# Robertson, Anthony Boyd

> Court of Appeals of Texas · October 9, 2015

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4071201

## Case

- **Court:** Court of Appeals of Texas
- **Decided:** October 9, 2015
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4071201

## Opinion text

PD-0998-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 10/8/2015 5:48:29 PM
Accepted 10/9/2015 2:55:45 PM
ABEL ACOSTA
PDR # PD 0998-15 CLERK

IN THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AT AUSTIN, TEXAS

===============================================

ANTHONY BOYD ROBERTSON
Petitioner

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee

===============================================

Petitioner’s Petition for Discretionary Review to the
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals from his appeal
to the Third District Court of Appeals
in 03-13-00381-CR
===============================================

Submitted by

Law Office of Alexander L. Calhoun
4301 W. William Cannon Dr., Ste. B-150 # 260
October 9, 2015 Austin, Texas 78749
tele: 512/ 731 - 3159
fax: 512/ 233- 5946
Email: alcalhoun@earthlink.net

Oral Argument is Not Requested
Identity of the Parties

Pursuant to Rule 68.4 (a), Tex.R.App. Pro., Appellant presents the following
persons who are parties to, or have an interest in the final judgment in this cause, so
that the Court may determine whether its members are disqualified or should recuse
themselves:

Anthony Robertson, Petitioner

Alexander L. Calhoun, App. Atty 4301 W. William Cannon Dr., Ste. B-
150, # 260, Austin, TX 78749

Amanda McDaniels, Trial Atty 507 W. 10th St., Austin, TX 78701

Wes Mau, Dist. Atty, D.A. Hays County Government Center, 712
South Stagecoach Trail, Ste. 2507, San
Marcos, TX 78666

Sherri Tibbe, Former D.A. 1301 Rio Grande, Austin, TX 78701

Cathy Compton, Former Asst.D.A. 314 E. Commerce, Suite 720, San
(Trial Attorney) San Antonio, TX 78205

Amy Lockhart, Former Asst. D.A. Dallas County District Attorney’s
(Trial Attorney) Office, 133 N Riverfront Blvd LB 19
Dallas, TX 75207

Hon. Bill Henry, Trial Judge Hays County Government Center, 712
South Stagecoach Trail, San Marcos,
TX 78666

i
Table of Contents

Identity of the Parties.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Index of Authorities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Statement Regarding Oral Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Statement of the Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Statement of Procedural History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Question Presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Reason for Review.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Ground for Review (Restated). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

IN EVALUATING THE ADMISSIBILITY OF A STATEMENT UNDER THE
EXCITED UTTERANCE EXCEPTION TO THE HEARSAY RULE, THE COURT
OF APPEALS’ IMPROPERLY SUBSTITUTED AN INQUIRY INTO THE
SPEAKER’S EMOTIONAL DEMEANOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
WHETHER THE TOTALITY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES REFLECT SHE
POSSESSED AN OPPORTUNITY FOR REFLECTION.

A. Facts in Support of Granting this Petition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B. Argument and Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Conclusion and Prayer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Certificate of Service.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Certificate of Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Appendix A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

ii
Index of Authorities

Cases:

Apolinar v. State, 155 S.W.2d 184 (Tex.Cr.App. 2005).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9

Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Gay v. State, 981 S.W.2d 864 (Tex.App. – Hous [1st Dist.] 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Glover v. State, 102 S.W.3d 754 (Tex.App. – Texarkana 2002).. . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Hughes v. State, 128 S.W.3d 247 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2003).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Martinez v. State, 178 S.W.3d 806 (Tex. Cr. App. 2005).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 16

Mosley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 200 (Tex.App. – Corpus Christi 1997).. . . . . . . . . 10

McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238 (Tex.Cr.App. 2008).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Robertson v. State, 03 - 13- 00381 - CR
(Tex.App.- Austin, July 23, 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 11, 12, 13

Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259 (Tex.App. - Austin 2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Thompson v. Trevanion, Skin. 402, 90 Eng. Rep. 179 (K.B. 1693). . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Tienda v. State, ___ S.W.3d ___,
11-11-00283-CR (Tex.App.-Eastland 5-14-2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15, 16

United States v. Boyce, 742 F.3d 792 (7th Cir. 2013).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Vera v. State, 709 S.W.2d 681 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589 (Tex.Cr.App. 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 16

iii
Statutes and Rules:

Tex.R.App.Pro. Rule 66.3 ( c ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Tex.R.Evid. Rule 803(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 13

Miscellaneous Authorities:

Crump, David , The Case for Selective Abolition of the Rules of Evidence,
35 Hofstra L. Rev. 585 (Winter 2006).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Vol. 2 McCormick on Evidence, § 272 (7th Ed. 2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9

Myers, John E.B. et al., Hearsay Exceptions: Adjusting the Ratio of Intuition to
Psychological Science, 65 Law & Contemp. Probs. 3 (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

iv
Statement Regarding Oral Argument

This case involves a misapplication of well-settled case law by the Court of

Appeals of this Court’s precedent. The facts are simple. Counsel does not believe

oral argument would appreciably benefit this Court’s review of the issues involved.

v
TO THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:

COMES NOW, Petitioner, ANTHONY BOYD ROBERTSON, who, by and

through his undersigned attorney of record, presents this Petition for Discretionary

Review pursuant to Tex.R.App.Pro. Rule 66.1 et seq., and would show as follows:

Statement of the Case

Petitioner was convicted by a jury of the felony offense of Assault with Bodily

Injury on a Family or Household Member, Repeat Offender. [Clerk’s Record

(“C.R.”): 8, 53]. [C.R.: 53]. Sentencing was held to the Court, which, after finding

a prior felony conviction, assessed a punishment at 14 years confinement in the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice. [C.R.: 54 - 55]. Petitioner timely filed a notice of

appeal.

