# People v. Capistrano

> California Supreme Court · August 4, 2014 · 59 Cal. 4th 830

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2697172

## Case

- **Full name:** The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. JOHN LEO CAPISTRANO, Defendant and Appellant
- **Court:** California Supreme Court
- **Decided:** August 4, 2014
- **Citations:** 59 Cal. 4th 830; 176 Cal. Rptr. 3d 27; 331 P.3d 201; 2014 Cal. LEXIS 5462; 2014 WL 3859969
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** Werdegar, Liu
- **Cited by:** 203 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- **Red flag:** Overruled on other grounds by People v. Hardy, 233 Cal. Rptr. 3d 378 (2018).
- Negative treatments: 1
- Distinguished by: 0
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2697172

## Opinion text

Filed 8/4/14

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, )
)
Plaintiff and Respondent, )
) S067394
v. )
)
JOHN LEO CAPISTRANO, )
) Los Angeles County
Defendant and Appellant. ) Super. Ct. No. KA034540
___________________________________ )

Defendant John Leo Capistrano was convicted at trial of one count of first degree
murder (Pen. Code, § 187),1 one count of attempted willful, premeditated murder
(§§ 664, subd. (a), 187, subd. (a)), six counts of first degree robbery (§§ 211, 212.5, subd.
(a), 213, subd. (a)(1)(A) & (B)), three counts of carjacking (§ 215), one count of first
degree burglary (§ 459), two counts of rape in concert (§§ 261, subd. (2), 264.1) and two
counts of forcible oral copulation in concert (§ 288a, subd. (a) & (d)), arising from four
separate incidents involving six victims. 2 The first incident, on December 9, 1995,
involved the murder and robbery of Koen Witters, who was found in his Rowland
Heights apartment strangled and with his wrists cut. The second incident, on December
15, 1995, in the City of Whittier, involved the carjacking and home invasion robbery of
J.S. and her husband, E.G., and the commission of the rape and forcible oral copulation

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 Defendant was tried with his codefendant, Michael Drebert, before separate juries.
of J.S. during that robbery. The third incident, on December 23, 1995, in the City of
West Covina, involved the carjacking and home invasion robbery of Ruth and Patrick
Weir. The fourth incident, on January 19, 1996, involved the home invasion robbery and
attempted murder of Michael Martinez, who was found in his apartment in West Covina
having been beaten on the head with a baseball bat and with his throat cut.
As to the murder of Koen Witters, the jury found true the two special circumstance
allegations that the killing was committed in the course of a burglary and a robbery
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(A), (G)). The jury also found defendant personally used a firearm
(§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), and a principal was armed with a firearm (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)) in
the commission of the crimes against J.S. and E.G., and the Weirs. As to the crimes
against Michael Martinez, the jury found defendant personally used a deadly and
dangerous weapon (§ 12022, subd. (b)), and personally inflicted great bodily injury
(§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). After a penalty trial, the jury returned a verdict of death. The trial
court denied the automatic application to modify the verdict (§ 190.4, subd. (e)), and
sentenced defendant to death. As to the noncapital offenses, the court sentenced
defendant to consecutive indeterminate terms of life plus four years‘ imprisonment for
the Martinez attempted murder and 25 years to life plus 10 years‘ imprisonment for the
rape of J.S., and to various determinate terms on the remaining counts. This appeal is
automatic. (§ 1239, subd. (b).) We will order the trial court to correct the abstract of the
judgment in one respect and otherwise affirm the judgment.
I. FACTS

A. Guilt Phase

1. Prosecution Evidence
a. Defendant and His Associates
Defendant was 25 years old when the instant offenses occurred between December
9, 1995, and January 19, 1996. He lived with his cousins Jessica and Joanne Rodriguez

2
at the Lido Garden Apartments in West Covina. Jessica Rodriguez had formerly lived at
the Pheasant Ridge apartment complex with her mother. Defendant had helped
Rodriguez‘s mother move out of the Pheasant Ridge apartments in November 1995.
Koen Witters, the murder victim, also lived in the Pheasant Ridge complex.
Defendant was regularly in the company of three youths, Michael Drebert, Eric
Pritchard and Anthony Jason Vera. Drebert and Pritchard called defendant ―Dad.‖
Gladys Santos, a key prosecution witness, met defendant in October 1995. Santos also
knew Drebert, Pritchard and Vera. Between December 1995 and January 1996, she saw
defendant, Drebert and Pritchard regularly, and Vera less so. One reason she saw
defendant so frequently during this period was because she was taking care of a 12-year-
old girl, Justine, whom defendant treated as his daughter, although he was not her father.
b. The Murder of Koen Witters on December 9, 1995
Koen Witters was in California as part of his work for a Taiwan-based company
called Free Free Industrial Corporation. He lived in a company-leased apartment in the
Pheasant Ridge apartment complex. Witters was scheduled to return to Taiwan on the
night of December 9, 1995. His coworker, Sheree Chen, dropped him off at his
apartment at 4:00 p.m. Chen arranged to return later that evening to collect Witters‘s
apartment key and company-owned cellphone. When she returned at about 9:30 p.m.,
Witters did not respond to her knocking at the door and calling his name. The airport
shuttle driver arrived and also tried knocking. When there was no response, he tried the
door and found it unlocked. He and Chen entered the apartment. The apartment was ―a
mess,‖ according to Chen. The driver looked into the bedroom and got Chen out of the
apartment, telling her, ―He‘s dead, he‘s dead.‖ They called 911 from the complex‘s
security office.
Police found Witters lying facedown on the bedroom floor, clad only in a pair of
swim trunks. His feet were tied at his ankles with a pair of athletic socks. His hands
were tied behind his back at his wrists with athletic socks and videotape. His mouth was

3
gagged with another athletic sock secured by a plastic bag. There were large cuts to his
forearms and a black luggage strap around his neck. In the living room police found a
black flight bag missing its strap. A steak knife was found wedged between the mattress
and the box springs in the bedroom. The medical examiner determined that strangulation
was the cause of death.
Witters‘s apartment had been ransacked. A suitcase on the bed had been forced
open and its contents strewn on and around the bed. Missing from the apartment was an
Apple computer, a videocassette player (VCR) and the company‘s cellphone.
Just before Christmas that year, Michael Drebert told Gladys Santos he, defendant
and Pritchard had robbed Witters and that defendant had murdered him. Following this
conversation, Santos asked defendant if it was true that he had ―kill[ed] someone with a
belt?‖3 Defendant laughed and said, ―. . . Mike told you, huh?‖ Santos denied Drebert
had told her and again asked him if it was true. Defendant said, ―Yeah.‖ Although at
first unwilling to talk about the murder, defendant eventually admitting killing Witters,
even demonstrating how he had strangled the victim.
Defendant told Santos that he, Drebert and Pritchard had been ―scoping‖ out
Witters‘s apartment to rob it. Defendant told her he killed Witters because Witters saw
him without a mask. He strangled rather than shot him because a gun would have been
too loud and ―shanked‖ Witters because Witters ―wouldn‘t die.‖ In a later conversation,
he told her he had asked Drebert to help him strangle Witters, and he strangled the victim

3 As noted, defendant and Drebert were tried simultaneously before different juries
to avoid Aranda/Bruton issues. (People v. Aranda (1965) 63 Cal.2d 518; Bruton v.
United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123.) (See post, pt. II.C.2.) When Santos testified before
defendant‘s jury—Drebert‘s jury having been excused from the courtroom—she did not
use Drebert‘s name but testified only that she had a conversation with someone other than
a police officer who claimed to have been present at a murder. She testified further that
after this conversation, she then had the conversation with defendant, who revealed the
details of the murder.

4
three times before cutting him. Santos testified further that after the Witters murder,
defendant asked her if she knew anyone who might want a large computer. She also
testified that after defendant was arrested he told her that if she talked to the police, he
would kill her children.

c. Robbery and Sexual Assault Offenses Involving J.S. and E.G. on
December 15, 1995
About 9:30 p.m. on December 15, 1995, J.S. and her husband, E.G., returned to
their Whittier home after visiting E.G.‘s family. E.G. pulled into the garage and got out
while J.S. remained in the passenger seat. A man inside the garage wearing a ski mask
pointed a gun at E.G.‘s face and said, ―Give me your money.‖ J.S. heard her husband
yell and saw a man with his hand outstretched toward her husband. A second man was
standing behind the first one. One of the men came over to her, pointed a gun at her and
motioned to her to get out of the car. One of the men told her husband, ―We‘re gonna go
in the house.‖
The men led J.S. and E.G. into the master bedroom and tied their wrists behind
their backs. The men also used belts and ties to bind the victims‘ ankles and knees, then
laid them on the bed. Two other men joined the two men who had brought them into the
house. All the men wore gloves and their faces were covered; two of them carried guns.
Despite their masks, J.S. later identified two of the men from police lineups as Eric
Pritchard and Anthony Jason Vera. The man who appeared to be the leader of the group
was over six feet tall and had a ―good build.‖ At trial, a police detective testified that
defendant is six feet four inches tall and weighs 210 pounds. (The fourth man was not
identified at trial.)
One of the men asked J.S. if they had children, were expecting anyone or owned
firearms, and what their neighbors were like. Two of the men, including Pritchard, put
guns to the victims‘ heads and repeatedly asked, ―Where‘s the money?‖ The men

5
rummaged through the dresser and the closet in the bedroom, and J.S. heard doors and
boxes being opened elsewhere in the house.
One of the men removed a bullet from his gun, put it on the bed between the
victims and asked, ―Isn‘t it big?‖ Two of the men, one of them Pritchard, asked both J.S.
and E.G. if they would ―suck dick‖ to save their lives.
The tall man who appeared to be the leader eventually took J.S. into the bathroom
where he twice forced her to orally copulate him and then twice raped her. The second
time he ejaculated into her. Afterwards, he took her into a second bedroom where
Pritchard also forced her to orally copulate him. After Pritchard left, a man with a gun
came in and stood guard. The tall man came in and out of the room. He pulled down
J.S.‘s pants, fondled her buttocks and made sexual comments about her husband. At one
point, after ascertaining that J.S. was of Mexican descent, he told her that he would not
kill her because she was Mexican. E.G., meanwhile, remained tied up in the master
bedroom. Eventually the men left and the victims were able to free themselves and call
911.
The victims‘ home was ransacked. The robbers took stereo equipment, a VCR,
two telephone answering machines, jewelry, small appliances and a Scepter brand laptop
computer, among other items. They also took the victims‘ 1989 Honda Accord.
J.S. was taken to a hospital where a sexual assault examination was conducted;
oral and vaginal swabs were taken and later subjected to DNA testing.
Blood samples were obtained from J.S., defendant, Drebert, Pritchard and Vera,
and also subjected to DNA testing. Testing performed on the vaginal swab indicated that
defendant‘s blood sample was consistent with sperm from the vaginal swab. 4 Gladys

4 Defendant refused to provide a blood sample voluntarily, and it had to be obtained
by a court order. Similarly defendant refused to participate in the series of lineups at
(footnote continued on next page)

6
Santos testified that defendant brought to her house an answering machine and laptop
computer matching the description of the computer stolen from J.S. and E.G. Drebert
later removed the computer from Santos‘s apartment. After defendant‘s arrest, Santos
gave police an answering machine with the same serial number as one of the machines
stolen from J.S. and E.G.
d. The Weir Robbery on December 23, 1995
About 5:30 p.m. on December 23, 1995, Ruth Weir arrived at her Conlon Street
home in West Covina after grocery shopping. She pulled into her garage, which was
detached from her house, and took groceries from the trunk into her house. When she
returned to the garage she was accosted by two men wearing ski masks, one of them
armed with a gun. The armed man told her to go into the house. Once inside, the men
asked her if she was expecting anyone and asked about her neighbors. She told them she
was expecting her husband. She heard her husband‘s car pull into the driveway. She
glanced out the window and saw a third man standing in the backyard.
One of the men told her to go into the dining room and lie down on the floor. She
complied. She heard her husband, Patrick, come in the house and say something like,
―What‘s going on?‖ She was taken from the dining room to the family room, where her
husband was lying facedown on the floor. There were three intruders in the room; two of
them wore ski masks while the third concealed his face by lifting his coat over it. One of
them told her to lie down next to her husband. While one of the men sat on the couch
with a knife, the others brought wrapped Christmas presents into the room. One of the
men asked her if she had money and, when she said, ―No,‖ threatened to kill her if money

(footnote continued from previous page)

which J.S. identified Pritchard and Vera. He was ordered to participate at a later lineup,
but J.S. did not identify him.

