A. Antidumping Orders ...........................................6 B. The Administrative Review Process ..................8 1. Purpose of the review ....................................8 2. Selection of respondents ................................9 3. Verification of respondents’ answers ......... 11 4. “Adverse facts available” ............................ 12 C. Reviews Involving Non-Market Economies.... 18 1. Factors of production .................................. 19 2. Control numbers ......................................... 21 3. Country-wide versus separate rates .......... 22 Court No. 19-00055 Page 5 Factual and Procedural Background ........................ 23 A. The Review ....................................................... 24 1. Commerce preliminarily assigned Hung Vuong a $0.00 dumping margin. ..... 25 2. Commerce issued supplemental questionnaires and conducted verification in Vietnam. .............................. 26 3. Commerce issued its final decision and assigned Hung Vuong a $3.87/kg dumping margin after applying facts available with an adverse inference. ......... 27 B. This Lawsuit .................................................... 29 Jurisdiction and Standard of Review ....................... 29 Analysis ...................................................................... 30 I. Hung Vuong Fails to Overcome the Presumption That Commerce Acted in Good Faith. ....................................................... 30 II. The Court Sustains in Part and Remands in Part Commerce’s Determination to Apply Facts Otherwise Available with an Adverse Inference. ............................................................... 35 A. Failure to Retain Source Documents .............. 36 1. Commerce’s findings ................................... 37 2. The administrative record permitted Commerce to apply facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to the failure to retain source documents.................................................... 41 B. Hung Vuong’s Relationship with Customers......................................................... 52 1. Commerce’s findings ................................... 54 Court No. 19-00055 Page 6 2. Commerce must reconsider its application of facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to customer relationships. ..................... 55 C. Control Number Reporting.............................. 62 1. Commerce’s findings ................................... 62 2. The administrative record permitted Commerce to apply facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to control number reporting. ................. 64 D. Factors of Production ....................................... 77 1. Commerce’s findings ................................... 77 2. The administrative record did not permit Commerce to apply facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to the fish byproducts portion of Hung Vuong’s factors of production data. .......................................... 79 E. The Court Is Required to Remand Commerce’s Decision to Apply “Total AFA.” .................................................... 87 F. The Rate Commerce Applied Must Be Reconsidered on Remand. ............................... 91 Order........................................................................... 92 Statutory and Regulatory Background A. Antidumping Orders The federal antidumping statute provides a mech- anism for imposing remedial duties on imported mer- chandise sold, or likely to be sold, in the United States at “less than its fair value.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673(1). The Court No. 19-00055 Page 7 gist of the process is that an “interested party” as de- fined in the Tariff Act of 19305 files a petition simulta- neously with Commerce and the International Trade Commission alleging that a U.S. domestic industry is materially injured or threatened with material injury by such imports. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, Publication 4540, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Hand- book, at I-3 (14th ed. June 2015), available at https://www.usitc.gov/trade_remedy/documents/hand book.pdf (accessed Nov. 17, 2020). Commerce then investigates whether the petition contains sufficient allegations of dumping and, if so, whether dumping is occurring, while the ITC investi- gates whether the relevant domestic industry is being, or is likely to be, materially injured. If both agencies find in the affirmative, Commerce publishes an anti- dumping order in the Federal Register imposing an antidumping duty “in an amount equal to the amount by which the normal value exceeds the export price (or the constructed export price) for the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673.6 The antidumping duty is in addition 5 The statute provides that an “interested party” described in subparagraph (C), (D), (E), (F), or (G) of Section 771(9) of that Act (codified at 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)) may file a peti- tion on behalf of a domestic industry. See 19 U.S.C. § 1673a(b)(1). The specified subparagraphs refer to various domestic entities involved in the production of a “domestic like product.” Id. § 1677(9)(C)–(G). 6“Normal value” essentially refers to the price at which the subject merchandise is sold in the country from which it is exported. RHP Bearings Ltd. v. United States, 288 F.3d 1334, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2002). For example, the normal value of a widget exported from Country Q is the price at which Court No. 19-00055 Page 8 to any other duty imposed on the subject merchandise. 19 U.S.C. § 1673. B. The Administrative Review Process 1. Purpose of the review Because relevant background facts and market con- ditions change over time, the statutory and regulatory framework provides for administrative reviews of an- tidumping orders to adjust the rate. During the order’s anniversary month,7 domestic interested parties8 may submit written requests asking Commerce to conduct an administrative review of specific foreign exporters or producers covered by the order. 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(b)(1). Exporters or producers covered by an antidumping order, or importers of exporters’ or that widget is sold in Country Q. The terms “export price” and “constructed export price” are nuanced and discussed in detail in note 34, infra; for now, and ignoring nuance, think broadly of the antidumping duty as the price at which the hypothetical Country Q widget is sold in Country Q (normal value) minus the price at which that same Coun- try Q widget is sold in the United States (export price or constructed export price). If the Country Q home market price exceeds the price in the United States, the difference is the extent to which that product is “dumped.” 7 The term “anniversary month” is defined, in relevant part, as referring to “the calendar month in which the an- niversary of the date of publication of an order . . . occurs.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.102(b)(5). In this case, the original anti- dumping order was issued in August 2003, so parties seek- ing administrative review of that order submit requests during subsequent Augusts. 8 See supra note 5. Court No. 19-00055 Page 9 producers’ merchandise covered by such an order, may similarly request a review of that order as it applies to them individually (in the case of an exporter or pro- ducer) or merchandise imported by them (in the case of an importer). Id. § 351.213(b)(2), (3). The period of review covers the 12 months immedi- ately preceding the most recent anniversary month. Id. § 351.213(e)(1)(i). Completion of the review is sub- ject to strict time limits. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(3)(A); 19 C.F.R. § 351.213(h)(1)–(2). If no domestic interested party, affected foreign ex- porter, producer, or importer requests an administra- tive review, the then-current antidumping rate, re- ferred to as the “preexisting rate,” continues to apply. 2. Selection of respondents If Commerce undertakes an administrative review, the Department must “determine the individual weighted average dumping margin for each known ex- porter and producer of the subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-1(c)(1). Commerce may invoke an ex- ception, however, “[i]f it is not practicable to make in- dividual weighted average dumping margin determi- nations . . . because of the large number of exporters or producers involved in the investigation or review,” id. § 1677f-1(c)(2), in which case Commerce is to make the determination “for a reasonable number of export- ers or producers by limiting its examination to” either a “statistically valid” sampling of exporters or produc- ers, id. § 1677f-1(c)(2)(A), or “exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject Court No. 19-00055 Page 10 merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined,” id. § 1677f-1(c)(2)(B). When Commerce implements this statutory excep- tion, it identifies some exporters or producers as to whom it will make the “individual” determination; they are referred to as “mandatory respondents,” who will receive individual antidumping rates at the end of the review, while exporters or producers not individu- ally reviewed will receive either an “all others” rate or a nationwide single rate. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(1)(B)(i), (c)(5).9 Commerce then sends questionnaires to mandatory respondents seeking information for purposes of the review. 19 C.F.R. § 351.221(b)(2). The questionnaires give precise instructions on what information Com- merce wants, in what form it must be reported, and when it is due. The questionnaire answers are critical as respond- ents have the burden of creating an accurate admini- 9 A review may also include “voluntary respondents,” which refers to interested parties who apply for that treatment pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.204(d). Commerce must estab- lish individual antidumping rates for voluntary respond- ents who timely submit the information required of the mandatory respondents, provided examination of volun- tary respondents will not be unduly burdensome to Com- merce such that it “inhibit[s] the timely completion of the investigation or review.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(a)(1)(B). As a practical matter, therefore, a “voluntary respondent” is likely to be an exporter or producer that believes it can get a lower antidumping rate by seeking separate examina- tion. Court No. 19-00055 Page 11 strative record. Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States, 298 F.3d 1330, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citing Zenith Elecs. Corp. v. United States, 988 F.2d 1573, 1583 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). Respondents have this burden because they control the information that Commerce needs to complete its review. Id. 3. Verification of respondents’ answers After the respondents answer the questionnaires, Commerce may conduct “verification.” “Verification is like an audit, the purpose of which is to test infor- mation provided by a party for accuracy and complete- ness.” Bomont Indus. v. United States, 733 F. Supp. 1507, 1508 (CIT 1990) (cleaned up).10 Commerce ad- monishes respondents that submission of new infor- mation at verification is inappropriate unless the need for the information was not already apparent; the in- formation makes minor corrections to information al- ready on the record; or the information corroborates, supports, or clarifies information already on the rec- ord.11 “Although Commerce has authority to place 10Commerce has latitude in how it conducts verification, and there is no requirement to verify everything in a re- spondent’s questionnaire. U.S. Steel Corp. v. United States, 953 F. Supp. 2d 1332, 1348 (CIT 2013). 11Commerce is permitted to limit its acceptance of new in- formation at the verification stage to “minor corrections and clarifications.” China Steel Corp. v. United States, 393 F. Supp. 3d 1322, 1342 (CIT 2019) (citing Maui Pineapple Co. v. United States, 264 F. Supp. 2d 1244, 1257–58 (CIT 2003)); see also Dongguan Sunrise Furniture Co. v. United States, 865 F. Supp. 2d 1216, 1231–32 (CIT 2012) (finding Commerce acted reasonably in refusing to accept post- Court No. 19-00055 Page 12 documents in the administrative record that it deems relevant, the burden of creating an adequate record lies with interested parties and not with Commerce.” QVD Food Co. v. United States, 658 F.3d 1318, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (cleaned up). 4. “Adverse facts available” In certain statutorily-defined situations, Commerce is required to supply facts not in the administrative record to complete its antidumping investigation or administrative review. In limited circumstances, the statute also permits Commerce—when supplying such facts—to take the additional step of choosing facts that are adverse to the respondent in an investigation or administrative review. The case law and litigants fre- quently use the shorthand terms “adverse facts avail- able” or “AFA” to describe this two-step analysis, but that jargon is potentially misleading because it col- lapses together the two distinct steps. In the first step, the statute requires Commerce to apply “facts otherwise available,” i.e., facts not in the record, in various defined circumstances. If Commerce applies facts otherwise available, Commerce then pro- ceeds to the next step. In step two, if Commerce deter- mines that a respondent has not cooperated to the best of its ability, it may then apply an adverse inference, verification submissions due to time limits, inability to is- sue supplemental questions and verify the new submis- sions, and because “allowing a party to wait until Com- merce discovers an omission would allow the party to game the system”). Court No. 19-00055 Page 13 i.e., select from among facts that are most unfavorable to the respondent, in applying facts otherwise availa- ble. In short, Commerce’s application of facts otherwise available is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to the Department’s application of an adverse infer- ence in selecting among those facts. The Court de- scribes each of these steps below. a. Facts otherwise available Commerce is required to apply “facts otherwise available” in specified situations: (a) In general. If— (1) necessary information is not available on the record, or (2) an interested party or any other person— (A) withholds information that has been requested by [Commerce] . . . under this subtitle, (B) fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission of the infor- mation or in the form and manner re- quested, subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m of this title, (C) significantly impedes a proceeding un- der this subtitle, or Court No. 19-00055 Page 14 (D) provides such information but the in- formation cannot be verified as provided in section 1677m(i) of this title, [Commerce] . . . shall, subject to section 1677m(d) of this title, use the facts otherwise available in reaching the applicable determina- tion under this subtitle. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) (emphasis added). Subsection 1677e(a) has several layers and multi- ple uses of the disjunctive. Notably, paragraphs (1) and (2) are in the alternative, joined by the word “or,” meaning that Commerce must use facts otherwise available if either necessary information is not availa- ble or the circumstances in paragraph (2) apply. Paragraph (2), in turn, contains four subpara- graphs that are likewise joined by the word “or,” mean- ing that if any one (or more) of the conditions listed in paragraph (2) applies, Commerce must use facts oth- erwise available. The first pathway for applying the “facts otherwise available” analysis—paragraph (1) of subsection 1677e(a)—focuses solely on the absence of necessary information, not on the reason why it is missing. If “necessary information is not available on the record,” for any reason, Commerce must use facts otherwise available. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1). The alternative pathway for applying “facts other- wise available”—paragraph (2) of subsection 1677e(a)—focuses on the respondent’s acts and Court No. 19-00055 Page 15 omissions affecting the administrative record. Nota- bly, whereas paragraph (1) asks whether “necessary information is not available on the record,” see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1), paragraph (2) omits the word “necessary” and focuses on whether a respondent has withheld any requested information (regardless of whether it seems tangential or trivial), id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A), has failed to comply with deadlines or provided information in the wrong form or manner, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(B),12 significantly impeded the pro- ceeding, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(C), or provided information that could not be verified, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(D).13 12 Section 1677e(a)(2)(B) in turn is further qualified by 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677m(c)(1) and 1677m(e), which impose lim- its on Commerce’s ability to apply facts otherwise available when a respondent has failed to comply with Commerce’s deadlines or requirements as to the form and manner re- quested. 13 In Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, the Federal Cir- cuit characterized § 1677e(a) as follows: “Under subsection (a), if a respondent ‘fails to provide [requested] information by the deadlines for submission, Commerce shall fill in the gaps with ‘facts otherwise available.’ The focus of subsec- tion (a) is respondent’s failure to provide information. The reason for the failure is of no moment.” 337 F.3d 1373, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (brackets and emphasis in original). Nippon Steel’s characterization of subsection (a) is over- broad and overlooks the provision’s careful nuances. The court only quoted subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2) of sub- section (a)—§ 1677e(a)(2)(B), which addresses the respond- ent’s failure to provide information in a timely fashion or in the form and manner requested. But § 1677e(a)(1), which the Nippon Steel court did not discuss, asks solely “whether necessary information is not available on the Court No. 19-00055 Page 16 Finally, § 1677e(a) provides that Commerce’s re- sorting to “facts otherwise available” is “subject to sec- tion 1677m(d) of this title.” Section 1677m(d) in turn provides that when information submissions are non- compliant with Commerce’s requirements, the Depart- ment “shall promptly inform the person submitting the response of the nature of the deficiency and shall, to the extent practicable, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy or explain the deficiency in light of the time limits established for the completion of investigations or reviews under this subtitle.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d). Thus, Commerce is to give no- tice of a deficiency and an opportunity to cure it, but the statute qualifies that obligation by allowing Com- merce to consider whether it would be “practicable” to do so and whether the statutory deadline for complet- ing the review would allow it. record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1). If necessary information is missing, whatever the reason, regardless of whether it is due to the respondent’s failure to provide it, then Com- merce applies “facts otherwise available.” Alternatively, if the respondent acts or omits to act in specified ways in con- nection with the administrative record—regardless of the reason for the act and whether the information in question is necessary—then Commerce also applies “facts otherwise available.” See id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A)–(D). In short, Nippon Steel’s statement that “the focus of subsection (a) is re- spondent’s failure to provide information” is accurate only insofar as it applies to subparagraph (A) of paragraph (2) of subsection (a). See id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A) (allowing the use of “facts available” if a respondent “withholds information that has been requested” by Commerce). Court No. 19-00055 Page 17 b. Adverse inference The second step in the “adverse facts available” analysis focuses on whether “an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its abil- ity to comply with a request for information” from Commerce. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1). If Commerce finds such a failure to cooperate, the Department “may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from the facts otherwise available” and “is not required to determine, or make any adjust- ments to, a . . . weighted average dumping margin based on any assumptions about information the in- terested party would have provided if the interested party had complied with the request for information.” Id. § 1677e(b)(1)(A)–(B). The statute allows Commerce to use any dumping margin from any “segment of the proceeding under the applicable antidumping order,” including the highest such margin, and further pro- vides that Commerce need not corroborate any dump- ing margin applied in any other segment. Id. § 1677e(d)(1)(B), (d)(2), (c)(2). The “adverse inference” analysis focuses on the re- spondent’s “failure to cooperate to the best of its abil- ity, not its failure to provide requested information.” Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1381 (cleaned up). For Com- merce to conclude that a respondent failed to cooperate “to the best of its ability” such that an adverse infer- ence is appropriate, “Commerce need only make two showings.” Id. at 1382. First, Commerce must make “an objective showing that a reasonable and responsible importer would Court No. 19-00055 Page 18 have known that the requested information was re- quired to be kept and maintained under the applicable statutes, rules, and regulations.” Id. (citing Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States, 298 F.3d 1330, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2002), for the point that Com- merce had reasonably expected an importer to main- tain records of an accused antidumping activity). Second, Commerce must show that the respond- ent’s failure to fully respond stems from “either: (a) failing to keep and maintain all required records, or (b) failing to put forth its maximum efforts to inves- tigate and obtain the requested information from its records.” Id. (emphasis added). The key is whether “it is reasonable for Commerce to expect that more forthcoming responses should have been made.” Id. at 1383. Intentional conduct is not necessary—“[t]he statutory trigger for Commerce’s consideration of an adverse inference is simply a fail- ure to cooperate to the best of respondent’s ability, re- gardless of motivation or intent.” Id. C. Reviews Involving Non-Market Econo- mies As noted above, the antidumping statute requires that Commerce determine the subject merchandise’s “normal value” and then compare that value to the ex- port price or constructed export price. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(a). When goods subject to an antidumping in- vestigation are produced in a country with a “non-mar- ket economy,” the statute requires Commerce to as- sume that home-market sales are not reliable Court No. 19-00055 Page 19 indicators of normal value because the economy is pre- sumed to be under state control. Taian Ziyang Food Co. v. United States, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1105 (CIT 2009). A “non-market economy” is “any foreign country that [Commerce] determines does not operate on mar- ket principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A). 1. Factors of production For merchandise imported from a non-market econ- omy country, the statute requires Commerce to determine the normal value of the subject mer- chandise on the basis of the value of the factors of production utilized in producing the merchan- dise and to which shall be added an amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost of con- tainers, coverings, and other expenses. . . . [T]he valuation of the factors of production shall be based on the best available information regard- ing the values of such factors in a market econ- omy country or countries considered to be appro- priate by [Commerce]. 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(1) (emphasis added). “Factors of production” in § 1677b(c)(1) include, but are not limited to, hours of labor required, quantities of raw materials employed, amounts of energy and other utilities consumed, and representative capital Court No. 19-00055 Page 20 cost (including depreciation). Id. § 1677b(c)(3). In val- uing factors of production as described above, Com- merce must “utilize, to the extent possible, the prices or costs of factors of production in one or more market economy countries that are—(A) at a level of economic development comparable to that of the nonmarket economy country, and (B) significant producers of com- parable merchandise.” Id. § 1677b(c)(4). In other words, for purposes of this case, “factors of production” means all the different things that go into farming fish—fish feed, electricity, labor, etc. All these things cost money, so theoretically the product’s price should reflect these costs. The statute essentially re- quires Commerce to determine what the producer would have spent to prepare the subject merchandise if the country of origin had a market economy rather than a non-market economy. See Lasko Metal Prods., Inc. v. United States, 810 F. Supp. 314, 316–17 (CIT 1992) (“With respect to [non-market economy] goods, the statute’s goal is to determine what the cost of pro- ducing such goods would be in a market economy.”), aff’d, 43 F.3d 1442 (Fed. Cir. 1994); see also Baoding Yude Chem. Indus. Co. v. United States, 170 F. Supp. 2d 1335, 1345 (CIT 2001) (explaining that the task is not to construct the cost of producing the sub- ject merchandise in a particular market economy, but rather to use data from comparable market-economy countries to construct what the cost of production would have been in the actual country of origin if it were a market economy country). Court No. 19-00055 Page 21 2. Control numbers To tie the factors of production to the subject mer- chandise in a meaningful way, Commerce uses a re- porting system it calls “control numbers.” This term is “Commerce jargon for a unique product defined in terms of a hierarchy of specified physical characteris- tics determined in each antidumping proceeding.” GODACO Seafood Joint Stock Co. v. United States, 435 F. Supp. 3d 1342, 1348 n.1 (CIT 2020) (cleaned up) (quoting Union Steel v. United States, 823 F. Supp. 2d 1346, 1349 (CIT 2012)). “All products whose product hierarchy characteristics are identical are deemed to be part of the same [control number] and are regarded as ‘ “identical” merchandise’ for the purposes of com- paring export prices to [normal value].” Am. Tubular Prods., LLC v. United States, Slip Op. 15-98, at 5 n.1, 2015 WL 5236010, at *2 n.1 (CIT Aug. 28, 2015) (quot- ing Union Steel, 823 F. Supp. 2d at 1349).14 Control numbers vary from case to case. Com- merce’s questionnaires provide the control numbers applicable in a particular review. See An Giang Fish- eries Import & Export Joint Stock Co. v. United States, 287 F. Supp. 3d 1361, 1367 n.7 (CIT 2018). Commerce insists that respondents tie their factors of production to control numbers because “Commerce uses the re- spondents’ [control number–]specific [factors of 14To be clear, a control number is not a serial number. Whereas a serial number might denominate a specific widget to distinguish it from otherwise identical widgets, a control number serves a more abstract purpose: describing the characteristics of a class or group of widgets. Court No. 19-00055 Page 22 production] to construct the value of the product sold by the respondent company in the United States to en- sure that a fair comparison is made between the U.S. price and normal value.” Thuan An Prod. Trading & Serv. Co. v. United States, 348 F. Supp. 3d 1340, 1353 (CIT 2018) (cleaned up). Commerce employs the “control number” system because often an antidumping investigation will in- volve a range of products that are similar but not iden- tical. Commerce uses “control numbers” to distinguish such products from each other to allow a comparison of normal value and export price as to each unique product, as determined based on physical characteris- tics (for example, in this case, whether a frozen fish fillet is glazed or unglazed). Each unique product is as- signed a particular control number based on its char- acteristics.15 3. Country-wide versus separate rates Another special consideration in non-market econ- omy cases involves the “country-wide rate” versus 15 Because similar products may have different physical characteristics