Statement of Procedural History

The Third District Court of Appeals affirmed Petitioner’s conviction.

Robertson v. State, 03 - 13- 00381 - CR (Tex.App.- Austin, July 23, 2015)

(memorandum). Petitioner did not file a Motion for Rehearing. Following a grant

of an extension to file the Petition for Discretionary Review, this Petition is due by

October 21, 2015.

Question Presented

WHETHER, IN EVALUATING THE ADMISSIBILITY OF A STATEMENT UNDER
THE EXCITED UTTERANCE EXCEPTION TO THE HEARSAY RULE, THE
COURT OF APPEALS’ IMPROPERLY SUBSTITUTED AN INQUIRY INTO THE

1
SPEAKER’S EMOTIONAL DEMEANOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
WHETHER UNDER THE TOTALITY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES REFLECT SHE
POSSESSED AN OPPORTUNITY FOR REFLECTION.

Reasons for Review

1. Review is appropriate and necessary because the Third District Court of

Appeals has addressed an important issue of the law which conflicts with precedent

by this Court and other Courts of Appeals. Tex.R.App.Pro. Rule 66.3 ( c ).

Ground for Review (Restated)

IN EVALUATING THE ADMISSIBILITY OF A STATEMENT UNDER THE
EXCITED UTTERANCE EXCEPTION TO THE HEARSAY RULE, THE COURT
OF APPEALS’ IMPROPERLY SUBSTITUTED AN INQUIRY INTO THE
SPEAKER’S EMOTIONAL DEMEANOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
WHETHER UNDER THE TOTALITY OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES REFLECT SHE
POSSESSED AN OPPORTUNITY FOR REFLECTION.

A. Facts in Support of Granting this Petition

In the late evening of August 25, 2012, Austin Police responded to a distress

call from a home in central-north Austin relating to an assault which had occurred

in Buda, Hays County, Texas earlier that evening. Officer Russell Rose responded

to the call and met with the complainant, Melissa Beatty, and her friend, Florence

Briseno, at Briseno’s home. [Vol. 3 Reporter’s Record (“R.R.”): 26 - 27]. Beatty

was visibly injured and upset. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 28 - 30, 42]. After a preliminary

discussion outside, Rose and the two women went inside Briseno’s home. Beatty,

during intermittent moments of calm and emotionality, related to Rose that she had

2
been assaulted by her boyfriend, Petitioner, earlier that evening at a friend’s home

in Buda. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 29 - 30, 33 -34]. After the assault, Petitioner’s sister, who had

been present, drove Beatty to her friend Briseno’s home in Austin. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 36].

Beatty specifically denied physically provoking the fight, claiming her participation

had only been verbal. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 34 - 35, 49 - 50]. Petitioner timely objected that

Beatty’s statement to Officer Rose was hearsay, and did not meet any exceptions to

the Hearsay Rule. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 32].

A police Victim Services officer, Stephanie Burgess, responded to the officer’s

call and, after Rose’s questioning of Beatty, a process which took approximately an

hour, also questioned Beatty. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 38, 77 - 78]. As with Officer Rose,

Beatty as intermittently calm and emotional during her conversation with Burgess.

She described Beatty as “calm and then she would get emotional and tearful at times

when talking about certain things.” [Vol. 3 R.R.: 79 - 80]. Beatty displayed a bruise

on her arm and told Burgess that Petitioner assaulted her a few days before the recent

incident by pushing her against a hard object. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 83]. Beatty did not

claim during her statement to Burgess that she had physically provoked the

altercation with Petitioner. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 86]. Petitioner timely objected that Beatty’s

statement to the Burgess, specifically noting that her statements “analysis” and “deep

reflection.” [Vol. 3 R.R.: 81]

The following day, around 1 p.m., Austin Police Officer Jason Castillo

3
reported to the residence Beatty shared with Petitioner as part of a “civil standby” to

supervising her removal of her property. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 90, 94]. Castillo asked Beatty

some background questions and she related in detail her fight with Petitioner the

previous evening. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 94 - 96, 99.] Beatty did not admit that she had

initiated the physical altercation. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 99].

Florence Briseno, testified that she was at home on August 25 when Beatty

called her and asked to come over because she had a fight with Petitioner. [Vol. 3

R.R.: 157 - 158]. She arrived a while later and Briseno noticed blood on her legs

and that she had been crying. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 158, 167]. Briseno related that Beatty

told Briseno that Petitioner had violently “beat her” and testified the details of the

assault related to her by Beatty. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 161]. During this account, Beatty

also revealed two other incidents of abuse upon her by Petitioner on prior occasions.

[Vol. 3 R.R.: 168]. Briseno called 911 to report the assault. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 162 - 163].

While waiting, Beatty related to her friend that she was receiving constant text

messages from Petitioner wanting to speak with her. Petitioner texted Beatty

throughout the two days that she remained with Briseno. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 164 - 167].