7
was discovered. Another one found her senior citizen volunteer badge for the West
Covina Police Department and asked her where she kept her gun. She explained she was
not a police officer but only a volunteer. One of the men went through her pockets and
her husband‘s pockets while another asked her where she kept her car keys and then took
them. The men also took the Christmas packages. When she protested, one of them put a
gun to her head and said, ―Would you rather have your Christmas gifts or your life?‖
Angela Phillipson, a neighbor of the Weirs, saw an older two-toned beige four-
door American-model car and Ruth Weir‘s Taurus parked on the nearby cross-street. The
Taurus drove away quickly while the other car drove away at a normal speed. She later
saw the same two-toned car in the vicinity of the Weirs‘ home after the police had
arrived.
After the robbers left, Ruth Weir called 911. When the police arrived, she
inspected her house and found numerous items missing in addition to her Christmas
presents. These included jewelry, cash and two sets of three ceramic angels. Her Taurus
and a Ziploc bag containing commemorative coins were also missing.
The police found the Taurus the next day in the parking lot of an auto parts store
near where Gladys Santos lived. The car‘s stereo had been taken.
Santos testified that on the day of the Weir robbery, defendant called her and
asked her to pick him up at a location near where he was staying. When she did, and she
asked him what he had been doing, he said, ―Well, we just robbed somebody.‖ He had
her drive by a house in West Covina and told her a police officer lived there. He said he
had stolen Christmas presents, a white car, and groceries. He directed her to another
location where he said he had hidden some coins. He got out of the car, but when he
returned he told her there was nothing there. Defendant brought some jewelry to
Santos‘s apartment, which Santos later gave to the police. The jewelry belonged to Ruth
Weir.

8
On January 6, 1996, police stopped a beige-and-brown Buick being driven by
defendant‘s cousin, Jessica Rodriguez. Drebert and Vera were passengers. 5 The car was
impounded and searched. In it, police found three ski masks, a pair of cotton gloves, and
three knit gloves.

e. The Attempted Murder of Mike Martinez on January 19, 1996
In January 1996, Mike Martinez lived in Lido Garden Apartments, the same
apartment complex as did defendant‘s cousins, Joanne and Jessica Rodriguez, with whom
defendant, Drebert, Pritchard and Vera were staying. Also living with Martinez was
Amy Benson, the pregnant daughter of a friend. Defendant and his confederates ―hung
out‖ with Benson at Martinez‘s apartment almost every day. The owner of the apartment
building told Martinez that if defendant and his friends continued to come to his
apartment, he would be evicted. In late December or early January, Martinez told
Benson and defendant that defendant and his friends could no longer come to Martinez‘s
apartment. They ignored him. Martinez did not say anything more to defendant, whom
he believed to be a gang member, because he was afraid of him.
On January 13, 1996, Eric Pritchard was detained by police investigating a report
of a suspicious person loitering at the apartment complex. Martinez saw the detention
take place. Pritchard was taken into custody because he had been reported as a runaway
and was ultimately released into the custody of his mother.
Six days later, on January 19, Martinez returned home from work around 6:30
p.m. and ate dinner. He left the apartment for a while, returning around 8:00 p.m. to take

5 In a bench conference before the testimony of the officer who detained Rodriguez,
the prosecutor noted the car had been detained because it and the occupants matched the
description of the vehicle involved and the people who had committed a series of street
robberies in the City of Montebello. Neither Vera nor Drebert was charged with those
robberies because the victims were unable to identify them. Consequently, the reason for
the stop was not revealed to the juries in defendant‘s and Drebert‘s trial.

9
a shower. When he emerged from the bathroom, defendant, Pritchard, Drebert and Vera
were in the apartment. Drebert and Vera were rummaging through Martinez‘s closet and
desk. Someone had closed the curtains. In an angry and aggressive tone, defendant told
Martinez to sit on the couch. Drebert locked the door.
Defendant accused Martinez of calling the police on Pritchard, which Martinez
denied. Drebert held up a set of keys and asked Martinez which were the keys to his car.
Martinez told him. He also noticed his pager, a watch and some change were missing
from the top of the dresser. Defendant struck Martinez in the jaw with such force it tore
his lower lip and knocked him backwards. He asked Martinez how much money he had
in the apartment and, after Martinez told him a few hundred dollars, said he would kill
Martinez if he found more.
Defendant told Drebert to get some belts from the closet. Defendant used them to
bind Martinez‘s arms behind his back and to bind his legs. Martinez saw Drebert take a
baseball bat out of the closet and hand it to defendant. Defendant placed a shirt or a
towel over Martinez‘s head. He felt a blow to his head. The next thing he remembered
was waking up in the hospital.
The officer who responded to a neighbor‘s 911 call found Martinez lying face up
on the floor in a pool of blood, unconscious and gasping for air. Martinez‘s eyes were
swollen shut and some of his teeth lay on the carpet beside him. A bloody bat was
leaning against the couch. When the paramedics rolled Martinez onto his stomach, the
officer saw puncture wounds on Martinez‘s back. A bloody screwdriver was found on
the couch.
Martinez had surgical staples placed in his head, he lost some of his teeth, and he
was treated for stab wounds to his back. The staples were removed after about a month.
Martinez endured 12 root canals, the loss of his sense of smell and a 60 percent loss of
hearing, which lasted for three months. Martinez identified defendant, Drebert, Vera and

10
Pritchard as his assailants from photographs. Martinez‘s vehicle was stolen but was
recovered a few days later.
Defendant and his confederates went to Gladys Santos‘s apartment after the attack
on Martinez. Defendant told Santos he had ―played baseball‖ with Martinez‘s head.
Two patrol officers who received a radio call about the assault on Martinez at the Lido
Garden Apartments were told that a red Camaro spotted there three days earlier may have
been involved. Their search for the car took them to the apartment complex where
Santos lived, about a half-mile from the Lido Garden complex. Eric Pritchard was
detained as he attempted to drive out of the complex in a red Camaro. Pritchard
ultimately led the police to Santos‘s apartment, where defendant, Drebert and Vera were
arrested. Santos was also arrested because she lied to the police about knowing Pritchard
and about who was in her apartment. No charges, however, were filed against her. A
subsequent search of Santos‘s apartment yielded several items belonging to Martinez.

2. Defense Evidence
The defense was one of mistaken identity. To that end, defendant introduced
evidence to show that on various occasions he had been welcomed in Martinez‘s
apartment and had socialized with Martinez. He also introduced evidence regarding the
physical appearance of Eric Pritchard‘s brother, Willie, who was about the same height
and build as defendant. Additionally, he offered evidence that a gun was found in the
trunk of the car occupied by Joanne Rodriguez, Drebert, and Vera when police stopped
them on January 6, 1996, introduced apparently to suggest Drebert and Vera could have
committed the charged offenses without defendant‘s involvement. Finally, and evidently
in response to J.S.‘s testimony concerning her sexual assault, he introduced evidence
regarding the length of his penis.

11
B. Penalty Phase

1. Prosecution Evidence
At the penalty phase, the prosecution‘s evidence in aggravation consisted of the
circumstances of the offenses of which defendant was convicted, defendant‘s prior felony
convictions, and his violent criminal activity while in custody. (§ 190.3, factors (a)-(c).)
The prosecution presented evidence of defendant‘s felony convictions for sale of
marijuana and vehicle theft. The prosecution also presented evidence of four separate
attacks by defendant on other jail inmates, three of which occurred while he was in
custody on this case.
On June 4, 1994, defendant attacked Victor Rodela at the Los Angeles County jail
apparently because he believed Rodela was homosexual. He kicked and punched Rodela.
Rodela sustained a swollen and bloody upper lip and complained of pain to his jaw, back,
ribs, and groin.
On October 4, 1996, defendant kicked Ricky Crayton in the mouth with sufficient
force to break Crayton‘s jaw.
On February 18, 1997, defendant and another inmate stabbed Mauricio Gonzalez
as Gonzalez was being transported to his cell with his hands cuffed behind his back and
attached to a waist chain. In the opinion of the officer who testified as an expert on
Hispanic prison gangs, defendant and the other inmate were carrying out a ―hit‖ on
Gonzalez ordered by the Mexican Mafia prison gang. Prior to the instant trial, defendant
was convicted of attempted murder for his attack on Gonzalez.
On June 23, 1997, defendant attacked Raymond Gonzalez in the holding cell at the
courthouse in Pomona evidently because he believed Gonzalez—a prosecution witness in
another case—was a ―snitch.‖ Gonzalez sustained a golf-ball-size knot on his forehead, a
bloody nose and blood on his lip and around his teeth.
In addition to this evidence, the prosecution introduced evidence that defendant
mouthed the words ―Get that fucker,‖ to another inmate as defendant nodded toward

12
Drebert when they were all in court. As a result, Drebert‘s jail status was changed to K-
10, meaning that he was kept away from all other inmates.

2. Defense Evidence
Defendant‘s girlfriend, Claudia Meza, testified she had known defendant for 11
years and had dated him from October 1995 to January 1996. According to Meza,
defendant had never participated in gang activities, nor had he used drugs in Meza‘s
presence. Defendant told Meza he had had a troubled life, had been in and out of jail,
and no one had been there for him. Meza testified that defendant planned to change his
life by getting a job as a certified nurse‘s assistant and having his tattoos removed.
Defendant‘s father, John Catani, also testified. Catani was in prison at the time he
testified. He testified he had been in prison when defendant was born in 1970 and was
incarcerated in 1976 and again from 1988 to 1990. He and defendant‘s mother were
together from 1975 to 1990. They fought constantly and one or the other of them would
often leave for extended periods. Catani had a drug problem and defendant‘s mother had
a drinking problem. When defendant was 14 or 15 years old, Catani noticed his tattoos.
Catani believed defendant joined a gang in his late teens. Catani had visited defendant
when he was incarcerated in the California Youth Authority when he was 15 or 16, and
had scolded him and warned him against becoming a gang member.
II. DISCUSSION

A. Assertedly Improper Joinder of Charges
Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion when (1) it denied his request
to sever the Martinez (home invasion robbery, attempted murder), Weir (home invasion
robbery, carjacking) and J.S./E.G. (home invasion robbery, sex offenses, carjacking)
charges from each other; and (2) when it joined those charges to the Witters capital
charges, over his objection. We find no abuse of discretion.

13
1. Denial of Defendant’s Severance Motion
On November 18, 1996, defendant moved to sever the Martinez, Weir and J.S./
E.G. cases, which had previously been joined by the trial court at the prosecution‘s
request. Defendant also joined codefendant Vera‘s motion to sever the J.S./E.G. case
from the Martinez case. Defendant argued severance was required in the interests of
justice because, contrary to the prosecution‘s contention, the various crimes were of
different classes. In addition, he argued a joint trial would be unfair because the evidence
was much stronger in the Martinez case, where the victim positively identified him as a
perpetrator, than it was in the other two cases, where there was little or no evidence
identifying him. Vera argued there was an absence of ―commonality‖ with respect to the
nature and timing of the offenses and the witnesses to them; the evidence was not cross-
admissible; and there was a danger of a ―spillover‖ effect in which the stronger evidence
in the Martinez case might bolster the weaker J.S./E.G. case. The court denied the
motions. It properly did so.
― ‗[B]ecause consolidation or joinder of charged offenses ordinarily promotes
efficiency, that is the course of action preferred by the law.‘ ‖ (People v. Hartsch (2010)
49 Cal.4th 472, 493.) ―Section 954 governs the issue of joinder of counts and it provides
in pertinent part: ‗An accusatory pleading may charge two or more different offenses
connected together in their commission, . . . or two or more different offenses of the same
class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts, . . . provided, that the court in which a
case is triable, in the interests of justice and for good cause shown, may in its discretion
order that the different offenses or counts set forth in the accusatory pleading be tried
separately or divided into two or more groups and each of said groups tried separately.‘ ‖
(People v. Jones (2013) 57 Cal.4th 899, 924.) The crimes involved here—attempted
murder, robbery, the sexual offenses, and carjacking—―are . . . deemed to be of the ‗same
class,‘ insofar as [they] share common characteristics as assaultive crimes against the
person.‖ (People v. Lucky (1988) 45 Cal.3d 259, 276.) ―Because the charges were

14
properly joined under section 954, ‗defendant must make a clear showing of prejudice to
establish that the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant‘s severance
motion.‘ ‖ (People v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 119.) That is, defendant must
demonstrate the denial of his motion exceeded the bounds of reason. (People v.
Manriquez (2005) 37 Cal.4th 547, 574.)
― ‗ ―Refusal to sever [charges] may be an abuse of discretion where: (1) evidence
on the crimes to be jointly tried would not be cross-admissible in separate trials;
(2) certain of the charges are unusually likely to inflame the jury against the defendant;
(3) a ‗weak‘ case has been joined with a ‗strong‘ case, or with another ‗weak‘ case, so
that the ‗spillover‘ effect of aggregate evidence on several charges might well alter the
outcome of some or all of the charges; and (4) any one of the charges carries the death
penalty or joinder of them turns the matter into a capital case.‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Geier
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 555, 575.) Regarding cross-admissibility, however, ―section 954.1
expressly provides that ‗where two or more accusatory pleadings charging offenses of the
same class of crimes or offenses have been consolidated, evidence concerning one
offense or offenses need not be admissible as to the other offense or offenses before the
jointly charged offenses may be tried together before the same trier of fact.‘ (Italics
added.) Thus, ‗cross-admissibility is not the sine qua non of joint trials.‘ ‖ (Ibid.)
Moreover, ―[a]s we explained in People v. Johnson (1988) 47 Cal.3d 576, the
issue of cross-admissibility ‗is not cross-admissibility of the charged offenses but rather
the admissibility of relevant evidence‘ that tends to prove a disputed fact. (Id. at p. 589;
see Evid. Code, § 210.)‖ (People v. Geier, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 576.) Thus, we have
said, ― ‗complete (or so-called two-way) cross-admissibility is not required. In other
words, it may be sufficient, for example, if evidence underlying charge ―B‖ is admissible
in the trial of charge ―A‖—even though evidence underlying charge ―A‖ may not be
similarly admissible in the trial of charge ―B.‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Hartsch, supra, 49 Cal.4th
at p. 493.)