despite falling within the same antidump- ing order, the products may have different factors of pro- duction unique from one another (for example, the glazed fish fillet will involve some expense for whatever is used in the glazing process, while the unglazed fillet will not). “Be- cause some of these specific factors of production may cost more than others, Commerce compares the U.S. sales price and factors of production for unique products, i.e., those with the same [control numbers], to obtain the most accu- rate dumping margins.” Yantai Xinhe Steel Structure Co. v. United States, 36 CIT 1035, 1051 (2012). Court No. 19-00055 Page 23 “separate rates.” Because Commerce presumes that all commercial industries in a non-market economy coun- try operate under government control, all entities within such a country producing subject merchandise will receive a single country-wide antidumping duty rate unless an individual entity demonstrates that it is both de jure and de facto independent of the central government. Sigma Corp. v. United States, 117 F.3d 1401, 1405 (Fed. Cir. 1997); see also Zhejiang Zhaofeng Mech. & Elec. Co. v. United States, 355 F. Supp. 3d 1329, 1333 (CIT 2018) (explaining what the entity must establish to receive a separate rate). Thus, in the context of an administrative review of an antidumping order applicable to merchandise from a non-market economy country, the most recent single country-wide rate applicable to the subject merchan- dise continues to apply unless (a) Commerce reviews, and revises, the country-wide rate or (b) a particular respondent applies for, and receives, a separate rate (in which case the nationwide single rate continues to apply to other companies who do not receive separate rates). See Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Social- ist Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary Results of the An- tidumping Duty Administrative Review, Preliminary Determination of No Shipments and Partial Rescission of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2016–2017, 83 Fed. Reg. 46,479, 46,480 (Dep’t Com- merce Sept. 13, 2018). Factual and Procedural Background This litigation stems from a 2003 antidumping or- der on frozen fish fillets imported from Vietnam. See Court No. 19-00055 Page 24 Notice of Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 68 Fed. Reg. 47,909 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 12, 2003). That order found that certain frozen fish fillets from Vietnam were being sold in the U.S. at less than fair value and imposed cash deposits based on the esti- mated weighted-average margins. The order imposed specific rates for certain exporters and a “Vietnam- wide” rate for anyone not specifically listed. See id. at 47,909–10.16 In the intervening seventeen years, that order underwent multiple administrative reviews as described above. A. The Review Commerce commenced the 14th administrative re- view of the 2003 antidumping order after receiving a request from Catfish Farmers of America17 and sev- eral of its constituent members (collectively, “Catfish Farmers”) to review the rate as to multiple entities, including several affiliated Vietnamese producers known collectively as the Hung Vuong Group.18 The 16Commerce had previously determined that Vietnam is a “non-market economy” for purposes of U.S. antidumping laws. See Notice of Final Antidumping Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Affirmative Critical Cir- cumstances: Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 68 Fed. Reg. 37,116, 37,119 (Dep’t Commerce June 23, 2003). That designation remains in ef- fect. 17Catfish Farmers of America is a trade association repre- senting domestic catfish farmers and processors. 18Hung Vuong includes the following companies: An Giang Fisheries Import & Export Joint Stock Company, also Court No. 19-00055 Page 25 period of review was August 1, 2016, to July 31, 2017, the 12-month period preceding the anniversary month of the original August 2003 antidumping order. See ECF 61-1, at 62.19 No party asked Commerce to review the Vietnam- wide rate as part of the 14th administrative review, so the preexisting rate of $2.39 per kilogram continued to apply to companies who had not applied for, and re- ceived, a separate rate. 83 Fed. Reg. at 46,480. Com- merce selected mandatory respondents for the review; among them was Hung Vuong. 1. Commerce preliminarily assigned Hung Vuong a $0.00 dumping margin. After selecting Hung Vuong as a respondent, Com- merce propounded a series of lengthy questionnaires.20 Hung Vuong submitted extensive information in re- sponse. Commerce preliminarily determined that Hung Vuong was entitled to separate rate status and as- signed it a dumping margin of zero. 83 Fed. Reg. known as Agifish; Asia Pangasius Company Limited; Eu- rope Joint Stock Company; Hung Vuong Joint Stock Com- pany; Hung Vuong Mascato Company, Limited; Hung Vuong–Vinh Long Co., Ltd.; and Hung Vuong–Sa Dec Co., Ltd. ECF 25-5, at 1 n.2. 19In this opinion, pagination references in citations to the Court record are to the pagination found in the ECF header at the top of each page. 20 Commerce’s original questionnaire is part of the public joint appendix. ECF 61-1, at 99–212. Court No. 19-00055 Page 26 at 46,480.21 Commerce based its preliminary determi- nation on the U.S. sales and factors of production da- tabases Hung Vuong submitted during the review pro- cess in response to Commerce’s questionnaires. ECF 61-1, at 691. 2. Commerce issued supplemental ques- tionnaires and conducted verifica- tion in Vietnam. Meanwhile, Catfish Farmers requested that Com- merce verify Hung Vuong’s questionnaire answers. ECF 61-1, at 1160. After Commerce issued its prelim- inary determination, but prior to verification, Catfish Farmers also asked Commerce to issue a supple- mental questionnaire to probe Hung Vuong’s relation- ship with its American customers, alleging that “the record evidence seriously calls into question whether [Hung Vuong’s] sales with its U.S. customers consti- tute arm’s-length transactions.” Id. at 708–09. Commerce then issued a supplemental question- naire partially related to Hung Vuong’s sales data and partially related to Hung Vuong’s customers. The 21 “When either a respondent’s weighted-average dumping margin is zero or de minimis, or an importer-specific ad valorem assessment rate is zero or de minimis, Commerce will instruct CBP to liquidate appropriate entries without regard to antidumping duties.” 83 Fed. Reg. at 46,480–81 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 351.106(c)(2)). Thus, under Commerce’s preliminary determination, Hung Vuong’s frozen fish fil- lets would have been subject to no antidumping duty at all, though they would still have been subject to normal import duties, if any, that would otherwise apply. Court No. 19-00055 Page 27 portion relating to customers directed Hung Vuong to respond to the questions or, if Hung Vuong were una- ble to do so, to forward the questions to the customers for responses. Id. at 753–61 (questionnaire). Hung Vuong responded to the sales data portion of the ques- tionnaire, id. at 763–818, and forwarded the “cus- tomer” portion to its customers for their input, but many of the customers refused to respond in whole or in part, id. at 820–52 (redacted customer responses). Commerce thereafter conducted verification in Vi- etnam. Before doing so, Commerce provided Hung Vuong a detailed outline of the matters the agency ex- pected to examine and the types of documents Com- merce would ask to review. See id. at 854–71. 3. Commerce issued its final decision and assigned Hung Vuong a $3.87/kg dumping margin after applying facts available with an adverse inference. After verification, the parties submitted briefing, and then Commerce rendered an “issues and decision memorandum” assigning Hung Vuong an antidump- ing duty rate of $3.87 per kilogram. See Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Is- sues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the Fourteenth Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: 2016–2017 (Apr. 29, 2019), ECF 25-5, at 37.22 22 Commerce also published the results of this final deci- sion in the Federal Register. See Certain Frozen Fish Fil- lets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Final Results, and Final Results of No Shipments of the Antidumping Court No. 19-00055 Page 28 In reaching this determination, Commerce first ad- dressed four principal issues: (1) Hung Vuong’s failure to retain source documents, ECF 25-5, at 18–24; (2) Hung Vuong’s customer relationships, id. at 25–29; (3) Hung Vuong’s control number reporting, id. at 29– 32; and (4) the accuracy of Hung Vuong’s factors of pro- duction, id. at 32–36. As to each of these issues, Com- merce determined that the administrative record was deficient for various reasons, which warranted using “facts otherwise available” to complete the record pur- suant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a), and that Hung Vuong had failed to cooperate to the best of its ability to com- plete the record, which in turn warranted using an in- ference that is adverse to the interests of Hung Vuong “in selecting among the facts otherwise available.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1)(A). Commerce then applied “total AFA,” trade law jar- gon for total “adverse facts available.” ECF 25-5, at 35–36; see also supra Statutory and Regulatory Background at B.4.a.–b. (explaining “AFA”). In select- ing among facts otherwise available, Commerce used an adverse inference by exercising its discretion under the statute to apply the highest antidumping margin previously applied under authority of the original 2003 antidumping order, $3.87 per kilogram. See ECF 25-5, at 36–37. Duty Administrative Review; 2016–2017, 84 Fed. Reg. 18,007 (Dep’t Commerce Apr. 29, 2019). Court No. 19-00055 Page 29 B. This Lawsuit In response to Commerce’s final decision imposing a $3.87-per-kilogram antidumping margin, Hung Vuong commenced this litigation. ECF 1. Its complaint asks the Court to reject Commerce’s final decision as “not supported by substantial evidence and otherwise not in accordance with law,” ECF 10, at 19, and re- mand the matter to Commerce for further proceedings. Id. Catfish Farmers intervened as of right to defend Commerce’s final decision. ECF 19. Thereafter, Hung Vuong moved to require Commerce to add additional documents to the administrative record, including cor- respondence between members of Congress and Com- merce and narrative materials Hung Vuong provided to Commerce during verification. ECF 29. In response, the government acknowledged the omissions, ECF 33, and the Court granted the motion, ECF 34. Hung Vuong then filed the pending motion for judg- ment on the agency record. ECF 38; see also USCIT R. 56.2. After full briefing and oral argument, Hung Vuong submitted certain additional record materials in response to a question the Court asked during argu- ment. See ECF 69 (public); ECF 68 (confidential). Jurisdiction and Standard of Review Hung Vuong brings this suit under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), (a)(2)(B)(iii). The Court has sub- ject-matter jurisdiction over such actions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). Court No. 19-00055 Page 30 In actions brought under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2), “[t]he court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found . . . to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). That is, the question is not whether the Court would have reached the same decision on the same record— rather, it is whether the administrative record as a whole permits Commerce’s conclusion. Substantial evidence has been defined as more than a mere scintilla, as such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. To determine if substan- tial evidence exists, we review the record as a whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence that fairly detracts from the sub- stantiality of the evidence. Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (cleaned up). Analysis I. Hung Vuong Fails to Overcome the Pre- sumption That Commerce Acted in Good Faith. Hung Vuong asserts that after Commerce’s prelim- inary determination initially assigned Hung Vuong an antidumping margin of zero, Commerce “reversed its position in response to . . . congressional pressure.” ECF 38-1, at 18. Hung Vuong contends Commerce’s Court No. 19-00055 Page 31 volte-face after such congressional intervention amounts to bad faith. Id. at 19.23 The administrative record shows that members of Congress pressured Commerce about this case24 and that Commerce failed to memorialize that pressure in the administrative record as required by law.25 The 23 This issue was not raised in Hung Vuong’s complaint as a ground for relief. Hung Vuong later moved to supplement the administrative record to reflect communications be- tween members of Congress and Commerce, see ECF 28 (confidential motion); ECF 29 (public motion), but never moved to amend its complaint to assert bad faith as a ground for relief. Nevertheless, the government and Cat- fish Farmers do not object to Hung Vuong’s raising the is- sue now. Rule 15(b)(2) provides that “[w]hen an issue not raised in the pleadings is tried by the parties’ express or implied consent it will be treated in all respects as if it had been raised in the pleadings,” and while a party may move for leave to amend, “failure to amend does not affect the result of the trial of that issue.” USCIT R. 15(b)(2). There is no reason to apply a different principle to consideration of a dispositive motion, so the Court will consider Hung Vuong’s bad faith claim as if it had been raised in the com- plaint. 24See ECF 61-1, at 750–51; id. at 900. Most notably, a group of senators sent a letter to the Secretary of Com- merce asking him to make sure his personnel conducted Hung Vuong’s verification “rigorously.” Id. at 750. 