Hays County Sheriff’s Office Detective Mark Opiela was assigned the

investigation initiated by Austin law enforcement and conducted the investigation in

Hays County. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 123 - 124]. He met with Beatty two days after the

alleged offense. He described her statements to him of the offense were consistent

4
with her earlier statements the Austin police. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 125 - 126]

Petitioner’s employer, Scott Hill, testified that Beatty and Petitioner were

visiting him in Buda when the incident occurred. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 178 - 179]. He did

not see the altercation between the two, but at some point during the evening, Beatty

ran into the house asking him to help her. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 180 - 181]. Petitioner

walked in after her and the two played a cat and mouse game around the furniture.

[Vol. 3 R.R.: 182]. Hill retrieved a pistol from his bedroom, confronted Petitioner,

and after a brief struggle, evicted Petitioner, who then drove off. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 182 -

183, 185].

Beatty testified at trial, but claimed that she had initiated the fight. She stated

that she and Petitioner had gotten into an argument after she became angry upon

discovering Petitioner had been receiving text messages about another woman. [Vol.

4 R.R.: 15 - 16, 43 - 44]. She had been drinking throughout the evening and became

aggressive. [Vol. 4 R.R.: 19, 43 - 44]. The argument subsided for a while, but

subsequently re-ignited, during which she slapped and pushed Petitioner. [Vol. 4

R.R.: 17, 45 - 46]. He pushed her back and the two engaged in a shoving match.

[Vol. 4 R.R.: 17 - 18]. She grabbed Petitioners hair, pulling him off balance and the

two fell, grappling on the rocky ground. [Vol. 4 R.R.: 18 - 19, 20 - 22, 25]. She

eventually got up and went into the house and told Hill to remove Petitioner’s

property from her house. [Vol. 4 R.R.: 23, 46].

5
Beatty later went to her friend, Florence Briseno’s, house. [Vol. 4 R.R.: 47].

While relating her altercation with Petitioner to Briseno, she withheld her own

aggressive conduct to make herself appear better, and was concerned that she might

get into trouble for initiating an assault on Petitioner. [Vol. 4 R.R.: 11, 47 - 48, 48 -

49, 50 - 51, 53, 55]. Briseno was herself a victim of domestic abuse and was

aggressive in pressing Beatty to initiate a complaint against Petitioner. [Vol. 4 R.R.:

50, 52, 69].

The jury subsequently convicted Petitioner of the charged offense. [Vol. 4

R.R.: 121 - 122].

Petitioner challenged on appeal the admission of Beatty’s statements as excited

utterances to Rose, Burgess, Castillo and Briseno but the Third District Court of

Appeals held the testimony was admissible. Robertson v. State, 03-13-00381-CR,

slip op. at 3 - 6 (Tex.App. – Austin, July 23, 2015).

B. Argument and Authority

I. Established precedent on the “excited utterance” exception is
based on the speaker’s incapability of reflection rather than her
emotional state vel non at the time of the statement.

This Court is presented with whether the Third District Court of Appeals has

failed to consider the key inquiry under the excited utterance exception to the Hearsay

Rule – the speaker capacity for reflection – and substituted a narrower inquiry into

6
the speaker’s emotional state vel non at the time of her statement.

The “excited utterance” exception to the Hearsay Rule, Tex.R.Evid. Rule

803(2), has been discussed in scholarly commentary as well as by the courts of

appeals. The exception is premised on the ground that statements which are not the

product of conscious reflection are sufficiently reliable as evidence because they are

free from the dangers of intentional fabrication. Vol. 2 McCormick on Evidence, §

272 at 365 (7th Ed. 2013).1 The Supreme Court has also commented that the basis

for admission of an “excited” utterance is premised on the statement having been

made prior to the opportunity for conscious reflection. Crawford v. Washington,

541 U.S. 36, 58 n.8 (2004) (“to the extent the hearsay exception for spontaneous

declarations existed at all [in common law], it required that the statements be made

"immediat[ely] upon the hurt received, and before [the declarant] had time to devise

or contrive any thing for her own advantage.") (emphasis added) (quoting Thompson

v. Trevanion, Skin. 402, 90 Eng. Rep. 179 (K.B. 1693).

This Court has discussed the excited utterance exception in a series of seminal

1
Even this premise, based on common law principles, is not without criticism, however
as empirically unsupported. See McCormick, § 272, at 366; David Crump, The Case for
Selective Abolition of the Rules of Evidence, 35 Hofstra L. Rev. 585, 615 (Winter 2006); and,
John E.B. Myers et al., Hearsay Exceptions: Adjusting the Ratio of Intuition to Psychological
Science, 65 Law & Contemp. Probs. 3, 8 (2002) (noting that field of psychology “has little
direct [empirical] evidence” to support premise of excited utterance exception.). See also,
United States v. Boyce, 742 F.3d 792, 801 (7th Cir. 2013) (Posner, Circuit Judge, concurring)
(""The entire basis for the [excited utterance] exception may . . . be questioned.”) (quoting 2
McCormick on Evidence § 272, p. 366 (7th ed.2013)).

7
cases, defining the inquiry into whether a statement meets the criteria for admission.

In Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589 (Tex.Cr.App. 2003), the Court explained that

whether a statement is an excited utterance under Rule 803(2) is contingent on

whether it was made “under such circumstance as would reasonably show that it

resulted from impulse rather than reason and reflection.” Id., 97 S.W.3d at 596.