15
Here, all three incidents involved a home invasion robbery, and in all three a
victim‘s car was taken. The offenses occurred within the same geographical area (the
eastern San Gabriel Valley) and within a relatively short period of time (between
December 13, 1995, and January 19, 1996). Additionally, the J.S./E.G. and Weir
robberies shared common characteristics in their commission. In both cases, the victims
were initially approached in their garages as they returned home. The perpetrators
covered their faces with ski masks and asked similar questions of the victims. Such
evidence would have been cross-admissible to show a common plan or design. (Evid.
Code, § 1101, subd. (b).) Defendant maintains that these similarities were not distinctive.
But ―[t]o establish the existence of a common plan or scheme [under Evidence Code
section 1101, subdivision (b)], ‗the common features must indicate the existence of a plan
rather than a series of similar spontaneous acts, but the plan thus revealed need not be
distinctive or unusual.‘ ‖ (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 586.) The J.S./E.G.
and Martinez cases featured another common characteristic: In each case, the
perpetrators used items taken from the closets of the victims to tie them up. 6 Finally,
stolen items from all three of the noncapital offenses were stored at Gladys Santos‘s
apartment. Thus, the evidence was potentially cross-admissible in these three connected
robberies.
―We emphasize, however, that, even if cross-admissibility did not support
consolidation of the cases, the absence of cross-admissibility alone would not be

6 Defendant argues that the prosecutor‘s offer of proof regarding the cross-
admissibility of evidence, made in opposition to defendant‘s severance motion, was not
supported by the record of the preliminary hearing. Defendant did not object to the offer
of proof, so we may assume the prosecutor‘s representations about the evidence were
accurate and made in good faith. Moreover, defendant fails to cite any authority that
would limit the prosecutor‘s offer at a pretrial hearing on severance to the record of the
preliminary hearing.

16
sufficient to establish prejudice where (1) the offenses were properly joinable under
section 954, and (2) no other factor relevant to the assessment of prejudice demonstrates
an abuse of discretion.‖ (People v. Geier, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 577.)
Defendant attempts to establish prejudice by pointing to two other factors: (1) the
facts of the J.S/E.G. and Martinez cases assertedly would have inflamed the jury against
him and prevented a fair assessment of the evidence in the Weir case and; (2) there was a
danger of a ―spillover‖ effect by the joinder of the stronger Martinez case, where
defendant was identified as the perpetrator, to the J.S./E.G. crimes, where evidence of his
participation was weak. We are not persuaded.
Defendant asserts that the sexual offenses perpetrated against J.S. and the attack
on Martinez were so brutal as to ―evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an
individual and make the jury convict on bad character rather than subjecting the
prosecution‘s evidence to scrutiny.‖ The issue is not whether evidence of a violent
offense evokes repulsion, but whether ― ‗strong evidence of a lesser but inflammatory
crime might be used to bolster a weak prosecution case‘ on another crime.‖ (People v.
Mason (1991) 52 Cal.3d 909, 934.) First, it is not the case that the evidence of his
participation in the J.S./E.G. and Weir home invasion robberies was ―weak.‖
Defendant‘s connection to those crimes was established by evidence that both J.S. and
E.G. had identified defendant as a perpetrator—J.S. in open court during the preliminary
examination and E.G. at a live lineup. Additionally, J.S. had repeatedly identified
Pritchard and Vera, defendant‘s confederates, as perpetrators. While neither Ruth Weir
nor her husband was able to identify any of their assailants, the prosecutor represented
that defendant had admitted his participation in the Weir robbery to a witness, Gladys
Santos. Thus, even to the extent the Martinez incident could be viewed as more
inflammatory, joinder was not likely to prejudice him with regard to the jury‘s decision
on the other charges.

17
Second, evidence of the Martinez attempted murder was not more inflammatory
than the other crimes. Defendant himself equates the potentially inflammatory nature of
the sexual assault on J.S. with the attempted murder of Martinez. His contention that
evidence adduced regarding these charges would inflame the jury with respect to the
―nonviolent robbery‖ of the Weirs minimizes the terrifying circumstances of the latter
offense: Two days before Christmas, an elderly woman was confronted by armed,
masked assailants who forced her at gunpoint into her own home; forced her and her
husband to lie on the floor while they ransacked her residence; told her they would kill
her if she was lying about whether there was money in the house; and when she protested
the theft of her Christmas presents, held a gun to her head and asked her to choose
between the presents and her life. These circumstances do not support defendant‘s
characterization of the Weir home invasion robbery as ―nonviolent.‖ Accordingly, we
reject defendant‘s claim that evidence of the J.S. and Martinez offenses was so much
more inflammatory it would have rendered the jury incapable of fairly assessing the
evidence pertaining to the Weir robbery.
Finally, defendant contends the consolidation of the Martinez case, in which
defendant was identified as a perpetrator, with the J.S./E.G. and Weir cases, in which
evidence of his identity was more circumstantial, would have had a ―spillover‖ effect by
―improperly bolstering the prosecution‘s weak evidence implicating [defendant] in the
Weir and [J.S./E.G.] crimes.‖ As explained above, the evidence connecting defendant to
the latter crimes was not weak. Accordingly, the trial court could reasonably find that the
jury would be able to fairly assess defendant‘s guilt as to all the charges, and did not
abuse its discretion by denying the severance motion with respect to the J.S./E.G., Weir
and Martinez crimes.

18
2. Consolidation of Noncapital Charges With Special Circumstance Case
Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion when, after denying his
severance motion, it subsequently consolidated the noncapital charges with the Witters
capital murder case. Again, we find no abuse of discretion.

a. Background
The prosecution filed an information charging defendant and Drebert with the
special circumstance murder of Witters and moved to consolidate that case with the case
charging them, along with Pritchard and Vera, with the J.S/E.G., Weir and Martinez
crimes. Defendant and Vera opposed consolidation. Vera, in particular, argued that he
would be prejudiced because he was not involved in the murder. The court agreed and
denied the consolidation motion. The prosecution responded by asking the court to sever
defendant and Drebert from Pritchard and Vera, and then consolidate the capital and
noncapital charges against defendant and Drebert. Over defendant‘s continued objection,
the court granted the request.

b. Discussion
As noted, section 954 represents a legislative preference for the consolidation of
charges ―connected together in their commission‖ or ―of the same class of crimes or
offenses‖ (ibid.) because such joinder ― ‗ordinarily promotes efficiency.‘ ‖ (People v.
Hartsch, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 493.) Unquestionably, the Witters murder case, like the
noncapital charges, involved an ―assaultive crime‖ against a person (People v. Lucky,
supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 276) and could be properly joined.
Defendant nonetheless contends consolidation was error because evidence of the
noncapital crimes would not have been admissible in the guilt phase of the Witters
special circumstance case had it been tried separately. The prosecutor‘s theory of cross-
admissibility was that defendant admitted his participation in both the Witters and Weir
cases to the same witness, Gladys Santos. The prosecutor also argued Drebert‘s
participation in the Witters case was admissible to defeat any claim by Drebert that he

19
was unaware that defendant intended to attack Martinez when Drebert agreed to enter
Martinez‘s apartment and commit a robbery. On appeal, defendant contends Santos‘s
testimony regarding defendant‘s admission that he robbed the Weirs would not have been
admissible at a separate trial of the Witters murder, nor would his admission that he killed
Witters have been admissible at a separate trial of the Weir case. He argues further that
the cross-admissibility of evidence regarding Drebert‘s knowledge and intent is,
essentially, irrelevant to the question of the cross-admissibility of the evidence as to
defendant himself.
Although the prosecutor did not argue this point below, we have already noted that
evidence of the geographic and temporal proximity of the four home invasion robberies,
along with certain common characteristics of those crimes, would have been admissible
to show a common plan for purposes of Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (b). In
any event, even if we assume there was no cross-admissible evidence between the Witters
case and the other three cases, the absence of such evidence is not dispositive. ― ‗Cross-
admissibility . . . is sufficient but not necessary to deny severance. [Citation.] As the
four-part test is stated in the conjunctive, joinder may be appropriate even though the
evidence is not cross-admissible . . . .‘ ‖ (People v. Ramirez (2006) 39 Cal.4th 398, 440.)
The remaining relevant considerations favor consolidation. The murder of Koen
Witters was not less inflammatory than the evidence of the sexual assault of J.S., the
attempted murder of Martinez or the invasion of the Weirs‘ home. Thus, joinder was not
― ‗ ― ‗unusually likely to inflame the jury against the defendant.‘ ‖ ‘ ‖ (People v.
Ramirez, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 439.) Nor was the evidence in the Witters case weaker
than such evidence in the other cases so as to create the danger of a spillover effect.
(Ibid.) Finally, the fact the Witters case was a capital case did not cut against
consolidation where the ―evidence of each charge [was] so strong that consolidation is
unlikely to [have affected] the verdict.‖ (People v. Ochoa (2001) 26 Cal.4th 398, 423.)

20
Accordingly, we conclude the trial court properly exercised its discretion in
consolidating the capital and noncapital charges.

3. Gross Unfairness
Defendant lastly contends that, even if the trial court‘s severance and
consolidation rulings were correct when made, reversal of the judgment is required
because the joint trial resulted in such gross unfairness as to amount to a due process
violation. (People v. Hartsch, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 494.) The claim is meritless.
Defendant contends joinder allowed the prosecutor to improperly use Martinez‘s
identification of defendant as his assailant to bolster weaker evidence of defendant‘s
participation in the remaining offenses. We perceive no such impropriety.7 Evidence
that defendant was the ringleader of a group that included Drebert, Pritchard and Vera,
and that J.S. identified Pritchard and Vera as two of the perpetrators, along with DNA
evidence connecting defendant to the sexual assault against J.S., could, combined with
other evidence, support the inference that defendant was one of the other men involved in
the other incidents. As we explained in similar circumstances, a prosecutor may properly
argue that defendants probably acted in concert when the evidence established they had a
history of doing so. (People v. Letner and Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 152.) In short, we
reject defendant‘s claim that there was anything unfair, much less grossly unfair, in the
manner in which the prosecutor connected defendant to the four crimes.
Defendant also argues he was denied due process because consolidation of the
cases allowed the prosecutor to present inflammatory evidence suggesting defendant
belonged to a gang. The only evidence that defendant was a gang member was

7 To the extent defendant is asserting that the prosecutor committed misconduct by
misstating the evidence in his closing argument, that claim is forfeited by his failure to
have lodged a timely objection to the statements at issue. (People v. Linton (2013) 56
Cal.4th 1146, 1205.)

21
Martinez‘s testimony that he feared defendant because he believed defendant was a gang
member. The prosecutor did not refer to this testimony. The prosecutor made a few
references to the gang-like appearance and behavior of defendant and his three cohorts,
but these references, fleeting and ambiguous, did not identify defendant as a member of a
known street gang. To the extent defendant‘s complaint is that there were suggestions
defendant, Drebert, Pritchard and Vera acted like a gang in the colloquial sense, the short
answer is that they did. Such a colloquial understanding is quite different, however, from
a potentially prejudicial suggestion that defendant belonged to one of the well-established
criminal street gangs operating in Southern California. Other than Martinez‘s brief
testimony, no such connection was made by the evidence or suggested by the prosecutor.