25See 19 U.S.C. § 1677f(a)(3)(B) (“[Commerce] shall main- tain a record of any ex parte meeting between— . . . (B) the person charged with making the determination, or any per- son charged with making a final recommendation to that person, in connection with that proceeding, if information relating to that proceeding was presented or discussed at such meeting. The record of such an ex parte meeting shall Court No. 19-00055 Page 32 question is whether those facts have any legal signifi- cance. The D.C. Circuit, with its heavy administrative law docket, has a body of case law on this subject. Notably, ex parte communications do not automatically void an agency decision. Rather, the decision is voidable if the reviewing court finds the agency process to be so “ir- revocably tainted” as to make the agency’s decision un- fair, “either to an innocent party or to the public inter- est that the agency was obliged to protect.” PATCO v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 685 F.2d 547, 564 (D.C. Cir. 1982). It is also important to consider whether the party allegedly aggrieved by the communications can demonstrate prejudice and can identify what argu- ments the party would have made had the communi- cations been disclosed. See id. at 572. Ultimately, “ab- sent a strong showing to the contrary, an agency adju- dicator is presumed to act in good faith and to be capa- ble of ignoring considerations not on the record.” Id. at 573 (cleaned up); cf. Am-Pro Prot. Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1239–40 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (discussing presumption that government officials act in good faith and requiring clear and convincing evi- dence to show otherwise). include the identity of the persons present at the meeting, the date, time, and place of the meeting, and a summary of the matters discussed or submitted. The record of the ex parte meeting shall be included in the record of the pro- ceeding.”). Court No. 19-00055 Page 33 Here, the Court agrees with Hung Vuong that Com- merce breached its statutory obligation to memorialize its communications with third parties in the adminis- trative record. See supra note 25. Commerce commu- nicated with members of Congress shortly before veri- fication but failed to place anything on the record re- flecting those communications until August 12, 2019, almost four months after Commerce issued its final de- cision. See ECF 61-1, at 1074–92. Moreover, Com- merce only placed the information on the record after Hung Vuong learned of the communications and moved the Court for an order directing Commerce to supplement the record. Commerce’s actions certainly create an appearance of impropriety. That said, “appearance of impropriety” is not the applicable standard the Court must apply—rather, the question is whether Hung Vuong has clearly and con- vincingly demonstrated that Commerce’s proceedings were so “irrevocably tainted” as to make the agency’s decision unfair, PATCO, 685 F.2d at 564, or otherwise demonstrated prejudice resulting from the ex parte communications. Id. at 572. Hung Vuong has not carried that heavy burden. First, although members of Congress did request that Commerce conduct its review “rigorously,” there is no evidence in the administrative record to suggest that Commerce’s procedures in this case were any more or less “rigorous” than in other cases or that Commerce’s officials were so wholly cowed by Congress that they acted as Congress wished and disregarded the admin- istrative record. Court No. 19-00055 Page 34 Second, Commerce’s failure to memorialize its com- munications with members of Congress simply has no bearing on whether substantial evidence in the admin- istrative record permitted Commerce to apply facts otherwise available and to do so with an adverse infer- ence. As explained below, the Court concludes that substantial evidence mostly (but not entirely) supports Commerce’s conclusions. Finally, Hung Vuong’s counsel could not say what his client would have done had Commerce timely up- dated the administrative record to reflect communica- tions from members of Congress. ECF 70, at 21:2–23:4. That is, Hung Vuong cannot point to any prejudice re- sulting from Commerce’s failure to update the admin- istrative record in real time to reflect those communi- cations. In sum, even though Commerce’s failure to timely memorialize the congressional communications in the administrative record is inexcusable and reflects poorly on the Department, Hung Vuong has not shown any evidence at all—let alone clear and convincing ev- idence—that Commerce based its final decision on those communications rather than on the administra- tive record or that Hung Vuong was somehow thereby prejudiced. Accordingly, Hung Vuong has not carried its burden of rebutting the presumption of good faith that attaches to official action. Court No. 19-00055 Page 35 II. The Court Sustains in Part and Remands in Part Commerce’s Determination to Ap- ply Facts Otherwise Available with an Ad- verse Inference. The second principal issue before the Court is whether substantial evidence in the administrative record permitted Commerce to apply facts otherwise available with an adverse inference to Hung Vuong. Commerce concluded that the administrative rec- ord’s deficiencies were so “pervasive and persistent” as to prevent Commerce from using the record at all, and further concluded that these deficiencies resulted from Hung Vuong’s “failure to cooperate.” ECF 25-5, at 35– 36. In light of these findings, Commerce applied “total [adverse facts available]” because “it would be unduly difficult to apply partial [adverse facts available] by selecting from the facts available to remedy each of the deficiencies that impact each sale.” Id. at 36. Com- merce then used the highest margin applied in a pre- vious review of the 2003 antidumping order and cur- rently in effect, $3.87 per kilogram, and applied this rate to Hung Vuong. Id. at 36–37. The Court addresses in turn each of the four cate- gories of record deficiencies found by Commerce and then addresses Commerce’s decision to apply “total ad- verse facts available.” Court No. 19-00055 Page 36 A. Failure to Retain Source Documents26 Commerce found that Hung Vuong discarded “doc- uments kept in the normal course of business.” ECF 25-5, at 18 (title case removed). Commerce ex- plained that Hung Vuong is an experienced respond- ent27 represented by experienced counsel and should therefore “be expected to maintain essential records concerning the production of frozen fish fillets and be able to respond to Commerce’s reporting require- ments.” ECF 25-5, at 18. “During verification, Com- merce discovered that [Hung Vuong] did not maintain source documents beyond a few months for certain key areas of inquiry during verification. Specifically, [Hung Vuong] stated that it does not maintain source documents for farming feed consumption, production 26This discussion corresponds to Commerce’s findings in ECF 25-5, at 18–24. 27 Commerce noted that Hung Vuong member Agifish was a mandatory respondent in the antidumping investigation conducted in connection with the original 2003 order and that Commerce had conducted verification of Agifish’s questionnaire answers; Commerce also noted that Agifish had been a separate rate respondent in three administra- tive reviews. Commerce further noted that Hung Vuong— which included Agifish—was a mandatory respondent in the 9th, 10th, and 11th administrative reviews and under- went verification in the 11th review. “As such, because [Hung Vuong] or one of its collapsed members, Agifish, have been respondents in many administrative reviews and the investigation, and in several of those segments were verified, thus [Hung Vuong] is an experienced re- spondent.” ECF 25-5, at 18–19. Court No. 19-00055 Page 37 orders related to its [period-of-review] sales, and sales correspondence emails.” Id. at 19. 1. Commerce’s findings a. Feed consumption Commerce explained that fish feed, a producer’s largest farming cost, is a critical factor of production for respondents. ECF 25-5, at 19. Accordingly, Com- merce’s questionnaire sought specific data and docu- mentation showing, essentially, how much fish feed Hung Vuong used and what that fish feed cost. Id.; see also ECF 61-1, at 205–06 (Appendix X questions 15– 25). Commerce also asked for further fish feed data in a supplemental questionnaire. ECF 25-5, at 19. “An examination of [Hung Vuong’s] responses to these questions shows that [Hung Vuong] provided monthly summary charts of feed inventory and usage, purchase invoices and daily inventory in and out records.” Id. During verification, however, Commerce discov- ered a problem: It was unexpected, therefore, that when at- tempting to examine the source documents kept by [Hung Vuong] in the normal course of busi- ness [Hung Vuong] announced it had discarded its fish feed source documents and only kept the monthly summary sheets for Commerce to ex- amine. In fact, [Hung Vuong] stated that it only keeps such source documents for a few months before discarding them. This is in sharp contrast to other [factors of production] that Commerce examined at verification, where [Hung Vuong] Court No. 19-00055 Page 38 did keep various original source documents. For example, [Hung Vuong] retained source docu- ments for the Daily Production Report con- sistent with the narrative from its questionnaire responses. It is also in sharp contrast to its an- swers in its questionnaire responses, where it stated it kept such records for many years. Id. (cleaned up and emphasis added). b. Production records Commerce noted that in prior administrative re- views of the Vietnamese frozen fish antidumping or- der, the agency has emphasized that respondents must report their information on a control number– specific basis.28 Moreover, Commerce noted that in the 28 Commerce has enforced its control number reporting re- quirement since at least the 8th administrative review. See An Giang, 287 F. Supp. 3d at 1369. The Department in- cludes references to control number reporting in the stand- ard non-market economy questionnaire template posted on its website. See https://enforcement.trade.gov/question naires/nme/20131101/q-rev-nme-20131101.pdf at A-5 & n.8, C-5, D-2, D-6, and E-7 (accessed Nov. 17, 2020). The cover letter accompanying the initial questionnaire in the 14th review now before the Court admonished respond- ents to comply with the control number requirement, with the following sentence italicized in its entirety: “Accord- ingly, the Department is again reminding respondents that the [factors of production] reported in your submitted Sec- tion D must be reported on a [control number–]specific ba- sis, as outlined in the reporting requirements of this ques- tionnaire.” ECF 61-1, at 101 (italics removed). The refer- enced Section D of the questionnaire Commerce sent to the respondents echoed the reminder quoted above, and the Court No. 19-00055 Page 39 11th administrative review Commerce applied facts otherwise available (but not an adverse inference) to Hung Vuong “for failing to report [factors of produc- tion] on a [control number–]specific basis that re- flected its production of fillet types it sold to the United States during the [period of review], and failing to re- port [factors of production] that accurately accounted for the water soaking levels of the fillets they sold to the United States.” ECF 25-5, at 20. In the current (14th) review, Commerce’s reliance on the control number methodology prompted the agency to send Hung Vuong supplemental question- naires that, inter alia, asked that control number–spe- cific data be tied to source documents. Id. at 20–21. Hung Vuong’s responses said the production process began with whole live fish and that the only produc- tion-related documents the company produced were a “Daily Production Report” and a “finished goods inven- tory report.” Id. at 21. At verification, Commerce learned that Hung Vuong’s production process actually begins with a “production order” instructing each factory on the quantity and specifications to be produced, but when Commerce asked to examine these documents, com- pany officials said they discard production orders. “Although in its questionnaire responses [Hung questionnaire also emphasized that the respondent must provide information about the quantity and value of all fac- tors of production, id. at 194–95, and contained a series of questions tying factors of production to control numbers, id. at 204–05, 208. Court No. 19-00055 Page 40 Vuong] stated that its [sic] keeps this type of original production source documents [sic] for many years, in the end, Commerce was unable to examine any pro- duction orders at verification. This is in sharp contrast to other production documents Commerce examined at verification, where [Hung Vuong] did keep various source documents.” Id. (cleaned up). c. Sales correspondence Commerce observed that “[a]s an experienced re- spondent which has undergone verification before, [Hung Vuong] is well aware that for many, many years the verification outline has stated that . . . Commerce will examine sales negotiation correspondence.” ECF 25-5, at 22. During verification, however, Com- merce learned Hung Vuong deletes sales confirmation e-mails after a few months to save server space and to “reduce clutter” in the company’s records, and Com- merce also learned Hung Vuong deleted the entirety of one salesperson’s e-mail correspondence when she left the company. Id. Accordingly, Commerce was “unable to verify the negotiation of prices, quantities, and terms of sales because [Hung Vuong] deleted the emails that would have provided this information.” Id. Court No. 19-00055 Page 41 2. The administrative record permitted Commerce to apply facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to the failure to retain source doc- uments. a. Facts otherwise available Based on the foregoing source document deficien- cies, Commerce concluded that necessary information was missing from the administrative record for pur- poses of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1), ECF 25-5 at 23, and that by discarding source documents for fish feed, pro- duction records, and sales negotiation e-mails, Hung Vuong withheld requested information for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A), significantly impeded Com- merce’s investigation for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(C), and provided information that could not be verified for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(D). Id. at 22–24. Any one of these four findings allowed Commerce to apply “facts otherwise available” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a).29 29 At oral argument, Hung Vuong’s counsel conceded that source documents had been discarded but disputed whether any of that information mattered. ECF 70, at 11:25–12:23. Hung Vuong’s briefing likewise argues that the missing source documents were not, in Hung Vuong’s opinion, “necessary” information, asserting that the ab- sence of “necessary” information is “required” before Com- merce can resort to facts otherwise available. See, e.g., ECF 58, at 13–14. Hung Vuong overlooks the statute’s use of the disjunctive “or.” As discussed above, see supra Stat- utory and Regulatory Background Part B.4.a., the “facts otherwise available” statute is a multi-layered provision Court No. 19-00055 Page 42 Here, the Court need not address each statutory ba- sis invoked by Commerce to apply facts otherwise available, as substantial evidence permitted Com- merce’s conclusion that Hung Vuong provided infor- mation that “cannot be verified.