# National Security Counselors v. Central Intelligence Agency

> District Court, District of Columbia · October 17, 2012 · 898 F. Supp. 2d 233

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2661644

## Case

- **Full name:** NATIONAL SECURITY COUNSELORS, Plaintiff, v. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, Et Al., Defendants
- **Court:** District Court, District of Columbia
- **Decided:** October 17, 2012
- **Citations:** 898 F. Supp. 2d 233; 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 149073; 2012 WL 4903377
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion by Howell
- **Judges:** Judge Beryl A. Howell
- **Nature of suit:** Civil
- **Cited by:** 132 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2661644

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that plaintiff had standing to pursue policy-or-practice claims when “it had already submitted fifteen FOIA requests to the CIA since filing the Complaints” which were “likely to implicate the claimed policies and practices at issue because the pending and future reque…
- holding that a plaintiff had standing to pursue a policy-or-practice claim when "it had already submitted fifteen FOIA requests to the CIA" that were "likely to implicate the claimed policies and practices at issue because the pending and future requests appear to be of the sa…
- explaining that “‘the FOIA imposes no duty on the agency to create records’” or “to conduct research by ‘answer[ing] questions disguised as a FOIA request’” (alteration in original) (first quoting Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169, 186 (1980); then quoting Hudgins v. IRS, 620 F.…
- holding that, even assuming that the CIA officially acknowledged the existence of referral memoranda and correspondence regarding certain requests, the CIA was not precluded from issuing a Glomar response as to the existence of processing notes from those requests because "[t]…
- holding that organizational assignee of FOIA claim has standing to pursue remedy in federal court where original FOIA requester, a separate organization with similar mission to assignee, assigned rights during administrative appeal process, prior to filing of lawsuit, when law…

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNSELORS,

Plaintiff,
Civil Action Nos. 11-443, 11-444,
v. 11-445 (BAH)

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, et Judge Beryl A. Howell
al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The plaintiff, National Security Counselors (“NSC”), brings three related actions against

six federal intelligence and defense agencies, claiming numerous violations of the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, et seq., and the Administrative Procedure Act

(“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 701, et seq., and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief under the FOIA,

the APA, the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, the Mandamus Act, 28 U.S.C.

§ 1361, and the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651. The gravamen of the plaintiff’s claims is that

these intelligence and defense agencies—principally the Central Intelligence Agency (“CIA”)—

have improperly handled the plaintiff’s requests for a variety of information under the FOIA.

Although this allegedly improper agency behavior relates to a number of specific FOIA requests

made to the defendants, it has manifested more broadly in a series of what the plaintiff alleges to

be policies, practices, or standard operating procedures (“SOPs”) of the CIA that constitute

ongoing violations of the FOIA or the APA. 1 In essence, the plaintiff alleges a series of policies

or practices by the CIA that have endeavored systematically to extinguish FOIA requests at their

1
Although the CIA has a number of co-defendants in No. 11-445, the motions being decided in this opinion only
relate to claims against the CIA.

1
inception, before the agency’s duty to search or make withholding decisions are triggered and

before the agency must provide administrative remedies. In their totality, the allegations in these

related actions paint a picture of the CIA’s desire to minimize the substance of its internal,

administrative consideration of FOIA requests by crafting mechanisms that limit FOIA

requesters’ access to such consideration, which in turn has tested the mettle, commitment, and

resources of requesters like the plaintiff. The primary question presented by the CIA’s motions

to dismiss the policy-or-practice claims in all three actions is whether such mechanisms are

permitted by the FOIA.

I. BACKGROUND

The plaintiff in these related actions is a not-for-profit organization located in Arlington,

Virginia, which was chartered in July 2009 by an attorney named Kelly McClanahan. 2

According to its website, NSC performs four primary functions: (1) “to lawfully acquire from

the government material related to national security matters and distribute it to the public”;

(2) “to use this material in the creation of original publications discussing the respective

subjects”; (3) “to advocate for intelligent reform in the national security and information and

privacy arenas”; and (4) “to provide a low-cost alternative to certain deserving clients involved

in security law or information and privacy law-related proceedings.” See NAT’L SEC.

COUNSELORS, http://nationalsecuritylaw.org/ (last visited Oct. 17, 2012). To achieve these

2
Compl. ¶¶ 3, 11, Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA (“NSC I”), No. 11-443 (Feb. 28, 2011). Because this opinion
addresses the claims in three separate actions brought by the same plaintiff, for purposes of organizational clarity
only, the Court will refer to each case in short form as follows: No. 11-443 will be referred to as “NSC I,” No. 11-
444 as “NSC II,” and No. 11-445 as “NSC III.” Additionally, for the same reasons, the Court will refer to court
filings in each case with a numerical prefix that corresponds to each Civil Case Number. For example, the
plaintiff’s memorandum in opposition to the defendant’s partial motion to dismiss in No. 11-444 will be referred to,
for citation purposes only, as “Pl.’s 444 Opp’n.”

2
functions, the plaintiff frequently requests information under the FOIA from government

agencies in the defense and intelligence sectors. 3

The instant actions involve challenges to both specific denials of records as well as

overarching policies and practices of the CIA that are alleged to violate the FOIA. The CIA’s

motions to dismiss currently pending before the Court, however, deal almost exclusively with the

overarching policies and practices alleged by the plaintiff. At issue are twelve separate alleged

policies or practices of the CIA, which the plaintiff claims are contrary to the CIA’s duties under

the FOIA. Specifically, the plaintiff alleges that the CIA has policies or practices of:

1. Refusing to recognize assignments of rights in FOIA requests (“Assignment of Rights
Policy”). See Compl. ¶¶ 19–22, NSC I.

2. Refusing to process requests for “aggregate data,” e.g., a database listing of FOIA
requests by fee category (“Aggregate Data Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 12–16, NSC II.

3. Refusing to allow requesters the right of administrative appeal when their FOIA
requests are deemed improper (“Administrative Appeals Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 27–
31, NSC II.

4. Applying an overbroad definition of the “reasonably describes” requirement
contained in 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A) (“Reasonably Describe Policy”). See FAC
¶¶ 57–61, NSC II.

5. Failing to follow the requirement in 32 C.F.R. § 1900.12 that, if a FOIA request is
deemed improper, the agency must “work with, and offer suggestions to, the potential
requester in order to define a request properly” (“Work With Policy”). See FAC
¶¶ 72–77, NSC II.

6. Imposing the date of the CIA’s response letter to a requester as the cut-off date on all
FOIA request searches (“Cut-Off Date Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 112–115, NSC II.

7. Applying a blanket exemption to all information pertaining to the CIA’s processing of
FOIA and Privacy Act requests (“Blanket Processing Notes Exemption Policy”). See
FAC ¶¶ 33–37, NSC III.

3
See, e.g., First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) ¶¶ 15, 19, 30, Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA (“NSC II”), No. 11-444 (Mar. 21,
2011), ECF No. 6; First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) ¶¶ 36, 80, 97, Nat’l Sec. Counselors v. CIA (“NSC III”), No. 11-445
(Mar. 21, 2011), ECF No. 7; Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s 444 Opp’n”) at 18, NSC II, ECF No.
17.

3
8. Applying a blanket exemption to all FOIA and Privacy Act reference materials (e.g.,
training handbooks, manuals, guidelines) (“Blanket Reference Material Exemption
Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 79–81, NSC III.

9. Categorically issuing Glomar responses to requests for information pertaining to
FOIA and Mandatory Declassification Review requests referred to the CIA by other
agencies (“Glomar Response Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 94–98, NSC III.

10. Refusing to provide estimated dates of completion for FOIA requests (“Non-
Provision of Completion Date Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 100–107, NSC III.

11. Refusing to identify records withheld in their entirety during the administrative stage
of FOIA processing (“Withheld Document Non-Identification Policy”). See FAC
¶¶ 118–122, NSC III.

12. Invoking FOIA exemptions on a document level without indicating which exemptions
apply to particular redactions at the administrative stage of FOIA processing
(“Document-Level Exemption Policy”). See FAC ¶¶ 128–133, NSC III.

The Court will first discuss the factual allegations related to each of these purported

policies or practices before discussing the legal issues presented by the CIA’s partial motions to

dismiss.

A. Assignment of Rights Policy

The plaintiff complains that the CIA refuses to recognize the assignment of rights related

to FOIA requests—an assignment necessitated in this particular case by Mr. McClanahan’s

change in employment. Prior to chartering NSC, Mr. McClanahan served as the Director of

FOIA Operations at another not-for-profit organization called the James Madison Project

(“JMP”). 4 According to the plaintiff, it shares with JMP “virtually all the same purposes and

interests,” except that NSC represents clients and JMP does not. See Pl.’s 443 Opp’n at 25.

Indeed, JMP’s stated mission is to “promote government accountability and the reduction of

secrecy, as well as to educate the public on issues relating to intelligence and national security

through means of research, advocacy and the dissemination of information.” See JAMES
4
Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s 443 Opp’n”) at 2–3, NSC I, ECF No. 12.

4
MADISON PROJECT, http://www.jamesmadisonproject.org (last visited Oct. 17, 2012). On April

10, 2008, JMP submitted a FOIA request to the CIA for eleven articles originally published in

the CIA in-house journal Studies in Intelligence. Compl. ¶ 6, NSC I. On May 14, 2008, the CIA

acknowledged receipt of JMP’s request and notified JMP that no fees would be assessed for the

request. Id. ¶ 7. On February 27, 2009, the CIA released ten of the articles requested by JMP.

Four articles were released in full and six were released with redactions under FOIA Exemptions

1, 2, and 3. On April 13, 2009, JMP administratively appealed the CIA’s invocation of these

exemptions. Id. ¶¶ 8–9.

Several months after the administrative appeal of the withholding decisions was filed, on

July 31, 2009, Mr. McClanahan left JMP to charter NSC and serve as its Executive Director. Id.

¶ 11. Because the request for the Studies in Intelligence articles were a “pet project[]” of Mr.

McClanahan’s, see Pl.’s 443 Opp’n at 25, on October 7, 2009, JMP notified the CIA that it was

assigning all rights, benefits and interests in that request to NSC, including the right to “pursue

any administrative or legal methods at [NSC’s] disposal” relative to this request and also

“surrendering any claims it may have” with respect to this request. Id. Ex. Q at 1, ECF No. 12-

18; Compl. ¶ 12, NSC I. While the administrative appeal of the exemptions claimed on the

Studies in Intelligence articles was pending, the plaintiff sent a letter to the CIA on May 25,

2010, requesting that the appeal be amended to include a challenge to a redaction in one of the

articles since the agency had not claimed an exemption for this redaction, and the redaction had

been omitted from the original appeal. Compl. ¶ 13, NSC I. Prior to sending this letter, the

plaintiff had begun to suspect that the CIA was refusing to recognize JMP’s assignment of rights

(the “Assignment”), and the plaintiff therefore requested assistance from the CIA’s Office of

Government Information Services (“OGIS”) to clarify the CIA’s position on the Assignment. Id.

5
¶ 14. The OGIS responded to the plaintiff on June 8, 2010, after consulting with the CIA’s

Office of General Counsel (“OGC”), informing the plaintiff that it was the CIA’s policy not to

accept assignments of rights with regard to FOIA requests and suggesting that the plaintiff would

need to file new FOIA requests for the same records in order to pursue them administratively.

Id. ¶ 15.

The plaintiff alleges in Count One of the Complaint in No. 11-443 that it has a legal right

to the information in the Studies in Intelligence articles that it requested, by virtue of the

Assignment, and it also challenges the CIA’s Assignment of Rights Policy in Count Two,

alleging that the policy is in violation of the FOIA and the APA. Id. ¶¶ 17, 19, 22. As a result,

the plaintiff seeks a full disclosure of the Studies in Intelligence articles originally requested by

JMP, 5 a declaration that the CIA’s policy of refusing to recognize assignments of rights violates

the FOIA and/or the APA, and an injunction compelling the CIA to accept assignments of rights.

Compl. at 7, NSC I.

B. Aggregate Data Policy

The plaintiff complains that the CIA denied five FOIA requests in 2010 for database

records organized into specific categories as detailed in each request, and with respect to four of

these requests the plaintiff claims that the CIA denied any administrative appeal rights.

Specifically, on July 5, 2010, the plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the CIA seeking “a record

that would indicate the ten individuals responsible for the most FOIA requests submitted (each)

in Fiscal Years 2008, 2009, and 2010.” FAC ¶ 42, NSC II; Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex. A at 1, ECF No.

17-2. The CIA responded on July 22, 2010 that it was declining to process this request, stating:

5
The CIA accepted JMP’s appeal regarding the Studies in Intelligence articles on April 23, 2009, see Pl.’s 443
Opp’n Ex. Q at 7, but the parties have provided no information about the status of that appeal or whether the
administrative remedies regarding that request have been exhausted. The CIA does not contest the issue of
exhaustion, and thus the Court will assume that administrative remedies for that claim have been exhausted.