B. Asserted Errors During Voir Dire of Prospective Jurors

1. Dismissal of Jurors Who Stated They Would Be Unable to Impose the
Death Penalty
Defendant contends the trial court violated his right to a fair trial by an impartial
jury by excusing 22 prospective jurors who, in response to the court‘s query, stated they
would be unable or unwilling to impose the death penalty regardless of the evidence. In
support of his claim, he relies on People v. Stewart (2004) 33 Cal.4th 425 (Stewart), and
People v. Heard (2003) 31 Cal.4th 946 (Heard), in which we found error. We reject
defendant‘s claim the circumstances of this case are analogous to those in the cited cases.
The trial court conducted a preliminary screening of four panels of prospective
jurors. The court first considered financial hardship requests. It then described in general
terms the nature of the case. It told the first panel: ―One of the charges against
[defendant] in this case is murder, and it‘s alleged that it‘s murder in the first degree. [¶]
It‘s further alleged that due to the manner in which the murder was committed, that
special circumstances exist. [¶] If the jury in this case finds [defendant] guilty of murder
in the first degree, and further finds that the special circumstances allegation is true, the
jury in this case will be asked to determine the penalty in this case. [¶] The jury will

22
have two options, and two options only, and that will be life without the possibility of
parole, that will be life in prison, or death. [¶] The reason I‘m mentioning that is this:
Now, without knowing anything at all about this case, is there any juror sitting in the
audience right now that, regardless of what the evidence might be, has such feelings
about the death penalty that he or she would be unable to vote to impose the death
penalty in this case. [¶] If the answer is yes, if you‘d rise, please.‖
Ten jurors in the first panel responded affirmatively. The court questioned each of
them to confirm they would refuse to impose the death penalty regardless of the
evidence. For example, the court asked Prospective Juror C.M.: ―Miss [M.], that is
regardless of what the evidence is; is that correct?‖ When she answered ―yes,‖ the court
excused her. Prospective Juror D.G. was asked, ―Miss [G.], your answer is that you
would be unable to vote to impose the penalty of death, regardless of the evidence?‖ The
juror answered ―yes‖ and was excused. The court asked essentially the same question of
the remaining eight jurors: whether, regardless of the evidence, the prospective juror
would be unable to vote to impose the death penalty. It excused the jurors when they
answered affirmatively.
The trial court asked a similar question with respect to whether any prospective
jurors would vote to impose the death penalty regardless of the evidence. No prospective
juror responded affirmatively. Only after this screening was completed were the
remaining prospective jurors asked to fill out the juror questionnaire.
Defendant‘s objection to the procedure was overruled, as was his renewed
objection later in the proceedings, and the trial court used the same procedure when
conducting its preliminary screening of the other three panels. The court briefly
explained the charges against defendant and the penalty options that would be before the
jury should defendant be convicted and the special circumstances found true. The court
then asked whether, because of a prospective juror‘s feelings about the death penalty, that
person would be unable to vote to impose death regardless of the evidence. The court

23
questioned each prospective juror who answered affirmatively to confirm he or she would
not vote to impose the death penalty regardless of the evidence. Some of these colloquies
were more extensive than others, and on three occasions when there was ambiguity in the
prospective juror‘s response the trial court did not excuse the individual. In all, the trial
court used this procedure to excuse 22 prospective jurors.
―Under decisions of the United States Supreme Court, prospective jurors who
express personal opposition to the death penalty are not automatically subject to excusal
for cause as long as ‗they state clearly that they are willing to temporarily set aside their
own beliefs in deference to the rule of law.‘ (Lockhart v. McCree (1986) 476 U.S. 162,
176; see Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968) 391 U.S. 510, 522 . . . .) To determine if a
prospective juror is excusable for cause without compromising a defendant‘s
constitutional rights, we inquire whether the prospective juror‘s views on the death
penalty ‗would ―prevent or substantially impair the performance‖ ‘ of the juror‘s duties in
accordance with the court‘s instructions and his or her oath. (Wainwright v. Witt (1985)
469 U.S. 412, 424 (Witt).)‖ (People v. Riccardi (2012) 54 Cal.4th 758, 778.) ―Under
Witt, a prospective juror is ‗substantially impaired‘ and may properly be excused for
cause if he or she is unable to follow the trial court‘s instruction and ‗conscientiously
consider all of the sentencing alternatives, including the death penalty where
appropriate.‘ ‖ (People v. McKinnon (2011) 52 Cal.4th 610, 635.) ―In according
deference on appeal to trial court rulings on motions to exclude for cause, appellate
courts recognize that a trial judge who observes and speaks with a prospective juror and
hears that person‘s responses (noting, among other things, the person‘s tone of voice,
apparent level of confidence, and demeanor), gleans valuable information that simply
does not appear on the record. [Citation.] As the high court observed in Witt, supra, 469
U.S. 412, 428, ‗the question whether a venireman is biased has traditionally been
determined through voir dire culminating in a finding by the trial judge concerning the
venireman‘s state of mind . . . based upon determinations of demeanor and credibility that

24
are peculiarly within a trial judge‘s province.‘ Indeed, as the high court noted in Witt,
‗ ―[T]he manner of the juror while testifying is oftentimes more indicative of the real
character of his opinion than his words. That is seen below, but cannot always be spread
upon the record. Care should, therefore, be taken in the reviewing court not to reverse
the ruling below upon such a question of fact, except in a clear case.‖ ‘ ‖ (Stewart, supra,
33 Cal.4th at p. 451.)
Defendant characterizes the trial court‘s questioning of prospective jurors as
―perfunctory‖ and argues it was inadequate to protect his right to a fair trial by an
impartial jury because the court failed ―to explain[] the applicable law or conduct[] any
inquiry into whether the jurors could temporarily put aside [their opposition to the death
penalty] and follow the law in this case.‖8 We are not persuaded.
―Recent decisions of this court have emphasized the importance of meaningful
death-qualifying voir dire. We have reminded trial courts of their duty to know and
follow proper procedure, and to devote sufficient time and effort to the process.
[Citations.] At bottom, both the court and counsel ‗must have sufficient information
regarding the prospective juror‘s state of mind to permit a reliable determination as to
whether the juror‘s views [on capital punishment] would ― ‗prevent or substantially
impair‘ ‖ the performance of his or her duties.‘ [Citation.] . . . [¶] Nonetheless, the trial
court has broad discretion over the number and nature of questions about the death

8 The Attorney General contends defendant has forfeited this claim because he
failed to specifically object to the adequacy of the trial court‘s voir dire of the prospective
jurors. Defendant objected twice to the trial court‘s excusal of the prospective jurors. In
any event, at the time of defendant‘s trial, a no-forfeiture rule was in effect with respect
to Witherspoon/Witt claims. (People v. McKinnon, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 637.) We
abandoned that rule in McKinnon, and now require an objection to preserve such claims,
but ―because at the time of this trial we had not expressly held that an objection is
necessary to preserve Witherspoon/Witt excusal error on appeal, we do not apply this rule
here.‖ (Id. at p. 643.)

25
penalty. We have rejected complaints about ‗hasty‘ [citation] or ‗perfunctory‘ voir dire.‖
(People v. Stitely (2005) 35 Cal.4th 514, 539–540.) While the trial court‘s preliminary
screening of the prospective jurors here was relatively brief, the question it posed to the
prospective jurors—whether, regardless of the evidence, they would be unwilling or
unable to impose the death penalty—was unequivocal. (See People v. Riccardi, supra,
54 Cal.4th at p. 780.)
In Riccardi, question No. 68 of the juror questionnaire asked: ― ‗Do you have
such an opinion concerning the death penalty that, regardless of the evidence that might
be developed during the penalty phase of the trial . . . you would automatically and
absolutely refuse to vote for the death penalty in any case?‘ ‖ (People v. Riccardi, supra,
54 Cal.4th at p. 780.) The defendant argued that four prospective jurors were improperly
excused based solely on their answers to the juror questionnaire because, taken as a
whole, their responses were ambiguous and required further examination. Three of those
prospective jurors had answered ―yes‖ to question No. 68. In rejecting the defendant‘s
argument, we observed: ―Given that question No. 68 was phrased unequivocally, a
prospective juror‘s decision to write ‗yes‘ as an answer clearly established that the
prospective juror held a bias against the death penalty that ‗would ―prevent or
substantially impair‖ ‘ the performance of his or her duties as a juror even if the evidence
leaned in favor of imposing death.‖ (Ibid.; see People v. Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p.
531 [―The questionnaire at issue here . . . asked whether a prospective juror held such
conscientious objections to the death penalty that, regardless of the evidence or the
strength of proof, he or she ‗automatically‘ would refuse to return a first degree murder
verdict, find a special circumstance true, or impose the death penalty. Any juror who
‗automatically‘ would vote in ways that precluded the death penalty would clearly be
disqualified under [Wainwright v.] Witt[, supra, 469 U.S. 412].‖].)
Here, too, the trial court asked whether any prospective juror‘s opposition to the
death penalty would preclude her or him from imposing it regardless of the evidence.

26
Those who answered ―yes,‖ and whose answer was confirmed by further questioning by
the trial court, were disqualified. While brief, the trial court‘s questioning was not rote.
Some prospective jurors expanded their responses making it even clearer their opposition
to the death penalty would preclude them from imposing it. For example, one
prospective juror informed the court, ―I am strongly against the death penalty. I‘m
against it.‖ When the court asked, ―In any case?‖ the prospective juror replied, ―In any
case. Life imprisonment, I‘m okay; but death, I‘m against it.‖ The court continued the
colloquy, asking, ―So you would be unable to vote to impose the death penalty in this
case or in any case; is that right?‖ ―Yes,‖ the prospective juror replied. She answered
―yes‖ again when the court asked a final question: ―Regardless of the evidence?‖
Another juror explained that even killing a fish while fishing had been so upsetting to her
that ―there is no way I could even consider anything like [the death penalty].‖ The court
asked, ―You couldn‘t conceive of an instance so terrible that you would vote to impose
the death penalty?‖ The prospective juror replied, ―No, not at all.‖ Still, the court probed
further, eliciting from the prospective witness repeated statements affirming she would
not impose the death penalty in any case (―Everything has a right to live‖), under any
circumstance (―No circumstance‖), and regardless of the evidence (―Regardless‖).
On the other hand, the three prospective jurors whose answers were confused or
ambiguous were not excused. Moreover, unlike in People v. Riccardi, supra, 54 Cal.4th
758, or People v. Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th 491, the trial court had the opportunity to
observe the prospective jurors as they responded to its questions, permitting it to evaluate
their credibility and their conviction. The trial court‘s ability to ―assess the demeanor of
the venire, and of the individuals who compose it, [is] a factor of critical importance in
assessing the attitude and qualifications of potential jurors.‖ (Uttecht v. Brown (2007)
551 U.S. 1, 9.) Thus, ―the trial court makes a judgment based in part on the demeanor of
the juror, a judgment owed deference by reviewing courts.‖ (Ibid.) Finally, ―[w]hen a
juror has clearly expressed an inability to vote for the death penalty regardless of the

27
evidence that may be produced at trial, the court has discretion to limit further voir dire
directed toward persuading the juror that there may be some circumstance which he has
not considered that could cause him to modify his conscientious or moral attitude toward
the death penalty.‖ (People v. Mattson (1990) 50 Cal.3d 826, 846; accord, People v.
Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 714.)
Defendant‘s reliance on Stewart, supra, 33 Cal.4th 425, and Heard, supra,
31 Cal.4th 946, is misplaced because those decisions involve factual circumstances not
present here. ―[T]he trial court in Stewart excused prospective jurors based solely on
their answers to a written question concerning whether their death penalty views would
‗ ―prevent or make it very difficult‖ ‘ to determine the appropriate penalty, and without
engaging in oral voir dire. (Stewart, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 444, 446–447, italics
omitted.)‖ (People v. Watkins (2012) 55 Cal.4th 999, 1017.) ―As we observed, even one
who gave a straightforward ‗yes‘ answer to such questions would not necessarily
demonstrate disqualification under Witt, because mere difficulty in imposing the death
penalty does not, per se, prevent or substantially impair the performance of a juror‘s
duties. The prospective juror might nonetheless be able to put aside his or her personal
views and deliberate fairly under the death penalty law. Yet the Stewart questionnaire
did not inquire whether the prospective juror could do so.‖ (People v. Avila, supra, 38
Cal.4th at p. 530.) In this case, unlike in Stewart, the jurors were personally questioned
by the trial court. And unlike the questionnaire in Stewart, the court‘s questions here did
not use the ―make it very difficult‖ formulation, but asked the jurors unequivocally
whether he or she would be unable to apply the death penalty. Accordingly, Stewart is
inapplicable here.
Heard, supra, 31 Cal.4th 946, also involved circumstances quite different from
those presented in this case. In Heard, a prospective juror indicated on the juror
questionnaire he believed life without possibility of parole was a worse penalty than
death. When questioned by the trial court about his response, however, the prospective