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(D). It is undisputed that Hung Vuong did not retain source documents for fish feed consumption, production orders related to control numbers during the period of review, and sales correspondence e-mails. See, e.g., ECF 38-1, at 33 (Hung Vuong admission that it routinely “discards” source documents). Commerce sought this source document infor- mation precisely to verify Hung Vuong’s responses to Commerce’s initial and supplemental questionnaires. Because the discarded source documents prevented verification, Commerce permissibly applied facts oth- erwise available. See, e.g., Yantai Timken Co. v. United States, 521 F. Supp. 2d 1356, 1375 (CIT 2007) (Com- merce permissibly “resort[ed] to facts available” when respondent “supplied information regarding rebates and commissions that could not be verified and further that uses the word “or” multiple times, such that any one (or more) of the enumerated conditions is an independent basis for Commerce to apply facts otherwise available. One such ground is when “necessary information is not availa- ble on the record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1) (emphasis added). Another such ground, however, is when a respond- ent provides “information [requested by Commerce] but the information cannot be verified.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(D) (emphasis added). As discussed below, the problem here is that Hung Vuong’s discarding of source documents pre- vented verification of information in the administrative record. Court No. 19-00055 Page 43 failed to provide source documents requested by Com- merce”). This is so even though Hung Vuong offered secondhand “summary reports” purporting to reflect information in original source documents. As the Fed- eral Circuit has noted, Commerce is entitled to insist on the original records because “failure to submit pri- mary source documentation” means that Commerce is “unable to verify the accuracy of the information sub- mitted.” Thyssen Stahl AG v. AK Steel Corp., No. 97-1509, 1998 WL 455076, at *5 (Fed. Cir. July 27, 1998) (“Thyssen’s internally generated commercial in- voices . . . presumably depended upon information con- tained in actual source documents, but the internally generated documents cannot, for the purpose of verifi- cation, replace the actual source documents.”). Finally, § 1677e(a) provides that Commerce’s resort to “facts otherwise available” for deficiencies in the ad- ministrative record is “subject to section 1677m(d) of this title.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). Section 1677m(d) pro- vides that if Commerce “determines that a response to a request for information under this subtitle does not comply with the request,” Commerce must “promptly inform the person submitting the response of the na- ture of the deficiency and shall, to the extent practica- ble, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy or explain the deficiency in light of” the applicable time limits. 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d). Here, as the government’s counsel noted at oral ar- gument, Hung Vuong’s admission that the source doc- uments no longer existed made it impracticable for Court No. 19-00055 Page 44 Commerce to give Hung Vuong a chance to supple- ment the record. ECF 70, at 64:9–65:23. As Hung Vuong had discarded the relevant source documents, it would have been futile for Commerce to give Hung Vuong another chance to produce them. Cf. Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Inc. v. United States, 298 F.3d 1330, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[Section 1677m(d)] only applies when a ‘response to a request’ is deemed to not comply. A failure to respond is not the same as a ‘re- sponse’ as required by the statute.”). More importantly, the Court construes § 1677m(d) as inapplicable at the verification stage. Verification— unlike Commerce’s questionnaires sent to respondents at the beginning of an investigation or an administra- tive review—does not entail a “request for information under this subtitle.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d). Instead, verification entails “verify[ing] information” previ- ously provided by a respondent in its questionnaire an- swers. Id. § 1677m(i). Thus, insofar as a respondent’s questionnaire an- swers on their face comply with Commerce’s infor- mation requests, § 1677m(d) does not apply if Com- merce, upon verification, determines that those ques- tionnaire answers are inaccurate. In short, verification is not an opportunity for a do-over; instead, the pur- pose of verification is to confirm information previ- ously submitted by a respondent in response to Com- merce’s requests for information. Court No. 19-00055 Page 45 b. Adverse inference Commerce further determined that in applying facts otherwise available based on its inability to com- plete verification due to missing source documents, an adverse inference was warranted because Hung Vuong “failed to cooperate to the best of its ability.” ECF 25-5, at 23; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1)(A) (per- mitting an adverse inference when “an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information”). Commerce reasoned that Hung Vuong, an experi- enced respondent, “produces the records sought by Commerce in the ordinary course of business, but chose to discard them so that Commerce would not be able to examine them at verification.” ECF 25-5, at 23 (emphasis added). “To allow [Hung Vuong] to deter- mine which source documents it will allow Commerce to examine at verification is to allow [Hung Vuong] to control this proceeding.” Id. Hung Vuong challenges Commerce’s decision to ap- ply an adverse inference, arguing that “there is noth- ing untoward or surprising about” Hung Vuong dis- carding records—Hung Vuong “explained to Com- merce, on multiple occasions, that it does not always keep underlying source records once the information has been transferred to more regularized monthly or computerized records.” ECF 38-1, at 29 (cleaned up). Hung Vuong further argues that Vietnamese fish pro- ducers often do not keep the sorts of records Commerce asked to review in this case. Id. at 30. Court No. 19-00055 Page 46 For purposes of whether Commerce permissibly ap- plied an adverse inference based on Hung Vuong’s fail- ure to maintain source documents, the question here is whether Commerce has made “an objective showing that a reasonable and responsible importer would have known that the requested [source documents were] required to be kept and maintained under the applicable statutes, rules, and regulations.” Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382 (emphasis added). Hung Vuong clearly produced source documents in the ordinary course of business, but would a reasonable and respon- sible producer have retained all such documents to re- spond to an investigation or verification by Commerce? According to Commerce’s final decision, “[w]hile courts have held the application of AFA impermissible where companies do not keep records in the ordinary course of business, this is not the case here.” ECF 25-5, at 23 & n.176 (emphasis added and citing F.lli De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027 (Fed. Cir. 2000), and Borden, Inc. v. United States, 4 F. Supp. 2d 1221, 1247 (CIT 1998)). There’s a lot in that sentence, and the Court will attempt to unpack it. First, neither cited decision even addresses, much less supports, the proposition that Commerce oddly at- tributes to both.30 Nevertheless, the Court takes Com- merce’s statement as an admission by it that a “rea- sonable and responsible” producer is only obligated to 30Hung Vuong parrots verbatim Commerce’s inaccurate characterization of De Cecco, down to the missing pincite. See ECF 38-1, at 33. Court No. 19-00055 Page 47 retain records that it keeps in the ordinary course. Consistent with that admission, Commerce’s standard questionnaire instructions require respondents to “[i]dentify any source documents maintained in the normal course of business you have relied on in prepar- ing your response, and specify the cities where these documents are maintained.” See questionnaire cited supra note 28, at G-10 (emphasis added). Commerce is free to put respondents on notice that all (or some sub- set of) source documents must be retained, but Com- merce has not done so (except as discussed below). In- stead, as the questionnaire indicates, Commerce’s gen- erally applicable standard is whether source docu- ments are “maintained in the normal course of busi- ness.” Second, the Court does not understand Commerce’s unexplained, if not incoherent, assertion that “this [impermissibly applying an adverse inference for fail- ure to retain records in the ordinary course of busi- ness] is not the case here.” Hung Vuong argues that the challenged source documents were not kept in the normal course of business, and Commerce did apply an adverse inference. So it is the case here that Com- merce is applying an adverse inference based on the failure to keep records in the ordinary course of busi- ness. Under Commerce’s own standard questionnaire instructions, Hung Vuong had no reason to expect that it had to retain all original source documents. There is more to the matter, however, than simply the standard questionnaire instructions. Commerce also sent Hung Vuong a verification outline listing the “required source documents” Commerce would seek to Court No. 19-00055 Page 48 examine during verification. See, e.g., ECF 61-1, at 854. Commerce has used this verification outline “for many, many years.” ECF 25-5, at 22. The outline stated that Commerce wished to re- view, inter alia, “[p]urchase agreements and records of payment made for material costs, charges and ex- penses,” “raw material inventory ledger[s],” and “[m]onthly records (for [period of review] of raw mate- rial consumption at each production center,” ECF 61-1, at 858–59, material that necessarily in- cluded fish feed purchase records. Similarly, section XIII of the verification outline, headed “Material In- puts,” explained that Commerce would thoroughly re- view the costs of producing the frozen fish fillets, in- cluding how Hung Vuong purchased raw materials from suppliers and “the amounts purchased for all fac- tors,” which in context clearly referred to factors of production such as fish feed. Id. at 867–68. The verification outline also listed “[p]roduction or- ders,” which Commerce said would “serve as substan- tiation for reported information about individual sales as well as total sales figures for the [period of review].” Id. at 858. As to sales correspondence, the outline stated that Commerce would “ ‘trace’ the selected sale from initial inquiry/order through your records to re- ceipt of payment from the customer,” and that “a com- plete set of documents should be prepared for [each se- lected] sale.” Id. at 864 (emphasis added). Commerce’s verification outline is why Hung Vuong’s status as an “experienced respondent” mat- ters. ECF 25-5, at 18–19. An inexperienced Court No. 19-00055 Page 49 respondent, or a respondent that had never been sub- ject to verification, would have received only the stand- ard questionnaire with the general instruction about “source documents maintained in the normal course of business” and thus may not have seen a need to retain all source documents, but an experienced respondent that had previously received the verification outline would know what types of source documents Com- merce would ask for at verification, such that it would be objectively unreasonable for the experienced re- spondent to assume that disposing of those materials was acceptable. The Court therefore concludes, in view of this veri- fication outline—which imposed stricter source docu- ment retention obligations than Commerce’s general instructions—that Hung Vuong, as an experienced re- spondent, “would have known that the requested [source documents] were required to be kept and main- tained under the applicable statutes, rules, and regu- lations.” Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382. Substantial evidence therefore permitted Commerce to apply an adverse inference based on Hung Vuong’s failure to re- tain these source documents, regardless of its business practices.31 31 Notably, in litigation following Commerce’s 11th admin- istrative review of the same antidumping order at issue in this case, Hung Vuong argued that it was impossible for it to comply with Commerce’s data requests because it did not track sales and factors of production based on product char- acteristics identified by control numbers. Commerce re- jected that argument, finding Hung Vuong could still track information in the way Commerce requested even if that Court No. 19-00055 Page 50 In addition, “a court may affirm the decision of an agency on a ground other than the ground given by the agency, so long as it is clear that the agency would have reached the same decision if it had been aware that the ground it invoked was legally unavailable, or if the decision does not depend on making a finding of fact not previously made by the agency.” Oracle Am., Inc. v. United States, 975 F.3d 1279, 1291 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Here, if the Court were to find that Hung Vuong was not on notice of the need to maintain source docu- ments, the Court would find that substantial evidence permitted Commerce’s conclusion that Hung Vuong’s questionnaire answers regarding the feed consump- tion and production record source documents were in- accurate. See ECF 25-5, at 19 (Hung Vuong’s question- naire answers inaccurately stated that feed consump- tion records were “kept for many years”); id. at 21 (“Although in its questionnaire responses HVG stated that it keeps this type of original production source documents for many years, in the end, Commerce was unable to examine any production orders at verifica- tion.”). Those findings in turn supported Commerce’s con- clusion that Hung Vuong failed to cooperate to the best were not Hung Vuong’s normal business practice. The Court agreed. See An Giang, 287 F. Supp. 3d at 1370–71. Commerce initiated the 11th review in 2014 and issued its final decision in 2016. Id. at 1364, 1365. Thus, Hung Vuong was on notice well prior to the 14th administrative review that Commerce would not accept the “not our business practice” argument, especially in view of Nippon Steel’s ad- monition that “inadequate record keeping” is inexcusable. Court No. 19-00055 Page 51 of its ability. See id. at 23 (relying on all of “the above” findings to conclude that Hung Vuong did not cooper- ate to the best of its ability); see also Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1383 (“[I]naccurate reporting[] surely evinces a failure to cooperate . . . .”). Accordingly, the Court determines that Commerce permissibly applied an adverse inference in connection with the missing feed consumption and production rec- ords documents. That inference was permissible even if Hung Vuong had not been on notice of the require- ment to maintain the discarded source documents, be- cause Hung Vuong’s questionnaire answers about its document retention policies were inaccurate. Finally, Hung Vuong also objects that Commerce has sometimes excused prior respondents’ inadequate recordkeeping and asserts that Commerce’s allegedly disparate treatment of Hung Vuong is an arbitrary change in policy. See ECF 38-1, at 33–34. Specifically, Hung Vuong cites a Commerce decision from the 8th review as to a different respondent. There, Commerce did not require the respondent to “keep or maintain certain records beyond which the Department had ap- proved in prior segments, absent explicit evidence that would call into question the company’s document re- tention system.” Certain Frozen Fish Fillets from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Results of the Eighth Ad- ministrative Review and Aligned New Shipper Re- views, at 45 (Mar. 13, 2013). Commerce’s final decisions in prior reviews do not “establish a policy” as Hung Vuong contends. “Each Court No. 19-00055 Page 52 administrative review is a separate exercise of Com- merce’s authority and allows for different conclusions based on different facts in the record. Commerce’s findings with respect to [a respondent’s] reporting methodology in prior segments of this proceeding do not relieve [any respondent] of its burden to comply with Commerce’s requests in [a later] segment.” ABB Inc. v. United States, 437 F. Supp. 3d 1289, 1301 (CIT 2020) (cleaned up); see also Hyundai Heavy Indus. Co. v. United States, 332 F. Supp. 3d 1331, 1342 (CIT 2018) (finding respondent could not excuse its failure to comply with Commerce’s questionnaires by pointing to Commerce’s treatment of that respondent’s infor- mation in prior administrative reviews). B. Hung Vuong’s Relationship with Cus- tomers32 Catfish Farmers contends that Hung Vuong may be affiliated with its U.S. customers.33 Sales to an affili- ated entity may not be at arm’s length and thus may not reflect commercial reality.34 Therefore, at oral 32This discussion corresponds to Commerce’s findings in ECF 25-5, at 24–29. 33 The statutory basis for this argument is 19 U.S.C. § 1677(33)(G), which provides: “The following persons shall be considered to be ‘affiliated’ or ‘affiliated persons’: . . . (G) Any person who controls any other person and such person. For purposes of this paragraph, a person shall be considered to control another person if the person is legally or operationally in a position to exercise restraint or direc- tion over the other person.” 34As previously discussed, antidumping duties are “equal to the amount by which the normal value exceeds the Court No. 19-00055 Page 53 argument counsel for Catfish Farmers explained that if Hung Vuong is affiliated with its U.S. customers, it could potentially manipulate the sales price to receive a lower dumping margin than might otherwise be the case. ECF 70, at 81:25–84:20. Prior to verification, Commerce issued supple- mental questionnaires to both Hung Vuong and its customers in “an attempt to probe [Hung Vuong’s] pos- sible affiliation with these companies, the role of ex- employees at these companies, how [Hung Vuong] does business with these companies and whether the sales are made at arm’s length, and information about sales to the ultimate purchasers, among other things.” ECF 25-5, at 25. export price (or the constructed export price) for the mer- chandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1673. The “export price” is the price the producer or exporter charges to an unaffiliated cus- tomer either within, or for exportation to, the United States, while the “constructed export price” is the price the affiliated purchaser charges within the United States to a purchaser not affiliated with the producer or exporter. Mid Continent Steel & Wire, Inc. v. United States, 203 F. Supp. 2d 1295, 1298–99 (CIT 2017). Commerce makes certain statutory adjustments to the price of goods to re- flect various costs involved in preparing the goods for sale in the United States, and the adjustments to “constructed export price” are more extensive than the adjustments to “export price.” See 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(c) (listing adjust- ments to both), (d) (listing additional adjustments to “con- structed export price”). Court No. 19-00055 Page 54 1. Commerce’s findings Commerce concluded that “three important pieces of information [were] missing from the record” for pur- poses of assessing the relationship between Hung Vuong and its customers. ECF 25-5, at 27. First, be- cause Hung Vuong had deleted the e-mail messages containing sales correspondence with customers, that information was not in the record. Id. Second, Hung Vuong’s customers did not respond to Commerce’s questionnaires, and that information would have shed light on the affiliation issue. Id. Third, Hung Vuong failed to retain production orders, which would have shown specific details for particular sales. Id. at 27– 28.35 35 The Court pauses here to note that aspects of Com- merce’s final decision are incoherent and frustrate rea- soned judicial review. For instance, Commerce at times characterizes Hung Vuong’s action as “discarding” produc- tion orders, see ECF 25-5, at 23 (referring to Hung Vuong’s “convenient discarding of these documents”), but elsewhere Commerce characterizes Hung Vuong’s action as a “refusal to provide production orders requested at verification,” id. at 27, and then later distinguishes between Hung Vuong’s decisions to (1) “discard” e-mails and (2) “not provide” pro- duction orders, id. at 28. The Court cannot discern whether (1) this is simply sloppiness on Commerce’s part, (2) the Department believes “discard” and “refusal to provide” mean the same thing, or (3) Commerce means to say that Hung Vuong retained production orders but refused to pro- vide them. In any event, the Court construes Commerce’s statements that Hung Vuong “refused to provide” produc- tion orders as meaning that Hung Vuong discarded them long before verification pursuant to its ordinary business practices. Court No. 19-00055 Page 55 In addition, Commerce noted Hung Vuong’s ques- tionnaire answers stated any interaction Hung Vuong had with its “downstream purchasers” (that is, the people who buy frozen fish from Hung Vuong’s U.S. customers) was incidental, sporadic, and promotional in nature, but at verification Commerce found evi- dence of regular substantive visits by Hung Vuong to downstream purchasers and vice versa. Id. at 26. 2. Commerce must reconsider its appli- cation of facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to cus- tomer relationships. a. Facts otherwise available Based on its findings described above, Commerce concluded that it did “not have the necessary infor- mation to determine the full extent of the relationship between [Hung Vuong] and its customers, including any potential affiliate relationship or any princi- pal/agent relationship,” id. at 27, and could not “deter- mine whether [it] ha[d] a correct Section C database which would include the selling expenses incurred by [Hung Vuong’s] U.S. selling agent, with which to cal- culate a margin for [Hung Vuong].” Id. at 28. The “scale of the problem” rendered Hung Vuong’s re- sponses unusable in determining “an accurate and re- liable dumping margin.” Id. at 28–29. Commerce therefore applied facts otherwise avail- able because (1) necessary information was not avail- able on the record, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(1); (2) Hung Vuong withheld information requested by Court No. 19-00055 Page 56 Commerce, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A); (3) Hung Vuong sig- nificantly impeded Commerce’s verification, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(C); and (4) Hung Vuong provided infor- mation that could not be verified, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(D). ECF 25-5, at 28. As above, any one of these four find- ings allowed Commerce to apply “facts otherwise available” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a), and therefore the Court need not address every such finding so long as at least one of them is supported by substantial ev- idence. At a minimum, substantial evidence permitted Commerce’s conclusion that Hung Vuong submitted information that could not be verified due to Hung Vuong’s failure to retain sales correspondence and pro- duction orders. Contrary to Hung Vuong’s argument, see ECF 38-1, at 26, Commerce had no obligation un- der 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) to provide Hung Vuong an opportunity to cure these deficiencies. As explained above, § 1677m(d) does not apply at the verification stage, but even if it did, such an opportunity to cure would have been futile because the documents no longer existed. On the other hand, Commerce could not lawfully rely upon the failure of Hung Vuong’s customers to an- swer Commerce’s questionnaire as a basis to apply facts otherwise available when Commerce gave no no- tice of the deficiency. As Hung Vuong points out in its brief, it first learned of this deficiency when Commerce issued its final decision some four months after Hung Vuong submitted its questionnaire answers. See ECF 38-1, at 26. The government has no response to this argument. On remand, therefore, Commerce must Court No. 19-00055 Page 57 reconsider its decision to apply facts otherwise availa- ble as to customer relationships and determine whether it should apply partial facts available. Commerce further cited discrepancies between in- formation in Hung Vuong’s questionnaire answers about its contact with customers and their ultimate purchasers and information discovered at verification suggesting more systematic and pervasive contact. ECF 25-5, at 26–27. For example, the questionnaire response stated Hung Vuong does not discuss “price negotiation, delivery, or negotiation of other terms or conditions of U.S. sales with the ultimate U.S. pur- chasers,” ECF 61-1, at 778–79, but e-mail correspond- ence found at verification indicated otherwise, ECF 25-5, at 26. The questionnaire response also stated Hung Vuong’s officials did not visit customers’ ultimate purchasers, aside from sometimes being in- troduced to them at trade fairs, ECF 61-1, at 778, but at verification Commerce learned Hung Vuong offi- cials directly visited the ultimate purchasers, ECF 25-5, at 26 (citing ECF 61-1, at 909). The verifi- cation report noted those visits with ultimate purchas- ers might include discussion of “possible sales, prod- ucts, [and] prices.” ECF 61-1, at 909. Hung Vuong’s briefing contends there was no dis- crepancy because the company disclosed that its offic- ers visited customers and customers visited Hung Vuong, see ECF 38-1, at 26, but the questionnaire re- sponse also said Hung Vuong did not visit the ultimate purchasers (i.e., the customers’ customers) and the in- formation found at verification contradicted that. ECF 25-5, at 26 (citing ECF 61-1, at 909). Court No. 19-00055 Page 58 In short, discrepancies in the administrative record between Hung Vuong’s questionnaire answers versus the information revealed at verification supported Commerce’s decision to apply facts otherwise available due to its inability to verify information in the record and Hung Vuong’s impeding of the investigation. Alt- hough Hung Vuong complains that it was not provided an opportunity to cure this deficiency pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d), as discussed above, the Court construes that provision as inapplicable to deficiencies discovered at verification. In any event, Commerce’s obligation to provide that opportunity is subject to “the time limits established for the completion of investiga- tions or reviews under this subtitle.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d). In this case, verification concluded less than one month prior to Commerce’s statutory dead- line. Hung Vuong’s reply brief, however, argues that Commerce should have notified Hung Vuong of the de- ficiencies prior to verification because “it had much of [Hung Vuong’s] purportedly deficient information in its possession for several months (and in some cases more than a year).” ECF 58, at 9. Nothing in the record suggests Commerce was aware that Hung Vuong’s questionnaire answers were inaccurate until verifica- tion, and Hung Vuong has offered no argument what- soever to demonstrate how or why Commerce should have discovered those deficiencies sooner. If Commerce does not know responses are unverifi- able until it conducts verification—after all, what else is verification for?