# Roybal v. Raulli > Court of Appeals of North Carolina · July 16, 2019 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4417027 ## Case - **Court:** Court of Appeals of North Carolina - **Decided:** July 16, 2019 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Opinion - **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4417027 ## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction) - finding grandparents have the right to seek visitation “only in certain clearly specified situations” ## Opinion text IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA No. COA18-1085 Filed: 16 July 2019 Orange County, No. 14 CVD 1289 MATTHEW JASON ROYBAL, Plaintiff v. CHRISTY ANNE RAULLI, Defendant. Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 8 October 2018 by Judge Samantha Cabe in District Court, Orange County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 8 May 2019. Browner Law, PLLC, by Jeremy Todd Browner, for plaintiff-appellant. Ellis Family Law, P.L.L.C., by Autumn D. Osbourne, for defendant-appellee. STROUD, Judge. Matthew Roybal appeals from an order addressing several issues of first impression for this Court arising from the Uniform Deployed Parents Custody and Visitation Act (“UDPCVA”). N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-350-396 (2017). Father’s motion and the trial court’s order dealt with all three aspects of custodial responsibility recognized by the UDPCVA: caretaking authority, decision-making authority, and limited contact. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-374-375. The applicable standards for each aspect of custodial responsibility are slightly different, and here, separate prior orders addressed custody for each of the parties’ two children, Elizabeth and Jay.1 1 Pseudonyms will be used for the privacy of the minors involved. ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Because both children’s previous custody orders addressed caretaking authority and decision-making authority in the event of Father’s deployment, and the trial court did not find that the circumstances required modification, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Father’s motion as to these two aspects of custodial responsibility. But the prior orders did not address “limited contact,” which is a form of visitation specifically authorized under the UDPCVA. N.C. Gen Stat. § 50A-375. The statute requires limited contact to be granted to a “nonparent” with a “close and substantial relationship” with a child unless limited contact is contrary to the child’s best interest. Id. The trial court correctly granted limited contact to Father’s wife, Stepmother, as to Elizabeth, but erred in its interpretation of Jay’s prior order and North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373(1) as preventing the court from granting limited contact as to Jay. We therefore affirm the trial’s court order in part but remand for the trial court to grant limited contact with Jay to Stepmother unless the court determines that she does not have a “close and substantial relationship” with Jay or that limited contact would be contrary to his best interests. Id. We also remand for the trial court to recognize Stepmother as a party to this action “until the grant of limited contact is terminated.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(b). I. Background Mother and Father (hereinafter “parents”) never married but while they were residing together, Elizabeth was born in 2012, and after their relationship ended, Jay -2- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court was born in 2016. In September of 2014, Plaintiff-Father filed a verified complaint against Defendant-Mother for joint and legal custody of their daughter, Elizabeth. On 21 November 2014, Mother answered Father’s verified complaint and requested custody and child support. On 29 June 2016, the trial court entered into a consent order for joint legal and physical custody of Elizabeth (“Elizabeth’s Consent Order”). When Elizabeth’s Consent Order was entered, Father was residing with his then fiancé, Victoria, (“Stepmother”) and her daughter, age seven, from a previous relationship. Elizabeth had already been “introduced as a member of [Father’s] household,”2 and Mother was seven months pregnant with Jay. Elizabeth’s order has extensive and detailed provisions for shared custody and decision-making and has these provisions relevant to this case: 2. Time-Sharing (Physical Custody). The parties shall share the physical custody of the minor child as set forth herein. (a) Regular Weekly Schedule: Except for the periods of Vacation, Holidays and the Plaintiff’s Military Duty as set forth below and except for what may otherwise be mutually agreed upon between the parties the minor child shall be in the physical custody of the Plaintiff beginning at 9:30 AM on Sunday morning and continuing until the beginning of school on Tuesday morning [two (2) days later] or until 9:30 AM on Tuesday morning if there is no school. The minor child shall be in the physical custody 2 The parents developed the terms of Elizabeth’s Consent Order in mediation and it includes “limited findings of fact” by consent. The facts regarding circumstances at the time of entry of Elizabeth’s Consent Order come from findings of fact in the 2016 order regarding Jay’s custody. -3- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court of the Defendant beginning with her drop off at school on Tuesday morning or from 9:30 AM on Tuesday if there is no school until she is dropped off for the beginning of school on Thursday morning [two (2) days later] or until 9:30 AM on Thursday morning if there is no school. The minor child shall be in the Plaintiff’s physical custody from the time she is dropped off for school on Thursday morning or from 9:30 AM on Thursday morning if there is no school until the time she is dropped off for school on Friday or until 9:30 AM on Friday if there is no school. The minor child shall be in the Defendant’s physical custody from Friday at the beginning of school or from 9:30 AM on Friday if there is no school until Sunday morning at 9:30 AM. The net result of this schedule is that the Plaintiff has physical custody of the minor child for three (3) overnights (Sunday, Monday and Thursday) and the Defendant has physical custody of the minor child for four (4) overnights (Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday) with the minor child each week, sharing her on a 2-2-1-2 schedule. (i) Military Duty: In the event that the Plaintiff has an USAR Drill Weekend (also known as a “Battle Assembly”), he shall pick up the minor child by 6:00 PM on Sunday to begin his physical custodial time. If the Plaintiff is unable to pick up the child by 6:00 PM, the Defendant shall retain physical custody of the child until the beginning of school on Monday morning or until 9:30 AM on Monday morning if there is no school, or as may be otherwise mutually agreed to between the parties. .... 5. “Temporary Military Duty” or “Active Duty”. To the extent that any Temporary Military Duty would impact the Regular Weekly Schedule set forth above, the parties shall return to mediation to determine a new schedule, as appropriate at that time. Likewise, in the event that the parties cannot create a mutually agreeable schedule during any periods of Active Duty, the parties shall return to mediation for assistance in reaching a new -4- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court schedule. Until such time as a new Order or agreement is in place, the minor child shall remain in Defendant’s care if the Plaintiff is unavailable to exercise his time with the minor child. 6. Legal Custody. The parties shall share jointly in the decisions in reference to the major areas of parenting, as often as possible, and specifically: .... (xi) The parties further stipulate and agree that should Plaintiff be deployed or otherwise unavailable due to his military status and therefore he be [sic] unable to respond to Defendant surrounding a matter that would generally fall under legal custody as described herein, Defendant shall be entitled to solely make said decision after waiting forty eight (48) hours to hear back from Plaintiff short of an emergency. After the entry of Elizabeth’s Consent Order, Jay was born in August 2016. In September 2016, Father filed a motion to modify custody seeking modification of Elizabeth’s Consent Order and determination of Jay’s custody. On 11 July 2017, the trial court entered an order regarding Jay’s custody, granting the parents joint legal and physical custody on a temporary basis, with a final order to be determined later.3 The trial court denied Father’s motion to modify Elizabeth’s Consent Order, finding no substantial change of circumstances since entry of the order. When Jay’s order was entered, Father had married Stepmother, and she was pregnant. Jay was eight 3The order provides that a hearing on permanent custody for Jay “shall not be scheduled before December 2017.” Jay’s order does not appear to be a consent order, but prior to the Conclusions of Law, the order states: “Based upon the consent of the parties and the foregoing Limited Findings of Fact, the Court makes the following: CONCLUSIONS OF LAW.” -5- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court months old at the time of the hearing in April 2017; he was still breastfeeding and not yet sleeping through the night. The trial court granted joint legal and physical custody of Jay to the parents and set forth a detailed schedule for physical custody and provisions regarding decision-making. As relevant to the issues in this case, the order includes these provisions regarding military service: g. Should Plaintiff be unable to exercise his custodial time described herein due to travel for work or any form of military duty, including but not limited to: temporary military duty, active duty or deployment, the minor child shall remain in Defendant’s custody. h. The parties shall share jointly in the decisions in reference to the major areas of parenting, as often as possible, and specifically: i. The parties each have the right