28
juror ―made it quite clear that he would not vote ‗automatically‘—in other words, ‗no
matter what the evidence showed‘—either for life imprisonment without the possibility
of parole or for death, and also that he would not be reluctant to find the defendant guilty
of first degree murder or to find the special circumstances true ‗so as to avoid having to
face the issue of the death penalty.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 964.) Given the prospective juror‘s oral
responses, we concluded the trial court had improperly excused him for cause. (Ibid.) In
this case, by contrast, the excused jurors clearly stated they would be unable to impose
the death penalty regardless of what the evidence showed. We thus reject defendant‘s
contention that Stewart and Heard require reversal in this case.
The dissent maintains that the trial court‘s excusal of 16 prospective jurors from
the first two panels was error because the trial court did not conduct a further inquiry
after they unequivocally stated they would not impose the death penalty regardless of the
evidence. The dissent would have had the trial court explain to the prospective jurors the
bifurcated nature of a capital case, the possibility that evidence in aggravation and
mitigation might be presented at the penalty phase and the weighing process the jury
engages in with respect to such evidence, and have inquired of them whether they could
put aside their views and follow the law.
As noted, the trial court exercises its discretion over the number and nature of
questions about the death penalty. (People v. Stitely, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 539–540.)
There is no requirement that a trial court engage in the exposition the dissent would
impose upon it. The issue here is not whether the prospective jurors were simply
opposed to the death penalty or ―did not believe in it,‖ a circumstance that would require
further voir dire, but whether their opposition would disable them from imposing the
death penalty regardless of the evidence. Although the trial court did not ask the jurors if
they could set aside their feelings and follow the court‘s instructions, the court‘s inquiry
did call on the jurors to assess their ability to vote for death. If a prospective juror states
unequivocally that he or she would be unable to impose the death penalty regardless of

29
the evidence, the prospective juror is, by definition, someone whose views ―would
‗prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance
with his instructions and his oath.‘ ‖ (Witt, supra, 469 U.S. at p. 424.) Further inquiry
concerning the juror‘s ability to follow the law is not required.
In reviewing the trial court‘s determination, we apply a ―rule of deference‖
(Uttecht v. Brown, supra, 551 U.S. at p. 7) based on the trial court‘s ability to assess the
demeanor and credibility of the prospective witness (Darden v. Wainwright (1986) 477
U.S. 168, 178). The dissent rejects application of the rule here, asserting the trial court
spent insufficient time questioning the individual prospective jurors to have drawn any
conclusions regarding their demeanor or credibility. (Dis. opn., at pp. 14–15.) Certainly
the trial court could have conducted a fuller inquiry and the better practice is to do so.
But the reviewing court applies the rule to the circumstances before it, not the
circumstances it might have wished for. (Uttecht v. Brown, supra, at p. 7 [―Deference is
owed regardless of whether the trial court engages in explicit analysis regarding
substantial impairment.‖].) The fact remains the trial court was present at the voir dire
and we were not. The dissent cites no authority for the proposition that the trial court
must spend a certain amount of time, give certain explanations, ask certain questions, or
make findings on the record in support of its determination before a reviewing court
applies the rule of deference.
The dissent‘s reliance on the Darden decision is misplaced. That opinion does not
stand for the proposition that a trial court cannot excuse a prospective juror based on his
or her unequivocal answer to a single question unless the record reveals the prospective
juror received additional information regarding assessment of the penalty. The claim
raised and rejected in Darden was that the trial court had misstated the Witt standard.
(Darden v. Wainwright, supra, 477 U.S. at pp. 175–178.) The court‘s examination of the
context in which the challenged question was asked was to determine whether the court
had ―stated the correct standard when questioning individual members of the venire.‖

30
(Id. at p. 177.) The court concluded it had and that the jurors whose excusal was
challenged had heard the court repeatedly do so. (Id. at pp. 177–178.)
In sum, we conclude the trial court did not improperly excuse those jurors who
expressed an unequivocal inability to apply the death penalty regardless of the evidence.
Although not a model for future courts, the voir dire technique used here resulted in no
constitutional impropriety. We note, however, that a more complete voir dire by trial
courts would assist our review of a defendant‘s claim of Witt error, and we encourage
trial courts to question prospective jurors at sufficient length to clearly establish their
views on their ability to impose the death penalty.

2. Dismissal of Prospective Juror No. 2361
Defendant contends the trial court improperly excused for cause Prospective Juror
No. 2361, a juror who, although not excused in the initial questioning discussed ante, was
subsequently found to be unable to fairly consider the death penalty. We reject the claim.
Asked in his juror questionnaire about his ―general feelings‖ toward the death
penalty, Prospective Juror No. 2361 wrote, ―I don‘t believe in death penalty.‖ He
indicated further his view that California should not have a death penalty and that the
death penalty should not be used. In response to a question whether he would be able to
impose the death penalty ―if you believed, after hearing all of the evidence, that the
penalty was appropriate,‖ he answered, ―No.‖ Finally, in response to a question that
asked, ―What do you believe the purpose of the death penalty to be?‖ he responded, ―I
don‘t believe in death penalty.‖
When questioned by the trial court about these responses, however, the
prospective juror stated he could vote to impose the death penalty ―[d]epending on the
evidence.‖ When asked by the court whether he could set aside his personal beliefs and
apply the law objectively, he responded, ―Right.‖ Upon questioning by the prosecutor,
the prospective juror repeated his statement he could vote for the death penalty

31
―depending on the evidence.‖ The prosecutor then asked: ―Is there a reason why [when]
the questionnaire asked you that question, or asked you the question of whether or not
you could impose death on someone, despite your personal views, you indicated that you
couldn‘t? [¶] Have you changed your mind since the questionnaire?‖ The prospective
juror replied, ―No.‖ The defense made no further effort to rehabilitate him. Over
defendant‘s objection, the trial court excused the juror, explaining, ―he . . . indicated in
response to the district attorney‘s questions that his basic decision hasn‘t changed from
what he wrote down on the questionnaire, [on] which he indicated he did not believe in
the death penalty.‖
As noted, under Witt, a prospective juror may be excluded for cause because of
that individual‘s views on the death penalty if such views would ― ‗prevent or
substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his
instructions and his oath.‘ ‖ (Wainwright v. Witt, supra, 469 U.S. at p. 424.) Witt
instructs further that ―this standard . . . does not require that a juror‘s bias be proved with
‗unmistakable clarity.‘ This is because determinations of juror bias cannot be reduced to
question-and-answer sessions which obtain results in the manner of a catechism. What
common sense should have realized experience has proved: many veniremen simply
cannot be asked enough questions to reach the point where their bias has been made
‗unmistakably clear‘; these veniremen may not know how they will react when faced
with imposing the death sentence, or may be unable to articulate, or may wish to hide
their true feelings. Despite this lack of clarity in the printed record, however, there will
be situations where the trial judge is left with the definite impression that a prospective
juror would be unable to faithfully and impartially apply the law. . . . [T]his is why
deference must be paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the juror.‖ (Id. at pp. 424–
426, fn. omitted.) ―[I]n determining whether the removal of a potential juror would
vindicate the State‘s interest [in having jurors who are able to apply the death penalty
within the framework of the law] without violating the defendant‘s right [to an impartial

32
jury], the trial court makes a judgment based in part on the demeanor of the juror, a
judgment owed deference by reviewing courts.‖ (Uttecht v. Brown, supra, 551 U.S. at p.
9.) ― ‗ ―On appeal, we will uphold the trial court‘s ruling if it is fairly supported by the
record, accepting as binding the trial court‘s determination as to the prospective juror‘s
true state of mind when the prospective juror has made statements that are conflicting or
ambiguous.‖ ‘ ‖ (People v. Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 752.)
The explicit reason given by the trial court for excusing the prospective juror was
that, notwithstanding his oral assertion that he could vote to impose the death penalty
―depending on the evidence,‖ he also said the strongly anti-death-penalty views he had
expressed in his juror questionnaire had not changed. In the questionnaire he stated he
would decline to apply the death penalty regardless of the evidence, a statement in direct
conflict with what he said in court. The record thus supports the trial court‘s ruling
because it shows the juror gave inconsistent statements regarding his ability to vote to
impose the death penalty. Implicit in the trial court‘s ruling was its conclusion the
prospective juror‘s questionnaire responses, rather than those he gave in court about his
willingness to consider the death penalty, reflected his true state of mind. ―This
determination of [his] state of mind is binding.‖ (People v. Edwards, supra, 57 Cal.4th at
p. 752.) We thus reject defendant‘s challenge to Prospective Juror No. 2361‘s dismissal
for cause.

3. Denial of Request for Individual Sequestered Voir Dire Concerning the
Death Penalty
At the time of defendant‘s trial, Code of Civil Procedure section 223 (section 223)
provided in relevant part: ―Voir dire of any prospective jurors shall, where practicable,
occur in the presence of the other jurors in all criminal cases, including death penalty
cases.‖ This statute, enacted in 1990 as part of Proposition 115, abrogated our decision in
Hovey v. Superior Court (1980) 28 Cal.3d 1, which, as a rule of judicial procedure, had

33
required the death-qualification portion of voir dire in capital cases to be sequestered.
(People v. Burney (2009) 47 Cal.4th 203, 240.)
Defendant filed a pretrial motion asking the trial court to exercise its discretion
under section 223 and conduct sequestered voir dire. Citing Hovey, the motion asserted
generally that such sequestered voir dire ―is the most effective method of preventing
prospective jurors from being influenced by others in the responses to the death-
qualification aspect of the voir dire process and enabling the parties to discover bias.‖
Without ruling on the motion, the trial court conducted its preliminary screening
of the first and second panels of prospective jurors, during which, as noted, it excused
some members of the panel based upon their professed inability to vote for the death
penalty. During a break in the proceedings following the screening of the second panel,
the trial court took up defendant‘s sequestration motion. The prosecutor joined in the
motion, although he acknowledged ―the Court has the discretion to go either way, and I‘ll
submit on [defendant‘s] papers.‖ The court denied the motion without further discussion.
Defendant asserts that the trial court failed to exercise its discretion under section
223, resulting in a miscarriage of justice. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.) He also contends
the trial court‘s ruling violated his state and federal constitutional rights to due process,
equal protection, trial by an impartial jury, effective assistance of counsel, and a reliable
death penalty. (U.S. Const., 6th, 8th, & 14th Amends.; Cal. Const., art. I, §§ 7, 15, 16.)9
The claims are without merit.

9 ―As to this and virtually all other appellate claims, defendant contends that an
issue raised and decided in the trial court resulted in constitutional violations, but he did
not present those constitutional theories below. In such instances, it appears that (1) the
appellate claim is the kind that required no trial court action to preserve it, or (2) the new
arguments do not invoke facts or legal standards different from those the trial court was
asked to apply, but merely assert that the trial court‘s act or omission, in addition to being
wrong for reasons actually presented to that court, had the legal consequence of violating
the United States and California Constitutions. To that extent, defendant‘s new
(footnote continued on next page)

34
Defendant claims the trial court‘s failure to provide reasons for its ruling
amounted to a failure to have exercised its discretion under section 223. Not so.
Unquestionably, the trial court was aware of its discretionary authority, given that
defendant‘s motion and the prosecutor‘s comments explicitly mentioned it. There is
nothing in the statute requiring the trial court to set forth its reasons for its rulings on such
a request. Moreover, defendant‘s motion was a generic, boilerplate one that made no
attempt to show specifically why open court voir dire in this case was not practicable.
(See People v. Vieira (2005) 35 Cal.4th 264, 288 [group voir dire may be impracticable
―when, in a given case, it is shown to result in actual, rather than merely potential,
bias‖].) Accordingly, nothing in defendant‘s motion required a detailed trial court ruling.
―In view of the circumstance that defendant offered only generalized grounds for
conducting individual voir dire, not specific to his case, the trial court‘s ruling did not fall
outside the bounds of reason.‖ (People v. Burney, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 241.) Thus, we
reject defendant‘s claim that the trial court failed to exercise its discretion and, to the
extent he also contends denial of his motion was an abuse of discretion, we reject that
argument as well. (People v. Watkins, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1011.)

4. “Death Qualification” of the Prospective Jurors
Defendant contends the process by which a death penalty jury is selected in
California, and which was used in this case, violates the Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth

(footnote continued from previous page)

constitutional arguments are not forfeited on appeal. (People v. Boyer (2006) 38 Cal.4th
412, 441, fn. 17 . . . , applying People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 433–439.) In the
latter case, no separate constitutional discussion is required or provided where rejection
of a claim that the trial court erred on the issue presented to that court necessarily leads to
rejection of any constitutional theory or ‗gloss‘ raised for the first time here.‖ (People v.
Contreras (2013) 58 Cal.4th 123, 139, fn. 17.) We apply this principle here and
elsewhere where defendant asserts on appeal constitutional claims not advanced below.

35
Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, section 16 of the state
Constitution, by depriving him of his rights to due process, a fair trial, a fair and reliable
guilt and penalty phase determination and to a jury selected from a representative cross-
section of the community. He acknowledges both we and the United States Supreme
Court have rejected the claims he makes here. (Lockhart v. McCree, supra, 476 U.S. at
p. 176 [exclusion of prospective jurors based on their views of capital punishment does
not contravene a defendant‘s Sixth and 14th Amend. right to a jury selected from a fair
cross-section of the community or to an impartial jury]; People v. Lenart (2004) 32
Cal.4th 1107, 1120 [exclusion of prospective jurors based on their views of capital
punishment does not contravene a defendant‘s state constitutional right to due process
and jury protections]; People v. Watkins, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 1011 [there is no federal
or state constitutional right to individual sequestered voir dire in capital cases].)
Defendant contends that Lockhart was wrongly decided. His criticism of Lockhart is
more properly addressed to the United States Supreme Court. In any event, we are not
persuaded that our precedents were in error and thus decline to revisit our decisions.