—then how is Commerce supposed to give notice of a deficiency it has not yet discovered? Court No. 19-00055 Page 59 Cf. Taian Ziyang Food Co. v. United States, 637 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1112 (CIT 2009) (accepting the gov- ernment’s argument that Commerce could not have in- formed a party that information was missing from the administrative record when Commerce did not yet know the information submitted was incorrect). * * * The Court largely sustains Commerce’s decision to find facts otherwise available as to Hung Vuong’s cus- tomer relationships, but on remand Commerce must reconsider whether to apply partial facts available be- cause it could not lawfully apply facts otherwise avail- able based on the failure of Hung Vuong’s customers to answer Commerce’s questionnaires. In so doing, Commerce must thoroughly explain why it reaches whatever decision it makes. b. Adverse inference The second part of the analysis, as above, involves Commerce’s decision to apply an adverse inference. Commerce found that Hung Vuong failed to cooperate to the best of its ability in responding to Commerce’s requests for information because Hung Vuong dis- carded sales correspondence and production orders, thereby “preclud[ing] Commerce from further probing [Hung Vuong’s] relationships with its customers.” ECF 25-5, at 28. Commerce concluded that Hung Vuong’s failure to cooperate resulted in Commerce be- ing unable to determine whether the administrative record provided adequate information about Hung Vuong’s selling expenses from which Commerce could Court No. 19-00055 Page 60 calculate a dumping margin for Hung Vuong. Id. at 28–29. Again, the standard is that enunciated in 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1) as further clarified by Nippon Steel— whether the respondent (here, Hung Vuong) failed to cooperate to the best of its ability—and, again, the analysis has no mens rea component. The same prob- lem with the data supporting Hung Vuong’s factors of production arises as to the records Commerce sought to review regarding Hung Vuong’s relationship with its customers. Hung Vuong discarded production or- ders and e-mail correspondence with its customers and, apparently (based on records found at verifica- tion), those customers’ ultimate purchasers. As the Nippon Steel court noted, the “best of its ability” stand- ard does not permit “inadequate record keeping.” 337 F.3d at 1382. Hung Vuong does not dispute that it rou- tinely deletes production orders and e-mail corre- spondence—rather, Hung Vuong almost defiantly ad- mits that it does so and then disparages Commerce for requesting material Hung Vuong considers “not rele- vant.” ECF 58, at 17. Moreover, while Hung Vuong contends that dis- carding production orders and deleting e-mail is a “typical business practice,” id., Hung Vuong fails to ad- dress how such discarding of source documents Com- merce deems relevant can possibly comply with the Nippon Steel standard when Commerce’s verification outline requires such data. Therefore, the Court con- cludes that substantial evidence in the administrative record permitted Commerce to apply an adverse infer- ence as to Hung Vuong’s relationship with its Court No. 19-00055 Page 61 customers based on its failure to retain production or- ders and e-mail correspondence with its customers. Similarly, the Court concludes that substantial ev- idence supported Commerce’s determination to apply an adverse inference based on Hung Vuong’s submis- sion of inaccurate questionnaire answers regarding its relationship with downstream customers. These inac- curate responses amounted to a failure to cooperate for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1). However, because the Court is remanding for Commerce to reconsider whether to use total or partial facts available for the reasons noted above, the Court is also required to re- mand the decision to apply an adverse inference—re- gardless of whether substantial evidence in the admin- istrative record permitted that decision—because 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1)(A) allows Commerce to apply an adverse inference only for purposes of “selecting from among the facts otherwise available.” Thus, if Commerce decides to use partial facts available on re- mand, Commerce could only apply (at most) a partial adverse inference. On remand, therefore, after recon- sidering whether to apply partial facts available on the customer relationships issue, Commerce must also re- consider whether to apply an adverse inference—in whole or in part—on the issue and must thoroughly explain why it reaches whatever decision it makes. Court No. 19-00055 Page 62 C. Control Number Reporting36 1. Commerce’s findings As discussed above, see supra Statutory and Regu- latory Background Part C.2., Commerce requires re- spondents to use a reporting mechanism referred to as “control numbers.” In this case, Commerce found that Hung Vuong failed to comply with the control number methodology: At verification, we observed that [Hung Vuong’s] invoices, rather than reflecting the actual [con- trol numbers] produced, instead represent an average of several [control numbers]. More spe- cifically, an examination of the Daily Production Report indicates that for each sale, production occurs over several days, and at the end of an order, [Hung Vuong] sums up the unsoaked and soaked fillet weights to calculate an average NETWGTU for that particular sale. The value reflected in the invoice is therefore an average of all the productions [sic] runs for that sale. ECF 25-5, at 30. The Court understands “NETWGTU” as having something to do with the amount of water weight the fish fillets gain when they are soaked in preservatives. Commerce emphasized that producers must accu- rately report this weight gain “in the [control number] in the field ‘NETWGTU,’ ” id., but found that Hung 36This discussion corresponds to Commerce’s findings in ECF 25-5, at 29–32. Court No. 19-00055 Page 63 Vuong only reported average numbers, “rather than the precise amount of water weight gained by fillets during each production run.” Id. Commerce also found that Hung Vuong had records that would have allowed it to comply with Commerce’s required methodology. Id. at 31.37 Commerce’s review of Hung Vuong’s invoices at verification indicated that “an examination of the daily production shows that rounding each day’s production to the nearest decimal results in the same NETWGTU for each line item as well as the report’s total, and therefore, for the entire sale.” Id. at 30. Commerce noted that in this circumstance, reporting one control number for the whole invoice was accurate, but Com- merce then explained that this method would not al- ways work: “However, for other sales, for example the first surprise sales trace, an examination of the daily production report shows that rounding the daily pro- duction to the nearest decimal results in five different NETWGTUs, and therefore, five [control numbers] should have been reported, but [Hung Vuong] only re- ported one [control number] for the sale.” Id. 37 The Court further notes that at oral argument, Hung Vuong’s counsel said it would have been easy for the com- pany to report data in the way Commerce required because it would have essentially just required hitting “a few but- tons” on the company’s computer system. ECF 70, at 40:3– 42:4. If indeed it would have been “easy” for the company to comply, then the Court cannot understand why Hung Vuong didn’t just follow Commerce’s instructions in the first place. Court No. 19-00055 Page 64 Hung Vuong’s response was essentially to argue that Commerce’s requirements were too difficult, but Commerce found that Hung Vuong’s records would have allowed for reporting in the required manner. Id. at 30–31. “Put another way, [Hung Vuong] has not re- ported [control number–]specific sales data as re- quired by Commerce’s repeated warnings in this case, and Commerce’s instructions.” Id. at 31. Commerce ex- plained that this matters because “allocation method- ologies that average [control number] characteristics may result in a reporting methodology that is not ac- curate because there is less variation in the calculation of [normal value], even though there are clear differ- ences in the physical characteristics of the [control numbers] and in the actual amount of inputs used.” Id. 2. The administrative record permitted Commerce to apply facts otherwise available with an adverse inference as to control number reporting. a. Facts otherwise available Based on the foregoing, Commerce invoked 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B), (C), and (D) and stated that “because [Hung Vuong] did not report accurate [con- trol numbers] when it had the ability to do so, we find that [Hung Vuong] failed to provide sales and [factors- of-production] data in the form or manner requested by Commerce and significantly impeded this proceed- ing.” ECF 25-5, at 32. Commerce found that the ab- sence of properly-reported data meant that “we do not have correct Section C and Section D databases with which to calculate an accurate margin for [Hung Court No. 19-00055 Page 65 Vuong]. Commerce therefore cannot use [Hung Vuong’s] Section C and Section D questionnaire re- sponses to determine an accurate and reliable dump- ing margin.” Id. As before, any one of the three statu- tory grounds—§ 1677e(a)(2)(B), (C), or (D)—is enough to require Commerce to use facts otherwise available. i. (a)(2)(B)—failure to provide in- formation in the form and man- ner requested. The Court concludes that substantial evidence per- mitted Commerce’s decision to resort to facts other- wise available pursuant to § 1677e(a)(2)(B) because it is essentially undisputed that Hung Vuong failed to report its control numbers in the manner Commerce required and because neither of the two exceptions un- der § 1677m apply here.38 Commerce explained that Hung Vuong “reported the weighted average of the production runs for an in- voice, rather than the precise amount of water weight gained by fillets during each production run.” ECF 25-5, at 30. Hung Vuong objects to this finding and argues that the company reported data “based on actual water weight gain attributed to each specific production run using its actual production records . . . .” ECF 38-1, at 36. Hung Vuong spends roughly 38 Section 1677e(a)(2)(B) requires Commerce to use facts otherwise available when an interested party “fails to pro- vide such information [requested by Commerce] by the deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested, subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of [19 U.S.C. § 1677m].” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B). Court No. 19-00055 Page 66 three pages of its brief asserting, in various ways, that it used “actual water weight gain” in its reporting. See id. at 36–38. However, it appears to the Court that Hung Vuong and Commerce are talking past each other. Com- merce’s findings do not appear to the Court to contend that Hung Vuong did not use “actual water weight gain.” Rather, it appears to the Court that Commerce’s complaint is that Hung Vuong took the “actual water weight gain” for multiple fish fillets and then averaged all the data to report a single control number, instead of reporting figures for each specific control number that should have applied to the finished fish fillets: “More specifically, an examination of the Daily Pro- duction Report indicates that for each sale, production occurs over several days, and at the end of an order, [Hung Vuong] sums up the unsoaked and soaked fillet weights to calculate an average NETWGTU for that particular sale. The value reflected in the invoice is therefore an average of all the productions [sic] runs for that sale.” ECF 25-5, at 30 (emphasis added). Com- merce’s complaint is that Hung Vuong should have re- ported separate data for each production run, rather than averaging the data. Notably, Hung Vuong admits to doing this and says it “does not dispute that it used an ‘averaging’ methodology to report its net weights.” ECF 38-1, at 39. The requirement that Hung Vuong comply with the “control number” reporting methodology is not new and should not have been a surprise to Hung Vuong. As noted above, see supra note 31, the An Giang Court previously found that Commerce emphasized the Court No. 19-00055 Page 67 control number requirements at least as early as the 8th administrative review, such that by the time of the 11th review, Hung Vuong was “notified of Commerce’s preference for [control number–]specific reporting and had enough time to come into compliance.” An Giang Fisheries Import & Export Joint Stock Co. v. United States, 287 F. Supp. 3d 1361, 1369–70 & n.13 (CIT 2018); see also id. at 1370 (“Given the advance notice afforded to respondents, the court cannot find that Commerce’s request for [control number–]specific re- porting, here, was unreasonable . . . .”). The An Giang Court also found that while Hung Vuong did not track sales and factors of production based on the product characteristics identified by the control numbers, Commerce was justified in expecting Hung Vuong to track information in the way Com- merce required, regardless of what sort of records Hung Vuong kept in the “normal course of business.” Id. at 1370–71 (cleaned up). The government notes that in the course of this 14th administrative review, Commerce again placed great emphasis on the im- portance of its required “control number” reporting methodology. ECF 49, at 26–28, 37–38. Hung Vuong, however, contends that Commerce could not permissibly invoke § 1677e(a)(2)(B) because “Commerce must still accept and consider the infor- mation if it nevertheless satisfies the statutory condi- tions of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e).” ECF 38-1, at 23.39 39Hung Vuong repeatedly mischaracterizes § 1677m(e) as qualifying the entirety of § 1677e(a). See, e.g., ECF 38-1, at 20 (“Importantly, the statute also instructs that the Court No. 19-00055 Page 68 Section 1677m(e) provides that Commerce “shall not decline to consider information that is submitted by an interested party and is necessary to the determination but does not meet all the applicable requirements es- tablished by” Commerce if the information satisfies all five of the following requirements: (1) “the information is submitted by the deadline established for its sub- mission”; (2) “the information can be verified”; (3) “the information is not so incomplete that it cannot serve as a reliable basis for reaching the applicable determi- nation”; (4) “the interested party has demonstrated that it acted to the best of its ability in providing the information and meeting the requirements estab- lished by [Commerce] with respect to the information”; and (5) “the information can be used without undue difficulties.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e)(1)–(5). If the re- spondent fails to satisfy any of these five require- ments, Commerce need not consider the deficient sub- mission. See Papierfabrik August Koehler SE v. United States, 843 F.3d 1373, 1382–83 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (noting that “all five requirements in that subsection” must be satisfied).40 Department ‘shall not decline to consider information that is submitted by an interested party and is necessary to the determination’ if” the conditions listed in § 1677m(e) ap- ply). Section 1677e(a), however, refers to § 1677m(e) in one location only—subparagraph (B) of paragraph (2). Section 1677m(e) does not apply to the other five circumstances listed in § 1677e(a) requiring Commerce to use “facts oth- erwise available.” 