to make the day-to- day decisions for the minor child. In matters of more consequence with long-lasting significance, these issues will be discussed between the parties in an effort to resolve them by mutual agreement. In the event the parties cannot agree, they shall seek assistance from a relevant professional or return to mediation. ii. The parties shall each provide one another with a current address, email address and telephone number and shall provide notice of any change in this information at least 48 hours prior to such change. On 21 May 2018, Father notified Mother via email of his upcoming deployment. Mother and Father discussed attending mediation but could not schedule mediation in time to resolve their custody issues before Father’s departure. Father’s official -6- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court orders to report for “active duty as a member of your Reserve Component Unit” of the United States Army were issued on 2 August 2018.4 He was required to report first to Fort Hood, Texas, on 20 August 2018 for mandatory training prior to deployment, and his mobilization would begin 27 August 2018 and last 400 days. The purpose of his activation was “in support of OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM- HORN OF AFRICA.” The Orders did not allow dependents to accompany Father. On 13 August 2018, Father filed a “Motion to Grant Caretaking Authority to Nonparent Due to Deployed Parent” under the UPDCVA with the Orange County District Court. He alleged Stepmother and the children’s stepsister and half brother have close and substantial relationships with Elizabeth and Jay and that Stepmother should be granted “caretaking and decision-making authority, or in the alternative, limited contact” with both children. Despite Father’s deployment date of 20 August 2018, the trial court set the hearing for 22 October 2018. Father filed a petition for a writ of mandamus with this Court to order the trial court to expedite the hearing as required under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-371.5 On 24 September 2018, this Court granted 4The United States Army Reserves is included in the definition of “Uniformed service.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351(18). 5 The UDPCVA requires the trial court to conduct an expedited hearing. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-371. We understand that the trial court’s docket is normally set far in advance and is more than full, but because military deployments often require parents to report for duty very soon, the statute requires this type of hearing to be given priority. -7- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Father’s petition and ordered the trial court to hold a hearing by 8 October 2018. On 28 September 2018, the trial court held a hearing on Father’s motion and entered an order on 8 October 2018 denying the motion as to Jay and granting it in part by ordering limited contact only for Elizabeth. Father timely appealed. II. Interlocutory Appeal The order on appeal is an interlocutory order, since it does not resolve all pending claims and is a temporary order. An order issued under the UDPCVA is by definition a “temporary order” and terminates “60 days from the date the deploying parent gives notice of having returned from deployment to the other parent” or “death of the deploying parent”: A temporary order for custodial responsibility issued under Part 3 of this Article shall terminate, if no agreement between the parties to terminate a temporary order for custodial responsibility has been filed, 60 days from the date the deploying parent gives notice of having returned from deployment to the other parent and any nonparent granted custodial responsibility, when applicable, or upon the death of the deploying parent, whichever occurs first. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-388(a). “The general rule which has been stated by this Court is that temporary custody orders are interlocutory and unless the order affects a “substantial right of [the appellant] which cannot be protected by timely appeal from the trial court’s ultimate disposition of the entire controversy on the merits[,]” the appeal must be dismissed. File v. File, 195 N.C. App. 562, 569, 673 S.E.2d 405, 410 (2009) But all prior cases addressing appeals of temporary custody orders dealt with -8- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court orders entered under Chapter 50, and in those cases, a permanent order will normally be entered in the near future. See Senner v. Senner, 161 N.C. App. 78, 81, 587 S.E.2d 675, 677 (2003). (“[A]n order is temporary if either (1) it is entered without prejudice to either party, (2) it states a clear and specific reconvening time in the order and the time interval between the two hearings was reasonably brief; or (3) the order does not determine all the issues.”). Our Court has not previously addressed jurisdiction to review an custodial responsibility order issued under the UDPCVA.6 Father contends this order falls under North Carolina General Statute § 50- 19.1, which allows immediate appeal of custody orders even if other claims remain pending in the same action: Notwithstanding any other pending claims filed in the same action, a party may appeal from an order or judgment adjudicating a claim for absolute divorce, divorce from bed and board, child custody, child support, alimony, or equitable distribution if the order or judgment would otherwise be a final order or judgment within the meaning of G.S. 1A-1, Rule 54(b), but for the other pending claims in the same action. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-19.1 (2017). We agree that a custodial responsibility order under the UDPCVA is a variety of “child custody” order covered by North Carolina General Statute § 50-19.1. 6 “Custodial responsibility” is “[a] comprehensive term that includes any and all powers and duties relating to caretaking authority and decision-making authority for a child. The term includes custody, physical custody, legal custody, parenting time, right to access, visitation, and the authority to designate limited contact with a child.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351(6). -9- ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Although Jay’s Custody order was a temporary order and issues regarding his permanent custody remain unresolved, the issues regarding his permanent custody under Chapter 50 are independent of Father’s claim under the UDPCVA. The order on appeal is technically a “temporary” order, since custodial responsibility orders under the UDPCVA are required to be temporary orders unless the parties agree to entry of a permanent order.7 See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-385-388. But orders for custodial responsibility under the UDPCVA would be essentially non-appealable if we treated them like temporary custody orders under Chapter 50. The order on appeal is a final order addressing all issues raised under the UDPCVA and those issues are independent of the underlying Chapter 50 custody claims, so it is otherwise “a final order or judgment within the meaning of G.S. 1A-1, Rule 54(b), but for the other pending claims in the same action.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-19.1. In addition, as a practical matter, since a hearing regarding Jay’s pending permanent custody could not be done while Father is deployed, if Father were required to wait for resolution of Jay’s permanent custody before appealing the custodial responsibility order, the UDPCVA order would be rendered moot. Because the order under the UDPCVA is a 7“After a deploying parent receives notice of deployment and during the deployment, a court may issue a temporary order granting custodial responsibility unless prohibited by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, 50 U.S.C. app. §§ 521-522. A court may not issue a permanent order granting custodial responsibility in the absence of the deploying parent without the consent of the deploying parent.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-370(a). - 10 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court final order addressing the UDPCVA claim, we have jurisdiction to review the order under North Carolina General Statute § 50-19.1. III. Parties We first note that Stepmother has not formally intervened or been made a party to this case.8 Either parent may file a claim or motion under the UDPCVA. The UDPCVA addresses how and when a “proceeding for a temporary custody order” may be filed. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-370(b) (“At any time after a deploying parent receives notice of deployment, either parent may file a motion regarding custodial responsibility of a child during deployment.”). This portion of the statute does not address intervention or adding parties to the case. Later in Article 3, North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375, entitled “Grant of Limited Contact,” deals with provisions of the order and provides that “[a]ny nonparent who is granted limited contact shall be made a party to the action until the grant of limited contact is terminated. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(b) (emphasis added). “Limited contact” is defined as “[t]he opportunity for a nonparent to visit with a child for a limited period of time. The term includes authority to take the child to a place other than the residence of the child.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351(11). 8 Elizabeth’s Consent Order includes a provision regarding intervention by “Defendant’s mother, Diane Ivers Raulli” who “filed a Motion to Intervene in this case on June 28, 2016.” The parties stipulated Defendant’s mother was allowed to intervene and a consent order was to be prepared granting intervention, reserving her request for grandparent visitation rights. Our record does not reveal if the order for intervention was ever entered or if Grandmother’s request for visitation was ever considered. - 11 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court The order on appeal granted Stepmother, a “nonparent” as defined by North Carolina General Statute § 50A-351(11), “limited contact” with Elizabeth, so she should have been made a party to this action “until the grant of limited contact is terminated.