C. Guilt Phase Claims

1. Assertedly Erroneous Limitations on Cross-examination of Prosecution
Witness Gladys Santos
Defendant contends the trial court erroneously restricted his cross-examination of
Gladys Santos when it precluded questioning her about (1) her two misdemeanor petty
theft convictions; (2) whether she bartered drugs for stolen property and whether her
credibility was affected by her concern this information would adversely impact her
custody of her children and her eligibility for public assistance; and (3) the prosecutor‘s
contacts with the department of children‘s services (Department) on Santos‘s behalf. The
claims are both forfeited and meritless.

36
a. Background
In an in camera discussion before he presented Santos‘s testimony, the prosecutor
disclosed Santos‘s two misdemeanor convictions for petty theft. He disclosed further
that, because of threats from defendant, the district attorney‘s office had relocated Santos
and her family. He also revealed that the Department had threatened to remove Santos‘s
children because, in its view, her status as a witness in this case endangered them. The
prosecutor said he had spoken to the Department on her behalf to prevent the removal of
her children. Finally, the prosecutor said Drebert‘s attorney had told him she intended to
ask Santos whether she had supplied methamphetamine to Drebert and defendant. The
prosecutor had a detective ask Santos about this allegation. According to the prosecutor,
Santos told the detective she had supplied defendant with methamphetamine twice
because defendant was ―bugging‖ his cousin, Joanne Rodriguez, with requests for drugs.
After revealing this information, the prosecutor argued Santos‘s misdemeanor
convictions were inadmissible. The trial court responded: ―[T]he law is quite clear that
the convictions themselves are hearsay, so the convictions themselves are not admissible.
[¶] However, if any witnesses are prepared to testify to exactly what she did on those
occasions, that would be admissible.‖ The prosecutor replied, ―There is [sic] no
witnesses I‘m aware of that are here.‖ At that point, defendant‘s counsel interjected that
Santos had been on probation at the time of the offenses and argued her probationary
status was admissible. The trial court agreed but ―without specifying what the offense
is.‖ The court granted the prosecutor‘s request her status be characterized as
misdemeanor probation.
The court excluded as irrelevant evidence of the prosecutor‘s dealings with the
Department. Defendant‘s counsel replied, ―I wasn‘t going to go into that.‖
The trial court further ruled that the defense could inquire into the issue of whether
Santos had supplied drugs to the defendants. The court confirmed, in response to a

37
question by the prosecutor, that the petty theft convictions were not admissible absent
witnesses who could testify to the underlying conduct.
On the issue of Santos‘s relocation, defendant argued that her request to be
relocated was relevant. The court responded: ―And it becomes relevant as to why she
made the requests,‖ impliedly referring to the fact that defendant had threatened her.
Defense counsel agreed: ―That‘s the other side of the coin.‖ The court replied: ―So you
decide if you really want to get into that, [counsel.]‖
Later in the proceedings, Drebert‘s attorney informed the court she intended to ask
Santos whether she had dealt drugs to individuals other than Drebert and defendant. She
argued Santos‘s drug dealing was relevant to her credibility because, if she were revealed
to be a drug dealer, she might lose custody of her children and her public assistance
benefits. When asked by the trial court whether she had any witnesses to testify to
buying drugs from Santos, Drebert‘s attorney replied she had had a phone call from a
potential witness but could not confirm if there were sufficient facts and details. The
prosecutor objected that such testimony would be collateral and irrelevant. The trial
court disagreed: ―The sale of drugs is an act of moral turpitude, and whether or not she‘s
ever been arrested or convicted for such conduct, the conduct in and of itself would
appear to me to be relevant.‖ The court limited evidence of Santos‘s prior narcotics
transactions to those with defendants unless, as Drebert‘s counsel stated, ―I produce
someone . . . that will take the stand.‖ At no point did defendant‘s counsel join in the
discussion of whether such evidence was admissible or indicate such witnesses were
available.

b. Discussion
―Cross-examination may expose facts from which jurors can appropriately draw
inferences about the reliability of a witness, including the possibility of bias. The trial
court, however, has wide latitude to restrict such cross-examination, and such testimony

38
is properly barred unless the defendant can show the prohibited cross-examination would
have produced a significantly different impression of the witness‘s credibility.‖ (People
v. Brady (2010) 50 Cal.4th 547, 560; see People v. Smith (2007) 40 Cal.4th 483, 513.)
Regarding Santos‘s misdemeanor convictions for petty theft, defendant contends
the trial court erroneously ruled that ―evidence of [the underlying] conduct had to be
supplied by someone other than Santos.‖ The record reveals some ambiguity about
whether the trial court so ruled. Consistent with our decision in People v. Wheeler (1992)
4 Cal.4th 284, the trial court ruled the fact of Santos‘s convictions was inadmissible
hearsay but evidence of the underlying criminal conduct was admissible ―if any witnesses
are prepared to testify to exactly what she did on those occasions . . . .‖ (See id. at pp.
295–300.) Obviously, Santos herself would have been a percipient witness to her own
conduct and the trial court‘s initial ruling did not explicitly preclude defendant from
questioning her about it. Later, however, the trial court did state that, while Santos could
be questioned about her probationary status, ―there will be no inquiry as to what
particular offense she was on probation for.‖ This does suggest the trial court intended to
preclude the defense from questioning Santos about the circumstances surrounding her
misdemeanor convictions. Such ruling would have been error. (Id. at p. 300, fn. 14
[―proof of impeaching misdemeanor conduct‖ may be in the form of a ―witness‘s
admission on direct or cross-examination that he or she committed such conduct‖ as well
as by other means].)
Nonetheless, any error was harmless. The jury heard evidence that Santos was on
probation, had supplied defendant with drugs, and initially had been arrested because she
had lied to the police about harboring him, and that her apartment had been a repository
for defendant‘s stolen goods. Evidence that she had also committed petty theft would not
have produced a significantly different impression of her credibility.
Defendant also argues the trial court improperly denied him the opportunity to
question Santos about whether she bartered drugs to third parties in exchange for stolen

39
property. Defendant forfeited this claim because it was Drebert, not he, who sought to
question Santos on this point. During the extensive discussion between Drebert‘s
counsel, the prosecutor, and the trial court about this issue, defendant‘s counsel remained
silent. He did not join Drebert‘s request, much less make an offer of proof as to the
relevance of the evidence to his defense (as opposed to Drebert‘s). His claim is therefore
forfeited. (Evid. Code, § 354.) Moreover, the trial court did not absolutely bar Drebert
(or defendant) from cross-examining Santos about her alleged drug dealing. To the
contrary, the trial court acknowledged that it would be a permissible area of inquiry for
impeachment purposes. Reasonably viewing the discussion, the court properly required
only that Drebert demonstrate a good faith basis for asking such questions by, for
example, identifying a potential witness to her having dealt drugs. (People v. Pearson
(2013) 56 Cal.4th 393, 434.) Drebert failed to do so; defendant did not add anything.
Similarly forfeited is defendant‘s claim the trial court improperly restricted him
from cross-examining Santos regarding the prosecutor‘s contacts with the Department on
Santos‘s behalf after the Department threatened to remove her children because of her
status as a witness in this case. The trial court ruled the subject matter was irrelevant, at
which point defendant‘s counsel replied, ―I wasn‘t going to go into that.‖ Defendant not
only failed to challenge the court‘s ruling, he indicated agreement with it and a
preexisting decision not to question her about the contacts, perhaps again to avoid
mention of the threats defendant had made. Accordingly, defendant may not now assert
the ruling was error, nor does the record support a conclusion that it was the ruling, rather
than his own tactical decision, that led to the absence of cross-examination on the subject.

2. Asserted Aranda/Bruton Error
Defendant claims that Gladys Santos‘s testimony regarding the circumstances
under which she questioned defendant about whether he had killed Koen Witters
constituted Aranda/Bruton error because it revealed the source of her information was

40
codefendant Drebert. (People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal.2d 518; Bruton v. United States,
supra, 391 U.S. 123 [a nontestifying codefendant‘s extrajudicial statement that
incriminates the other defendant is inadmissible as a violation of the latter‘s rights to
confrontation and cross-examination].)10 The claim is meritless.
Defendant and Drebert were tried together but before separate juries to avoid
defendant‘s jury hearing Drebert‘s detailed statement to Santos inculpating defendant.
Defendant‘s jury did, however, hear Santos testify to her conversation with defendant
during which he admitted to killing Witters. The source of Santos‘s information with
which she confronted defendant was Drebert. Before her testimony, the prosecutor
sought guidance from the trial court regarding how to approach that issue. The court told
the prosecutor he could not mention Drebert as the source of Santos‘s information.
Defendant‘s counsel suggested the Aranda/Bruton problem could be resolved if the
prosecutor asked Santos, ―Did you receive information about the homicide?‖ and ―[D]id
you receive that information from another party . . . ?‖ The prosecutor suggested he ask
Santos whether she had received the information about the murder from a civilian source
(as opposed to a police source). The trial court agreed: ―Yes, civilian source with
personal knowledge.‖
Before the jury, the prosecutor asked Santos whether in December 1995, she had
―a conversation with someone who had indicated that they were present at a murder?‖
When she responded affirmatively, the prosecutor clarified: ―This person . . . wasn‘t a
police officer; is that right?‖ After ascertaining the conversation occurred before
Christmas, the prosecutor asked: ―After you had this conversation with this person who
said he had been at a murder, did you have a conversation with [defendant]?‖ Santos

10 To the extent Aranda ―require[d] the exclusion of relevant evidence that need not
be excluded under federal constitutional law, it was abrogated in 1982 by the ‗truth-in-
evidence‘ provision of Proposition 8.‖ (People v. Fletcher (1996) 13 Cal.4th 451, 465.)

41
said, ―Yes, I did,‖ and that she talked to defendant three days after her conversation with
her source. Asked by the prosecutor how she had begun the conversation, Santos replied:
―I asked him, ‗Is it true? Did you really kill someone with a belt?‘ ‖ The prosecutor
asked to approach the bench.
At the bench, the prosecutor told the court he expected Santos would testify that
defendant responded to her question by asking, ―Did Mike [Drebert] tell you that?‖ The
prosecutor argued that because it was defendant himself who brought Drebert into the
conversation ―there is no Aranda problem.‖ The court allowed the prosecutor to proceed
with the questioning. Santos testified that, in response to her question, defendant
eventually said, ―That pussy Mike told you, huh?‖ whereupon she denied Drebert was her
source. When she asked defendant why he had done it, he changed the subject. Later
that evening, however, she again asked him whether he killed someone with a belt. He
admitted he had and described the murder of Koen Witters in great detail.
Defendant contends the trial court violated the Aranda/Bruton rule by allowing the
prosecutor to ask Santos whether the source of her information was a civilian with
personal knowledge of the murder. He also claims the violation was compounded when
Santos was permitted to testify about defendant‘s response—―Mike told you, huh?‖—
when she asked if he had committed the murder.
The Aranda/Bruton rule addresses a specific issue that arises at joint trials when
the prosecution seeks to admit the out-of-court statement of a nontestifying defendant that
incriminates a codefendant. As we have observed, ― ‗Aranda and Bruton stand for the
proposition that a ―nontestifying codefendant‘s extrajudicial self-incriminating statement
that inculpates the other defendant is generally unreliable and hence inadmissible as
violative of that defendant‘s right of confrontation and cross-examination, even if a
limiting instruction is given.‖ [Citation.]‘ [Citation.] The United States Supreme Court
‗limited the scope of the Bruton rule in Richardson v. Marsh (1987) 481 U.S. 200 . . . .
The court explained that Bruton recognized a narrow exception to the general rule that

42
juries are presumed to follow limiting instructions, and this narrow exception should not
apply to confessions that are not incriminating on their face, but become so only when
linked with other evidence introduced at trial. (Richardson, supra, at pp. 206–207.)‘ ‖
(People v. Homick (2012) 55 Cal.4th 816, 874, fn. omitted; see People v. Fletcher, supra,
13 Cal.4th 451, 463–464.) The high court went on to hold in Richardson that admission
of a nontestifying codefendant‘s confession against the defendant does not violate the
defendant‘s confrontation right if the confession is redacted to eliminate not only the
defendant‘s name but any reference to his existence. (Richardson, supra, at p. 211.)
―When, despite redaction, the statement obviously refers directly to the defendant, and
involves inferences that a jury ordinarily could make immediately, even were the
confession the very first item introduced at trial, the Bruton rule applies and introduction
of the statement at a joint trial violates the defendant‘s rights under the confrontation
clause.‖ (People v. Burney, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 231.)
This case does not present a conventional Bruton issue because the prosecution
was not attempting to directly introduce codefendant Drebert‘s confession at a joint trial
before the same jury. Separate juries had been impanelled precisely to avoid such a
problem. (See Gray v. Maryland (1998) 523 U.S. 185, 194–195 [because the use of an
accomplice‘s confession ―creates a special, and vital, need for cross-examination,‖ a
prosecutor desiring to offer such evidence must comply with Bruton, hold separate trials,
use separate juries or abandon the use of the confession].) Rather, the question is
whether defendant‘s confrontation right was violated by the manner in which the
prosecution sought to explain Santos‘s knowledge of the murder, resulting in introducing
defendant‘s admissions to her.
Defendant argues the prosecution had no valid reason to identify the source of
Santos‘s knowledge at all except to invite the jury to make the connection to Drebert.
That is a relevance objection he could have made at trial, but did not. The resolution of
the Bruton claim before us requires a determination whether the court improperly

43
admitted a statement by Drebert inculpating defendant. It did not. Santos never testified
that Drebert told her defendant killed Witters; in fact, her testimony included her denials
to defendant that Drebert was the source. The jury heard that Santos had a conversation
with someone who had been present at a murder, and she later asked defendant whether it
was true he had killed someone with a belt. The testimony implied that the unknown
person told her defendant killed someone with a belt. Statements that incriminate by
implication, however, are not within the scope of Bruton. (People v. Fletcher, supra, 13
Cal.4th at p. 463.) Moreover, the challenged testimony is reasonably viewed as
explaining the basis for Santos‘s questions to defendant and to give context to his
responses. Introduction of Santos‘s testimony, including recounting defendant‘s
accusations that ―Mike‖ must have told her, did not ―pose[] a substantial threat to
[defendant‘s] right to confront the witnesses against him.‖ (Bruton v. United States,
supra, 391 U.S. at p. 137.) Accordingly, his rights were not violated.