This is because, for an excited utterance, the “event speaks through the individual”

rather than the individual relates the event. Id., at 595. Whether time has passed

between the event and its relation, as well as whether the declarant is responding to

questions are relevant considerations but the “key” inquiry is "whether the declarant

was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the event." Id., at

596 (emphasis added).

In Apolinar v. State, 155 S.W.2d 184 (Tex.Cr.App. 2005), the Court again

addressed an excited utterance, this time in the content of whether a statement made

by a complainant soon after awaking from surgery for his injuries qualified as an

excited utterance. Id., 155 S.W.3d 184. The Court held the statement admissible,

observing that the complainant had lacked a “meaningful opportunity to reflect

between the time when he was attacked and when he gave the statement.” Id., at 190.

Significantly, the Court repeatedly stressed that the complainant had been

“unconscious, heavily medicated, or incoherent” throughout the time period between

the robbery and his statement, rendering conscious reflection of events unlikely. Id.,

8
at 185, 188, 189, 190.

More recently, in McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238 (Tex.Cr.App. 2008), the

Court addressed the extent to which the passage of time vitiated against a finding that

a 5-year old’s outcry of abuse was an excited utterance.2 While upholding the

admission of the child complainant’s sudden outcry in response to a triggering

behavior reminiscent of the original abuse, the Court qualified that the particular

circumstances evidenced the child had not been able to consciously reflect on her

statement. Id., at 239 n.3, and 241 & n.6.

Apolinar and McCarty represent logically reconcilable outliers to the general

rule under Zuliani: a statement must be made while the speaker is dominated by the

event she relates, speaking under circumstances in which she had not had an

opportunity to consciously reflect upon her statement prior to speaking. Each case

is premised upon the speaker’s inability to have meaningfully reflected upon the

events related. In Apolinar, the speaker had been a semi-comatose, heavily medicated

individual; in McCarty, a child of tender years.

While Zuliani incorporated the speaker’s emotional state into the analysis, this

Court subsequently clarified that it is not the fact that the speaker is emotional at the

time of her statement, but whether she is incapable of conscious reflection. The

2
The general rule is that when the “time interval between the event and the statement is long
enough to permit reflective thought, the statement will be excluded in the absence of some proof that the
declarant did not in fact engage in a reflective thought process.” McCormick, § 272, at 370.

9
speaker’s emotional condition in its own right is not a substitute for the required

analysis of whether the circumstances demonstrate the presence or absence of

conscious reflection. See Martinez v. State, 178 S.W.3d 806, 814 - 815 (Tex. Cr.

App. 2005). See also, Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 285 - 286 (Tex.App. -

Austin 2013); Hughes v. State, 128 S.W.3d 247, 252 - 255 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2003);

Glover v. State, 102 S.W.3d 754, 763 - 766 (Tex.App. – Texarkana 2002); Gay v.

State, 981 S.W.2d 864, 867 (Tex.App. – Hous [1st Dist.] 1998); Mosley v. State,

960 S.W.2d 200, 204 (Tex.App. – Corpus Christi 1997); and, Vera v. State, 709

S.W.2d 681, 684 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1986).

ii. The Third Court of Appeals’ substitution of Beatty’s emotional
state for an inquiry into her opportunity for reflection conflicts
with published authority from the Eleventh Court of Appeals.

The Third District Court of Appeals’ analysis avoided the inquiry into whether

the circumstances preceding Beatty’s multiple and prolonged statements

demonstrated an adequate opportunity for reflection, and focused instead upon her

emotional demeanor. In essence, the Court substituted her emotional state for the

deeper analysis, necessarily a multi-factored contextual one, of whether the

circumstances leading up to the statement permitted, or precluded reflection.

Robertson, 03-13-00381-CR, slip op. at 3 - 6.

The Court of Appeals’s consistently and erroneously shifted its inquiry from

to the key inquiry for an excited utterance to the simple inquiry in Beatty’s emotional

10
demeanor vel non. In doing so, the Court did not evaluate the circumstances, but

simply ignored them. For instance, Beatty was emotional during her recitation to

Officer Rose, albeit only intermittently so, “crying” at times, and then calming down

to continue. [Vol.3 R.R.: 29 - 30]. It was similarly apparent that by the time Beatty

related events to Rose, she had removed herself to a “safe” location, where Petitioner

was not present, and had spent some time being been consoled by her friend. [Vol.3

R.R.: 27 - 28]. These circumstances at last raised the question of her opportunity for

reflection, and question which the Court of Appeals failed to address. The Court’s

summary conclusion that the trial court’s decision fell within the zone of discretion

merely expressed a tautology, rather than an analysis of the trial court’s evaluation

of the totality of the circumstances before it. See, Robertson, slip op at 3 - 4.

The Court of Appeals similarly failed to address whether the record reflected

Beatty’s opportunity for reflection by the time repeated her allegations to Stephanie

Burgess, around an hour after she had started speaking with Officer Rose. [Vol. 3

R.R.: 78 - 79]. And as with Rose, Beatty’s emotional demeanor alternated throughout

her discussion with Burgess. [Vol. 3 R.R.: 79 - 80]. The Court of Appeals held the

statement was admissible, but concluded the court had not abused its’ discretion

because it issued a limiting instruction to the testimony to the issue of Petitioner’s

intent and to rebut a defensive theory. Robertson, slip op at 6. Yet the Court’s

reliance on the limiting instruction simply ducked the question before that court –

11
whether, in light of the circumstances, including the passage of time and the fact of

repetition, Beatty’s statement was admissible for any purpose as a hearsay exception.