6
“We have completed a thorough review of your request and have determined that our record

systems are not configured in a way that would allow us to perform a search reasonably

calculated to lead to the responsive record without an unreasonable effort.” Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex.

A at 4. The CIA’s response further stated: “The FOIA does not require federal agencies to

perform research, create records or conduct unreasonable searches through a body of material to

see if any of it is related to a particular request.” Id. The plaintiff did not appeal this

determination, and it alleges that if it had submitted an administrative appeal, the CIA would

have refused to accept it. FAC ¶ 44, NSC II. In Count Eight of the First Amended Complaint in

No. 11-444, the plaintiff maintains that it has a legal right to this requested record and seeks the

record’s disclosure. Id. ¶ 45.

On August 8, 2010, the plaintiff submitted four FOIA requests to the CIA seeking

“database listings of all FOIA requesters from Fiscal Years 2008–2010 according to the fee

categories to which CIA assigned them.” Id. ¶ 6. In particular, each of these requests sought “a

database listing of all the FOIA requesters from FY 2008–present that you have classified as”

either “news media,” “educational or scientific,” “commercial,” or “all other.” See Pl.’s 444

Opp’n Ex. B at 1, 4, 7, 10, ECF No. 17-3. On September 30, 2010, the CIA acknowledged

receipt of these requests and assigned them tracking numbers but informed the plaintiff that it

was declining to process the requests, stating that “[t]he FOIA does not require federal agencies

to create a record, collect information, conduct research, or analyze data.” Id. at 14–17. The

plaintiff attempted to administratively appeal these determinations, but the CIA responded on

October 21, 2010 that “since we did not provide you with appeal rights, we cannot accept your

appeal[s].” Id. at 18–21. In Count One of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444, the

7
plaintiff maintains that it has a legal right to these requested records and seeks the records’

disclosure. See FAC ¶ 10, NSC II.

In addition to these five specific denials of FOIA requests, the plaintiff also alleges that

the “CIA’s refusal to process requests for aggregate data represents an ongoing policy, practice,

or standard operating procedure (‘SOP’)” that violates the FOIA. Id. ¶¶ 12–13. The plaintiff

seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from this alleged Aggregate Data Policy in Counts Two,

Three, and Four of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444 under the FOIA, the APA, and

the Mandamus Act, respectively. Id. ¶¶ 13, 16, 18–20, 22–25.

C. Reasonably Describe Policy

Next, the plaintiff complains about two FOIA requests made in 2010 and 2011,

respectively, that the CIA declined to process for failure to “reasonably describe” the records

sought—a decision by the CIA that the plaintiff claims would also result in a denial of

administrative appeal rights, although the plaintiff did not test that result by filing any

administrative appeals. Specifically, on May 13, 2010, the plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to

the CIA seeking “a representative sample of [CIA] analytical reports and memoranda presenting

psychological analyses or profiles of foreign government officials, terrorist leaders, international

criminals, business figures, and other intelligence targets prepared by the Medical and

Psychological Analysis Center (‘MPAC’) or its predecessor Office of Leadership Analysis

(‘OLA’).” 6 The request specified that a “representative sample” meant: (a) “[o]nly final official

reports or memoranda,” (b) no more than twenty reports/memoranda from any given year,

(c) “[f]our reports/memoranda for each year . . . for individuals in each category of intelligence

target,” and (d) “[r]easonable variety in the intelligence targets wherever possible.” Lutz Decl.

6
Decl. of Martha Lutz, Information Review Officer, Director’s Area, Central Intelligence Agency (“Lutz Decl.”)
Ex. M at 1, NSC II, ECF No. 20-3.

8
Ex. M at 1–2. The CIA responded to this request on June 23, 2010, stating that it could not

accept the request in its current form because it had not “reasonably describe[d]” the records

sought, citing the “breadth and lack of specificity” of the request and “the way in which [the

CIA’s] records systems are configured.” Id. Ex. N at 1, ECF No. 20-3. The CIA’s response

further encouraged the plaintiff “to refine the scope of your request (such as including a narrower

time frame for, and more specific descriptions of, the information you seek) to enable us to

conduct a reasonable search for responsive information.” Id. Once again, the plaintiff did not

appeal this determination, and it alleges that if it had submitted an administrative appeal, the CIA

would have refused to accept it. FAC ¶ 49, NSC II. In Count Nine of the First Amended

Complaint in No. 11-444, the plaintiff maintains that it has a legal right to this requested record

and seeks the record’s disclosure. Id. ¶ 50.

Relatedly, on February 16, 2011, the plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the CIA

seeking “all [CIA] records pertaining to the IBM supercomputer named ‘Watson.’” Lutz Decl.

Ex. O at 1, ECF No. 20-3. The CIA’s response to this request on March 2, 2011 was

substantially identical to its response to the plaintiff’s May 13, 2010 FOIA request, stating that it

could not accept the request in its current form because it had not “reasonably describe[d]” the

records sought, citing the “breadth and lack of specificity” of the request and “the way in which

[the CIA’s] records systems are configured.” Id. Ex. P at 1, ECF No. 20-3. The CIA’s response

further encouraged the plaintiff “to refine the scope of your request (such as contracts, if they

exist, which would explain records pertaining to ‘Watson’) to enable us to conduct a reasonable

search for responsive information.” Id. Yet again, the plaintiff did not appeal this determination,

and it alleges that if it had submitted an administrative appeal, the CIA would have refused to

accept it. FAC ¶ 54, NSC II. In Count Ten of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444, the

9
plaintiff maintains that it has a legal right to these requested records and seeks the records’

disclosure. Id. ¶ 55.

In addition to these two specific denials of FOIA requests, the plaintiff has submitted

forty-four other denials by the CIA that rely on the requester’s failure to “reasonably describe”

the records sought as a basis for declining to process the requests. Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex. E at 1–

45, 47–51, 53–55. The plaintiff alleges that these refusals to process requests that do not

“reasonably describe” records sought is related to the fact that “[i]n a majority of these cases,

CIA has cited the configuration of its records systems as a disqualifying factor.” FAC ¶ 58, NSC

II. These forty-four other denials span nearly four years, from August 1, 2007 to June 27, 2011,

and they are in reference to FOIA requests made by the plaintiff as well as a number of other,

non-party FOIA requesters, including JMP, MuckRock, Gawker Media, and the National

Security Archive. Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex. E at 1–45, 47–51, 53–55. The plaintiff alleges that, by

relying upon “the configuration of its records systems” in concluding that FOIA requests fail to

“reasonably describe” records sought, the CIA’s “application of FOIA’s ‘reasonably describe’

requirement is significantly and consistently broader than is allowed by FOIA,” which the

plaintiff claims is a policy or practice of the CIA that violates the FOIA. FAC ¶¶ 58–59, NSC II.

The plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from this alleged Reasonably Describe

Policy in Counts Eleven, Twelve, and Thirteen of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444

under the FOIA, the APA, and the Mandamus Act, respectively. Id. ¶¶ 59, 61, 63–65, 67–70.

D. Administrative Appeals Policy and Work With Policy

As discussed above, when the plaintiff attempted to administratively appeal the CIA’s

refusal to process the plaintiff’s August 8, 2010 FOIA requests seeking “database listings of all

FOIA requesters from Fiscal Years 2008–2010 according to the fee categories to which CIA

assigned them,” the CIA refused to accept the plaintiff’s administrative appeal. FAC ¶ 6, NSC

10
II; see also Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex. B at 18–21. According to the plaintiff, this was not an isolated

incident. The plaintiff has also submitted examples of similar refusals to allow administrative

appeals by the CIA in response to three other FOIA requests submitted by two non-party FOIA

requesters. See id. Ex C at 2; id. Ex. D. From these examples, the plaintiff alleges that,

whenever the CIA refuses to process a FOIA request that it deems “improper” (e.g., because it

does not “reasonably describe” requested records or it seeks “aggregate data”), the CIA has a

policy or practice of refusing to accept administrative appeals from those decisions. See FAC

¶¶ 28–29, NSC II. The plaintiff claims that this Administrative Appeals Policy violates the

FOIA, and it seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from the alleged policy in Counts Five, Six,

and Seven of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444 under the FOIA, the APA, and the

Mandamus Act, respectively. FAC ¶¶ 29, 31, 33–35, 37–40, NSC II.

Similarly, the plaintiff alleges that in the “numerous instances in which CIA has refused

to process a FOIA request it deemed improper,” the CIA has endeavored to “‘work with, and

offer suggestions to, the potential requester’” in “virtually none of those circumstances.” Id. ¶ 74

(quoting 32 C.F.R. § 1900.12(c)). In support of this claim, the plaintiff cites a series of CIA

responses to “improper” FOIA requests that either “contained only six formulaic suggestions” or

“did not contain any suggestions at all.” See Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex. E at 1, 3–51, 53–55. The

plaintiff claims that this behavior constitutes a policy or practice that violates the CIA’s own

FOIA regulation, 32 C.F.R. § 1900.12(c), which states: “Communications which do not meet

the[] requirements [of reasonably describing the records sought and not requiring an

unreasonable search] will be considered an expression of interest and the Agency will work with,

and offer suggestions to, the potential requester in order to define a request properly.” See FAC

¶¶ 73–75. The plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from this alleged Work With

11
Policy in Counts Fourteen, Fifteen, and Sixteen of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444

under the FOIA, the APA, and the Mandamus Act, respectively. Id. ¶¶ 75, 77, 79–81, 83–86.

E. Cut-Off Date Policy

The plaintiff alleges that “[i]n every response letter [it] has received from CIA, CIA has

imposed an arbitrary cut-off date on the search of the date of the response letter, regardless of the

nature of the request or how long the search is expected to take.” Id. ¶ 112. Although the

plaintiff alleges that the CIA imposes this “arbitrary cut-off date” in response to every FOIA

request it has ever made to the CIA, the plaintiff has also submitted ten examples of such

responses to serve as a “representative sample,” all of which were sent to the plaintiff after this

action was commenced. Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 14–15; id. Ex. G. The plaintiff alleges that applying

an “arbitrary ‘date of response’ cut-off date regardless of the nature of the request or the

anticipated length of the search” is a policy or practice of the CIA that violates the FOIA, and the

plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from this alleged Cut-Off Date Policy in Count

Twenty-One of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-444 under the FOIA. FAC ¶¶ 113, 115,

NSC II.

F. Withheld Document Non-Identification Policy and Document-Level
Exemption Policy

Next, the plaintiff alleges two policies or practices of the CIA that relate to the CIA’s

processing of FOIA requests at the administrative level. First, the plaintiff claims that “[i]n

every case in which CIA has withheld records in their entirety in response to [one of the

plaintiff’s] FOIA request[s], . . . CIA has consistently refused to identify any of the records

withheld in their entirety.” FAC ¶ 118, NSC III. The plaintiff alleges that this persistent

“refus[al] to identify withheld records in the administrative stage” is a policy or practice of the

CIA, citing a publicly available CIA training outline created in 2001, which states, “at initial and

12
at appeal stage, no listing of documents . . . is required,” and the plaintiff claims that this

Withheld Document Non-Identification Policy violates the FOIA. Id. ¶¶ 118–20. The plaintiff

therefore seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from this alleged policy in Counts Eighteen and

Nineteen, of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-445 under the FOIA and the APA,

respectively. See id. ¶¶ 120, 122, 124–26.

The plaintiff also alleges that, “[i]n the majority of cases in which CIA has withheld

records in their entirety in response to [one of the plaintiff’s] FOIA request[s], . . . CIA has

consistently invoked exemptions in the alternative,” and that “[i]n every case in which CIA has

redacted information from records released in response to [one of the plaintiff’s] FOIA

request[s], . . . CIA has consistently invoked exemptions on a document-level without indicating

which exemptions applied to which particular redactions.” Id. ¶¶ 128–29. The plaintiff further

alleges that this activity represents an ongoing policy or practice of the CIA, citing the same

training manual it cited in challenging the alleged Withheld Document Non-Identification Policy,

which also states that “at the initial and at appeal stage, no . . . putting specific exemptions next

to redactions, is required,” and the plaintiff claims that this alleged Document-Level Exemption

Policy violates the FOIA. Id. ¶¶ 119, 130–31. The plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive

relief from this alleged policy in Counts Twenty and Twenty-One of the First Amended

Complaint in No. 11-445 under the FOIA and the APA, respectively. Id. ¶¶ 133, 135–37.

