# Voices of Wetlands v. STATE WATER RES. BD.

> California Court of Appeal · January 10, 2008 · 69 Cal. Rptr. 3d 487

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2255341

## Case

- **Court:** California Court of Appeal
- **Decided:** January 10, 2008
- **Citations:** 69 Cal. Rptr. 3d 487; 157 Cal. App. 4th 1268
- **Precedential status:** Published
- **Opinion:** Opinion
- **Judges:** McAdams
- **Cited by:** 1 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

69 Cal.Rptr.3d 487 (2007)
157 Cal.App.4th 1268
VOICES OF the WETLANDS, Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CALIFORNIA STATE WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD, et al. Defendants and Appellants. Duke Energy Moss Landing, LLC, et al. Real Parties in Interest and Appellants.
No. H028021.
Court of Appeal of California, Sixth District.
December 14, 2007.
As modified on Denial of Rehearing January 10, 2008.
*494 Deborah A. Sivas, Stanford Law School, Environmental Clinic, Stanford, CA, for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Anita E. Ruud, Office of the Attorney General, San Francisco, CA, for Defendants and Appellants.
Sarah Gemma Flanagan, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, LLP, San Francisco, CA, for Real Parties in Interest and Appellants.
McADAMS, J.
This litigation arose from administrative approvals of a project to modify the Moss Landing Power Plant, which is located in Monterey County. In connection with state energy commission certification proceedings for the project, the regional water board issued a federal water pollution permit. Appellant challenged the issuance of that permit. Following two judicial hearings punctuated by an administrative remand, the trial court dismissed appellant's administrative mandamus petition. This appeal and cross-appeal followed. The complex issues before us include procedural challenges to the trial court's jurisdiction and to its interim remand. The parties also dispute the sufficiency of the evidence supporting issuance of the water permit, both before and after remand, and the proper application of the governing statute. For reasons explained in this opinion, we affirm the trial court's final judgment denying appellant's petition for writ of mandate.
INTRODUCTION
The Parties: This action was initiated by Voices of the Wetlands, petitioner below and appellant and cross-respondent on appeal. Appellant is a nonprofit association of individuals dedicated to preserving Elkhorn Slough. Respondents in the trial court were two state agencies (collectively, the Water Boards): the California State Water Resources Control Board (State Board) and the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, Central Coast Region (Regional Board). Real party in interest are Duke Energy Moss Landing, LLC, and Duke Energy North America, LLC (collectively, Duke). At all times relevant to this litigation, Duke owned and operated the Moss Landing Power Plant, which is located at the mouth of Elkhorn Slough. Both Duke and the Water Boards are respondents and cross-appellants on appeal (collectively, respondents).
The Challenged Administrative Decision: Appellant challenges a permit issued to Duke by the Regional Board, under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The NPDES permit allows Duke to cool the Moss Landing *495 Power Plant using water taken from Moss Landing Harbor and later discharged back into Monterey Bay. According to appellant, the issuance of the NPDES permit here violates federal law, because the Water Boards did not require Duke to use the best technology available to minimize adverse environmental effects, as required by federal law. [1] Citing several specific grounds, appellant attacks the Boards' approval of once-through cooling, claiming that it kills unacceptable numbers of aquatic larvae.
Judicial Proceedings: After the State Board declined to review the issuance of the NPDES permit, appellant brought judicial proceedings in the superior court. Respondents demurred, asserting that the court lacked jurisdiction to hear the matter because the controversy arose from certification proceedings conducted by the California State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission (Energy Commission) and judicial review of such proceedings may be had only in the California Supreme Court. After overruling respondents' demurrer, the court conducted a hearing, ordered a limited remand to the Regional Board, and later conducted a second hearing, ultimately denying appellant's writ petition. The ensuing judgment culminated in this appeal and cross-appeal.
BACKGROUND
This litigation arose from Duke's 1999 application to modernize its Moss Landing Power Plant. The plant, previously owned by Pacific Gas and Electric, has been in continuous operation since 1950. Duke proposed to replace five old units at the Moss Landing Power Plant with two new 530-megawatt, natural gas fired, combined cycle generating units.