3. Asserted Violation of Constitutional Right to Confrontation
Citing Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36 (Crawford), defendant
contends the trial court violated his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights when it
admitted (1) an expert witness‘s testimony about DNA testing the witness herself did not
conduct; and (2) testimony regarding the autopsy of Koen Witters by a pathologist who
did not conduct the autopsy. We need not decide whether the challenged DNA evidence
was erroneously admitted. Any error was harmless because, in addition to testifying to
her colleague‘s DNA testing, the expert conducted and testified about her own testing
that was consistent with her colleague‘s results. Similarly, even if we assumed error in
the admission the autopsy report, such error is harmless. (People v. Dungo (2012) 55
Cal.4th 608; People v. Edwards, supra, 57 Cal.4th 658.)

44
a. DNA Evidence

1. Background
Anjali Swienton, a forensic DNA analyst with Cellmark Diagnostics, testified
about DNA testing pertaining to the sexual assault of J.S. DNA was extracted from
blood samples provided by J.S., defendant, Drebert, Pritchard and Vera and then
compared to DNA extracted from oral and vaginal swabs taken from J.S. following the
sexual assault on her. Swienton explained that the type of DNA testing performed in this
case is called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR test allows the analyst to
identify certain points along a DNA chain and then compare those between known
samples and samples obtained from a crime scene or victim. There are three steps to
PCR testing. DNA is extracted from the known and the unknown samples and then the
DNA is amplified, a process Swienton described as making a ―genetic Xerox‖ of the
DNA. After amplification comes the ―typing step,‖ in which comparisons are made
between DNA profiles generated from known and unknown samples. Swienton
explained there are two different typing processes within PCR technology, the DQ-
alpha/polymarker test and the short tandem repeats test (STR). The DQ-
alpha/polymarker test uses six sites along the DNA chain as a basis of comparison among
the samples provided to the analyst. The STR test uses three sites and also allows the
analyst to determine the gender of the donor of the sample being tested.
In this case, both the DQ-alpha/polymarker test and the STR test were conducted,
the former by a Cellmark analyst named Lisa Grossweiler and the latter by Swienton
herself. Grossweiler‘s tests revealed that defendant could not be excluded as a donor of
the DNA present on a vaginal swab taken from J.S. after she was raped. Swienton‘s later
STR test revealed that defendant‘s DNA was consistent with the DNA from the vaginal
swab. On cross-examination, Swienton testified that the frequency of the STR marker
combination obtained from the vaginal swab was 1 in 1,300 for the Caucasian population
and 1 in 2,700 for the Latino population.

45
2. Discussion
Defendant contends his confrontation rights were violated by Swienton‘s
testimony regarding the DQ-alpha/polymarker test conducted by Grossweiler. ―The
Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution guarantees a defendant‘s right to confront
adverse witnesses. [Citation.] In addition, the prosecution may not rely on ‗testimonial‘
out-of-court statements unless the witness is unavailable to testify and the defendant had
a prior opportunity for cross-examination. (Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at p. 59 . . . .)‖
(People v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal.4th 804, 839–840.) At the outset, the Attorney General
contends defendant forfeited this claim by failing to object at trial. We have rejected this
assertion, noting that, because Crawford was ―a dramatic departure from prior
confrontation clause case law,‖ a defendant‘s failure to object is excusable in cases like
this one where the trial occurred long before Crawford was decided ―because defense
counsel could not reasonably have been expected to anticipate this change in the law.‖
(Harris, at p. 840.)
In Williams v. Illinois (2012) 567 U.S. ___ [183 L.Ed.2d 89, 132 S.Ct. 2221], the
United States Supreme Court considered whether the defendant‘s confrontation rights
were violated when an Illinois State Police forensic biologist testified that a DNA profile
generated by a Maryland laboratory from vaginal swabs taken from a rape victim
matched a DNA profile generated by the Illinois State Police Laboratory from a sample
of the defendant‘s blood. A four-judge plurality opinion ―concluded on two alternative
grounds that [the] expert testimony did not violate the federal Constitution‘s
confrontation right. First, the plurality reasoned that [the expert‘s] testimony was
constitutionally permissible because it was admitted not for its truth but only for the
limited purpose of explaining the basis of [her] independent conclusion, based on her
expertise, that the defendant‘s DNA matched the DNA in the semen found on the vaginal
swabs. [Citation.] Alternatively, the Williams plurality reasoned, there was no
confrontation right violation because the Maryland laboratory‘s report was prepared for

46
the primary purpose of finding a dangerous rapist who was still at large, not ‗for the
primary purpose of accusing a targeted individual.‘ [Citation.] In a separate concurring
opinion, Justice Thomas agreed with the plurality‘s conclusion that [the] expert testimony
did not offend the Sixth Amendment‘s confrontation right, but for a completely different
reason: The Maryland laboratory report on which [the expert] relied ‗lack[ed] the
solemnity of an affidavit or deposition‘ and was therefore not ‗testimonial.‘ [Citation.]
A dissenting opinion by Justice Kagan, and signed by Justices Scalia, Ginsburg, and
Sotomayor, disagreed with the reasoning of both the plurality and Justice Thomas, and
concluded that [the expert‘s] testimony violated the defendant‘s confrontation right.
These widely divergent views, none of which was able to garner majority support—as
reflected in the four-one-four decision—highlight the complexity of the issue.‖ (People
v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 618.)
We need not wade further into the complexities of the issue here because
Swienton properly testified that she, personally, performed one of the tests on the vaginal
swab. Like the DQ-alpha/polymarker test results, the STR test showed defendant‘s DNA
was consistent with and did not exclude defendant as a donor of the material on the
vaginal swab.
Even if we assumed it was error for Swienton to have also testified regarding the
results of Grossweiler‘s DQ-alpha/polymarker test, we would find the error harmless.
― ‗ ―Confrontation clause violations are subject to federal harmless-error analysis
under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.‖ [Citation.] We ask whether it is
clear beyond a reasonable doubt that a rational jury would have reached the same verdict
absent the error.‘ [Citation.]‖ (People v. Livingston (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1145, 1159; see
Neder v. United States (1999) 527 U.S. 1, 18.) Swienton‘s testimony about her own
DNA test results, combined with testimony from J.S. that identified defendant‘s protégés,
Pritchard and Vera, as two of the four men who invaded her residence, and her testimony
that the man who raped her appeared to be their leader and that he ejaculated into her

47
vagina, along with Santos‘s testimony that defendant gave her property matching the
description of property stolen from the J.S/E.G. residence, including their answering
machine, provided abundant evidence of defendant‘s guilt, quite apart from the additional
evidence of the DQ-alpha/polymarker results.
Accordingly, any assumed error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

b. Autopsy Evidence

1. Background
The autopsy on Koen Witters was performed by Dr. Shayla Frisby, a pathology
fellow at the Los Angeles County coroner‘s department. Dr. Frisby produced a 14-page
autopsy report. Such reports document the pathologist‘s observations of the condition of
the decedent‘s body, including internal and external injuries, and provide conclusions
regarding the cause of death. The report is prepared at or about the time the autopsy is
performed. Additionally, the body is photographed before the autopsy and additional
photographs may be taken during the autopsy. Such photographs were taken in this case.
At the time of defendant‘s trial, Dr. Frisby no longer lived in Los Angeles County.
In her place, the prosecution called Dr. Eugene Carpenter, a medical examiner with the
coroner‘s office. Dr. Carpenter reviewed Dr. Frisby‘s autopsy report and the photographs
taken of Koen Witters‘s body. Based on his review of that material, he testified about the
injuries to Witters and opined that the cause of death was strangulation. The autopsy
report was subsequently admitted into evidence.

2. Discussion
Defendant contends the trial court violated his confrontation rights by admitting
the autopsy report prepared by a nontestifying pathologist. The Attorney General argues
the claim is forfeited because it was not asserted below. For the same reason we rejected
the forfeiture argument with respect to the DNA evidence, we reject it here. (People v.
Edwards, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 704.)

48
Nonetheless, though not forfeited, any error in the admission of the autopsy report
was harmless. In People v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th 608, we held that statements in an
autopsy report describing a nontestifying pathologist‘s observations of the condition of
the victim‘s body are not testimonial because the primary purpose of recording such facts
does not pertain to a criminal investigation. (Dungo, supra, at p. 619; id. at p. 622 (conc.
opn. of Werdegar, J.); accord, People v. Edwards, supra, 57 Cal.4th at pp. 704–707.)
Therefore, we concluded that testimony by a pathologist based on the report (including
photographs) prepared by the nontestifying pathologist did not violate the defendant‘s
confrontation clause rights even though he was unable to confront and cross-examine the
nontestifying pathologist. (Dungo, supra, at p. 621.) In Dungo the autopsy report was
not admitted into evidence and thus we did not have to decide whether the entire report
was testimonial in nature. (Id. at pp. 618–619.) Nor do we need to decide that issue in
this case, even though the autopsy report was admitted. As was true in Dungo, Dr.
Carpenter‘s attribution of cause of death was based on his own independent assessment
of the material he reviewed and his testimony, therefore, did not encroach upon
defendant‘s confrontation clause rights. Moreover, there was no dispute as to his cause
of death opinion. Accordingly, even if we assume error in the admission of the autopsy
report, any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

4. Asserted Instructional Errors

a. Absence of Instruction to Consider Separately the Evidence Regarding
Each Count
Defendant contends the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury, sua sponte,
to consider only the evidence pertaining to each count when considering defendant‘s guilt
of the particular count. The claim is both forfeited and meritless.
Pursuant to CALJIC No. 17.02, the jury was instructed as follows: ―Each Count
charges a distinct crime. You must decide each Count separately. The defendant may be
found guilty or not guilty of any or all the crimes charged. Your finding as to each Count

49
must be stated in a separate verdict.‖ The instruction was legally correct; to the extent
defendant contends the trial court should have done more, he ―failed . . . to propose a
modification of CALJIC No. 17.02, or to propose an additional instruction, thus forfeiting
the claim of instructional error.‖ (People v. Geier, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 579.)
Even were we to find this claim was preserved, it fails on the merits. The premise
of defendant‘s argument—the instruction was required because none of the evidence was
cross-admissible—is erroneous, as we pointed out in rejecting his severance claim.
Therefore, even had defendant requested such an instruction, it would have been properly
refused. (People v. Geier, supra, 41 Cal.4th at pp. 578–579.)

b. Instructions Concerning Circumstantial Evidence
Defendant contends that certain standard instructions given at his trial undermined
the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, impermissibly lightened the
prosecution‘s burden of proof, and denied him his rights to trial by jury, to due process
and to a reliable capital trial.11 The instructions in question are CALJIC Nos. 2.01
(sufficiency of circumstantial evidence) and 2.02 (sufficiency of circumstantial evidence
to prove specific intent or mental state). Defendant points to the following language that
appears in both instructions: ―If . . . one interpretation of [the circumstantial evidence]
appears to you to be reasonable and the other interpretation to be unreasonable, you must
accept the reasonable interpretation and reject the unreasonable.‖ He argues this

11 The Attorney General contends defendant forfeited any objection to these
instructions because he failed to object to them in the trial court. Where, however,
defendant asserts that an instruction is incorrect in law an objection is not required.
(People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 976–977, fn. 7; § 1259 [―The appellate court
may . . . review any instruction given, . . . even though no objection was made thereto in
the lower court, if the substantial rights of the defendant were affected thereby.‖].) We
apply this principle to all such instructional claims except to those where we explicitly
conclude that defendant‘s failure to seek modification or clarification of an otherwise
correct instruction resulted in forfeiture.