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(b). We must therefore consider whether we have jurisdiction to consider the issues on appeal, since all “necessary parties” must be joined in an action under North Carolina General Statute § 1A-1, Rule 19: Rule 19 dictates that all necessary parties must be joined in an action. Rule 19 requires the trial court to join as a necessary party any persons united in interest and/or any persons without whom a complete determination of the claim cannot be made since a judgment without such necessary joinder is void. A party does not waive the defense of failure to join a necessary party; an objection on this basis can be raised at any time. A reviewing court is required to raise the issue ex mero motu to protect its jurisdiction. Commonwealth Land Title Ins. Co. v. Stephenson, 97 N.C. App. 123, 125, 387 S.E.2d 77, 79 (1990) (emphasis added) (citations, quotation marks, brackets, and ellipsis omitted). Under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-370(b), only the parents may bring a claim under the UDPCVA, so Stepmother could not have filed the motion. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-370(b). Under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375(b), the trial court is directed to make a person to whom limited contact is granted “a party to the action until the grant of limited contact is terminated.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(b). “It is well established that ‘the word “shall” is generally imperative or - 12 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court mandatory.’” Multiple Claimants v. N. Carolina Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 361 N.C. 372, 378, 646 S.E.2d 356, 360 (2007) (quoting State v. Johnson, 298 N.C. 355, 361, 259 S.E.2d 752, 757 (1979)). In addition, “[a] nonparent granted caretaking authority, decision-making authority, or limited contact under this Part has standing to enforce the grant until it is terminated under Part 4 of this Article or by court order.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-376(b). Thus, Stepmother would have standing to enforce the order under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-376(b). The order also specifically directs Stepmother to participate in the visitation schedule for Elizabeth and to “work together” with Mother to ensure that Elizabeth does not miss special events and that she will see her step and half siblings for “major holidays, including Thanksgiving and Christmas.” We also recognize that in custody cases, our Courts have previously recognized “de facto parties” where a nonparent has been granted custodial rights by a court order and have allowed the “de facto” parties to be formally added as parties even after entry of a court order or on appeal. In Sloan v. Sloan, this Court noted Moreover, after a trial court has awarded custody to a person who was not a party to the action or proceeding, this Court has held that it would be proper and advisable for that person to be made a party to the action or proceeding to the end that such party would be subject to orders of the court. This may be done even after judgment and by the appellant court when the case is appealed. By filing a motion to intervene in the matter, intervenors - 13 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court were simply requesting to be formally recognized as parties to a child custody action in which they had already been awarded visitation rights. Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting their motion to intervene even after the order determining permanent custody of C.S. was entered. 164 N.C. App. 190, 194-95, 595 S.E.2d 228, 231 (2004) (citation, ellipsis, and brackets omitted). Therefore, Stepmother was treated as a “de facto” party based upon the trial court’s order granting her limited contact and ordering her to take specific actions, and the fact that the trial court did not formally order her to be added as a party does not impair our jurisdiction. As noted in In re Custody of Branch, it is “proper and advisable” for Stepmother to be “made a party to the action or proceeding to the end that such party would be subject to orders of the court.” 16 N.C. App. 413, 415, 192 S.E.2d 43, 45 (1972). “We have held, however, that this may be done even after judgment and by the appellate court when the case is appealed.” Id. Based upon North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375, Stepmother should be made a party to this action “until the grant of limited contact is terminated,” so we will remand the order on appeal for the trial court to include this provision. IV. Standard of Review No case has yet addressed the standard of review for custodial responsibility orders under the UDPCVA. The issues presented here are primarily statutory construction issues, which we review de novo: - 14 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court We review issues of statutory construction de novo. In matters of statutory construction, our primary task is to ensure that the purpose of the legislature, the legislative intent, is accomplished. Legislative purpose is first ascertained from the plain words of the statute. A statute that is clear on its face must be enforced as written. Courts, in interpreting the clear and unambiguous text of a statute, must give it its plain and definite meaning, as there is no room for judicial construction. . . . In applying the language of a statute, and because the actual words of the legislature are the clearest manifestation of its intent, we give every word of the statute effect, presuming that the legislature carefully chose each word used. Finally, we must be guided by the fundamental rule of statutory construction that statutes in pari materia, and all parts thereof, should be construed together and compared with each other. Hill v. Hill, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 821 S.E.2d 210, 227-28 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting In re Ivey, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 810 S.E.2d 740, 744 (2018)). Father challenges none of the trial court’s findings of fact as unsupported by the evidence, so where the trial court has correctly interpreted the statute, we review the trial court’s conclusions of law to determine if they are supported by the findings of fact. Shipman v. Shipman, 357 N.C. 471, 475, 586 S.E.2d 250, 254 (2003). “Absent an abuse of discretion, the trial court’s decision in matters of child custody should not be upset on appeal.” Everette v. Collins, 176 N.C. App. 168, 171, 625 S.E.2d 796, 798 (2006). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re N.G., 186 N.C. App. 1, 10-11, 650 S.E.2d 45, 51 (2007). - 15 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court V. Caretaking and Decision-Making Authority for Elizabeth Just as the underlying custody order provisions for Elizabeth and Jay differ, the trial court’s order under the UDPCVA also has different provisions for Elizabeth and Jay. As to Elizabeth, the trial court granted limited contact; as to Jay, the trial court denied Father’s motion entirely. We will therefore address the provisions of the order regarding Elizabeth and Jay separately. A “Prior Judicial Order” under N.C. Gen. Stat § 50A-373 Father does not challenge the trial court’s findings of fact but argues the trial court erred by denying caretaking authority or decision-making authority as to Elizabeth. The trial court granted only limited contact with Elizabeth to Stepmother. Father argues first that Elizabeth’s Consent Order does not “directly address a deployment but only addresses ‘Temporary Military Duty’ or ‘Active Duty.’” He contends that these terms, as used in Elizabeth’s Consent Order, refer to his “military activity during his once a month drill or when he is sent away for required military training in preparation for a deployment.” Thus, Father argues, since Elizabeth’s Consent Order does not address deployment, it is not a “prior judicial order designating custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373(1) (emphasis added). Father contends that the trial court should have considered his claim as to Elizabeth under North Carolina General Statute § - 16 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court 50A-374, which controls in the absence of a “prior judicial order” addressing deployment. Mother agrees with Father that Elizabeth’s Consent Order “does not specifically refer to the term ‘deployment’ so it is not a ‘prior judicial [order]’ as contemplated by N.G. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373(1).” She agrees that “N.C.G.S. § 50A-374 was the governing statute for the trial court to determine whether to grant caretaking and decision-making authority for” Elizabeth and contends the trial court applied it properly since North Carolina General Statute § 50A-374 says the court may grant caretaking authority to a nonparent but does not require that it do so. The trial court first made detailed findings of fact regarding the prior orders and various family members, including Stepmother, the children’s stepsister, and their half brother. As to Elizabeth, the trial court made these relevant findings of fact and conclusions of law: 15. [Mother] has not cut off access to both minor children to [Stepmother] or to their step-sister and half-brother. 16. [Mother] and [Stepmother] communicate better with each other than the parties do with one another. 17. [Mother] and [Stepmother] seem to work out these children maintaining a relationship amongst themselves and both are acting in the children’s best interests. .... 19. There is a prior permanent custody order in place for - 17 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court the minor child [Elizabeth]. The order refers to “active duty,” but not specifically to “deployment.” 