G. Blanket Processing Notes Exemption Policy and Blanket Reference Material
Exemption Policy

The plaintiff has, through numerous separate FOIA requests, sought two types of records

integral to the processing of FOIA requests: namely, notes prepared and reference materials

used by personnel actually processing the requests, but the plaintiff claims that the CIA has

categorically declined to disclose either type of record. Specifically, on December 1, 2009, the

13
plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the CIA seeking “copies of all CIA records ‘referencing

FOIA and Privacy Act requests submitted by [ten listed parties] that contain remarks, comments,

notes, explanations, etc. made by CIA personnel or contractors about the processing of these

requests (and appeals, if appropriate), the invocation of exemptions, or related matters.’” FAC

¶ 11, NSC III. This information was to include “analysts’ notes made during the processing of

the requests, any standard worksheets completed by the analysts, any justifications for exemption

invocations,” as well as “any correspondence referencing the requests.” Id. The plaintiff refers

to this kind of request generally as a “Processing Notes request,” and the plaintiff alleges that it

has also submitted seventeen other Processing Notes requests to the CIA, and in thirteen of those

requests the CIA identified responsive records. Id. ¶¶ 11, 33. The plaintiff also claims that, in

response to twelve of those thirteen FOIA requests involving responsive records, the CIA “has

withheld everything from . . . release except for correspondence with the requester.” Id. ¶ 33.

Relatedly, the plaintiff submitted a FOIA request on February 6, 2010 for “copies of ‘all

current training handbooks, manuals, guidelines, checklists, worksheets, and similar documents

provided to [CIA] FOIA and Privacy Act analysts.” Id. ¶ 56. The plaintiff refers to this kind of

request generally as a “Reference Materials request,” and it claims that, in response to FOIA

requests seeking such reference materials, the CIA “appl[ies] a blanket exemption” to all such

reference materials. Id. ¶ 79.

The plaintiff claims that these patterns of activity by the CIA with respect to FOIA

processing notes and reference materials constitute two policies or practices that violate the

FOIA by applying an improper blanket exemption to all such materials, thereby preventing their

disclosure. Id. ¶¶ 33, 35, 79. As a result, the plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief

from the alleged Blanket Processing Notes Exemption Policy and Blanket Reference Material

14
Exemption Policy in Counts Four and Eleven of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-445,

respectively, under the FOIA. Id. ¶ 37, 81.

H. Glomar Response Policy

The plaintiff has submitted nine FOIA requests to the CIA, two of which are at issue in

this litigation, seeking records “pertaining to FOIA or Mandatory Declassification Review

(‘MDR’) requests” that had been referred to the CIA by other government agencies. Id. ¶ 94.

Based on the two examples of such requests provided by the plaintiff, these requests were similar

to a Processing Notes request and sought the same types of information as such requests, except

that they sought processing notes from particular FOIA requests, rather than generally seeking all

CIA processing notes related to particular requesters. See id. ¶¶ 83, 89. The plaintiff alleges

that, in response to these processing notes requests, the CIA “issued a Glomar response to all but

one of these requests,” and it further alleges that this activity by the CIA constitutes an agency

policy or practice. Id. ¶ 94.

A Glomar response is “an exception to the general rule that agencies must acknowledge

the existence of information responsive to a FOIA request and provide specific, non-conclusory

justifications for withholding that information.” Roth v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 642 F.3d 1161,

1178 (D.C. Cir. 2011). 7 Thus, a Glomar response allows an agency to respond to a FOIA

request by neither confirming nor denying the existence of any records responsive to the request,

on the grounds that “confirming or denying the existence of records would itself ‘cause harm

cognizable under a[] FOIA exception.’” Id. (quoting Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir.

2007)). The plaintiff alleges that “[t]he fact that any given FOIA or MDR request is referred to

7
Glomar responses are “named for the Hughes Glomar Explorer, a ship used in a classified Central Intelligence
Agency project ‘to raise a sunken Soviet submarine from the floor of the Pacific Ocean to recover the missiles,
codes, and communications equipment onboard for analysis by United States military and intelligence experts.’”
Roth, 642 F.3d at 1171 (quoting Phillippi v. CIA, 655 F.2d 1325, 1327 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).

15
CIA by another government agency is not classified,” and therefore the plaintiff claims that the

CIA’s alleged policy or practice of “authoriz[ing] a Glomar response to any request for

information pertaining to FOIA and MDR requests referred to an agency” is an ongoing violation

of the FOIA. Id. ¶ 95–96. The plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from this alleged

Glomar Response Policy in Count Fourteen of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-445

under the FOIA. Id. ¶ 98.

I. Non-Provision of Completion Date Policy

Finally, the plaintiff alleges that, in conjunction with pending FOIA requests with the

CIA, the plaintiff “asked CIA numerous times in 2009–2010 for estimated dates of completion

for its pending FOIA requests” pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(7)(B). Id. ¶ 101. That portion of

the FOIA provides that “[e]ach agency shall . . . provide[] information about the status of a

request to the person making the request,” including “an estimated date of on which the agency

will complete action on the request.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(7)(B). The plaintiff claims that until

November 2010, the CIA “refused to provide [the plaintiff] with estimated dates of completion.”

FAC ¶ 101, NSC III.

On November 17, 2010, however, the plaintiff alleges that a representative of the CIA

informed the plaintiff “that CIA’s new policy was to inform requesters that the estimated date of

completion for any given request is two years from CIA’s date of receipt.” Id. That same day,

the plaintiff alleges, non-party JMP requested estimated dates of completion from the CIA for

three pending FOIA requests that were more than two years old, specifically invoking 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(7)(B). Id. ¶ 102. Even so, the plaintiff alleges that on November 24, 2010, the CIA

responded to JMP’s request but “refused to provide the requested estimated dates of

completion.” Id. The plaintiff also alleges that the CIA similarly refused to provide estimated

dates of completion for pending FOIA requests to a non-party named Michael Ravnitzky, who

16
requested such dates on November 28, 2010. Id. ¶ 103. As a result of this pattern of behavior,

the plaintiff claims that the CIA’s refusal to provide estimated dates of completion, in

compliance with 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(7)(B), represents an ongoing policy or practice of the CIA

that violates the FOIA. Id. ¶¶ 104–05. The plaintiff seeks declaratory and injunctive relief from

this alleged Non-Provision of Completion Date Policy in Counts Fifteen, Sixteen, and Seventeen

of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-445 under the FOIA, the APA, and the Mandamus

Act, respectively. See id. ¶¶ 105, 107, 109–11, 113–16.

***

The plaintiff filed the Complaints in each of these three actions on February 28, 2011,

and the plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint in Nos. 11-444 and 11-445 on March 21, 2011.

Pending before the Court are the CIA’s partial motions to dismiss in all three actions. The

motions have been brought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to

state a claim as well as Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. For the reasons

discussed below, the Court will deny the CIA’s Partial Motion to Dismiss in No. 11-443, the

Court will grant in part and deny in part the CIA’s Partial Motion to Dismiss in No. 11-444, and

the Court will grant in part and deny in part the defendants’ Partial Motion to Dismiss in No. 11-

445. 8

8
As stated above, although the CIA has a number of co-defendants in No. 11-445, the motions being decided in this
opinion only relate to claims against the CIA.

17
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A. Motions to Dismiss

In its partial motions to dismiss, the CIA invokes the legal standards for dismissal under

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1). 9

When faced with a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction under Rule

12(b)(1), a court has “an affirmative obligation to consider whether the constitutional and

statutory authority exist” for it to hear the case. James Madison Ltd. v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085,

1092 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). For this reason, “the [p]laintiff's

factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion

than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Grand Lodge of Fraternal

Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 85 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13–14 (D.D.C. 2001) (internal quotation marks

omitted). When the purported lack of jurisdiction stems from a lack of standing, however, the

court “must assume that [the plaintiff] states a valid legal claim.” Info. Handling Servs., Inc. v.

Def. Automated Printing Servs., 338 F.3d 1024, 1029 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The proponent of

jurisdiction bears the burden of proving that it exists, Khadr v. United States, 529 F.3d 1112,

1115 (D.C. Cir. 2008), and while “the district court may consider materials outside the

pleadings,” it must “still accept all of the factual allegations in the complaint as true.” Jerome

Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a plaintiff need only plead “enough

facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” and to “nudge[ ] [his or her] claims

across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

9
See Mem. in Supp. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss Claims One and Two of Pl.’s Compl. (“Def.’s 443 Mem.”), at 1, NSC I,
ECF No. 7-1; Mem. in Supp. Def.’s Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Def.’s 444 Mem.”), at 1, NSC II, ECF No. 9-1; Mem. in
Supp. Defs.’ Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Defs.’ 445 Mem.”), at 1, NSC III, ECF No. 10-1.

18
(2007); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 12(b)(6). “[A] complaint [does not] suffice if it tenders ‘naked

assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678

(2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). Instead, the complaint must plead facts that are

more than “‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability”; “the plaintiff [must] plead[ ] factual

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557); accord Rudder v. Williams, 666

F.3d 790, 794 (D.C. Cir. 2012). The Court “must assume all the allegations in the complaint are

true (even if doubtful in fact) . . . [and] must give the plaintiff the benefit of all reasonable

inferences derived from the facts alleged.” Aktieselskabet AF 21. November 2001 v. Fame Jeans

Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

B. FOIA Generally

Congress enacted the FOIA to promote transparency across the government. See 5

U.S.C. § 552; Quick v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, Nat’l Inst. of Standards & Tech., 775 F. Supp.

2d 174, 179–80 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 88 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). The

Supreme Court has explained that FOIA is “a means for citizens to know ‘what their

Government is up to.’ This phrase should not be dismissed as a convenient formalism. It

defines a structural necessity in a real democracy.” Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish,

541 U.S. 157, 171–72 (2004) (citations omitted). “The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an

informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against

corruption and to hold the governors accountable to the governed.” NLRB v. Robbins Tire &

Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978). The strong interest in transparency must be tempered,

however, by the “‘legitimate governmental and private interests [that] could be harmed by

release of certain types of information.’” United Techs. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Defense, 601 F.3d

557, 559 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Critical Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regulatory

19
Comm’n, 975 F.2d 871, 872 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). Accordingly, Congress included nine exemptions

permitting agencies to withhold information from FOIA disclosure. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). “These

exemptions are explicitly made exclusive, and must be narrowly construed.” Milner v. Dep’t of

the Navy, 131 S. Ct. 1259, 1262 (2011) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) (citing

FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630 (1982)); see also Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Office of Mgmt. &

Budget, 598 F.3d 865, 869 (D.C. Cir. 2010).

The D.C. Circuit has also recognized that, separate from claims seeking relief for specific

requests made under the FOIA, requesting parties may also assert a “claim that an agency policy

or practice will impair the party’s lawful access to information in the future.” Payne Enters.,

Inc. v. United States, 837 F.2d 486, 491 (D.C. Cir. 1988); accord Newport Aeronautical Sales v.

Dep’t of the Air Force, 684 F.3d 160, 164 (D.C. Cir. 2012). The Court in Payne held that a

policy-or-practice claim is viable “[s]o long as an agency’s refusal to supply information

evidences a policy or practice of delayed disclosure or some other failure to abide by the terms of

the FOIA, and not merely isolated mistakes by agency officials.” Payne, 837 F.2d at 491. To

state a claim for relief under the doctrine articulated in Payne, a plaintiff must plausibly

demonstrate that: (1) the agency in question has adopted, endorsed, or implemented a policy or

practice that constitutes an ongoing “failure to abide by the terms of the FOIA”; and (2) the

plaintiff will “suffer ‘continuing injury due to this practice.’” See id. (quoting Better Gov’t Ass’n

v. Dep’t of State, 780 F.2d 86, 91 (D.C. Cir. 1986)).

III. DISCUSSION

When a federal court is faced with both a challenge to its Article III jurisdiction to hear a

claim as well as a challenge to the merits of that claim, the court must address the jurisdictional

question before addressing any question of the merits. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better

20
Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 101 (1998); accord Pub. Citizen v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the Dist. of Columbia,

486 F.3d 1342, 1346 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“‘Article III jurisdiction is always an antecedent question’

to be answered prior to any merits inquiry.” (quoting Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 101)). Therefore, the

Court will first address the CIA’s challenges to the plaintiffs’ standing to bring certain claims.

A. Standing

Article III of the United States Constitution limits the federal judicial power to the

resolution of “Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. CONST. art. III § 2; see also Ariz. Christian Sch.

Tuition Org. v. Winn, 131 S. Ct. 1436, 1441–42 (2011) (explaining case-or-controversy

requirement). Several doctrines have “grown up to elaborate” the case-or-controversy

requirement, the “most important” of which is standing. See Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 750

(1984).

As the Supreme Court has explained, “the irreducible constitutional minimum of standing

contains three elements.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). First, the

plaintiff must have suffered an “injury in fact,” i.e., “an invasion of a legally protected interest

which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or

hypothetical.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Second, there must be “a

causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of,” i.e., the injury alleged

must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant. Id. Finally, it must be likely

that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. Id. at 561. Moreover, when a plaintiff

seeks prospective declaratory or injunctive relief, allegations of past harms are insufficient. See,

e.g., Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Rather, when declaratory or

injunctive relief is sought, a plaintiff “must show he is suffering an ongoing injury or faces an

immediate threat of [future] injury.” Id. (citing City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105

(1983)).