The Court of Appeals also failed to address whether the totality of the

circumstances attendant to Beatty’s statements Officer Castillo in the afternoon

following the incident, and after her previous accounting to Rose and Burgess,

reflected an opportunity for reflection. Rather, the Court merely concluded that

despite the long interim, the facts before the trial court were not so incorrect as to fall

outside the zone of reasonableness. Robertson, slip op. at 5. Yet even under the

relatively lenient abuse of discretion standard, the inquiry into whether a statement

is an excited utterance requires the court conduct a fact-specific inquiry into the

evidence before the trial court and whether the trial court’s evaluation was

unreasonable in light of that evidence. Thus, while recognizing the issue, the Court

of Appeals simply punted.

Finally, the Court of Appeals failed to address Beatty’s opportunity for

reflection before relating events to Florence Briseno, leaving unaddressed the

circumstances which at least raised the possibility of conscious reflection despite her

emotional condition. These circumstances were not insignificant: Briseno testified

that Beatty had telephoned her – a deliberative act – and her voice was “a little shaky”

but did not reflect anything more than an argument had occurred. [Vol.3 R.R.: 157 -

158]. Enough time had passed before Beatty;’s arrival that Briseno believed her

12
friend had changed her plans to come over. [Vol.3 R.R.: 158]. In holding Beatty’s

statements met Rule 803(2), the Court of Appeals focused upon Beatty’s emotional

demeanor and physical appearance, but eschewed analysis of whether the facts before

the trial court reflected the opportunity for reflection. Robertson, slip op. at 4.

The Court of Appeals’ emphasis upon Beatty’s emotional demeanor to the

exclusion of an enquiry into her opportunity for reflection clashes with the analysis

for excited utterances in Zuliani and subsequent cases. This conflict is exemplified

by the Eleventh District Court of Appeals recent decision in Tienda v. State, ___

S.W.3d ___, 11-11-00283-CR (Tex.App. - Eastland 5-14-2015), which emphasizes

this point.

In Tienda, the Eastland Court of Appeals addressed statements made by a

teenaged complainant to a police officer in the course of an investigation into an

indecency with a child which had occurred months earlier. The detective explained

at trial that the complainant “became emotional at times during the interview and he

had to stop the interview a couple of times because [the complainant] began to cry.”

Id., at ___, slip op. at 11. Citing McCarty v. State, the trial court admitted a portion

of the audio recording of the complainant’s statement under the excited utterance

exception. Tienda, ___ S.W.3d at ___, slip op. at 11.

The Eleventh District Court of Appeals concluded that despite the

complainant’s emotional condition, it had been error to admit her statement because

13
the fact of her emotional state when recounting events was not sufficient to support

admission as an “excited” utterance. Rather, the focus must be upon the speaker’s

capacity for reflection about the incident prior to making the statement:

There is no question that [the complianant] was dominated by emotions
during the second section of the interview. However, emotional
domination alone is not sufficient to constitute an excited utterance. . .
. [T]he Court of Criminal Appeals wrote: "Stated differently, a
reviewing court must determine whether the statement was made 'under
such circumstances as would reasonably show that it resulted from
impulse rather than reason and reflection.'" . . . . The court subsequently
noted in Apolinar that the excited utterance exception is "based on the
assumption that the declarant is not, at the time of the statement, capable
of the kind of reflection that would enable him to fabricate information."
Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186 (citing Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 595).

. . . . While [the complainant’s] responses were obviously emotional,
they were not spontaneous enough to avoid the possibility of fabrication
as required by McCarty.

Tienda, ___ S.W.3d at ___, Slip op. at 16 - 17 (internal cites omitted).

The Court of Appeals failed to apply the proper inquiry called for by this

Court’s precedent. True, in addressing a single claim the Court acknowledged the

passage of time between the event and Beatty’s account to Officer Rose, Robertson,

slip op. at 3 - 4, but its analysis stopped there, not addressing the deeper question.

Throughout the excited utterance claims, the Court simply avoided any inquiry into

the opportunity for reflection, substituting Beatty’s emotional demeanor in itself for

the deeper analysis of “whether the statement was made under such circumstances as

would reasonably show that it resulted from impulse rather than reason and

14
reflection.” Tienda, ___ S.W.3d at ___, slip op. at 17 (quoting Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d

at 596). The inquiry into the opportunity for reflection marks the critical distinction

in the admission of an excited utterance, distinguishing between the “event

speak[ing] through the individual,” Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 595, or whether the

speaker merely “narrat[es] . . . a painful event.” Tienda, ___ S.W.3d at ___, slip op.

at 14. Whether Beatty was emotional each time she related the assault was not

dispositive. See Martinez, 178 S.W.3d at 814 - 815; and, Tienda, ___ S.W.3d at

___, Slip op. at 16 - 17. In contrast, whether all the circumstances surrounding

Beatty’s her several statements, including her emotional condition, precluded her

from reflecting on events before she related them to the others was the proper inquiry.

The Third District Court of Appeals excited utterance analysis misapplied this

Court’s excited utterance precedent as well as conflicts with long standing common

law. Further, Court’s misplaced reliance upon a speaker’s emotional demeanor to the

exclusion of the totality of the circumstances weighing upon the opportunity for

reflection posits the Third Court of Appeals’ continuing and systematic

misapplication of this aspect of the law unless corrected by this Court.