20. There are sufficient circumstances to grant limited contact as to [Elizabeth] but deny custodial responsibility and decision making authority. The terms of the prior order are sufficient to address custodial/decision-making authority. 21. Sufficient circumstances exist to allow [Stepmother] limited contact with [Elizabeth] as described herein. 22. [Mother] and [Stepmother] can do a great job in keeping these four children in contact with one another and that both of them want to see these children thrive. 23. [Mother] and [Stepmother] can augment the above limited contact in ways that are beneficial to all four of the above-mentioned children even though only two of them are subject to this order. 24. [Mother] and [Stepmother] have not acted in any way other than keeping the four children in contact with one another and allowing the children to thrive. .... Based on the foregoing FINDINGS OF FACT, the Court makes the following: CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 1. The facts as set forth in paragraphs 1 through 25 above are fully incorporated herein by reference to the extent that they are also conclusions of law. 2. The Court has jurisdiction of the parties and the subject matter of this action. 3. That there are not sufficient circumstances to modify the - 18 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court previous custody orders of [Elizabeth] and [Jay] to allow custodial responsibility and grant decision making authority to [Stepmother.] 4. That [Elizabeth’s] custody order is not clear on limited contact in the event of Plaintiff’s deployment and limited contact as to [Elizabeth] to [Stepmother] is granted as described herein. 5. That NCGS §50A-373 specifically says, “In a proceeding for a grant of custodial responsibility pursuant to this Part” 6. That NCGS §50A-373 and §50A-375 are both located in Part 3 of Article 3, Chapter 50A of the North Carolina General Statutes. 7. That the grant of Limited Contact is a proceeding of Part 3 of Article 3, Chapter 50A of the North Carolina General Statutes and is subject to NCGS §50A-373. Although Mother and Father both contend in their briefs that the claim for a custodial responsibility order for Elizabeth is not subject to North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373, we disagree, at least in part. We will first address the “Judicial Procedure for Granting Custodial Responsibility During Deployment” as set out in Part 3 of the UPDCVA. Part 3 sets out provisions applicable to the trial court’s resolution of a claim for a custodial responsibility order. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-370- 384. North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373 titled, “Effect of a prior judicial - 19 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court decree or agreement,”9 governs cases in which the parents have an existing order or agreement addressing “custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment”: In a proceeding for a grant of custodial responsibility pursuant to this Part, the following shall apply: (1) A prior judicial order designating custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment is binding on the court unless the circumstances require modifying a judicial order regarding custodial responsibility. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373. B. Terminology One issue noted by the Prefatory Note to the Uniform Act is “The Problem of Differing Terminology”: The UDPCVA seeks to establish uniformity in the terminology used in custody cases arising from deployment, given the prospect that many of these cases will involve more than one jurisdiction. States, however, currently differ on the terminology that they use to describe issues of custody and visitation. In enacting the UDPCVA, states are encouraged to add any state specific terminology to the definitions of the specific terms used in the Act, without replacing the Act’s specific terms or deleting the existing definitions of those terms. Use of common terms and definitions by states enacting the Act will facilitate resolution of cases involving multiple jurisdictions. 9We note that the Uniform Act entitles this same section “Effect of Prior Judicial Order or Agreement,” while North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373 is titled “Effect of prior judicial decree or agreement.” (Emphasis added.) Yet the substantive language of both the Uniform Act and North Carolina statute uses the same terminology: “A prior judicial order . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373. The Official Comments following the section also use the term “decree” instead of “order.” We have been unable to determine any relevant difference between the terms “order” and “decree” for purposes of this case. - 20 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Unif. Deploy. Parent Cust. & Vist. Act, Prefatory Note. The terminology used by the UDPCVA is crucial to both the parents’ arguments and our analysis, so we will first address the meaning of the controlling terms. The UDPCVA includes definitions of many terms, and where the statute has provided a definition, we must use that definition. See Knight Pub. Co. v. Charlotte- Mecklenburg Hosp. Auth., 172 N.C. App. 486, 492, 616 S.E.2d 602, 607 (2005) (“If a statute ‘contains a definition of a word used therein, that definition controls,’ but nothing else appearing, ‘words must be given their common and ordinary meaning[.]’” (alteration in original) (quoting In re Clayton-Marcus Co., 286 N.C. 215, 219, 210 S.E.2d 199, 203 (1974)). North Carolina’s UDPCVA was adopted in 2013 with only a few variations from the Uniform Act. North Carolina General Statute § 50A-395, titled “Uniformity of application and construction” requires that “[i]n applying and construing this Article, consideration shall be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-395. Very few other state appellate courts have addressed orders issued under the UDPCVA, and none have addressed the issues raised in this case. We will consider any differences between the Uniform Act and the law as adopted in North Carolina to determine if they are relevant to the issues in this case, and we will consider the Prefatory Note and Comments to the Uniform Act as applicable. As to any - 21 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court terminology used by the Uniform Act and adopted by North Carolina, we will seek to interpret terms as intended under the Uniform Act “to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter.” Id. We will therefore use the specific terms as stated in the UDPCVA in accord with their definitions and will include terms used in North Carolina “without replacing the Act’s specific terms or deleting the existing definitions of those terms.” Id. C. “Custodial Responsibility” There is no dispute that Elizabeth’s Consent Order is a “prior judicial order,” as it is an order previously issued in Elizabeth’s custody case. The issue on appeal arises based upon the rest of the phrase: “designating custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373(1). The first term we must consider is “custodial responsibility.” The UDPCVA uses several terms unique to the Uniform Act to address various aspects of custody, recognizing that different states use different terminology. “Custodial responsibility” is the “umbrella term” for the various aspects of custody: The UDPCVA establishes one umbrella term, “custodial responsibility,” for all issues relating to custody, including the responsibility often referred to in other state custody law as physical custody, visitation, and legal custody. The Act also establishes three sub-categories of custodial responsibility that can be transferred to others during deployment: “caretaking authority,” “decision-making authority,” and “limited contact.” The terminology used for each of these sub-categories is original to the UDPCVA. The term “caretaking authority” - 22 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court is meant to encompass the authority to live with, spend time with, or visit with a child. States often use a number of terms that fall within this definition, including “primary physical custody,” “secondary physical custody,” “visitation,” and “possessory conservatorship.” All these are meant to be subsumed under the term “caretaking authority.” In contrast, the term “decision-making authority” means the authority to make decisions about a child’s life beyond the authority that ordinarily accompanies a transfer of caretaking authority under state custody law. This term is meant to encompass the authority referred to in many states as “legal custody,” including the authority reasonably necessary to make decisions such as the ability to enroll the child in a local school, to deal with health care, to participate in religious training, and to allow the child to engage in extracurricular activities and travel. Finally, the term “limited contact” refers to a form of visitation with the child given to nonparents on the request of a deployed service member. This type of visitation allows the service member to sustain his or her relationship with the child through designating either a family member or other person with whom the child has a close relationship to spend time with the child during the service member’s absence. The limited contact definition allows the possibility that it may be granted to minors as well as adults. Thus a minor half-sibling or step-sibling of the child could be granted limited contact during a service member’s deployment. This type of contact with the child is a more limited form of visitation than courts usually grant to parents or grandparents outside the deployment context. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351 Official Comment. Elizabeth’s Consent Order addressed physical custody and visitation, comparable to “caretaking;” we have quoted some of those provisions above. The Consent Order also had detailed provisions under the heading “Legal Custody” which - 23 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court addressed joint decision-making in the “major areas of parenting, as often as possible,” including subsections addressing day-to-day decisions; medical treatment; education; extracurricular activities; and travel out of state. It also addressed decision-making when Father is “deployed or otherwise unavailable due to his military status and therefore he be [sic] unable to respond to Defendant surrounding a matter that would generally fall under legal custody as described herein.” But Elizabeth’s Order does not address “limited contact,” which differs somewhat from the types of provisions typically included in a consent order between two parents addressing only their own custody and visitation rights under Chapter 50. “Limited contact” is a form of visitation with nonparents; under Chapter 50, a trial court can grant visitation to nonparents only in very limited circumstances. See McIntyre v. McIntyre, 341 N.C. 629, 635, 461 S.E.2d 745, 749-50 (1995) (finding grandparents have the right to seek visitation “only in certain clearly specified situations”). This type of visitation with persons other than parents can be addressed by an order or agreement, but in this instance, the parents did not set forth any form of “limited contact” with any nonparent.10 D. “Deployment” The next term in contention here is “deployment.” Fortunately, the UDPCVA also defines deployment: 10As noted above, Elizabeth’s Consent Order included a provision regarding intervention by the maternal grandmother and her request for grandparent visitation rights was reserved. - 24 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court The movement or mobilization of a service member to a location for more than 90 days, but less than 18 months, pursuant to an official order that (i) is designated as unaccompanied; (ii) does not authorize dependent travel; or (iii) otherwise does not permit the movement of family members to that location. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351(9). Both Mother and Father contend that Elizabeth’s Consent Order refers to “Temporary Military Duty” and “Active Duty” but not specifically “deployment.” This is not entirely correct, as the order includes a decision-making provision which specifically includes deployment: The parties further stipulate and agree that should Plaintiff be deployed or otherwise unavailable due to his military status and therefore he be unable to respond to Defendant surrounding a matter that would generally fall under legal custody as described herein, Defendant shall be entitled to solely make said decision after waiting forty- eight (48) hours to hear back from Plaintiff short of an emergency. (Emphasis added.) Certainly, the parents were using the common meaning of “deployment” in the Consent Order and not the specific definition under the UDPCVA but that does not mean that Elizabeth’s Consent Order provisions do not address the circumstances described as “deployment” as defined by North Carolina General Statute § 50A- 351(9). Both deployment and active duty are defined by the Department of Defense, and we look to those definitions to aid our interpretation. Active duty is defined as, - 25 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court “Full-time duty in the active military service of the United States, including active duty or full-time training duty in the Reserve Component.” U.S. Dep’t of Defense, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 7 (May 2019). Deployment is defined as, “The movement of forces into and out of an operational area.” Id. at 65. The terms of Elizabeth’s order actually contemplate several types of military duty by Father, ranging from weekend drill—which would not be “deployment” as defined by the UDPCVA due to the short time duration—to “Active Duty,” which is the type of duty Father was deployed to perform. One subsection of the order, following the regular weekly schedule, addresses a variation to the schedule for his monthly drill weekends: “Military Duty: In the event that the Plaintiff has an USAR Drill Weekend (also known as a ‘Battle Assembly’), he shall pick up the minor child by 6:00 PM on Sunday to begin his physical custodial time.” Later, the Consent Order addresses longer term assignments in a section referring to “Temporary Military Duty” and “Active Duty,” including “any Temporary Military Duty that would impact the Regular Weekly Schedule set forth above.” (Emphasis added.) Father’s deployment to Africa for over a year obviously “impact[s] the Regular Weekly Schedule.” Thus, Elizabeth’s Consent Order is “[a] prior judicial order designating custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A- 373(1) (emphasis added). Although the Consent Order does not address limited - 26 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court contact, it addresses caretaking authority and decision-making authority in the event of deployment. E. Application of N.C. Gen. Stat. 50A-373 We have determined that Elizabeth’s Consent Order is “[a] prior judicial order designating custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment,” so it is “binding on the court unless the circumstances require modifying a judicial order regarding custodial responsibility.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §50A-373(1). As noted above, the Consent Order addresses only “caretaking” and “decision-making,” so it was “binding” on the trial court “unless the circumstances require modifying a judicial order regarding custodial responsibility.” Id. (emphasis added). The trial court found “the terms of the prior order are sufficient to address custodial/decision-making authority.” But Father argues that [i]t is well established in North Carolina that a trial court may order a modification of an existing child custody order between two natural parents if the party moving for modification shows that a “substantial change of circumstances affecting the welfare of the child” warrants a change in custody provided that the change is in the best interest of the child. However, the North Carolina legislature enacted North Carolina’s UDPCVA with a weaker “circumstances require” in NCGS §50A-373(1) versus “circumstances meet the requirements of law of this state other than this [act] for modifying a judicial order regarding custodial responsibility,” of the model act section 305(1). Plaintiff/Appellant’s position is that “circumstances required” is too nebulous to be considered anything but the normal conditions to modify a custody order. - 27 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Therefore, [Elizabeth’s] order should not be viewed for caretaking authority through NCGS §50A-373(1) but through NCGS 50A-374. (Citations omitted.) North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373 differs from the Uniform Act’s comparable Section 305, as noted by Father, in a manner he contends inappropriately gives the trial court entirely unlimited discretion to enter or to refuse to enter a custodial responsibility order contrary to a “prior judicial order” which addresses custody in the event of deployment. The UDPCVA provides no specific guidance on why our General Assembly substituted the terms “circumstances require” for “circumstances meet the requirements of law of this state other than this [act] for modifying a judicial order regarding custodial responsibility.” But North Carolina General Statute § 50A-395 requires us to give consideration “to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-395. In addition, the General Assembly adopted the Comments to Section 305 of the Uniform Act, and these comments address the language of the Uniform Act, despite the difference in the language adopted by North Carolina. The Official Comment notes that [s]ection 305 [G.S. 50A-373] governs the court’s consideration of a past judicial decree or agreement between the parents that specifically contemplates custody during a service member’s deployment. In crafting this provision, the UDPCVA seeks to give significant deference to past decrees and agreements in which issues of custody - 28 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court during deployment have already been considered and resolved. At the same time, it seeks to balance the value of certainty gained by leaving settled matters settled against the recognition that in some circumstances past determinations may no longer be in the best interest of the child. This provision gives somewhat more deference to custody provisions in prior judicial decrees than in out-of- court agreements. To overturn the former, the challenger must first meet the state’s standard for modifying a judicial decree regarding custodial responsibility. In most states, this standard requires that there be a showing of a substantial or material change of circumstances that was not foreseeable at the time the prior judicial decree was entered. Only if a challenger meets that showing, as well as overcomes the presumption that the previous decree was in the best interest of the child, may the court modify the earlier decree. In contrast, the challenger of a custody provision established in a past agreement needs only to overcome the presumption that the provision is in the best interest of the child. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373 Official Comment (alteration in original) (emphasis added). By rejecting the phrase “meet the requirements of the law of this state other than this [act]” as used in the Uniform Act, the General Assembly was removing the portion of the statute which would arguably have required the exact same substantial change of circumstances as the standard for modification of a prior permanent custody order under North Carolina’s UDPCVA. As enacted in North Carolina, the UPDCVA allows the trial court to modify a prior custody order with a lesser showing than would normally be required for modification of a permanent order. In other words, the movant need not prove a “substantial change in circumstances that was - 29 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court not foreseeable at the time the prior judicial decree was entered[,]” as described in the Official Comments. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373 Official Comment (allowing an existing custody order to be modified if the “circumstances require” which is left to the trial court to determine). This lesser standard for “circumstances” which “require” modification is in accord with the purpose of the UDPCVA. It is intended to address “issues of child custody and visitation that arise when parents are deployed in military or other national service” since “deployment in national service raises custody issues that are not adequately dealt with in the law of most states.” Unif. Deploy. Parent Cust. & Vist. Act, Prefatory Note. If a motion to modify a prior permanent custody order based upon a substantial change of circumstances affecting the best interests of the children under North Carolina General Statute § 50-13.7 adequately addressed the custody concerns of deployed parents and their families, there would be no need for the UDPCVA to address the standard for modification at all. Often, the parents will have an existing order or agreement, which may or may not address deployment or as in this case, the order may address some aspects of custodial responsibility but not others. The UDPCVA seeks to enable deployed parents to obtain an order quickly and to preserve not just the relationship between the deployed parent and child, but also between the child and the deployed parent’s other family members or others who have a substantial relationship with the child based upon the deployed parent. - 30 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Although we agree with Father that the phrase “circumstances require” may seem “nebulous,” it is given more content and meaning when read in context with the other applicable provisions of the UDPCVA and the “polar star” of all child custody cases: the best interests of the child.11 In custody matters, the best interests of the child is the polar star by which the court must be guided. Although the trial judge is granted wide discretion, a judgment awarding permanent custody must contain findings of fact in support of the required conclusion of law that custody has been awarded to the person who will best promote the interest and welfare of the child. These findings may concern physical, mental, or financial fitness or any other factors brought out by the evidence and relevant to the issue of the welfare of the child. The welfare of the child is the paramount consideration to which all other factors, including common law preferential rights of the parents, must be deferred or subordinated. McRoy v. Hodges, 160 N.C. App. 381, 386-87, 585 S.E.2d 441, 445 (2003) (citations, quotation marks, and ellipsis omitted). The trial court must give deference to a “prior judicial order” which addresses “custodial responsibility” in the event of deployment, but if “circumstances require,” it may enter an order under the UDPCVA with additional terms for any aspect of 11 North Carolina General Statute § 50A-374, the statute Father argues should apply to his motion as to Elizabeth, grants the trial court discretion to grant caretaking authority if it is in the best interest of the child. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-374(a) (“In accordance with the laws of this State and on the motion of a deploying parent, a court may grant caretaking authority of a child to a nonparent who is an adult family member of the child or an adult with whom the child has a close and substantial relationship if it is in the best interest of the child.” (emphasis added)). Several other sections of the UDPCVA also refer to “the law of this State” and “best interest of the child.” See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-352, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 387 & 388. The UDPCVA incorporates the “best interest” standard explicitly in various sections. See N.G. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-373(b), 375(a), 377(3)-(4), 379(a), 387. - 31 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court “custodial responsibility,” including caretaking, decision-making, or limited contact. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §50A-373(a). Although it is not clear from the trial court’s conclusions of law exactly how it determined North Carolina General Statute § 50A- 373 applied to Elizabeth’s Consent Order, the trial court’s rationale is clear. Essentially, the trial court examined the relationships between Mother, Stepmother, and all four children; noted the admirable cooperation between Mother and Stepmother; examined the existing provisions of Elizabeth’s Consent Order; and determined that the circumstances required no change to the provisions of the order regarding caretaking or decision-making, but that it would be in Elizabeth’s best interest to have limited contact as set out in the order. F. Caretaking Authority Father argues that the trial court was not bound by Elizabeth’s Consent Order and erred by not granting Stepmother caretaking authority under North Carolina General Statute §50A-374, which provides that the trial court “may grant caretaking authority of a child to a nonparent who is an adult family member of the child or an adult with whom the child has a close and substantial relationship if it is in the best interest of the child.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-374(a) (emphasis added). Even if we agreed with Father that Elizabeth’s Consent Order was not binding on the trial court, the trial court had the discretion to grant caretaking authority under North Carolina General Statute § 374 but was not required to do so. - 32 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court “As used in statutes, the word ‘shall’ is generally imperative or mandatory.” In contrast, “may” is generally intended to convey that the power granted can be exercised in the actor’s discretion, but the actor need not exercise that discretion at all. Silver v. Halifax Cty. Bd. of Commissioners, ___ N.C. ___, ___, 821 S.E.2d 755, 761 (2018) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Father has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion by denying caretaking authority to Stepmother. The trial court’s findings show it carefully considered the entire family’s situation and tailored the order to address Elizabeth’s needs, so we cannot discern any abuse of discretion. See Walsh v. Jones, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 824 S.E.2d 129, 134 (2019) (“Our trial courts are vested with broad discretion in child custody matters. This discretion is based upon the trial courts’ opportunity to see the parties; to hear the witnesses; and to detect tenors, tones, and flavors that are lost in the bare printed record read months later by appellate judges.” (quoting Shipman 357 N.C. at 474, 586 S.E.2d at 253-54)). G. Decision-Making Authority Father also argues that the trial court erred by not granting Stepmother decision-making authority under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-374, which provides that the trial court may grant part of the deploying parent’s decision-making authority for a child to a nonparent who is an adult family member of the child or an adult with whom the child has a close and substantial relationship if the deploying parent is - 33 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court unable to exercise that authority. When a court grants the authority to a nonparent, the court shall specify the decision-making powers that will and will not be granted, including applicable health, educational, and religious decisions. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-374(c) (emphasis added). Father argues that Elizabeth’s Consent Order, which requires him to respond to Mother within 48 hours regarding decisions they are to make jointly, are not practicable during his deployment since he will be “on another continent” and although he may have access to “video chatting and email, his military duty frequently requires him to be away from civilian communications for days at a time.” Since he may be unable to be reached or unable to respond within 48 hours, he contends that Stepmother knows “his wishes” on a “wide variety of subjects,” she should be allowed to step into his role in joint decision-making with Mother. But we note that Father did not testify at the hearing, and Stepmother did not testify regarding Father’s duties during his deployment, his actual communication options, or his potential lack of access to “video chatting or email” during his deployment. Since Father presented no evidence on these facts, we will generously assume that Father’s argument is generally based upon the “communications” section of Elizabeth’s Consent Order, which provides for the parents to “share and exchange information” “via telephone, email and text messages.” - 34 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Just as for caretaking authority, decision-making authority is a discretionary ruling, but this subsection provides a condition precedent: the trial court may grant decision-making authority to a nonparent “if the deploying parent is unable to exercise that authority.” Id. Father did not present evidence regarding his potential lack of ability to communicate with Mother by “telephone, email and text messages,” as provided by Elizabeth’s Consent Order. Where Father did not present evidence that his military duties would substantially interfere with his ability to use these forms of communication or that he would normally be unable to respond to Mother within 48 hours, the trial court had no basis upon which to find that Father would be “unable to exercise” his decision-making authority. Father has not demonstrated any abuse of discretion by the trial court’s denial of decision-making authority to Stepmother. H. Limited Contact Since Elizabeth’s Consent Order did not address the aspect of “custodial responsibility” defined by the UDPCVA as “limited contact,” the trial court’s consideration of “limited contact” was governed by North Carolina General Statute §50A-375: In accordance with laws of this State and on motion of a deploying parent, a court shall grant limited contact with a child to a nonparent who is either a family