21
In these related actions, the CIA raises two issues regarding the plaintiff’s standing to

sue. The first issue relates only to the claims brought in No. 11-443 regarding the Assignment of

Rights Policy. The CIA challenges the plaintiff’s standing to bring both the policy-or-practice

claim itself, as well as the plaintiff’s related claim in Count One of No. 11-443, in which it asks

the Court to order the CIA to process the FOIA request that was assigned to it by JMP. The CIA

argues that “[b]ecause NSC does not have any enforceable rights or interests in the FOIA

requests it references in [its policy-or-practice claim], it cannot establish that the CIA’s alleged

policy has harmed or will harm ‘a legally protected, concrete and particularized interest.’”

Def.’s 443 Mem. at 7 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561). The CIA frames this as a matter of

Article III standing, see id., but the premise of the CIA’s argument hinges entirely on the merits

of the plaintiff’s claims that the Assignment is valid and enforceable and that, as a result, the

plaintiff has a statutory right, i.e., a “legally protected and particularized” right, to the

information sought in the assigned FOIA request. The plaintiff’s alleged lack of injury-in-fact

stems directly and exclusively from the fact that its name did not appear on the assigned FOIA

request when that request was filed, 10 and therefore the CIA’s argument presents a question of

statutory, rather than Article III, standing. This means that the Court may resolve both the merits

and jurisdictional issues of this claim at the outset. See, e.g., Chalabi v. Hashemite Kingdom of

Jordan, 543 F.3d 725, 728 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (holding that “Steel Co.’s bar on hypothetical

jurisdiction poses no obstacle” to resolving issues with “both threshold and merits

characteristics” when the threshold issues relate to statutory standing). It follows necessarily that

if the Assignment is valid and enforceable, the plaintiff has standing to bring the claims

articulated in No. 11-443.
10
See Def.’s 443 Mem. at 4–5; Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. Dismiss Claims One and Two (“Def.’s 443
Reply”) at 2, NSC I, ECF No. 13 (“On the issue of standing, there is only one contested question before the Court:
whether the FOIA permits the assignments of FOIA rights.”).

22
1. Assignment of Rights to FOIA Requests

“Anyone whose request for specific information has been denied has standing to bring an

action [under the FOIA].” Zivotofsky ex rel. Ari Z. v. Sec’y of State, 444 F.3d 614, 617 (D.C.

Cir. 2006). “The requester is injured-in-fact for standing purposes because he did not get what

the statute entitled him to receive.” Id. at 617–18. The FOIA provides that “each agency, upon

any request for records” that is sufficiently specific and made in accordance with published

procedures for submitting such requests, “shall make the records promptly available to any

person.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). An agency’s duties under the FOIA are triggered by a

properly framed request for information, and the agency’s obligations flowing from that request

are with respect to “the requester” of the information. See id. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i) (requiring

agency to notify “the person making [the] request” whether the agency will comply with the

request and “the right of such person to appeal”). The first question raised by this case is

whether the right to information, arising from the denial of a person’s request for such

information, is transferrable to another person after the original request has been made but before

administrative remedies have been exhausted.

Courts have typically not allowed anyone other than the person originally requesting

information under the FOIA to challenge an agency’s action in responding to the request. See

McDonnell v. United States, 4 F.3d 1227, 1238–39 (3d Cir. 1993) (“We think a person whose

name does not appear on a request for records . . . . has no right to receive either the documents,

or notice of an agency decision to withhold the documents.” (citations omitted)); Feinman v.

FBI, 680 F. Supp. 2d 169, 173 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[A] plaintiff whose name does not appear on a

FOIA request lacks standing to challenge its denial . . . .”); see also SAE Prods., Inc. v. FBI, 589

F. Supp. 2d 76, 80 (D.D.C. 2008) (corporate agent requesting information “must adequately

identify that he or she is making the FOIA request on behalf of the corporation in order for the

23
corporation itself to have standing to pursue a FOIA action”); Three Forks Ranch Corp. v.

Bureau of Land Mgmt., 358 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2005) (“[A]n attorney must adequately

identify that he is making the FOIA request for his client in order for the client to have standing

to pursue a FOIA action.”). This Circuit has, however, held that when a FOIA requester dies

during the pendency of his request, the rights to pursue the FOIA request may survive and pass

to the legal representative of the requester’s estate. See Sinito v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 176 F.3d

512, 516–17 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (allowing son of deceased FOIA requester to be substituted as the

plaintiff in FOIA litigation if the lower court determined that he was his father’s legal

representative). Thus, although the D.C. Circuit clearly approved of the transferability of

interests in FOIA requests under certain limited circumstances in Sinito, the only case in this

Circuit thus far to address whether FOIA requests may be assigned to a non-requesting party

after the request has been made, Feinman v. FBI, held that such assignments are not allowed.

Closer examination of these two cases is warranted both to reconcile their holdings and to

ascertain guidance on the question before the Court.

a) Sinito and Feinman

The D.C. Circuit’s decision in Sinito established a limited right to transfer interests in

FOIA requests. That case involved a FOIA request made by a prisoner, seeking information

about the criminal investigation that had resulted in his incarceration. See Sinito, 176 F.3d at

513. The original requester had exhausted his administrative remedies and filed suit in federal

court, but he died in prison before his protracted litigation had been resolved. Id. The late

prisoner’s counsel moved to substitute the prisoner’s son as the plaintiff under Federal Rule of

24
Civil Procedure 25, but the district court denied the motion. 11 Id. The D.C. Circuit reversed,

holding that a FOIA action can survive a requester’s death so long as the party substituting for

the deceased requester “qualifies under Rule 25(a) as a legal representative eligible to continue

the action.” Id.

In so holding, the Circuit compared the structure and purpose of the FOIA with other

claims that survive death, such as claims under the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure

Act of 1959 (“LMRDA”), see Mallick v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, 814 F.2d 674, 677 (D.C.

Cir. 1987), or Bivens actions, see Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 24–25 (1980). See Sinito, 176

F.3d at 513–15. The Court also noted that the strong apparent identity of interests between the

proposed substitute party and the original requestor was strong, id. at 515 (“[W]e are dealing

here not with a vast pool of potential FOIA applicants, any of whom might seek to take [the

original requester’s] place in the litigation.”), and that the original requester had “invested time,

and in all likelihood money, in the action,” and therefore he “ha[d] a stake in the legal action

which transcend[ed] that of ‘any person’ who might seek the FOIA document,” id. Finally, the

Court notably drew a favorable comparison between FOIA actions and “action[s] sounding in

property rights . . . seeking money rather than information,” in which “there would be little

doubt” that the action would pass to the claimant’s estate. Id. The Court concluded that, even

though a FOIA request seeks information rather than money, information “in many cases has

equal value with money or tangible property, and there is no reason, absent statutory preclusion,

why it should not similarly survive.” Id.

The limits of a FOIA request’s transferability was once again addressed in Feinman,

which involved a FOIA claim brought by a journalist (Feinman) who claimed that she had been

11
Rule 25(a) provides that, when a party to an action dies before a claim is extinguished, “the court may order
substitution of the proper party.” FED R. CIV. P. 25(a). The Rule further provides that “[a] motion for substitution
may be made by any party or by the decedent’s successor or representative.” Id.

25
assigned the rights to the request in question by the original requester (Beirne) who was a non-

party to the lawsuit. Feinman, 680 F. Supp. 2d at 170–71. The FBI had denied Beirne’s request

without any right of appeal because the request sought information about a suspected terrorist,

but no proof of the suspected terrorist’s death or a signed privacy waiver had been submitted

with the request. Id. at 171. Several months later, Feinman notified the FBI that Beirne had

“assigned her rights and interests in the FOIA request to Feinman.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted). Feinman then sued the FBI, claiming that she had a “legal right under FOIA ‘to obtain

the information she seeks.’” Id. The FBI moved to dismiss on standing grounds because

Feinman’s “name ‘did not appear on the original request.” Id.

Although the FBI based its arguments for dismissal solely on Feinman’s lack of statutory

standing, the court held that “strong policy concerns counsel[ed] against permitting assignments”

of FOIA requests. Id. at 175. In particular, the court identified two principal policy

considerations that counseled against assignments. First, the court noted that the identity of a

FOIA requester is highly relevant in determining whether the requester is required to pay fees,

see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A), and whether an agency discloses certain privileged documents to

“‘first-party’ requesters who are the very persons protected by the privilege.” Feinman, 680 F.

Supp. 2d at 175. Thus, the court reasoned, allowing assignment of FOIA requests would

potentially allow assignees to “share” (i.e., free-ride upon) an original requester’s favorable fee

status and would force FOIA administrators to “risk litigation if they subsequently determined

that privacy or similar exemptions should be invoked against the third-party assignee.” Id.

Second, the court stated that allowing assignments of FOIA requests would “multiply

opportunities for mistake and mischief” because allowing assignments would potentially allow

an individual to “thwart an adversary’s search for information by claiming falsely to have been

26
assigned a previous requester's FOIA rights,” and would concomitantly place an undue burden

on FOIA administrators to “verify the validity of an assignment by determining whether it

complies with local law and reflects the original requester's actual intent.” Id. at 175–76.

The Feinman court also discussed the Sinito case at length, distinguishing it on two

grounds. The court first noted that, unlike the deceased original requester in Sinito, the original

requester in Feinman (Beirne) “did not invest any time, money, or other effort into pursuing this

litigation” and thus never acquired a stake in the litigation “that might counsel against letting her

investment of litigation resources go to waste.” Id. at 174. The court also noted that, unlike

Sinito, “there is no allegation that [Beirne] was incapable of protecting her rights by suing on her

own behalf, or that the relationship between Beirne and Feinman is such that Feinman would

protect Beirne’s interests if their interests diverge.” Id. at 175. Ultimately, the Feinman court

drew a distinction between a situation “where the plaintiff claims to act on behalf of the original

requester,” as was the case in Sinito, as opposed to “act[ing] in her own right.” Id.

b) The Applicability of Feinman

Despite the thoughtful consideration of this issue by the court in Feinman, neither the

policy considerations discussed in Feinman nor the grounds it cited for distinguishing the

holding in Sinito are sufficient to deny the validity of the plaintiff’s assignment in this case.

Starting with the Feinman court’s discussion of Sinito, there are a number of major differences

between Feinman and the instant case that distinguish Feinman’s analysis of Sinito. First and

foremost, this case involves an assignment between two non-profit organizations, rather than an

assignment between individuals. Recognizing that human beings, rather than corporate entities,

perform the actual work on FOIA requests, an organizational interest in a FOIA request may

often be attached to the work of a single employee or small group of employees who, in turn,

may choose to perform their work for more than one organizational principal while a request is

27
pending. Thus, as the plaintiff points out, not honoring the assignability of FOIA requests

between organizations, when the sole reason for the assignment is to keep a request with the

person or persons who have assumed stewardship of that request, could present a large swath of

professional FOIA requesters with a Morton’s fork: either forfeit the freedom to transfer

organizations or forfeit the right to pursue a pending request for information under the FOIA. 12

The former option would needlessly and severely restrict employees’ freedom to change

organizations, while the latter option would undermine the essential purpose of the FOIA.

Relatedly, this case involves two organizations that employed the same individual (Mr.

McClanahan) who had primary responsibility for filing and administratively pursuing the request

at issue. By virtue of the extensive time and effort Mr. McClanahan has already invested in this

request, see Pl.’s 443 Opp’n at 26, it is clear that the plaintiff, through the efforts of its agent, has

acquired a stake in the litigation, unlike the plaintiff in Feinman. Finally, unlike the parties in

Feinman who alleged no relationship to each other whatsoever, the common bonds connecting

JMP and NSC—the two organizations share the same Deputy Executive Director (Bradley

Moss), and the Executive Director of JMP (Mark Zaid) also serves on the plaintiff’s Board of

Advisors, see Pl.’s 443 Opp’n at 24—establishes that their relationship “is such that [NSC]

would protect [JMP’s] interests if their interests diverge.” See Feinman, 680 F. Supp. 2d at 175.

More fundamentally, the Court believes that Feinman did not account fully for the D.C.

Circuit’s acknowledgement in Sinito that a claim for information and a claim for money or

12
See Pl.’s 443 Opp’n at 25–26. The plaintiff offers the example of a journalist who files a FOIA request in her
newspaper’s name and then goes to work for a new newspaper. See id. This situation would apply equally to an
academic who works for multiple institutions of higher learning, a lawyer who works for more than one law firm, or
any number of other situations that could arise in the context of FOIA litigation. Another scenario likely to arise in
FOIA litigation would be that Corporation A requests information (e.g., relating to a government contract that the
corporation did not secure in a bidding process) and, after the request is filed, Corporation A merges with
Corporation B, such that Corporation A ceases to exist. Under the rule articulated in Feinman, the successor
corporation (Corporation B) would have to start the process all over again, even if the request had been outstanding
for several months or years.