Conclusion and Prayer

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Petitioner respectfully requests

this Honorable Court to grant this petition for discretionary review, permit full

briefing and argument on this issue, and to subsequently grant such relief to which

15
Petitioner may be entitled.

Respectfully submitted,

Law Office of Alexander L. Calhoun
4301 W. William Cannon Dr., Ste. B-150 # 260
Austin, TX 787049
Tele: 512/ 731-3159
Fax: 512/ 233-5496
Email: alcalhoun@eathlink.net

BY:_/s/ Alexander L. Calhoun
Alexander L. Calhoun
State Bar No.: 00787187

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that a copy of the above and foregoing Petition for

Discretionary Review was served upon the following parties on October 9, 2015 by

United States Mail:

Hays County District Attorney
Hays County Government Center
712 South Stagecoach Trail, Ste. 2507
San Marcos, TX 78666.

and

State Prosecuting Attorney
P.O. Box 13046
Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711

16
/s/ Alexander L. Calhoun
Alexander L. Calhoun

Certificate of Compliance

I hereby certify that the foregoing Petition for Discretionary Review was

created in 14 point type, Times New Roman font, and consists of 4326 words.

/s/ Alexander L. Calhoun
Alexander L. Calhoun

17
Appendix A

Anthony Boyd Robertson v. State of Texas, No. 03-13-00381-CR
(Tex.App. – Austin, July 23, 2015)

18
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-13-00381-CR

Anthony Boyd Robertson, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. CR-12-0972, HONORABLE WILLIAM R. HENRY, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Anthony Boyd Robertson was convicted of family-violence assault, repeat offense.

See Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(b). In five issues, he complains about the trial court’s admission of

evidence and alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The parties are familiar with the facts, procedural

history, and applicable standards of review. Accordingly, we will not recite them here except as

necessary to advise the parties of the Court’s decision and the basic reasons for it. See Tex. R. App.

P. 47.4. Having reviewed the record and concluded that appellant has failed to demonstrate any

reversible error as discussed herein, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

Hearsay

In his first issue, appellant complains about the trial court’s admission of hearsay

testimony from four witnesses: Austin Police Department (APD) Officers Russell Rose and

Jason Castillo; Florence Briceno, the complainant’s friend; and APD Victim Services Counselor
Stephanie Burgess. Over appellant’s objection, the testimony of Officer Rose, Officer Castillo, and

Briceno relating what the complainant, appellant’s then-girlfriend, had told them was admitted by

the trial court under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(2)

(statement relating to startling event or condition made while declarant was under stress of

excitement caused by event or condition is not excluded by hearsay rule); see also Apolinar v. State,

155 S.W.3d 184, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (exception is based on assumption that declarant is

not, at time of statement, capable of reflection that would enable her to fabricate information). The

trial court admitted Burgess’s testimony over appellant’s objection with an instruction limiting

its purpose.

To determine whether a statement is an excited utterance, trial courts should

determine “whether the declarant was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of

the event or condition” when the statement is made. Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186 (quoting Zuliani

v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 596 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). Factors that the trial court may consider

include the length of time between the occurrence and the statement, the nature of the declarant,

whether the statement is made in response to a question, and whether the statement is self-serving.

Id. No factor alone is dispositive. Lawton v. State, 913 S.W.2d 542, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995),

overruled on other grounds, Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

Officer Rose was the first official to arrive at Briceno’s house upon receiving a call

relating that a woman had been assaulted but was no longer at the assault location or in the presence

of the perpetrator. He testified that when he arrived at Briceno’s house, “it was fairly obvious that

[the complainant] had been involved in some type of disturbance” and that she was “being consoled”

2
by Briceno and had “obvious injuries.” He indicated that the complainant’s injuries included

bleeding knees and swelling and abrasions on the left side of her face and forehead and that she was

holding an ice pack to her face and head. Officer Rose testified that as he spoke to the complainant,

she was “going back and forth, emotionwise” and crying intermittently and that it took between a

few seconds to a minute throughout the interview to “calm her down” enough so that she could

explain what had happened. He further testified that the complainant appeared to still be under the

stress and excitement of what had just happened and that she was still in pain. After this predicate

was laid, see Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (proponent of evidence

bears burden of establishing predicate for admission of hearsay statement), Officer Rose testified

about what the complainant told him: after the couple had a heated argument about a text message,

appellant grabbed the complainant, dragged her to the ground by her hair, and punched her in the

face and head.1

In light of Officer Rose’s predicate testimony about the complainant’s injuries, pain,

stress, and emotional state, as well as the relatively short period of time between the alleged assault

and the complainant’s statement to him (the statement occurred within two or three hours of the

1
The complainant provided a different account at trial: she got angry about a text message
regarding another woman and confronted appellant about it, tripped and hurt her knees, and then
slapped and pushed appellant. She further testified that the physical altercation progressed when
appellant pushed and shoved her in return and that they both fell to the ground and “scuffled” and
that she did not recall being punched in the face. She explained the discrepancy in her accounts by
indicating that her previous accounts were intended to “ma[ke her]self out to be the better person.”
She also signed an Affidavit of Non-Prosecution a few months before appellant’s trial seeking to
drop the charges and indicating that she had been in communication with appellant via letters and
that, although she was not changing her original allegation, she simply did not feel that his actions
warranted a felony conviction.