As described in the Energy Commission's October 2000 decision, the Moss Landing Power Plant is located in a biologically sensitive area, just south of "the Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, which adjoins the much larger ... Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary near Moss Landing Harbor about midway between the cities of Santa Cruz and Monterey." The Elkhorn Slough is "a biological gem" and "a biologically rich wetland system, providing habitat for hundreds of resident and migratory bird species." The slough is home to a "great diversity of rare plants and animals" and it also "serves as an important nursery and source of nutrients for Monterey Bay." And "Elkhorn Slough is one of the few relatively large coastal wetlands remaining in California."
As proposed, the two new generating units would use seawater from the harbor for once-through cooling, the same basic technology utilized by the old units. Under section 316(b) of the federal Clean Water Act, cooling water intake structures must reflect the best technology available (BTA) for minimizing adverse environmental impacts. When a plant draws water in, the environmental effects may include "impingement" and "entrainment." As explained in the Energy Commission's October 2000 decision: "Impingement occurs *496 from suction when the cooling water intake system holds organisms against the traveling screens. Entrainment is where [smaller] aquatic organisms such as larvae and fish eggs are drawn [through the screens] into the [plant's] cooling system." When the cooling water is later discharged at a higher temperature, the water body receiving it may suffer harmful thermal effects. The Regional Board required Duke to address both impingement and entrainment intake effects, as well as the thermal discharge impact.
SYNOPSIS OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Starting in 1999, Duke sought administrative approval to modernize the Moss Landing Power Plant. Duke applied for the necessary certification from the Energy Commission. Duke also applied to the Regional Board for an NPDES permit for the modified facility. The two agencies' evaluation processes were integrated. For one thing, as described in the Energy Commission's decision, "the Commission and the RWQCB [Regional Board] formed a Technical Working Group (TWG) made up of representatives from various regulatory agencies, the scientific community, and Duke Energy. The TWG met regularly on a monthly basis beginning in March 1999, holding approximately 13 meetings. The TWG worked to design biological resource studies and then validate the results of these studies."
In October 2000, the Energy Commission approved Duke's application for certification, subject to various conditions including compliance with the requirements of the NPDES permit. In November 2000, the Regional Board approved Duke's NPDES permit. As relevant here, the Regional Board required Duke to "upgrade the existing intake structure for the new units to minimize the impacts due to impingement of larger fish on the traveling screens...." In addition, "the Board, California Energy Commission, and Duke Energy ... developed an acquisition and aquatic habitat enhancement program" designed to "minimize adverse environmental effects of the intake system on the Elkhorn Slough watershed resources," which would be funded by a $7 million payment from Duke. [2] Appellant took an administrative appeal of the permit approval to the State Board, which rejected appellant's petition for administrative review in June 2001.
In July 2001, appellant instituted this judicial action, petitioning the Monterey County Superior Court for a writ of administrative mandamus to set aside the Water Boards' issuance of the NPDES permit. Duke and the Water Boards demurred to the petition, in part on the ground that the superior court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. The Energy Commission filed a memorandum as amicus curiae, supporting respondents' arguments. After the court overruled their demurrers, respondents opposed the petition on the merits.
Following a hearing in September 2002, the court filed its intended decision. In it, the court rejected one of the Regional *497 Board's NPDES permit findings, number 48, which concerned BTA for the cooling system. As the court put it: "Finding number 48 is not supported by the weight of the evidence." The court therefore ordered issuance of a writ of mandate "compelling the Regional Board to conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis of Best Technology Available applicable to the Moss Landing Power Plant." A writ did not issue, however. Instead, in March 2003, the court entered an order of remand to the Regional Board. The court retained jurisdiction while the remand was pending.
In April 2003, appellant filed a writ petition in this court, which challenged the trial court's decision to remand the matter to the Regional Board without first issuing a writ directing the agency to vacate the entire NPDES permit. We summarily denied appellant's writ petition.
In May 2003, the Regional Board conducted a further public hearing. After considering additional evidence, the Regional Board concluded that the challenged finding was supported by the weight of the evidence. Appellant appealed administratively to the State Board, again without success.