28
tangible property are substantially similar in many cases. See Sinito, 176 F.3d at 515. The

logical result of the Circuit’s reasoning in Sinito is that courts should treat FOIA claims like

claims to tangible property unless doing so would contravene public policy or undermine the

“institutional interests” of the judiciary in regulating which parties have standing to sue. See

id. 13 Hence, the Court now turns to the policy considerations raised in Feinman to determine

whether assignability of FOIA requests would be appropriate in this case.

The Court certainly agrees with Feinman that the identity of a FOIA requester is relevant

to certain aspects of the processing of the request, such as the assessment of fees and the

application of exemptions for privilege or privacy concerns. Nevertheless, the Court does not

agree that these concerns warrant a blanket prohibition against the assignment of FOIA requests.

Federal agencies are more than capable of developing efficient procedures to ensure that

assignees do not free-ride on an original requestor’s fee status or improperly seek private or

privileged information. For example, agencies could easily require assignees, as a matter of

standard procedure, to submit any information necessary for the agency to update the aspects of

an assigned request that turn on a requester’s identity. If an agency were to determine from this

information that an assignee was not entitled to a fee waiver that had applied to the original

requester or that an assignee did not enjoy “first party” access to the original requester’s private

or privileged information, the agency could simply adjust its disposition of the request

accordingly.

13
Under general principles of assignment, the fact that Sinito held that FOIA requests survive death could be
considered prima facie support for the proposition that such requests are assignable. This is because survivability of
a right typically indicates that the right is not “purely personal,” and thus generally assignable. See Barnes Coal
Corp. v. Retail Coal Merchants Ass’n, 128 F.2d 645, 649 (4th Cir. 1942) (holding that the “modern rule as to
survivability” is that actions for “personal wrongs . . . die with the person,” whereas actions “affecting property
right’s” survive); RTC Commercial Loan Trust 1995-NP1A v. Winthrop Mgmt., 923 F. Supp. 83, 88 (E.D. Va. 1996)
(“purely personal” rights may not be assigned, such as a plaintiff’s right to invoke federal diversity jurisdiction by
virtue of his domicile); 6A C.J.S. Assignment § 49 (2012) (“A statutory right of action is generally assignable,” but
“a statutory cause of action is not assignable if it is personal to one who holds it and it would not survive his or her
death” (citing Strickland v. Sellers, 78 F. Supp. 274 (N.D. Tex. 1948))).

29
For similar reasons, the Court believes that the potential for an increase in “opportunities

for mistake and mischief” resulting from the recognition of assignment rights is minimal. The

Feinman court may have been correct in noting that, if FOIA administrators were to take an

individual’s claim to an assignment of rights “at face value,” any stranger could step in to

exclude an original requester from the FOIA process against her will. See Feinman, 680 F.

Supp. 2d at 175–76. Even so, nothing would require an agency to take such claims “at face

value.” On the contrary, FOIA administrators should require proper documentation of an

assignment for it to be recognized—most likely a notarized statement from the original requester

that specifically identifies the assignee and the rights assigned. Cf. 31 U.S.C. § 3727(b) (laying

out requirements for assignment of money claims against the United States government).

The Feinman court was nevertheless concerned that this validation process would

constitute an “unreasonable” burden on busy FOIA administrators and that such a burden would

be “greater than the minimal burden on any given assignee to make her own FOIA request.”

Feinman, 680 F. Supp. 2d at 176. That balancing of the equities, however, does not fully

account for the realities of FOIA litigation and the central animating purposes of the FOIA. The

burden imposed by requiring an assignee to file a new request and wait at the back of the FOIA

line is not “minimal” in most cases. Although filing a new FOIA request may often involve a

small amount of effort or resources, it exacts a temporal cost on FOIA requesters that should not

be discounted, considering that the FOIA was intended to promote not merely disclosure, but

timely disclosure. See H.R. Rep. No. 93-876, at 6 (1974) (“[I]nformation is often useful only if it

is timely.”); Payne, 837 F.2d at 494 (“[S]tale information is of little value yet more costly than

fresh information ought to be.”). To cite a relevant example, although the CIA takes an average

of 143 days to respond to “complex” FOIA requests in which information is granted, it can

30
sometimes take the better part of a decade, 14 and in this particular case, over four and a half years

have passed since the date JMP filed the original FOIA request.

Additionally, the burden imposed on FOIA administrators from processing assigned

requests is unlikely to become “unreasonable,” and may in fact be more efficient than the

alternative. See, e.g., Sinito, 176 F.3d at 517 (“[I]t would seem to us more expeditious from the

government’s point of view to allow the [FOIA] appeal to be pursued on the record already made

than to begin the process all over again with a new requestor.”). Agencies can and should shift

the vast majority of any burden to the assignees themselves, requiring them to submit whatever

documentation the agency deems sufficient to validate an assignment, as discussed above.

Additionally, the plaintiff’s representations indicate that federal agencies are already recognizing

FOIA assignments. In particular, the plaintiff documents how several agencies within the United

States intelligence and law enforcement communities, including the Department of Justice

(“DOJ”), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”), and the National Geospatial-Intelligence

Agency (“NGA”) have formally recognized the assignment of FOIA requests without any indicia

of “mistake and mischief” or undue burden. See Pl.’s 443 Opp’n at 14–19; id. Exs. A, B, I, K,

M, N. Although the Court is mindful that the CIA may be able to demonstrate that recognizing

assignments would categorically impose an undue burden on its FOIA administrators, that fact is

not apparent from the information available in the instant action. The Court holds that the

plaintiff’s Assignment is valid and enforceable, and therefore the plaintiff has statutory standing

to assert the claims alleged in No. 11-443. See Vt. Agency of Natural Res. v. United States ex rel.

Stevens, 529 U.S. 765, 773 (2000) (“[T]he assignee of a claim has standing to assert the injury in

fact suffered by the assignor.”).

14
See Cent. Intelligence Agency, Freedom of Information Act Annual Report 17, 23 (2011), available at
http://www.foia.cia.gov/txt/annual_report_2011.pdf. (noting at least ten FOIA requests that have been pending for
over seven years).

31
2. Standing to Seek Injunctive and Declaratory Relief

The other standing issue raised by the CIA is with respect to the policy-or-practice claims

in Nos. 11-444 and 11-445. The CIA asserts that the plaintiff lacks standing to assert those

policy-or-practice claims because the plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged a future injury that

would confer standing to seek prospective declaratory and injunctive relief. See Def.’s 444

Mem. at 6–12; Defs.’ 445 Mem. at 6–10. These claims include each cause of action related to:

the Aggregate Data Policy, the Administrative Appeals Policy, the Reasonably Describe Policy,

the Work With Policy, the Cut-Off Date Policy, the Blanket Processing Notes Exemption Policy,

the Blanket Reference Material Exemption Policy, the Glomar Response Policy, the Non-

Provision of Completion Date Policy, the Withheld Document Non-Identification Policy, and the

Document-Level Exemption Policy. See supra Part I.

When a plaintiff seeks either injunctive or declaratory relief, it “must show [it] is

suffering an ongoing injury or faces an immediate threat of injury.” Dearth, 641 F.3d at 501.

When a plaintiff seeks injunctive or declaratory relief specifically for the purpose of challenging

an alleged policy or practice of a government agency, it must also demonstrate that it is

“‘realistically threatened by a repetition of [its] experience.’” Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902,

910–11 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting Lyons, 461 U.S. at 109). To plead a “threat of repetition,” a

plaintiff must make “more than a nebulous assertion of the existence of a ‘policy,’” and that it is

“likely to be subjected to the policy again.” Id. at 911. This threat must be “real and

immediate,” or, alternatively, “realistic[]” in nature. See Lyons, 461 U.S. at 109; Golden v.

Zwickler, 394 U.S. 103, 109 (1969); see also Fair Emp’t Council of Greater Wash., Inc. v. BMC

Mktg. Corp., 28 F.3d 1268, 1274 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (observing that the standard for judging

likelihood of future injury has been formulated as “likely,” “fairly probable,” and “certainly

impending” and collecting cases).

32
First, in No. 11-444, the CIA half-heartedly argues that the plaintiff has failed to allege

patterns or practices that will continue to be applied in the future. 15 As the plaintiff points out,

“the extent of the Defendant’s argument to the contrary is its talismanic attachment of the word

‘alleged’ to any mention of pattern or practice,” and “with one slight exception, Defendant does

not actually state that any of the alleged patterns or practices do not exist, and in fact spends most

of the second half of its brief defending them.” Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 8–9. The closest the CIA

comes to contesting the plaintiff’s allegations of ongoing patterns or practices alleged in No. 11-

444 is to argue that the plaintiff “cannot rely on speculation as to how the CIA will react to a

future or hypothetical FOIA request.” Def.’s 444 Mem. at 10–11. Although nearly any

allegation about future conduct involves some measure of conjecture in a literal sense, because

no mere mortal has the ability to see into the future, the plaintiff is only required to put forth a

plausible, “more than . . . nebulous” assertion of the existence of an ongoing pattern or practice

to establish standing, and the plaintiff has done so here. In fact, the plaintiff details, in its

opposition briefs, specific instances of conduct by the CIA that the plaintiff claims are

manifestations of the alleged policies and practices at issue, most of which are also alleged in the

plaintiff’s Complaints. 16 This is more than sufficient to plead the existence of ongoing patterns

or practices for the purpose of establishing standing. See Jerome Stevens Pharmaceuticals, 402

F.3d at 1253 (court may consider “materials outside the pleadings” in deciding a motion to

dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction).

15
The standard for pleading the existence of a pattern or practice for purposes of establishing standing to seek
prospective relief is not necessarily identical to the standard for pleading a policy or practice to establish the right to
Payne-style relief.
16
See Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 10–15; Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Partial Mot. Dismiss (“Pl.’s 445 Opp’n”) at 9–11, NSC III,
ECF No. 18.

33
The CIA focuses its standing argument on the likelihood that the plaintiff will be subject

to these policies in the future. It argues that, because the plaintiff has not alleged that it regularly

submits or intends to submit requests that would implicate the alleged policies or practices, its

claimed future injury is insufficient. See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 9–12; Defs.’ 445 Mem. at 7. The

CIA relies heavily on three FOIA cases from this Court to support its argument: Quick v. U.S.

Department of Commerce, 775 F. Supp. 2d 174 (D.D.C. 2011); Citizens for Responsibility and

Ethics in Washington v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security (“CREW/DHS”), 527 F. Supp.

2d 101 (D.D.C. 2007); and American Historical Association v. National Archives and Records

Administration, 310 F. Supp. 2d 216 (D.D.C. 2004). None of these cases, however, aids the

CIA’s standing argument.

First, with regard to all but one alleged policy or practice, the Quick case is immediately

distinguishable because, in that case, the record at the summary judgment stage was “clear” that,

“even assuming that individuals other than [the plaintiff] may have been subject to the alleged

‘pattern or practice,’” the plaintiff had not been subject to it. Quick, 775 F. Supp. 2d at 187.

Although the policy alleged in Quick was that the agency “produc[ed] records only after a

requester takes the step of commencing a lawsuit,” the record had demonstrated that the agency

“began processing [the plaintiff’s] request long before the commencement of the instant action

and consistently and diligently worked towards completing that request in the absence of

litigation.” Id. Therefore, Quick’s citation to Lujan and its statement that the Supreme Court has

“foreclosed” the possibility of standing when a plaintiff only offers a “passing allegation that he

‘plans to file additional FOIA requests to the [agency] in the future,’” are dicta. This dicta is

itself distinguishable in any event because, as discussed infra, the plaintiff has alleged the

existence of ongoing FOIA requests directed at the CIA. Thus, the Supreme Court’s admonition

34
in Lujan regarding “‘some day’ intentions” is inapplicable to the instant actions because the

hypothetical “some day” has already arrived. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564.

Additionally, all three cases cited by the CIA are distinguishable because in all three

cases the plaintiffs never alleged or demonstrated that they had any outstanding FOIA requests

(other than the requests challenged in the litigation) that were likely to implicate the alleged

policies and lead to future injury. See Quick, 775 F. Supp. 2d at 187 (stating that plaintiff

“plan[ned] to file additional FOIA requests to the [defendant] in the future,” though none had

actually been filed); CREW/DHS, 527 F. Supp. 2d at 106 (“Most notably, CREW does not allege

anywhere in its complaint or opposition brief that it has a FOIA request pending with the

DHS . . . .”); American Historical Association, 310 F. Supp. 2d at 228 (“At this stage Plaintiffs

have no outstanding requests for presidential records . . . .”). Recent cases have clarified that,

where a FOIA requester challenges an alleged ongoing policy or practice and can demonstrate

that it has pending claims that are likely to implicate that policy or practice, future injury is

satisfied. See Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n

(“CREW/SEC”), 858 F. Supp. 2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2012) (holding that “outstanding FOIA requests

that involve documents that likely will be unavailable due to the challenged policy” are sufficient

to allege future injury); Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. Exec. Office of the

President (“CREW/EOP”), 587 F. Supp. 2d 48, 60–61 (D.D.C. 2008) (holding that, because

plaintiffs “each allege that they have FOIA requests for e-mails currently pending with the

[defendant agencies] and intend to file future requests,” their allegations of future injury were

“real and immediate” (quoting Pub. Citizen v. Carlin, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 1997))).