50
language allowed the jury to convict him if it found an incriminatory interpretation
reasonable even if guilt was not established beyond a reasonable doubt. He also argues
the instruction created an impermissible mandatory presumption ―that required the jury to
accept any reasonable incriminatory interpretation of the circumstantial evidence unless
[defendant] rebutted the presumption by producing a reasonable exculpatory
interpretation.‖
―We have previously rejected each of the claims that defendant makes, and we
decline to reconsider these decisions. Contrary to defendant‘s arguments, CALJIC Nos.
2.01 [and] 2.02 . . . , which direct the jury to accept reasonable inferences and to reject
unreasonable ones, do not permit the jury to base a determination of guilt on something
less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ (People v. Jurado (2006) 38 Cal.4th 72,
126–127.) Nor do they create a mandatory presumption of guilt in cases in which a
reasonable interpretation of evidence points toward guilt. (People v. Nakahara (2003) 30
Cal.4th 705, 714; People v. Crittenden (1994) 9 Cal.4th 83, 144.)

c. Asserted “Dilution” of the Reasonable Doubt Standard
Defendant points to five other standard instructions that he asserts individually and
collectively diluted the constitutionally mandated reasonable doubt standard: CALJIC
Nos. 1.00 (the respective duties of the judge and jury), 2.21.1 (discrepancies in
testimony), 2.21.2 (willfully false witnesses), 2.22 (weighing conflicting testimony), and
2.27 (the sufficiency of evidence of one witness). He maintains the instructions, by
directing the jury to decide material issues by determining which side presented relatively
stronger evidence, implicitly replaced the reasonable doubt standard with a
preponderance of the evidence standard.
Again, we have repeatedly rejected the same challenges to these instructions.
(People v. Jones, supra, 57 Cal.4th 899, 972–973; People v. Vines (2011) 51 Cal.4th 830,
885 [―we have previously considered and rejected the argument that these instructions

51
improperly dilute the constitutional requirement that guilt be proven beyond a reasonable
doubt‖]; People v. Kelly (2007) 42 Cal.4th 763, 792 [―Each of these instructions ‗is
unobjectionable when, as here, it is accompanied by the usual instructions on reasonable
doubt, the presumption of innocence, and the People‘s burden of proof.‘ ‖]; People v.
Crew (2003) 31 Cal.4th 822, 848 [use of the word ―innocence‖ in CALJIC Nos. 1.00 and
2.00 ―mean[s] evidence less than that required to establish guilt, not [that] defendant must
establish innocence or that the prosecution has any burden other than proof beyond a
reasonable doubt‖].) We find nothing in defendant‘s arguments to warrant
reconsideration of our past decisions.

d. Instruction Concerning Motive
The jury was instructed with CALJIC No. 2.51, on motive, as follows: ―Motive is
not an element of any of the crimes charged and need not be shown. However, you may
consider motive or lack of motive as a circumstance in this case. Presence of motive may
tend to establish the defendant is guilty. Absence of motive may tend to show the
defendant is not guilty.‖ Defendant contends this instruction allowed the jury to convict
him based on the presence of motive alone and thereby lessened the prosecution‘s burden
of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. We have previously rejected this claim. (People v.
Jones, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 971.) We do so again here.

e. Instruction Concerning Possession of Recently Stolen Property
The jury was instructed with CALJIC No. 2.15, regarding a defendant‘s
possession of recently stolen property, as follows: ―If you find that the defendant was in
conscious possession of recently stolen property, the fact of that possession is not by
itself sufficient to permit an inference that the defendant is guilty of robbery, home
invasion robbery in concert, or carjacking. Before guilt may be inferred, there must be
corroborating evidence tending to prove defendant‘s guilt. However, this corroborating
evidence need only be slight, and need not by itself be sufficient to warrant an inference

52
of guilt. [¶] As corroboration, you may consider the attributes of possession—time,
place and manner, that the defendant had an opportunity to commit the crime charged, the
defendant‘s conduct, or any other evidence which tends to connect the defendant with the
crime charged.‖
Defendant contends this instruction unconstitutionally lightened the prosecution‘s
burden of proof in that it created an improper permissive inference and also because it
permits only ―slight corroboration‖ to establish guilt. He argues further the instruction
allowed the jury to use evidence of his possession of the stolen property as to one crime
to convict him of other crimes as to which he was not in possession of such property;
specifically, he claims the jury could have used evidence of his possession of property
from Martinez to convict him of the murder of Witters, from which crime scene no
property was recovered. Finally, he also argues the evidence was insufficient to support
the instruction.
We have previously rejected the claim that the instruction creates either a
mandatory or a permissive presumption that lowers the prosecution‘s burden of proof.
(People v. Gamache (2010) 48 Cal.4th 347, 374–376; People v. Parson (2008) 44 Cal.4th
332, 355–356.) Regarding defendant‘s second point, the instruction by its terms was
clearly limited to the theft-related offenses—robbery, home invasion, robbery in concert
and carjacking—and not the murder count or the special circumstances. We presume the
jurors understood and followed the court‘s instructions. (People v. Homick, supra, 55
Cal.4th at p. 867.) Finally, there was more than sufficient evidence to support the
instruction in light of Gladys Santos‘s testimony that defendant gave her an answering
machine later matched by its serial number to an answering machine stolen from J.S. and
E.G., and gave her jewelry that was later determined to belong to Ruth Weir. The police
also found items belonging to Michael Martinez in Santos‘s apartment, where defendant
was arrested.

53
f. Instruction Concerning Juror Misconduct
The jury was instructed with CALJIC No. 17.41.1, regarding jury deliberations, as
follows: ―The integrity of a trial requires that jurors, at all times during their
deliberations, conduct themselves as required by these instructions. Accordingly, should
it occur that any juror refuses to deliberate or expresses an intention to disregard the law
or to decide the case based on penalty or punishment or any other improper basis, it is the
obligation of the other jurors to immediately advise the Court of the situation.‖
In People v. Engelman (2002) 28 Cal.4th 436, 439-440, 449, we rejected the
defendant‘s argument that the giving of this instruction was error or violated his state or
federal constitutional rights. ―Nonetheless, [because] we believe[d] that CALJIC No.
17.41.1 create[d] a risk to the proper functioning of jury deliberations and that it is
unnecessary and inadvisable to incur this risk[,] . . . in the exercise of our supervisory
power [citations], we direct[ed] that CALJIC No. 17.41.1 not be given in trials conducted
in the future.‖ (Id. at p. 449.) Defendant acknowledges our holding and raises the issue
to preserve it for federal review. While he also suggests that in his case the instruction
actually abridged his right to a fair trial, ―he [cites nothing] in the record indicating the
jurors in his case were improperly influenced by the instruction in their deliberations.‖
(People v. Brown (2004) 33 Cal.4th 382, 393.)

g. Instruction Concerning Felony Murder; Deficiency in the Information
Defendant raises another claim we have repeatedly rejected. He ―contends the
trial court erred in instructing the jury on first degree murder because the information
charged him only with one count of murder in violation of section 187, subdivision (a).
He characterizes that provision as a statute defining second degree murder. Because,
according to defendant, the information charged only second degree murder, the trial
court lacked jurisdiction to try him for first degree murder. Defendant‘s argument is
premised on his reading of People v. Dillon (1983) 34 Cal.3d 441. The argument is a
familiar one that we have rejected many times. We do so again for the reasons

54
previously expressed. [Citations.] [¶] Defendant also contends the information failed to
allege all the facts necessary to subject him to punishment for first degree murder,
including the death penalty, rendering his conviction defective under Apprendi v. New
Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466, 476 . . . . As we [have] stated . . . : ‗The Apprendi claim is
illusory; the information included special circumstance allegations that fully supported
the penalty verdict.‘ ‖ (People v. DeHoyos (2013) 57 Cal.4th 79, 143–144.)

h. Instruction Concerning the Reasonable Doubt Standard
Defendant contends that CALJIC No. 2.90, the standard instruction defining
reasonable doubt given in this case, is constitutionally defective and violated his federal
due process rights. His claim is meritless. As given here, CALJIC No. 2.90 stated: ―A
defendant in a criminal action is presumed to be innocent until the contrary is proved, and
in case of a reasonable doubt whether his guilt is satisfactorily shown, he is entitled to a
verdict of not guilty. The presumption places upon the People the burden of proving him
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [¶] Reasonable doubt is defined as follows: It is not a
mere possible doubt, because everything relating to human affairs is open to some
possible or imaginary doubt. It is that state of the case which, after the entire comparison
and consideration of all the evidence, leaves the minds of the jurors in that condition that
they cannot say they feel an abiding conviction of the truth of the charge.‖12
―Tracking the language of section 1096, the standard instructions describe the
presumption of innocence and the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, and
provide the legislatively approved definition of reasonable doubt. A court satisfies its

12 This version of CALJIC No. 2.90 was the post-1994 version omitting the phrase
―moral certainty‖ criticized by the United States Supreme Court in Victor v. Nebraska
(1994) 511 U.S. 1, 16–17. Although the high court upheld the constitutionality of the
earlier version of the instruction, ―moral certainty‖ was removed. (See People v.
Whisenhunt (2008) 44 Cal.4th 174, 221, fn. 13.)

55
statutory obligation to instruct on these principles by giving CALJIC No. 2.90 . . . .‖
(People v. Aranda (2012) 55 Cal.4th 342, 353, fn. omitted.) The constitutionality of
CALJIC No. 2.90 has been ― ‗conclusively settled.‘ ‖ (People v. Whisenhunt, supra, 44
Cal.4th at p. 221.)
Defendant asserts that CALJIC No. 2.90 required the jurors to articulate a reason for
their doubts. As defendant concedes, the instruction contains no such requirement. Thus,
CALJIC No. 2.90 is distinguishable from the reasonable doubt instruction condemned in
People v. Antommarchi (N.Y. 1992) 604 N.E.2d 95, upon which defendant principally
relies. There the jury was instructed that a reasonable doubt ― ‗is a doubt for which a
juror can give a reason if he or she is called upon to do so in the jury room,‘ ‖ and ― ‗[i]t
must be a doubt based upon the evidence or the lack of evidence in this case.‘ ‖ (Id. at p.
97.) Such an instruction, the New York court concluded, reversed the burden of proof.
(Id. at p. 98.) Neither expressly nor by implication does CALJIC No. 2.90 suffer from
this deficiency.
Next, defendant contends that the language of the instruction informing the jury that
reasonable doubt is not mere possible doubt was unconstitutional because it failed to
adequately limit the scope of possible doubt. This language was expressly found
constitutional in Victor v. Nebraska, supra, 511 U.S. 1, 17. We reject the claim.
In a pair of related claims defendant complains that the instruction failed to inform
the jury the presumption of innocence continued throughout the trial. We have
previously rejected a similar claim. (People v. Lewis (2001) 25 Cal.4th 610, 651–652.)
We do so again here.
Finally, defendant faults the instruction for failing to affirmatively inform the jury
that (1) he had no obligation to present or refute evidence; (2) any defense evidence he
did produce did not shift the burden of proof; and (3) a conflict in the evidence or a lack
of evidence could give rise to a reasonable doubt. CALJIC No. 2.90 clearly places upon
the state the burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. ―We presume the jury

56
understood and followed the instruction.‖ (People v. Homick, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
p. 873.) There is no reasonable likelihood the jury would have applied the instruction in
a way that would have shifted or diluted the burden of proof. (Jones v. United States
(1999) 527 U.S. 373, 390.)
Accordingly, we reject defendant‘s challenges to CALJIC No. 2.90.

5. Effects of Asserted Guilt Phase Errors
Defendant claims cumulative prejudice arising from the asserted guilt phase errors
requires reversal. In three instances we have assumed error—the trial court‘s apparent
ruling that the criminal conduct underlying Gladys Santos‘s misdemeanor convictions
could be established only by third party testimony (ante, at p. 37), Anjali Swienton‘s
testimony about the results of DNA testing she did not personally conduct (ante, at p. 46),
and the admission of the autopsy report (ante, at pp. 47–48)—but found each to be
harmless under the applicable standard. Apart from these three instances, we have found
no error. Considering their cumulative effect, the assumed errors furnish no basis for
reversal of the judgment. (People v. Homick, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 884.)

D. Challenges to the Death Penalty Statutes and Instructions

1. Proportionality
Defendant contends his death sentence violates the proportionality requirement of
the Eighth Amendment to the federal Constitution and international law because the
death penalt

[Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.]

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2697172. Public record. Not legal advice.