The parties returned to the trial court. In June 2004, the court filed an intended decision upholding the Regional Board's action on remand and denying appellant's petition. The following month, the court issued a statement of decision, reaching the same result.
These appellate proceedings followed.
CONTENTIONS
In its appeal, appellant argues: (1) the administrative remand process was fatally flawed; (2) the Water Boards improperly relied on the availability of an environmental enhancement fund in making the challenged determinations; and (3) the Regional Board erred in making its determination of best technology available, because it failed to apply a discernible standard and it acted with unfettered discretion.
The Water Boards and Duke dispute appellant's arguments. They also raise two additional claims by cross-appeal, both of which appellant refutes: (1) the trial court erred in overruling their demurrers to appellant's petition, because a statute bars judicial review in the superior court in proceedings involving power plant certification; and (2) the court erred in remanding the matter to the Regional Board, because ample evidence supported the original administrative approvals.
STATUTORY FRAMEWORK
We begin by summarizing the statutory framework that governs the issues before us. Because an NPDES permit is at issue here, federal and state water law applies. Because the project is a power plant, state law governing power plant approvals also comes into play. We briefly describe each pertinent body of law.
I. Federal Water Quality Law: The Clean Water Act
"The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates water quality in the nation's navigable waters pursuant to several statutes, the most important of which is the Clean Water Act." (2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law and Land Use Practice (2004) Water Quality Regulators, § 30.40, p. 30-55, fn. omitted.) The Clean Water Act (CWA) is codified at 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387 ; its official name is the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA). (See, e.g., City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 613, 620 , 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .)
*498 A. Overview
Congress passed the Clean Water Act in its present form in 1972. ( Rapanos v. United States (2006) ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 2208, 2225-2227 , 165 L.Ed.2d 159 (plur. opn.).) With that legislation, Congress "established a comprehensive water quality policy for the nation." ( City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 626 , 26 Cal. Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .)
"Before it was amended in 1972, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act employed ambient water quality standards specifying the acceptable levels of pollution in a State's interstate navigable waters as the primary mechanism in its program for the control of water pollution." ( Environmental Protection Agency v. State Water Resources Control Board (1976) 426 U.S. 200, 202 , 96 S.Ct. 2022 , 48 L.Ed.2d 578 , fns. omitted.) Under that system, it was "very difficult to develop and enforce standards to govern the conduct of individual polluters." ( Id. at pp. 202-203, 96 S.Ct. 2022 .) "In 1972, prompted by the conclusion of the Senate Committee on Public Works that `the Federal water pollution control program ... has been inadequate in every vital aspect,' Congress enacted the Amendments" that make up the current law. ( Id. at p. 203, 96 S.Ct. 2022 , fn. omitted.)
The 1972 federal legislation "introduced two major changes in the methods to set and enforce standards to abate and control water pollution. First, the Amendments are aimed at achieving maximum `effluent limitations' on `point sources,' as well as achieving acceptable water quality standards. A point source is `any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance ... from which pollutants are or may be discharged.' An `effluent limitation' in turn is `any restriction established by a State or the Administrator on quantities, rates, and concentrations of chemical, physical, biological, and other constituents which are discharged from point sources ... including schedules of compliance.'" ( Environmental Protection Agency v. State Water Resources Control Board, supra, 426 U.S. at p. 204 , 96 S.Ct. 2022 , fns. omitted, citing 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251 , 1262.) "Second, the Amendments establish the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) as a means of achieving and enforcing the effluent limitations. Under the NPDES, it is unlawful for any person to discharge a pollutant without obtaining a permit and complying with its terms. An NPDES permit serves to transform generally applicable effluent limitations and other standards including those based on water quality into the obligations (including a timetable for compliance) of the individual discharger, and the Amendments provide for direct administrative and judicial enforcement of permits." ( Id. at p. 205, 96 S.Ct. 2022 , fns. omitted, citing 33 U.S.C. §§ 1319 ,1365.)
The goal of the 1972 act is "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." ( 33 U.S.C.A. § 1251 (a); see Rapanos v. United States, supra, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 2208 , 165 L.Ed.2d 159 .)