3
assault), we cannot conclude that the trial court’s admission of the complainant’s hearsay as an

excited utterance was an abuse of discretion. See Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 595 (trial court does not

abuse its discretion in admitting hearsay under exception unless decision is so clearly wrong as to

lie outside zone within which reasonable persons might disagree). We overrule appellant’s first issue

as to Officer Rose’s testimony.

The State laid the following predicate for admission of the complainant’s statements

to Briceno as an excited utterance: Briceno testified that she did not recognize the complainant (even

though she was her “best friend”) when she arrived at her house due to the blood coming down her

legs, the fact that she had been crying, and the swelling and “whelping” of her face. Briceno further

testified that the complainant was shaking and crying and that she looked “horrible” and did not have

the “physical appearance” of her friend. Briceno said that the complainant was “devastated” and

crying so hard that it was difficult for Briceno to understand her words. The complainant’s

statements to Briceno occurred even closer in time to the alleged assault than those she made to

Officer Rose. This predicate supports the reasonable conclusion that the complainant was still

dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the alleged assault when she made her

statements to Briceno. See Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the complainant’s hearsay statements to Briceno under

the excited-utterance exception. We overrule appellant’s first issue as to Briceno’s testimony.

Appellant complains of the following hearsay testimony of Officer Castillo, who

spoke with the complainant the afternoon after the alleged assault while on “civil standby” to

supervise the removal of her belongings from the residence that she shared with appellant: “the gist

4
of [what the complainant told me] was they had been out with friends, argued and that [appellant]

assaulted her” and that the complainant had not initiated any physical violence with appellant.

Before Officer Castillo testified such, he indicated that the complainant seemed to him to be “having

a hard time” from the event the prior night and that she was “emotional,” “choked up,” and still

under the stress of the event. He also testified that her face was badly bruised, including a very

“obvious” black eye.2

The predicate to Officer Castillo’s testimony about the complainant’s emotional state

and visible injuries supports an excited-utterance ruling, while the relatively long period of time that

ensued between the alleged assault and the complainant’s statements weigh against the conclusion

that her statements “resulted from impulse rather than reason and reflection.” See Zuliani,

97 S.W.3d at 595 (excited utterance “represents an event speaking through the person rather than the

person speaking about the event”). Because of the tension between these two factors, we cannot

conclude that the trial court’s decision was so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement. Id. However, even if the trial court erred in admitting Officer Castillo’s statements

about what the complainant told him—which amounted to nothing more than that the appellant

“assaulted her” and that she did not initiate the violence—those same facts were proven by other

admissible evidence, rendering the error harmless. See Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79, 88 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1991). Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first issue as to Officer Castillo’s testimony.

2
After the objected-to hearsay statement, Officer Castillo explained that the complainant’s
injuries were “very significant” and in the “top five” of all the family-violence injuries he had seen
in his years of service.

5
APD Victim Services Counselor Burgess testified about what the complainant told

her about appellant’s prior abuse, not as to what the complainant told her about the events on the

night in question. Appellant objected on the basis of hearsay, which the trial court overruled (while

allowing a running objection). The trial court also issued a limiting instruction about the purpose

of the testimony, admonishing the jury that Burgess’s testimony about what the complainant told her

about appellant’s prior abuse could be used for two purposes only: to show appellant’s intent and

to rebut his self-defense theory. See Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);

see also Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). By definition, then, Burgess’s testimony about what the complainant

told her was not hearsay because it was offered for a purpose other than the truth of the matter

asserted. Cf. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d) (hearsay is statement, other than one made by declarant while

testifying at trial, offered in evidence to prove truth of matter asserted). Accordingly, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in admitting Burgess’s testimony over appellant’s hearsay objection, and

we overrule appellant’s first issue in its entirety.

Prosecutorial misconduct

In his second issue, appellant contends that the State committed prosecutorial

misconduct by “withholding material facts when establishing the predicate for the complainant’s

excited utterances” and thereby misleading the court when it presented Briceno’s testimony at the

conclusion of its case rather than in the appropriate chronological sequence by which the

complainant made her statements to the various witnesses on the evening in question. Essentially,

appellant argues that because the complainant first spoke to Briceno, the State presented a “false

picture” to the court by reserving the facts surrounding those first statements until after the court had

6
already ruled on the admissibility of the complainant’s later-in-time hearsay statements to other

witnesses. The State responds that appellant failed to preserve this issue for review by not objecting

at trial. See Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also Tex. R. App. P.

33.1. We agree with the State.

Prosecutorial misconduct is an independent basis for objection that must be

specifically urged to preserve error. Hajjar v. State, 176 S.W.3d 554, 566 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d); see also Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (proper

method of preserving error in cases of prosecutorial misconduct is to object on specific grounds,

request instruction that jury disregard conduct, and move for mistrial). Appellant did not object at

trial to the allegations of prosecutorial misconduct that he now makes on appeal. He has, therefore,

failed to preserve the error for appellate review, and we accordingly overrule his second issue. See

Banda v. State, 890 S.W.2d 42, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (failure to object at trial to actions of

prosecutor that allegedly violated due-process rights does not preserve error for appeal).

Opinion testimony

In his third and fourth issues, appellant complains that the trial court erred in

admitting testimony of Officers Rose and Castillo offering opinions about the truthfulness of other

witnesses, which generally is inadmissible. See Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 292 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). He complains about the following question that the State asked of

Officer Rose: “Did you—from [the complainant’s] demeanor and everything that you saw about her,

did you have any indication that she was being, you know, anything other than truthful with you?”

7
Officer Rose answered, “No.” Appellant objected after Officer Rose had answered the question, and

the trial court overruled the objection.