40The statute does not define the words “best of its ability” as used in § 1677m(e)(4). The Federal Circuit has explained that those words have the same meaning, and are subject Court No. 19-00055 Page 69 Remarkably, however, Hung Vuong argues that Commerce must satisfy “the five enumerated require- ments of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e) to enable it to decline an interested party’s information for its final determi- nation.” ECF 38-1, at 20. Hung Vuong has it exactly backwards. Commerce is not required to “meet” five require- ments in order to “decline” information. Rather, as ex- plained above, the statute says Commerce “shall not decline to consider” an interested party’s submission of information “necessary to the determination” that does not meet all of Commerce’s requirements if the information submitted satisfies five conditions that are linked together with the conjunction “and.” In other words, it is the respondent (in this case, Hung Vuong) that must “meet the five enumerated [condi- tions]” before Commerce is required to consider that respondent’s deficient submissions. See Papierfabrik, 843 F.3d at 1382–83. But Hung Vuong makes no effort to show how its information satisfied all five statutory conditions. Here, Commerce found that Hung Vuong’s submit- ted information failed to satisfy a number of § 1677m(e)’s five conditions. First, Commerce found that Hung Vuong’s failure to retain source to the same analysis, as the words “best of its ability” in 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1), the provision governing when Commerce may apply an adverse inference. NSK Ltd. v. United States, 481 F.3d 1355, 1360 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The Court addresses “best of its ability” more fully in Statutory and Regulatory Background Part B.4.b., supra. Court No. 19-00055 Page 70 documentation (as discussed above, see Analysis Part II.A.) meant that Hung Vuong’s control number re- porting could not be verified, which is the condition set forth in § 1677m(e)(2). The Court concludes that sub- stantial evidence permitted that finding for the same reasons stated above. Second, Commerce found that Hung Vuong’s data- bases could not be deemed reliable for use in calculat- ing an accurate dumping margin for Hung Vuong be- cause of the lack of properly-reported control number sales and factor-of-production data, which is the con- dition set forth in § 1677m(e)(3). See ECF 25-5, at 32. Commerce emphasized that “allocation methodologies that average [control number] characteristics may re- sult in a reporting methodology that is not accurate because there is less variation in the calculation of [normal value], even though there are clear differences in the physical characteristics of the [control numbers] and in the actual amount of inputs used.” Id. at 31. Hung Vuong does not really dispute this point in its briefing, arguing only that it was “eminently reasona- ble” to report averaged data because “[t]here are only minor variations in the individual soaking percent- ages of the separate production runs used to fill a spe- cific invoice from day to day.” Id. at 40. Commerce’s point, however, was that the unaccounted-for varia- tions were the reason why the databases were unreli- able. For example, as to one sales trace, Commerce’s review at verification revealed that Hung Vuong should have reported five control numbers, but instead Hung Vuong only reported one. ECF 25-5, at 30. The Court understands this to mean that Hung Vuong’s Court No. 19-00055 Page 71 factors of production data therefore could not properly be tied to the finished products, and the Court con- cludes that substantial evidence permitted Commerce to find the databases unreliable. Third, Commerce expressly found that Hung Vuong failed to act to the best of its ability in meeting Com- merce’s control number reporting requirements, see ECF 25-5, at 30–31, which is the condition set forth in § 1677m(e)(4). The Court deems Commerce’s finding in this regard supported by substantial evidence in view of (1) the An Giang decision in 2018 that found that Hung Vuong could have complied with the control number requirements, see supra note 31, and (2) coun- sel’s statement at oral argument that it would have been “easy” for Hung Vuong to comply with Com- merce’s requirements, see supra note 37. Again, the Court concludes that if it would have been “easy” to comply, then noncompliance may reasonably be con- sidered substantial evidence permitting a finding that Hung Vuong did not act to the best of its ability in at- tempting to comply with instructions. As a result of the foregoing three findings, § 1677m(e) did not require Commerce to excuse Hung Vuong’s failure to comply with Commerce’s control number reporting requirements, and Commerce there- fore permissibly invoked § 1677e(a)(2)(B) to apply facts otherwise available. Commerce’s invocation of § 1677e(a)(2)(B) is also subject to § 1677m(c)(1), which permits a party to ask Court No. 19-00055 Page 72 Commerce to modify its reporting requirements.41 Nothing in the administrative record shows that Hung Vuong ever made such a request, nor does anything in the record show that Hung Vuong suggested an alter- native form for submitting the information prior to verification. At oral argument, Hung Vuong’s counsel confirmed that the company reported information in a different format from what Commerce required but did not seek approval first—instead, it used a different format, dis- closed what it did, and explained its methodology. ECF 70, at 37:14–38:2 (Court’s question) and 39:6– 40:2 (counsel’s answer). Apparently on the theory that it is better to beg for- giveness than to ask permission, Hung Vuong tried to shortcut the process. Rather than explain the diffi- culty and suggest an alternate form of production, Hung Vuong unilaterally produced records in a differ- ent format without first obtaining Commerce’s ap- proval. Hung Vuong now asks the Court to deem that al- ternative format acceptable. That decision is not the 41While 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(c)(1) requires Commerce to con- sider modifying its requirements to avoid placing an unrea- sonable burden upon a respondent, that requirement “only applies where a party notifies Commerce ‘that such party is unable to submit the information requested in the re- quired form and manner, together with a full explanation and suggested alternative forms . . . .’ ” Maverick Tube Corp. v. United States, 857 F.3d 1353, 1360–61 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting § 1677m(c)(1)). Court No. 19-00055 Page 73 Court’s to make. Hung Vuong should have made that request of Commerce before unilaterally proceeding with its own alternative methodology. Cf. Diamond Sawblades Mfrs.’ Coalition v. United States, Slip Op. 18-146, at 10, 2018 WL 5281941, at *4 (CIT Oct. 23, 2018) (noting that respondent’s provision of substitute data “would not have been necessary had it main- tained full and complete records . . . in the first place”) (cleaned up). ii. (a)(2)(D)—information could not be verified As an alternative ground for resorting to facts oth- erwise available, Commerce cited 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(D), which applies when a party provides information that cannot be verified. As discussed above, the Court has already found that substantial evidence in the administrative record permitted Com- merce’s finding that Hung Vuong’s control number re- porting was not verifiable in the context of § 1677m(e)(2), and that analysis applies with equal force here. Overall, Hung Vuong’s arguments here are strik- ingly similar to those it unsuccessfully made in An Giang. Notably, Hung Vuong does not even dispute that it did not follow the control number methodology Commerce requires, instead arguing that its alterna- tive methodology “was eminently reasonable as it re- ported accurate [factors of production] with no distor- tion as accurately as possible using existing records.” ECF 38-1, at 39. But Commerce previously found, and the An Giang Court affirmed, that it was irrelevant Court No. 19-00055 Page 74 how Hung Vuong maintained its records because Hung Vuong could have tracked information in the way Commerce required.42 There is no reason for the Court to find otherwise now. Hung Vuong has had even more time to revise its practices to come into compliance—if, after all, Hung Vuong had ample notice prior to the 11th administra- tive review, then it had even more notice prior to this 14th review. The government’s brief states the issue correctly and succinctly: “. . . [A]lthough this method- ology may be ‘eminently reasonable’ according to [Hung Vuong], it was not how Commerce directed [Hung Vuong] to report its [control numbers] . . . .” ECF 49, at 37 (emphasis in original). Hung Vuong argues on reply that “Commerce’s de- cision in the eleventh review is not relevant inasmuch as [Hung Vuong] devised a completely new and more precise methodology in the current review.” ECF 58, at 19. The Court disagrees. The decision in the 11th review remains relevant because it put Hung Vuong on notice that Commerce, and this Court, would con- tinue to require Hung Vuong to adhere to Commerce’s instructions or suffer the consequences of failing to do so. Hung Vuong essentially admits it opted not to fol- low Commerce’s instructions and instead “devised” its own reporting methodology. Whether Hung Vuong be- lieves that methodology is “more precise” is immate- rial, as Hung Vuong has admitted it did not report 42This is all the more so if, as Hung Vuong’s counsel stated at oral argument, it would have been “easy” for Hung Vuong to comply. See supra note 37. Court No. 19-00055 Page 75 information in the required form. Cf. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B) (referring to a respondent’s failure to provide information “in the form and manner re- quested”). Moreover, as discussed above, the obligation was on Hung Vuong to seek permission in advance for using its own non-compliant methodology, but Hung Vuong did not do so. Hence, while Hung Vuong’s reply brief objects that the government “fails to address or ana- lyze [Hung Vuong’s] information and data showing that its methodology was reasonable and not distor- tive,” ECF 58, at 20–21, the government had no obli- gation to conduct such an analysis, nor was Commerce obligated to explain why Hung Vuong’s unilateral de- cision not to follow instructions was unreasonable. Thus, the Court need not dive into the weeds of Com- merce’s control number methodology and its overall meaning in the antidumping duty context. What mat- ters is that Commerce found that Hung Vuong did not act to the best of its ability to provide the information in the form Commerce required. That is enough to sus- tain Commerce’s decision to apply facts otherwise available. iii. (a)(2)(C)—significantly im- peding the proceeding Finally, even if the Court were to conclude that sub- stantial evidence did not permit Commerce’s decision under either 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B) or (D), the Court would alternatively sustain Commerce’s invoca- tion of § 1677e(a)(2)(C) finding that Hung Vuong had “significantly impeded” this proceeding for all of the Court No. 19-00055 Page 76 same reasons cited above in view of Hung Vuong’s ad- mission that it did not follow instructions in reporting its data even though it would have been “easy” to have done so.43 Therefore, the Court concludes that substantial ev- idence in the administrative record permitted Com- merce to resort to facts otherwise available on the “control numbers” issue. b. Adverse inference After determining that it was necessary to resort to facts otherwise available, Commerce determined that it was appropriate to apply an adverse inference pur- suant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1) “because [Hung Vuong] has failed to cooperate to the best of its ability.” ECF 25-5, at 32. Commerce found that “[Hung Vuong] had the records available to it to report accurate [con- trol numbers] in its U.S. sales and [factors-of- 43 Hung Vuong also repeats its argument that Commerce violated 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) by not “promptly” notifying Hung Vuong of deficient responses and providing an oppor- tunity to cure. See ECF 38-1, at 41. The Court’s analysis of that argument in the context of the “customers” issue also applies here. See supra Analysis Part II.B.2.a. The administrative record shows that Com- merce discovered the extent of the problems only at verifi- cation, and Hung Vuong makes no attempt to demonstrate how Commerce could or should have determined at an ear- lier date that Hung Vuong’s submissions were deficient and thereby triggered the “notice-and-opportunity-to-cure” provision. Because the Court concludes that § 1677m(d) is inapplicable at the verification stage, Hung Vuong’s argu- ment fails again here. Court No. 19-00055 Page 77 production] databases.” Id. Commerce noted that be- cause the Court had previously “sustained Com- merce’s decision to require [Hung Vuong] to maintain records on a [control number–]specific basis,” Hung Vuong was an experienced respondent and “should have taken reasonable steps to keep and maintain full and complete records documenting the information that an experienced respondent should anticipate be- ing called upon to produce.” Id. Commerce concluded that Hung Vuong’s failure to cooperate resulted in the company’s databases being unusable for purposes of calculating an accurate dumping margin. Id. As is thoroughly discussed above, Hung Vuong does not dispute that it did not report control numbers in the manner required by Commerce. If, as counsel said at oral argument, it would have been “easy” for Hung Vuong to comply with Commerce’s instructions, see su- pra note 37, then there was no excuse for failure to comply. Hung Vuong has effectively admitted that it failed to cooperate to the best of its ability. Therefore, substantial evidence permitted Commerce to conclude that Hung Vuong failed to cooperate such that an ad- verse inference was appropriate. D. Factors of Production44 1. Commerce’s findings The parties dispute the accuracy [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4639400. Public record. Not legal advice.