B. Operation
Congress entrusted the EPA with primary authority for implementing the Clean Water Act. ( 33 U.S.C.A. § 1251 ; see generally 2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 30.40, p. 313-55.) The EPA's statutory authority includes responsibility for issuing NPDES permits. ( 33 U.S.C.A. § 1342 (a).)
"Congress also provided that a State may issue NPDES permits `for discharges into navigable waters within its jurisdiction,' but only upon EPA approval of the State's proposal to administer its own program." *499 ( Environmental Protection Agency v. State Water Resources Control Board, supra, 426 U.S. at p. 208 , 96 S.Ct. 2022 ; 33 U.S.C.A. § 1342 (b).) "Under the federal Clean Water Act, each state is free to enforce its own water quality laws so long as its effluent limitations are not `less stringent' than those set out in the Clean Water Act. ( 33 U.S.C. § 1370 .)" ( City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 620 , 26 Cal. Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .) In such cases, the EPA suspends its issuance of NPDES permits in favor of the state's approved program. ( 33 U.S.C.A. § 1342 (b); Environmental Protection Agency v. State Water Resources Control Board, supra, 426 U.S. at p. 208, fn. 17 , 96 S.Ct. 2022 .) But the EPA "retains authority to review operation of a State's permit program." ( Id. at p. 208, 96 S.Ct. 2022 ; see also, e.g., National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife (2007) ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 2518, 2525 , 168 L.Ed.2d 467 ; ibid., fn. 1.)
II. State Water Law: the Porter-Cologne Act
"In California, the controlling law is the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (Porter-Cologne Act), which was enacted in 1969." ( City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 619 , 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .) The Porter-Cologne Act preceded the federal Clean Water Act by three years. ( Id. at p. 625, 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .) The state statute is codified in the Water Code, Division 7, at sections 13000-14076.
A. Overview
The goal of the Porter-Cologne Act "is `to attain the highest water quality which is reasonable, considering all demands being made and to be made on those waters and the total values involved, beneficial and detrimental, economic and social, tangible and intangible.'" ( City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 619 , 26 Cal. Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 , quoting Wat. Code, § 13000.) "The task of accomplishing this belongs to the State Water Resources Control Board (State Board) and the nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards; together the State Water Board and the Regional Water Boards comprise `the principal state agencies with primary responsibility for the coordination and control of water quality.'" ( Ibid., quoting Wat.Code, § 13001.)
In 1972, the California Legislature amended the "Porter-Cologne Act `to ensure consistency with the requirements for state programs implementing the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.' ([Wat.Code] § 13372.)" ( City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 620 , 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .) "On May 14, 1973, the Acting EPA Administrator approved the State of California's request to administer its own NPDES permit program and, effective that date, suspended EPA issuance of all permits for `all discharges in the State of California, other than those from agencies and instrumentalities of the Federal government.'" ( Environmental Protection Agency v. State Water Resources Control Board, supra, 426 U.S. at p. 209 , 96 S.Ct. 2022 .) "California was the first state in the nation to be authorized to issue National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, which regulate the discharge of pollutants to surface waters." (2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 31.08, p. 31-13, fn. omitted.)
The state's water agencies thus perform a "dual role" of "implementing state law relating to water quality and carrying out *500 a delegated administrative responsibility over the more precise and far-reaching system of federal law." ( WaterKeepers Northern California v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2002) 102 Cal.App.4th 1448,1451-1452 , 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 389 .)
B. Operation
"In California, wastewater discharge requirements established by the Regional Water Boards are the equivalent of the NPDES permits required by federal law. ([Wat.Code] § 13374.)" ( City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 621 , 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .) But Water Code section 13374 requires "equivalency only for purposes of state compliance with the minimum requirements of the federal mandate. The federal law does not preclude the state from utilizing its broader authority to regulate [other] sources of pollution by means of its waste discharge permit system." ( Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1421, 1431 , 259 Cal.Rptr. 132 .)