The plaintiff has done just this by stating that, as of July 2011, it had already submitted

fifteen FOIA requests to the CIA since filing the Complaints in these actions. See Pl.’s 444

35
Opp’n at 18; Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 14. The plaintiff has also displayed a clear intent to continue

filing FOIA requests with the CIA, supported by its consistent habit of filing such requests both

before and after the commencement of this litigation and its stated mission “to obtain records

about national security issues.” See Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 18; Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 14. Furthermore,

the Court finds that these ongoing actions and stated intentions to take future action are likely to

implicate the claimed policies and practices at issue because the pending and future requests

appear to be of the same character as the specific requests that form the basis of the plaintiff’s

current claims. See, e.g., Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 18 (stating that the plaintiff has submitted at least

one other request for “aggregate data”); id. at 19 (stating that the plaintiff has submitted two

requests that were determined to “not reasonably describe the records sought”). Therefore, with

the exception of one policy or practice claim discussed below, the Court concludes that these

actions and stated intentions are sufficiently concrete for the Court to conclude that the plaintiff

has alleged a real and immediate threat of future injury resulting from the alleged policies and

practices of the CIA. Although it is true, as the CIA points out, that “‘[t]he existence of federal

jurisdiction ordinarily depends on the facts as they exist when the complaint is filed,’” Lujan,

504 U.S. at 569 n.4 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490

U.S. 826, 830 (1989)), when a plaintiff alleges a future injury, common sense dictates that a

court can and should consider the activities of the plaintiff during and after the time that the

complaint is filed in order to assess the likelihood of such a future injury.

The one exception to this holding is the alleged Non-Provision of Completion Date

Policy. With respect to that alleged policy, the plaintiff claims that the CIA has a policy or

practice of refusing to provide estimated dates of completion for pending FOIA requests. See

FAC ¶¶ 99–116, NSC III. In particular, the plaintiff claims that the CIA consistently refused to

36
supply the plaintiff with estimate dates of completion for its pending FOIA requests “[u]ntil

November 2010,” and that although the CIA instituted a policy in November 2010 to “inform

requesters that the estimated date of completion for any given request is two years from CIA’s

date of receipt,” the CIA has continued to refuse requesters’ demands for estimated dates of

completion. Id. ¶¶ 101–104. The problem, however, is that the plaintiff’s factual allegations, in

support of the claim that the CIA continues to refuse to provide estimated dates of completion

since the promulgation of its November 2010 informal guidance, relate solely to FOIA requests

filed by other parties. The plaintiff cites requests filed by non-parties JMP and Michael

Radvintzky, as well as those non-parties’ post-November 2010 requests for estimated dates of

completion, to support its claim that the CIA continues to refuse to provide estimated dates of

completion. Yet, these allegations fail to allege a cognizable injury against the plaintiff because

“even assuming that individuals other than [the plaintiff] may have been subject to the alleged

‘pattern or practice,’” the plaintiff has not alleged that it has been subject to the post-November

2010 policy that it seeks to challenge. See Quick, 775 F. Supp. 2d at 187. Without an allegation

that the plaintiff itself has been subject to the CIA’s post-November 2010 Non-Provision of

Completion Date Policy, the plaintiff has no standing to bring its claim challenging that policy.

Therefore, the causes of action related to the Non-Provision of Completion Date Policy (Counts

Fifteen, Sixteen, and Seventeen of the First Amended Complaint in No. 11-445) will be

dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

B. Mandamus and Administrative Procedure Act Claims

Having addressed all of the CIA’s standing arguments, the Court will now address the

CIA’s arguments for dismissing all of the remaining policy-or-practice claims summarized above

under Rules 12(b)(1) and/or 12(b)(6).

37
As discussed above, the plaintiff has elected to seek relief from a number of the alleged

policies or practices of the CIA under a variety of legal theories. In addition to the Assignment

of Rights Policy and Non-Provision of Completion Date Policy addressed and resolved above,

the plaintiff claims ten separate policies or practices that it says violate the FOIA. The plaintiff

seeks relief from each of these alleged policies or practices under the FOIA itself, but it also

seeks relief from four of the policies or practices under the Mandamus Act, 17 and it seeks relief

from seven of the policies or practices under the APA. 18 The plaintiff concedes that, because

these claims are duplicative of one another, to the extent it is granted relief at all, such relief will

be pursuant to only one of these statutes. See Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 7; Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 7. The

Court will first address the viability of the plaintiff’s APA claims and then will discuss the

viability of the plaintiff’s Mandamus Act claims.

1. Administrative Procedure Act Claims

The CIA moves to dismiss the plaintiff’s seven remaining APA claims on the basis that

the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over those claims. These are the APA claims related

to: the Aggregate Data Policy (Count Three of No. 11-444), the Administrative Appeals Policy

(Count Six of No. 11-444), the Reasonably Describe Policy (Count Twelve of No. 11-444), the

Work With Policy (Count Fifteen of No. 11-444), the Withheld Document Non-Identification

Policy (Count Nineteen of No. 11-445), the Document-Level Exemption Policy (Count Twenty-

One of No. 11-445), and the APA component of the challenge to the Glomar Response Policy

17
The four policies or practices challenged under the Mandamus Act are: the Aggregate Data Policy, the
Administrative Appeals Policy, the Reasonably Describe Policy, and the Work With Policy.
18
The seven policies or practices challenged under the APA include the same four policies or practices challenged
under the Mandamus Act, as well as: the Withheld Document Non-Identification Policy, the Document-Level
Exemption Policy, and the APA component of the “FOIA/APA” challenge to the Glomar Response Policy.

38
(Count Fourteen of No. 11-445). 19 The CIA argues that the APA’s waiver of sovereign

immunity does not apply to the plaintiff’s APA causes of action because the availability of a

remedy for the plaintiff’s policy-or-practice claims under the FOIA and Payne means that the

plaintiff’s corresponding APA claims are not claims “for which there is no other adequate

remedy.” See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 3–4 (citing 5 U.S.C. §§ 702, 704); Defs.’ 445 Mem. at 3–4

(same). According to the CIA, because “[a]ll . . . of [the plaintiff’s] APA claims, and the APA

component of its ‘FOIA/APA’ claim, are based on alleged violations of the FOIA and seek relief

available under the FOIA,” the APA claims should be dismissed. Defs.’ 445 Mem. at 4. The

plaintiff responds that the CIA’s “statement that the mere fact that an APA claim ‘is premised on

a violation of FOIA’ is automatically fatal to that claim is fundamentally incorrect” because

“FOIA does not provide an alternative remedy in all cases.” Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 6; Pl.’s 445

Opp’n at 6. The plaintiff thus argues that if the Court were to “find that the alleged pattern or

practice does not fit squarely within the four corners of FOIA’s remedies,” that would “remove it

from Payne-style declaratory relief,” and therefore no other adequate remedy would be available.

Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 7; Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 7.

The CIA is correct that, where a plaintiff claims that an agency has wrongfully withheld

agency records in connection with discrete FOIA requests, an APA claim seeking compelled

disclosure of the withheld records is precluded. See, e.g., Kenney v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 603 F.

Supp. 2d 184, 190 (D.D.C 2009). This is because the FOIA grants federal courts jurisdiction to

“enjoin the agency from withholding agency records and to order the production of any agency

records improperly withheld from the complainant.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). The D.C. Circuit

in Payne, however, held that “[t]he FOIA imposes no limits on courts’ equitable powers in

19
Count Fourteen of No. 11-445, challenging the CIA’s alleged Glomar Response Policy is captioned as a
“FOIA/APA” cause of action, so the Court will only address the APA element of that hybrid claim in this section of
the opinion. See FAC at 14, NSC III.

39
enforcing its terms,” and where an agency’s actions in response to a FOIA request “violate the

intent and purpose of the FOIA . . . the courts have a duty to prevent these abuses.” Payne, 837

F.2d at 494; see also Wash. Research Project, Inc. v. Dep’t of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 504 F.2d

238, 252 (D.C. Cir. 1974) (“One can imagine circumstances, such as where an agency simply

refuses to conform its action to the known requirements of the [FOIA] in order to deter requests

for information by repetitive litigation, that would tempt a court to use any or all of the usual

weapons in the arsenal of equity.”(internal quotation marks omitted)). Therefore, although the

language of the FOIA could be read strictly to limit the equitable powers of federal courts to

enjoining the agency from withholding records and ordering production of improperly withheld

records, the D.C. Circuit and the Supreme Court have interpreted those equitable powers more

broadly. See Renegotiation Bd. v. Bannercraft Clothing Co., 415 U.S. 1, 19–20 (1974) (holding

that “[t]he broad language of the FOIA,” among other factors, demonstrate that “there is little to

suggest, despite the Act’s primary purpose, that Congress sought to limit the inherent powers of

an equity court”).

The scope of the equitable powers available under the FOIA is nevertheless still unclear

because the D.C. Circuit has yet to specify the breadth of Payne-style relief. The only concrete

guidance has been from Payne itself, which stated that FOIA policy-or-practice claims extend to

any “failure to abide by the terms of the FOIA.” Payne, 837 F.2d at 491. This Court has

previously held that “where a plaintiff challenges an alleged pattern and practice of violating

procedural requirements of FOIA in connection with the processing of the plaintiff’s FOIA

requests[,] the Court has the power under FOIA and Payne to provide the requested declaratory

and injunctive remedies.” Muttitt v. U.S. Cent. Command, 813 F. Supp. 2d 221, 229 (D.D.C.

2011); see also Feinman v. FBI, 713 F. Supp. 2d 70, 78 (D.D.C. 2010) (dismissing APA policy-

40
or-practice claim because “the relief available under FOIA is of the ‘same genre’ as the relief

available under the APA” (quoting Garcia v. Vilsack, 563 F.3d 519, 522 (D.C. Cir. 2009))).

Thus, under Muttitt, the Court has the power to enjoin a FOIA procedural violation under the

equitable jurisdiction of the FOIA itself so long as that violation was “in connection with the

processing of the plaintiff’s FOIA requests.” Muttitt, 813 F. Supp. 2d at 229. Indeed, this Court

stated in Muttitt that, even though a policy or practice “would not necessarily result directly in

[the] withholding [of agency records],” it nevertheless falls within the Court’s broad equitable

powers under the FOIA. Id. at 228–29 & n.4.

This conclusion is supported by the fact that it is well settled that courts have certain

equitable powers under the FOIA that extend beyond the literal bounds of 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B). Most notably, courts clearly have the power to order an agency to re-run a

search for records where that search was not “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant

documents.’” See Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Weisberg v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). Although ordering an agency to

conduct an adequate search may indirectly lead to the production of responsive records, see

Maydak v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 254 F. Supp. 2d 23, 44 (D.D.C 2003) (holding that “[a]n

improper withholding may arise from an agency’s failure to conduct an adequate search”

(emphasis added)), such injunctive relief does not necessarily “enjoin the agency from

withholding agency records” or “order the production of any agency records.” See 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B). Similarly, remedying procedural violations of the FOIA may not necessarily

lead to the production of withheld responsive records, yet it is concomitantly reasonable to

interpret the jurisdictional grant in 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B) to include the power to enjoin

procedural violations of the FOIA when they are connected to specific requests for records.

41
As in Muttitt, for each of the remaining policy-or-practice claims in the instant cases the

plaintiff alleges that the CIA has applied the policy or practice to one or more specific FOIA

requests made by the plaintiff. Hence, all of the alleged policies or practices challenged in the

instant actions are “in connection with the processing of the plaintiff’s FOIA requests.” 20

Muttitt, 813 F. Supp. 2d at 229. Additionally, all but one of the policy-or-practice claims alleges

a violation of “procedural requirements of the FOIA.” The only exception are the claims related

to the Work With Policy (Counts Fourteen, Fifteen, and Sixteen of No. 11-444), which allege a

policy or practice of the CIA violating its own FOIA regulation, 32 C.F.R. § 1900.12(c), not the

procedural requirements of the FOIA itself. See FAC ¶¶ 71–86, NSC II. Therefore, the Court

“has the power under FOIA and Payne to provide the requested declaratory and injunctive

remedies” with respect to all of the policy-or-practice claims except the claims related to the

Work With Policy, which are properly addressed under the APA. Muttitt, 813 F. Supp. 2d at

229. As a result of this conclusion, APA relief is foreclosed with respect to the Aggregate Data

Policy, the Administrative Appeals Policy, the Reasonably Describe Policy, the Withheld

Document Non-Identification Policy, the Document-Level Exemption Policy, and the Glomar

Response Policy because the FOIA itself can provide the plaintiff with an adequate equitable

remedy, assuming of course that the plaintiff has stated a claim for relief with respect to each of

those policies. Therefore, all of the plaintiff’s APA claims related to those policies—Counts

20
The claims related to the Reasonably Describe Policy (Counts Eleven, Twelve, and Thirteen of No. 11-444),
however, could be considered as a more general challenge to agency action. Those claims challenge the CIA’s
formal interpretation of the term “reasonably describe” and allege that interpretation is “significantly and
consistently broader than is allowed by FOIA.” See FAC ¶¶ 58, 63, NSC II. This sort of across-the-board challenge
to an agency’s formal interpretation of a statute is “typically seen in litigation under the [APA], as the APA
expressly provides for such judicial review.” Bensman v. Nat’l Park Serv., 806 F. Supp. 2d 31, 41 (D.D.C 2011).
Nevertheless, although the plaintiff’s challenge to the Reasonably Describe Policy may have broader application, it
still challenges a policy that is allegedly being applied “in connection with the processing of the plaintiff’s FOIA
requests” and that is allegedly “violating procedural requirements of FOIA.” Muttitt, 813 F. Supp. 2d at 229. Thus,
the Court is satisfied that this sort of challenge is within the Court’s jurisdiction under the FOIA, even though it
would also clearly fall within the Court’s jurisdiction under the APA.