Appellant failed to preserve error on the issue of Officer Rose’s testimony because

he did not object until after the objectionable question had been asked and answered, and

he has demonstrated no legitimate reason to justify the delay in objecting. See Luna v. State,

268 S.W.3d 594, 604 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 306. Moreover, even if we

were to assume that appellant’s objection had been timely, we could not conclude on this record that

appellant was harmed. See Garcia v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (we may

not reverse for non-constitutional error if we have fair assurance that error did not have substantial

and injurious effect or influence in determining jury’s verdict); see also Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) (any

error that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded). There was strong evidence of

appellant’s guilt (in an interview with law enforcement, even appellant admitted to hitting

complainant “like a man”), the complainant’s injuries were significant (and arguably inconsistent

with appellant’s theory of self-defense), appellant thoroughly cross-examined Officer Rose to include

a concession that he was not a “human lie detector,” the State did not highlight or revisit Officer

Rose’s testimony, and the objected-to testimony was self-evident (had the investigating officers not

believed the complainant, there would likely have been no case for the jury to decide). We overrule

appellant’s third issue.

In his fourth issue, appellant complains about the trial court’s admission over his

objection of Officer Castillo’s testimony opining that, in his “experience in dealing with these types

of cases,” it is common for defendants, as they get closer to trial, to “come up with a good cover

8
story or a good new story . . . that [the investigators] have never heard before as [they] were

investigating.” Specifically, appellant argues that Officer Castillo was opining on the credibility of

criminal defendants as a class, which is improper. See Hitt v. State, 53 S.W.3d 697, 707 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d) (witness may not directly testify that class of persons to which

particular witness belongs is truthful).

Officer Castillo’s testimony, as phrased, is more properly characterized as an opinion

about criminal investigations based on his experience and knowledge as an investigator rather than

a direct opinion about the credibility of criminal defendants as a class; such lay opinions are

generally admissible. See Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)

(observations that do not require significant expertise to interpret and that are not based on scientific

theory can be admitted as lay opinions if witness’s personal knowledge and experience establishes

he is capable of expressing opinion on subject outside realm of common knowledge). Accordingly,

we conclude that the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of this evidence was within the zone of

reasonable disagreement. See McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

However, even if the evidence were inadmissible opinion testimony, we would conclude that

appellant’s substantial rights were not affected by the admission of the testimony based on the record

of appellant’s trial as a whole. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

State’s notice of intent to introduce evidence of extraneous offenses

In his fifth issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of

his prior violent acts against a previous girlfriend, Sabrina DeJesus, because the State failed to

provide him with timely and specific notice, per his request, of its intent to introduce the evidence.

9
See Hernandez v. State, 176 S.W.3d 821, 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (Rule 404(b) conditions

admissibility of other-wrongdoings evidence on State’s compliance with notice provision of same

rule, and it is error to admit such evidence when State has not so complied); see also Tex. R. Evid.

404(b). While the State did provide appellant with notice of its intent to introduce evidence of his

prior family-violence convictions, appellant argues that the State was required to inform him that it

would be introducing the underlying details of one specific conviction through DeJesus. The State

responds that appellant failed to object to the lack of notice and, therefore, waived this issue on

appeal. See Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 807; see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.

The reporter’s record indicates that the trial court, State, and appellant discussed the

admissibility of the DeJesus testimony in a bench conference before she testified. On its own

initiative, the State raised the issue of admissibility under Rule 404 from a probative and relevancy

standpoint, without mentioning notice. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b) (evidence of other crimes, wrongs,

or acts is not admissible to prove character of person to show action in conformity therewith but is

admissible for other purposes including motive and intent). Appellant made no argument or

objection on any Rule 404 grounds, and the only references to notice appeared in a sidebar argument

between the prosecution and defense counsel later in the bench conference as the State was making

an offer of proof:

State: I think that we’ve given sufficient notice to [defense counsel]
previously, and she certainly—

Defense: I would—as to the notice, I got notice of the conviction, but not any
other assaultive details or—you know, I got notice of the conviction,
that’s it.

10
Beyond this reference to notice, appellant did not actually object on that ground, and the only

objection he made prior to DeJesus’s testimony was a non-specific Rule 403 objection:

Court: From the Defense, just as a general comment, if any?

Defense: No. 403 objection—I think that since self-defense has
been raised or is going to, they’re entitled to get into
some things. I’m not sure about—I would steer
away—I would prefer to steer away from the
controlling, manipulative behavior, but the conviction
is fair game.

See Tex. R. Evid. 403 (although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading jury or

by considerations of undue delay or needless presentation of cumulative evidence).

At the conclusion of the bench conference, the trial court noted that it “has not made

a ruling on any of the objections at this point,” and DeJesus then testified without further objection

by appellant or any rulings by the trial court. Appellant did not cross-examine DeJesus or raise the

issues of unfair surprise and prejudice that he now asserts on appeal. We agree with the State that

appellant failed to preserve error on the issue of whether the State provided sufficient notice about

its intent to introduce evidence of extraneous offenses. See Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 797 (appellant must

make timely, specific objection and obtain adverse ruling to preserve issue). Accordingly, we

overrule appellant’s fifth issue.

CONCLUSION

Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

of conviction.

11
_____________________________________________
Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Bourland

Affirmed

Filed: July 23, 2015

Do Not Publish

12

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/4071201. Public record. Not legal advice.