member of the child or an individual with whom the child has a close and substantial relationship, unless the court finds that the contact would be contrary to the best interest of the child. - 35 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(a) (emphasis added). The trial court did grant Stepmother “limited contact” for Elizabeth, but Father argues that the trial court erred because the amount of time granted was “substantially reduced from” the time granted to Father by Elizabeth’s Consent Order. He contends that the reduction in contact between Elizabeth and her stepsister and half brother is not in her best interest. Unlike “caretaking authority” and “decision-making authority” under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-374, North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375 uses mandatory language. The trial court “shall grant limited contact with a child to a nonparent who is either a family member of the child or an individual which whom the child has a close and substantial relationship, unless the court finds that the contact would be contrary to the best interest of the child.” Id. (emphasis added). “It is well established that ‘the word “shall” is generally imperative or mandatory.’” Multiple, 361 N.C. at 378, 646 S.E.2d at 360 (quoting State v. Johnson, 298 N.C. 355, 361, 259 S.E.2d 752, 757 (1979)). Therefore, the trial court is not required to grant caretaking or decision-making authority, but the trial court is obligated to grant limited contact with a nonparent who has a “close and substantial relationship” with the child unless the court finds that doing so would be contrary to the best interest of the child. See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 50A-374-375. Based upon the trial court’s findings, it determined that continued contact between Elizabeth and Stepmother and her stepsister and half brother was in her - 36 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court best interest. But Elizabeth’s Consent Order did not address limited contact with a nonparent, and the trial court was not bound by the schedule of custodial time granted to Father in the Order. The actual schedule and amount of limited contact with a nonparent remains within the discretion of the trial court. Here, Elizabeth and Jay already had different custodial schedules based upon the difference in their ages and needs. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by granting “limited contact” to Elizabeth on a different and lesser schedule than Father’s usual custodial time under her Consent order. We also note that Father has not specifically argued, and we have therefore not considered, whether the trial court should have considered any separate grant of limited contact between Elizabeth and her step or half siblings. North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375 provides that “a court shall grant limited contact with a child to a nonparent who is either a family member of the child or an individual with whom the child has a close and substantial relationship . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A- 375(a). A “nonparent” is “[a]n individual other than a deploying parent or other parent.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351(12). A “close and substantial relationship” is “[a] relationship in which a significant bond exists between a child and a nonparent.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-351. The Official Comment notes that [t]he limited contact definition allows the possibility that it may be granted to minors as well as adults. Thus a minor half-sibling or step-sibling of the child could be granted limited contact during a service member’s deployment. - 37 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court This type of contact with the child is a more limited form of visitation than courts usually grant to parents or grandparents outside the deployment context. N.C. Gen. Stat. 50A-351 Official Comment. Although an order under the UDPCVA can grant contact to another child, as opposed to the step-parent or other adult nonparent, the order on appeal grants the limited time to Stepmother, not to her son or daughter.12 The order contemplates that time with Stepmother will normally include her other children as well, thus maintaining the relationships among the children. Overall, the trial court’s order properly struck the balance between deference to Elizabeth’s Consent Order and the unique provisions for “limited contact” with a nonparent under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375. The order’s findings of fact support its conclusions of law, and Father has shown no abuse of discretion as to the provisions for “limited contact” as to Elizabeth. VI. Jay’s Order A. Provisions of Order on Appeal 12Since the UDPCVA provides that “[a]ny nonparent who is granted limited contact shall be made a party to the action until the grant of limited contact is terminated,” it would appear that if limited contact were granted to a minor child, the minor child would need to be “made a party to the action,” a prospect which may present additional procedural complications which a trial court would need to consider carefully. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(b) (emphasis added). - 38 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court In addition to the findings of fact and conclusions of law quoted above, the order includes the following findings of fact (which may be more appropriately considered as a conclusions of law) regarding Jay: 13. The prior custody order for the minor child, [Jay] designates custodial responsibility during Plaintiff [Father’s] deployment on behalf of the US Army and that order is binding on this court. 14. The court finds that circumstances do not require modification of said order. Jay’s prior order provided as follows regarding deployment: g. Should Plaintiff be unable to exercise his custodial time described herein due to travel for work or any form of military duty, including but not limited to: temporary military duty, active duty or deployment, the minor child shall remain in [Mother’s] custody. Jay’s order also provided for joint decision-making in much the same manner as Elizabeth’s consent order. Jay’s order was entered by the trial court separately from Elizabeth’s Consent Order and it is a temporary custody order. The order provides that a hearing upon Jay’s permanent custody would not be “scheduled before December 2017.” B. Distinction Between Temporary and Permanent Prior Order for Purposes of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373(1) Father first argues that because Jay’s Order is a temporary order, it is not a “prior judicial order” under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373 because “it is well settled law in North Carolina that a temporary order entered under N.C. Gen. - 39 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Stat. §13.5(d3) can be revisited without a change in circumstances needed” but only upon consideration of the child’s best interests. He contends that the trial court “must view it through N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-373 as a ‘circumstances required’ equals the best interest of the child standard or through N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-374, which statutorily requires a view as the best interest of the child.” Mother contends that North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373(1) refers to a “prior judicial order” and makes no distinction between temporary or permanent prior judicial orders. She also argues that Father has not cited any authority in support of his argument for a distinction between temporary and permanent orders for purposes of North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373(1). She is correct, but since no case in the United States has addressed this issue, neither Father nor Mother could have cited any case as authority under the UDPCVA on this point. But the language of the statute makes it clear that “prior judicial order” includes both temporary and permanent orders. In several sections the UDPCVA makes the distinction between permanent and temporary orders, and it is obvious from the Act overall and the Comments to the Uniform Act these words were carefully chosen, while North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373(1) instead uses the inclusive and non-specific term “prior judicial order.” For example, under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-353,13 regarding 13“(b) If a court has issued a permanent order regarding custodial responsibility before notice of deployment and the parents modify that order temporarily by agreement pursuant to Part 2 of this - 40 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court jurisdiction, the statute distinguishes between prior temporary and permanent orders regarding custodial responsibility for purposes of determining jurisdiction under the UCCJEA. In North Carolina General Statute § 50A-374(b), the statute refers to an “existing permanent custody order”: Unless the grant of caretaking authority to a nonparent under subsection (a) of this section is agreed to by the other parent, the grant is limited to an amount of time not greater than (i) the time granted to the deploying parent in an existing permanent custody order, except that the court may add unusual travel time necessary to transport the child or (ii) in the absence of an existing permanent custody order, the amount of time that the deploying parent habitually cared for the child before being notified of deployment, except that the court may add unusual travel time necessary to transport the child. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-374(b). Therefore, the UDPCVA gives greater weight to a prior permanent custody order than a prior temporary order for purposes of jurisdiction under the UCCJEA and the terms of a grant of caretaking authority. But under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373, the term “prior judicial order” encompasses both temporary and permanent custody orders. A permanent order is given more weight for the specific purposes set out in the UDPCVA, but Jay’s Article, for purposes of the UCCJEA, the residence of the deploying parent is not changed by reason of the deployment. (c) If a court in another state has issued a temporary order regarding custodial responsibility as a result of impending or current deployment, for purposes of the UCCJEA, the residence of the deploying parent is not changed by reason of the deployment.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-353 (emphasis added). - 41 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court temporary order is a “prior judicial order” for purposes of North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373(a). C. Denial of Caretaking Authority and Decision-Making Authority Both Mother and Father acknowledge that Jay’s order more clearly addresses custodial responsibility in the event of Father’s deployment than did Elizabeth’s Consent Order, discussed above. Jay’s order uses the specific term “deployment,” although, as discussed above, use of that specific term is not necessarily controlling. If the provisions of the prior judicial order encompass custodial responsibility under the circumstances described in North Carolina General Statute § 50A-351(9), it is a “prior judicial order designating custodial responsibility of a child in the event of deployment” and it “is binding on the court unless the circumstances require modifying a judicial order regarding custodial responsibility.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A- 373. Also, as discussed above regarding Elizabeth’s Consent Order, the standard for modifying the provisions of the prior judicial order is lesser than the substantial change in circumstances normally required for modification of a permanent custody order under Chapter 50, and the trial court has the discretion to determine if the “circumstances require” entry of an order if in the best interests of the child. Father argues that his “objective” in bringing his motion under the UDPCVA was to “keep both children’s custody situation the same as when as when he was not deployed.” - 42 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Father’s goal is understandable, but it is impossible to keep their “custody situation” the same since he—the children’s Father—is not in the home. In some circumstances, a trial court may determine that the custodial schedule should remain the same, despite the absence of the parent, but based upon the trial court’s findings of fact, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s determination that circumstances did not require modification of the caretaking authority or decision-making authority as set forth in Jay’s order, for the same reasons as stated above for Elizabeth. D. Limited Contact Just as Elizabeth’s Consent Order did not address the aspect of “custodial responsibility” defined by the UDPCVA as “limited contact,” Jay’s order had no provisions for “limited contact.” Thus, Jay’s order was not binding on the trial court as to limited contact. In addition, the trial court’s consideration of “limited contact” was governed by North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375: In accordance with laws of this State and on motion of a deploying parent, a court shall grant limited contact with a child to a nonparent who is either a family member of the child or an individual with whom the child has a close and substantial relationship, unless the court finds that the contact would be contrary to the best interest of the child. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50A-375(a). As discussed above, the language of North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375 is mandatory, but there are two conditions for granting limited contact: (1) the child has a “close and substantial relationship” with the nonparent, and (2) contact with - 43 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court the nonparent is not contrary to the best interest of the child. Id. The trial court’s findings do not specifically state whether Jay has a “close and substantial relationship”—a term defined by North Carolina General Statute § 50A-351(4)—with Stepmother or his step and half siblings, but the overall import of the evidence and findings suggests that he does have this type of relationship with Stepmother. In fact, Mother’s response to Father’s motion for an order under the UDPCVA admits many allegations regarding the relationships between both children, Stepmother, and their step and half siblings. The trial court noted that both Mother and Stepmother were working together to maintain the relationships among the four children and were acting in their best interests. Nothing in the trial court’s order suggests that limited contact with Stepmother would be “contrary to the best interest of” Jay. The trial court determined that under North Carolina General Statute § 50A- 373(1), it could not grant limited contact to Stepmother for Jay based upon Jay’s Order which had provisions regarding deployment. To that extent, the trial court erred in its interpretation of the statute.14 We therefore reverse the order as to the 14 The trial court’s statements in open court support this interpretation. When Father’s counsel asked for clarification as to the denial of limited contact with Jay, the trial court stated “I am finding that his prior order is binding because I’m not finding that circumstances require the modification of that, and therefore I cannot change that order. That does not prohibit [Mother] from allowing [Jay] to go. It’s just that there is a prior order that is specifically talking about the custodial responsibility of the child in the event of deployment, and I’m finding that that is binding on this court, and I’m not going to change it.” - 44 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court denial of limited contact as to Jay and remand for entry of an order addressing limited contact. If the trial court determines that Jay does not have a “close and substantial relationship” with Stepmother or his step and half siblings, or if it determines that limited contact would be contrary to his best interests, the trial court may enter a new order denying Father’s request for limited contact. Since the trial court did not make these specific findings or conclusions based upon its interpretation of Jay’s order and North Carolina General Statute § 50A-373(1), the trial court should do so on remand. In addition, the trial court may in its discretion receive additional evidence limited to this issue on remand. If the trial court orders limited contact on remand, after making appropriate findings of fact, it may set the schedule for the limited contact in its discretion and is neither required nor prohibited from following either the schedule granted to Father in Jay’s order or the same limited contact schedule as granted for Elizabeth. The trial court may consider Jay’s age and needs as well has his, Mother’s, and Stepmother’s schedules, and any other factors relevant to establishing the times for limited contact with Stepmother. VII. Time Limit Father’s last argument raises a procedural issue. He argues the trial court erred by limiting each side to 20 minutes for presentation of their evidence and arguments, and “[t]his amount of time was insufficient for the Plaintiff-Appellant to open, submit evidence with more than one witness, cross-examine the Defendant- - 45 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court Appellee, and close in this hearing.” However, as Mother points out, Father’s counsel did not object to the time limitations or request additional time before the trial court. She also notes that Father did not use all of the 20 minutes allotted to him, nor did he attempt to offer affidavits or other documentary evidence in addition to Stepmother’s testimony. “[T]he manner of the presentation of evidence is a matter resting primarily within the discretion of the trial judge, and his control of the case will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of discretion.” Wolgin v. Wolgin, 217 N.C. App. 278, 283, 719 S.E.2d 196, 199 (2011) (quoting State v. Harris, 315 N.C. 556, 562, 340 S.E.2d 383, 387 (1986)) (affirming denial of appellant’s motion for a new trial where the trial court limited the presentation of evidence when “(1) the length of the trial was discussed at pre-trial conferences and both parties agreed to a two-day trial; (2) the court made inquiry concerning the ability of both parties to present evidence within a two-day time frame and neither party objected during pre-trial conferences; (3) the court made several references to the time constrictions during the trial; and (4) at the close of Defendant’s evidence, Defendant made no objection to time limits enforced by the trial court on the second day of trial”). We also note that this hearing was held on an expedited basis for purposes of entering a temporary order, and the trial court may take these factors into account when setting time limits for the hearing. Because Father did not make a timely request for additional time for presentation of his case - 46 - ROYBAL V. RAULLI Opinion of the Court prior to or during the hearing, this issue is deemed abandoned and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1). VIII. Conclusion We affirm the trial court’s order as to Elizabeth, but we remand for the trial court to add Stepmother as a party to this action “until the grant of limited contact is terminated” under North Carolina General Statute § 50A-375(b) and to enter an order granting limited contact with Jay to Stepmother, unless the trial court determines that Jay does not have a “close and substantial relationship” with Stepmother or that limited contact would be contrary to his best interests. The trial court may in its sole discretion receive evidence on remand relevant to this determination only or it may enter an order based upon the current record. AFFIRMED IN PART AND REMANDED. Judges HAMPSON and YOUNG concur. - 47 - --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4417027. Public record. Not legal advice.