42
Three, Six, and Twelve of No. 11-444, Counts Nineteen and Twenty-One of No. 11-445, and the

APA component of the “FOIA/APA” claim in Count Fourteen of No. 11-445—will be dismissed

for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Likewise, because the claims related to the Work With

Policy challenge conduct outside the Court’s FOIA jurisdiction, the Court does not have the

power to remedy the FOIA claim related to that policy (Count Fourteen of No. 11-444). Hence,

Count Fourteen of No. 11-444 will also be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

2. Mandamus Act Claims

The CIA also moves to dismiss the plaintiff’s four remaining Mandamus Act claims on

the grounds that the plaintiff has failed to plead a claim for relief under that statute and that the

Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over those claims. See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 5–6; Defs.’

445 Mem. at 5–6. This includes the Mandamus Act claims related to the Aggregate Data Policy

(Count Four of No. 11-444), the Administrative Appeals Policy (Count Seven of No. 11-444),

the Reasonably Describe Policy (Count Thirteen of No. 11-444), and the Work With Policy

(Count Sixteen of No. 11-444). To adequately plead a claim for relief under the Mandamus Act,

28 U.S.C. § 1361, a plaintiff must allege that: (1) the plaintiff has a clear right to relief; (2) the

defendant has a clear duty to act; and (3) there is no other adequate remedy available to the

plaintiff. See In re Medicare Reimbursement Litig., 414 F.3d 7, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2005). 21 The D.C.

Circuit has narrowly construed jurisdiction under the Mandamus Act, holding that mandamus-

style relief 22 is “‘drastic’; it is available only in ‘extraordinary situations’; it is hardly ever

granted; those invoking the court’s mandamus jurisdiction must have a ‘clear and indisputable’

21
The D.C. Circuit has held that, to the extent the court must determine whether a “clear and compelling” duty
exists, “mandamus jurisdiction under § 1361 merges with the merits” because if no “clear and compelling” duty
exists, the claim fails and the court also has no jurisdiction over the claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1361. See In re
Cheney, 406 F.3d 723, 729 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (en banc).
22
The Court refers to it as “mandamus-style relief” because “Rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
long ago abolished the writ of mandamus in the district courts,” and therefore the Mandamus Act “confers
jurisdiction on the district courts over actions ‘in the nature of mandamus.” In re Cheney, 406 F.3d at 728–29.

43
right to relief; and even if the plaintiff overcomes all these hurdles, whether mandamus relief

should issue is discretionary.” In re Cheney, 406 F.3d at 729; accord Allied Chem. Corp. v.

Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 34 (1980) (“[T]he remedy of mandamus is a drastic one, to be

invoked only in extraordinary situations.”). Mandamus-style relief is precluded when an

adequate alternative remedy exists, even where that alternative remedy is less efficient or less

effective than mandamus relief would be. See Fornaro v. James, 416 F.3d 63, 69–70 (D.C. Cir.

2005); Council for the Blind of Del. Cnty. Valley, Inc. v. Regan, 709 F.2d 1521, 1532–33 (D.C.

Cir. 1983).

The CIA argues that the plaintiff has failed to plead any of the three required elements for

any of its claims under the Mandamus Act. See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 5–6; Defs.’ 445 Mem. at 5–

6. The plaintiff’s only response is to argue that, although its Mandamus Act claims are

duplicative of its FOIA and APA claims, “this is not a fatal flaw in and of itself.” Pl.’s 444

Opp’n at 4; Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 4. In support of this argument, the plaintiff cites two cases from

this Court, which both refused to dismiss mandamus claims at the motion to dismiss stage. See

Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 5 (citing Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Nat’l Energy Policy Dev. Grp., 219 F. Supp.

2d 20, 44 (D.D.C 2002) and CREW/EOP, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 63); Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 5 (same).

Even assuming that the plaintiff is correct that the duplicity of its mandamus claims “is not a

fatal flaw in and of itself,” that does not address whether the plaintiff has adequately alleged

mandamus claims in the first place.

The plaintiff does not contest that it has failed to satisfy the first two elements of a

Mandamus Act claim: a clear right to relief and a clear duty to act. Rather, the plaintiff only

addresses the CIA’s arguments with respect to subject-matter jurisdiction and does not discuss

the CIA’s argument that the plaintiff has failed to state claims for mandamus-style relief. See

44
Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 4; Pl.’s 445 Opp’n at 4. 23 Indeed, the plaintiff’s citation to Judicial Watch,

Inc. v. National Energy Policy Development Group presumes that the plaintiff has already

pleaded claims for mandamus-style relief. Although that case held that “it would be premature

and inappropriate to determine whether the relief of mandamus will or will not issue” at the

motion to dismiss stage, that holding was still premised on the determination “that plaintiffs have

stated a claim for relief under the mandamus statute.” See 219 F. Supp. 2d at 44. The plaintiff’s

mandamus claims in the instant actions may be dismissed on this ground alone because the Court

may treat the plaintiff’s failure to oppose the defendant’s 12(b)(6) arguments as a decision to

concede those arguments. See Shankar v. ACS-GSI, 258 F. App’x 344, 345 (D.C. Cir. 2007)

(holding that plaintiff conceded the merits of an issue when he “did not respond in any way to

defendant’s argument” on that issue in his opposition before the district court (citing Local Civil

Rule 7(b))); Buggs v. Powell, 293 F. Supp. 2d 135, 141 (D.D.C. 2003) (“It is understood in this

Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain

arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to

address as conceded.” (citing FDIC v. Bender, 127 F.3d 58, 67–68 (D.C. Cir. 1997))).

Even if the plaintiff had not conceded its failure to plead claims for relief under the

Mandamus Act, however, the mandamus claims would still be appropriately dismissed because

the plaintiff’s FOIA claims would provide an adequate remedy for all of the policies or practices

for which the plaintiff seeks relief under the Mandamus Act. The FOIA itself is the source of

what the plaintiff views as the CIA’s clear duties to act and the plaintiff’s clear rights to relief,

which underlie the plaintiff’s mandamus claims. See FAC ¶¶ 22, 25, 37, 39, 67, 69, 83, NSC II;

FAC ¶¶ 113, 115, NSC III. Thus, to the extent a remedy would be available to the plaintiff under

23
The CIA made it very clear in its motions to dismiss that it was seeking dismissal of the plaintiff’s mandamus
claims under both Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6). See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 5–6; Defs.’ 445 Mem. at 5–6.

45
the Mandamus Act, an identical and adequate injunctive remedy would be available to the

plaintiff under the FOIA. See Payne, 837 F.2d at 494 (“The FOIA imposes no limits on courts’

equitable powers in enforcing its terms.”); Muttitt, 813 F. Supp. 2d at 228–29. Likewise to the

extent that a remedy is unavailable to the plaintiff under the FOIA for any particular policy or

practice, a remedy would be equally unavailable under the Mandamus Act. It necessarily

follows that the plaintiff cannot plead any facts that would show that there is no other adequate

remedy available, and therefore all of the plaintiff’s remaining Mandamus Act claims—Counts

Four, Seven, Thirteen, and Sixteen of No. 11-444—will be dismissed.

C. Remaining Policy-or-Practice Claims

With the universe of remaining policy-or-practice claims now narrowed to the nine

causes of action alleged under the FOIA itself and the one cause of action under the APA, 24 the

Court will now discuss whether the plaintiff has succeeded in pleading a claim for relief for any

of those alleged policies or practices. The CIA moves to dismiss each of these policy-or-practice

claims for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 12–20; Defs.’

445 Mem. at 10–19.

1. Aggregate Data Policy

The plaintiff challenges the CIA’s alleged Aggregate Data Policy (i.e., refusing to

process FOIA requests that seek “aggregate data”) in Count Two of No. 11-444. See FAC ¶¶ 12,

14, NSC II. The requests for what the plaintiff terms “aggregate data” have sought database

listings sorted by various criteria. In particular, the plaintiff points to two examples of

“aggregate data” requests that the CIA has refused to process: (1) a request for “database listings

of all FOIA requesters from Fiscal Years 2008–2010 according to the fee categories to which

24
Once again, these ten policies or practices exclude Assignment of Rights Policy discussed above. See discussion
supra Part III.A.1.

46
CIA assigned them,” and (2) a request for “a record that would indicate the ten individuals

responsible for the most FOIA requests submitted (each) in Fiscal Years 2008, 2009, and 2010.”

Id. ¶¶ 6, 42. The CIA refused to process these requests either on the grounds that its record

systems were not configured in a way that would allow it to perform an adequate search without

an unreasonable effort or on the grounds that the FOIA does not require federal agencies to

create records, collect information, conduct research, analyze data, or conduct unreasonable

searches. See Lutz Decl. Exs. E–H, L.

The CIA argues that the plaintiff’s challenge to the alleged Aggregate Data Policy should

be dismissed for failure to state a claim because, assuming that such a policy exists, it would not

violate the FOIA. See Def.’s 444 Mem. at 13–14. The CIA maintains that processing requests

for database listings would (a) require it to create new records, as opposed to merely producing

preexisting records and/or (b) require it to conduct research, as opposed to merely performing a

search. Id.; Reply in Supp. Def.’s Partial Mot. Dismiss Pl.’s First Am. Compl. (“Def.’s 444

Reply”) at 14, NSC II, ECF No. 18. The CIA further argues that, because the FOIA does not

require agencies to create new records or conduct research, a policy of refusing to do so does not

violate the FOIA. Def.’s 444 Reply at 14. The plaintiff responds, however, that the act of

sorting a database by certain criteria (e.g., fee category of requester) and providing a listing of

that database so sorted does not constitute creating new records or conducting research—rather,

it merely constitutes performing a search and producing the results of that search. See Pl.’s 444

Opp’n at 21.

The CIA is correct, and the plaintiff appears to agree, that “the FOIA imposes no duty on

the agency to create records.” Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169, 186 (1980) (citing NLRB v.

Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 161–62 (1975)); accord Yeager v. DEA, 678 F.2d 315, 321

47
(D.C. Cir. 1982) (“It is well settled that an agency is not required by FOIA to create a document

that does not exist in order to satisfy a request.”). The FOIA also does not require agencies to

conduct research by “answer[ing] questions disguised as a FOIA request.” Hudgins v. IRS, 620

F. Supp. 19, 21 (D.D.C. 1985), aff’d mem., 808 F.2d 137 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see also Frank v. U.S.

Dep’t of Justice, 941 F. Supp. 4, 5 (1996) (holding that agencies are “not required, by FOIA or

by any other statute, to dig out all the information that might exist, in whatever form or place it

might be found, and to create a document that answers plaintiff’s question”). The dispute with

respect to the alleged Aggregate Data Policy, however, is whether the plaintiff’s FOIA requests

for “aggregate data” require the CIA to create new records or conduct research to answer

questions.

The 1996 Electronic FOIA Amendments (“E-FOIA Amendments”) provide some useful

context in understanding what is required of agencies in running searches in an era when

“agencies increasingly use computers to conduct agency business and to store publicly valuable

agency records and information.” Pub. L. No. 104-231, § 2(a)(5), 110 Stat. 3048, 3048 (1996).

The E-FOIA Amendments were intended to “maximize the usefulness of agency records and

information collected, maintained, used, retained, and disseminated by the Federal Government.”

Id. § 2(b)(4), 110 Stat. at 3049. Congress provided in the Amendments that, “[g]overnment

agencies should use new technology to enhance public access to agency records and

information.” Id. § 2(a)(6), 110 Stat. at 3048. Thus, the Amendments expanded the definition of

a “record” to include “any information that would be an agency record . . . when maintained by

an agency in any format, including an electronic format,” id. § 3, 110 Stat. at 3049 (emphasis

added), and they expanded the definition of “search” to mean “to review, manually or by

automated means,” id. § 5, 110 Stat. at 3050 (emphasis added). The Amendments also added the

48
provision that, “[i]n responding . . . to a request for records, an agency shall make reasonable

efforts to search for the records in electronic form or format, except when such efforts would

significantly interfere with the operation of the agency’s automated information system.” Id. In

light of these changes to the FOIA regime, “[e]lectronic database searches are . . . not regarded

as involving the creation of new records.” People for the Am. Way Found. v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 451 F. Supp. 2d 6, 14 (D.D.C. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also H.R.

Rep. 104-795, at 22 (1996) (“Computer records found in a database rather than a file cabinet may

require the application of codes or some form of programming to retrieve the information. . . .

[T]he review of computerized records would not amount to the creation of records.”).

In responding to a FOIA request for “aggregate data,” therefore, an agency need not

create a new database or a reorganize its method of archiving data, but if the agency already

stores records in an electronic database, searching that database does not involve the creation of a

new record. Likewise, sorting a pre-existing database of information to make information

intelligible does not involve the creation of a new record because, as Congress noted in the

legislative history to the E-FOIA Amendments, “[c]omputer records found in a database rather

than a file cabinet may require the application of codes or some form of programming to retrieve

the information.” H.R. Rep. 104-795, at 22. Sorting a database by a particular data field (e.g.,

date, category, title) is essentially “the application of codes or some form of programming,” and

thus does not involve creating new records or conducting research—it is just another form of

searching that is within the scope of an agency’s duties in responding to FOIA requests.

Nevertheless, the distinction between searching and either performing research or

creating records remains somewhat muddled. In particular, there is a tension between the well-

settled prohibition against requiring agencies to conduct research and create records, and the

49
policy of the E-FOIA Amendments to bring the contents of electronic databases within the

FOIA’s reach. When points of data are stored in a database, that data can often be manipulated

in myriad ways, only some of which are likely to qualify as mere “searching” within the meaning

of the FOIA. See, e.g., Labella v. FBI, No. 11-CV-0023, 2012 WL 948567 at *12 n.12

(E.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2012) (observing that “FOIA did not obligate the [defendant] to provide [the

plaintiff] with ‘aggregate data’” where the plaintiff sought “‘aggregate data’ related to the victim

class and distinct subgroups of” the Supplemental Victimization Survey to the National Crime

Victimization Survey). Although the E-FOIA Amendments condone “the application of codes or

some form of programming to retrieve the information” contained in an electronic database,

neither the text of the statute nor the legislative history provides any guidance on when the

manipulation of data points in an electronic database through “the application of codes or some

form of programming” crosses the all-important line between searching a database, on the one

hand, and either creating a record or conducting research in a database on the other.

With this tension in mind, although the act of searching or sorting an electronic database

is clearly not the creation of a record under the FOIA, the question remains whether producing a

listing of database search results involves the creation of a record. First, it is important to note

that it is not unprecedented for a federal agency to produce entire fields of data from particular

electronic databases in response to a FOIA request, see, e.g., Long v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 450

F. Supp. 2d 42, 48 (D.D.C. 2006) (DOJ produced several fields from “the EOUSA’s central case

management data under the FOIA”), and such requests could certainly be considered requests for

“aggregate data.” Producing a listing or index of records, however, is different than producing

particular points of data (i.e., the records themselves). This is because a particular listing or

index of the contents of a database would not necessarily have existed prior to a given FOIA

50
request. For example, a request seeking “a database listing of the first 100 FOIA requests filed

in Fiscal Year 2012,” may require the creation of a new record because the record being

requested—whether produced in the format of a printout, a “screen shot,” or something similar—
25
is not necessarily something “that an agency has in fact chosen to create and retain.” Yeager,

678 F.2d at 321. The same would be true of paper, rather than electronic, records. For example,

if a FOIA request sought “an inventory of all non-electronic records created in 1962 regarding

the Cuban Missile Crisis,” an agency need not create an inventory if one did not already exist,

though the agency would need to release any such non-electronic records themselves if they were

requested and were not exempt from disclosure. Therefore, a FOIA request for a listing or index

of a database’s contents that does not seek the contents of the database, but instead essentially

seeks information about those contents, is a request that requires the creation of a new record,

insofar as the agency has not previously created and retained such a listing or index. 26 See

People for the American Way, 451 F. Supp. 2d at 15 (producing a “list of records returned from

[a database] search” is “something that FOIA does not mandate” because “the list was not

previously created or obtained by the agency” and “an order that defendant produce such a list

would be tantamount to requiring the defendant to create an agency record”).

25
These were the sort of records sought by the plaintiff in its requests for “aggregate data.” See Pl.’s 444 Opp’n Ex.
A at 1 (seeking “a list, index, printout, or similar document”); id. Ex. B at 1, 4, 7, 10 (seeking “database listing[s]”);
id. Ex. E at 53 (seeking “an index or comparable list”). The first two of these requests were incorporated by
reference in the First Amended Complaint. See FAC ¶¶ 6, 42, NSC II.
26
Similarly, requests for aggregate data, even if they seek data itself rather than a database listing or index, may
nevertheless require an agency to perform research in response to a FOIA request—something courts have long held
agencies are also not required to do. See, e.g., Hudgins, 620 F. Supp. at 21. Congress contemplated this possibility
in the E-FOIA Amendments by stating that when an agency responds to a FOIA request, it “shall make reasonable
efforts to search for the records in electronic form or format, except when such efforts would significantly interfere
with the operation of the agency’s automated information system.” Pub. L. No. 104-231, § 5, 110 Stat. at 3050.
Thus, if a FOIA request for “aggregate data” would require an unreasonably burdensome electronic search within
the confines of an agency’s automated information system, an agency need not conduct the search. See, e.g., Wolf v.
CIA, 569 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2008) (agreeing that the CIA was not required to search its microfilm files
“because such a search would be unduly burdensome and exceed the requirements of FOIA”).

51
Even so, deciding whether or not the plaintiff has stated a claim for relief in its challenge

to the CIA’s alleged Aggregate Data Policy (Count Two of No. 11-444) is an exceedingly close

call because the phrase used by the plaintiff in its First Amended Complaint—“aggregate

data”—is ambiguous. Whether or not the claim can survive depends upon whether, in light of

the specific examples of “aggregate data” requests provided by the plaintiff in its First Amended

Complaint (i.e., Counts One and Eight), it would be reasonable to construe the plaintiff’s

allegations to include requests for aggregate data itself, as opposed to including only requests for

“database listings” or “printouts” of such listings. The plaintiff seems to contend that a request

for a “database listing” or “printout” of such a listing is a proper FOIA request on its face, see

Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 20–21, which is incorrect, as the Court’s discussion above makes clear. One

of the two specific FOIA requests that the plaintiff alleges as an example of an “aggregate data”

request, however, sought, in the alternative, the underlying records themselves, see id. Ex. A at 2

(seeking, in the alternative, “[a]ll FOIA request letters submitted to the CIA for each year”),

which would not require the creation of a record. 27 Even so, this single request is insufficient to

allege the existence of a policy or practice of the CIA refusing to produce the contents of an

electronic database because it could just as easily have been an isolated incident. See Iqbal, 556

U.S. at 678 (complaint must plead facts that are more than “‘merely consistent with’ a

defendant’s liability”). Therefore, the plaintiff has failed to state claim for relief challenging the

CIA’s alleged Aggregate Data Policy, and Count Two in No. 11-444 will be dismissed.

The Court pauses, however, to note the perverse practical consequences of the CIA’s

choice to refuse to provide database listings in response to FOIA requests. The FOIA requires

agencies to disclose all non-exempt data points that it retains in electronic databases, see, e.g.,

27
The FOIA request that contains this alternative request is incorporated by reference in the First Amended
Complaint. See FAC ¶ 42, NSC II.

52
Long, 450 F. Supp. 2d at 48, and thus although the CIA may not be required to produce an index

or database listing in response to a FOIA request, it can be required to hand over the contents of

entire databases of information to the extent those contents are not exempt from disclosure. 28

Although producing the contents of a database would likely involve the same search burden upon

an agency as producing a database listing, the production of a database listing would entail a

substantially lighter production burden upon the agency. Despite the fact that the CIA can

continue to escape the production of database listings under the FOIA if it wishes, the CIA may

nevertheless find it more efficient to begin producing such database listings upon request

because failing to do so may prompt requesters to seek the reams of data underlying such listings

instead. 29

2. Reasonably Describe Policy

The plaintiff challenges the CIA’s alleged Resonably Describe policy in Count Eleven of

No. 11-444, claiming that the CIA regularly refuses to process FOIA requests that the CIA

deems not to “reasonably describe” the records sought. See FAC ¶¶ 56–61, NSC II. The

plaintiff claims that this behavior constitutes a policy or practice of applying a definition of the

FOIA’s “reasonably describes” requirement that “is significantly and consistently broader than is

allowed by FOIA.” FAC ¶ 58, NSC II. In the same vein, the plaintiff alleges that “[i]n a

majority of these cases, CIA has cited the configuration of its records systems as a disqualifying

factor.” Id. Ultimately, the plaintiff takes issue with two aspects of the CIA’s interpretation of

28
In fact, the Executive Office for the U.S. Attorneys “regularly releases national caseload statistical data in
response to monthly requests under the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts.” The United States Attorneys
Office—FOIA/PA Reading Room, http://www.justice.gov/usao/reading_room/data/CaseStats.htm (last visited Oct.
17, 2012). The CIA could potentially be subject to similar monthly reporting of its database of FOIA request
information.
29
It also may prompt Congress to supplement current annual FOIA reporting requirements to include aggregate
data, such as the total number of FOIA requesters organized by fee category or the ten most prolific FOIA requesters
to an agency in a given fiscal year. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(e)(1).

53
the FOIA’s “reasonably describes” requirement. First, the plaintiff claims that the CIA has

inappropriately restricted the term “reasonably describe” by requiring requests to be couched “in

terms of the request’s compatibility with existing indexing systems.” Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 23.

Second, the plaintiff claims that the defendant has adopted an overbroad interpretation of terms

like “relating to” and “pertaining to” in concluding that those terms render descriptions

unreasonably vague. See Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s 444 Summ. J. Opp’n”) at

19, NSC II, ECF No. 26. 30

Beginning with the first aspect, the CIA argues that the plaintiff’s challenge to the

Reasonably Describe Policy should be dismissed for failure to state a claim because determining

whether a request reasonably describes the records sought “depends both on the nature of the

request and the type of records system an agency has.” Def.’s 444 Mem. at 16. In support of

this argument, the CIA cites its own FOIA regulation, which states:

A request need only reasonably describe the records of interest. This means that
documents must be described sufficiently to enable a professional employee
familiar with the subject to locate the documents with a reasonable effort.
Commonly this equates to a requirement that the documents must be locatable
through the indexing of our various systems.

32 C.F.R. § 1900.12 (emphasis added). The CIA’s FOIA regulations also define reasonably

described records to mean “a description of a document (record) by unique identification number

or descriptive terms which permit an Agency employee to locate documents with reasonable

effort given existing indices and finding aids.” Id. § 1900.02(m) (emphasis added). In response,

however, the plaintiff likewise cites these regulations, but it argues that their language

“restricting th[e] definition [of ‘reasonably describes’] in terms of the request’s compatibility
30
Indeed, the plaintiff goes so far as to argue in its opposition to the CIA’s motion for summary judgment in No. 11-
444 that it “feels comfortable in saying” that the defendant’s overbroad interpretation of terms like “relating to” and
“pertaining to” is “likely the worst component of the ‘overbroad application of “reasonably describe”’ pattern or
practice it seeks to overturn in Count 11,” Pl.’s 444 Summ. J. Opp’n at 19, even though the plaintiff failed to
reference this argument at all in its opposition to the CIA’s motion to dismiss. The Court will address this argument
anyway, in the interest of providing a comprehensive analysis of the plaintiff’s challenge.

54
with existing index systems is an impermissible interpretation of Congress’s intent and therefore

must be rejected.” Pl.’s 444 Opp’n at 23.

Whether or not the CIA’s interpretation of the term “reasonably describes” in the FOIA is

inconsistent with the FOIA is a purely legal question of statutory interpretation that the Court

will review de novo. See United States v. Cook, 594 F.3d 883, 886 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (holding that

“the proper interpretation of a statute is a question of law”); Collins v. Nat’l Transp. Safety Bd.,

351 F.3d 1246, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“For generic statutes like the APA, FOIA, and [Federal

Advisory Committee Act], the broadly sprawling applicability undermines any basis for

deference, and courts must therefore review interpretive questions de novo.”); Tax Analysts v.

IRS, 117 F.3d 607, 613 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“The meaning of FOIA should be the same no matter

which agency is asked to produce its records.”) Therefore, “because a court can fully

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2661644. Public record. Not legal advice.