In issuing federal NPDES permits under the Clean Water Act, the State Board "is designated as the state water pollution control agency for all purposes stated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [i.e., the Clean Water Act]." (Wat.Code, § 13160.) California implements its delegated permitting authority through its regional water boards. (See Wat.Code, § 13263; see also, id., §§ 13260, 13376; see generally, 2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 30.40, p. 30-55; 57 Ops.Atty.Gen. 19, 20 (1974).) The Regional Water Boards are also responsible for implementing state water law. "The actual administration of the Porter-Cologne Act rests on the power of the Regional Boards to prescribe waste discharge requirements for all persons discharging waste into inland surface waters, enclosed bays and estuaries within their jurisdiction. (Wat.Code, § 13263.)" ( WaterKeepers Northern California v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 102 Cal.App.4th at p. 1452 , 126 Cal.Rptr.2d 389 .) California's "statewide program of water quality control ... provides for regional administration within the framework of statewide coordination and policy." ( Hampson v. Superior Court (1977) 67 Cal. App.3d 472, 484 , 136 Cal.Rptr. 722 .)
C. Review
"A party who is aggrieved by an order or decision of a regional board may seek administrative review of that order or decision by petition to the State Board. (Wat.Code, § 13320, subd. (a).)" ( Johnson v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1107, 1112 , 20 Cal. Rptr.3d 441 ; see also, e.g., Cal.Code of Regs., tit. 23, § 2050; Hampson v. Superior Court, supra, 67 Cal.App.3d at p. 484 , 136 Cal.Rptr. 722 .) Administrative review by the State Board is discretionary. ( Johnson v. State Water Resources Control Bd ., at pp. 1112-1113, 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 441 ; People ex rel. Cal. Regional Wat. Quality Control Bd. v. Barry (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 158, 172 , 239 Cal.Rptr. 349 .)
If the State Board grants review, its decision is subject to judicial review by means of a petition for writ of administrative mandamus filed in the superior court. (WatCode, § 13330, subd. (a).) If the State Board denies review, "the statutory scheme ... provides for direct judicial review" of the challenged Regional Water Board decision, likewise by superior court mandamus petition. ( Johnson v. State Water Resources Control Bd, supra, 123 Cal.App.4th at p. 1114 , 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 441 ; Wat.Code, § 13330, subd. (b).)
*501 III. State Law Governing Power Plant Approvals: the Warren-Alquist Act
The California statutory scheme governing power plants is entitled the Warren-Alquist State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Act. (Pub. Resources Code, § 25000.) The provisions of the Warren-Alquist Act are contained in Division 15 of the Public Resources Code, at sections 25000 et seq.
A. Overview
The Warren-Alquist Act governs the siting of "thermal powerplants" as statutorily defined. The Act includes the following relevant definitions: "`Site' means any location on which a facility is constructed or is proposed to be constructed." (Pub.Res. Code, § 25119.) "`Facility' means any electric transmission line or thermal powerplant, or both electric transmission line and thermal powerplant, regulated according to the provisions of this division." (Id., § 25110.) "`Thermal powerplant' means any stationary or floating electrical generating facility using any source of thermal energy, with a generating capacity of 50 megawatts or more, and any facilities appurtenant thereto." ( Id., § 25120.) "`Modification of an existing facility' means any alteration, replacement, or improvement of equipment that results in a 50-megawatt or more increase in the electric generating capacity of an existing thermal powerplant or an increase of 25 percent in the peak operating voltage or peak kilowatt capacity of an existing electric transmission line." ( Id., § 25123.)
Pursuant to the Warren-Alquist Act, the California Energy Commission has "the exclusive power to certify all sites and related facilities in the state, whether a new site and related facility or a change or addition to an existing facility. The issuance of a certificate by the commission shall be in lieu of any permit, certificate, or similar document required by any state, local or regional agency, or federal agency to the extent permitted by federal law, for such use of the site...." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25500.)
Under this statutory scheme, the "Energy Commission is the `one stop shopping' center for power plant licenses in California. It exercises the State's ultimate authority in reviewing and mitigating the environmental impacts of these plants." (5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, Power Plant Siting, § 75A.01, p. 75A-4.) "As defined in the Warren-Alquist Act, the Commission's jurisdiction over power plant siting is all encompassing." ( Id. at § 75A.03, p. 75A-6.)
B. Operation
The Warren-Alquist Act provides that "no construction of any facility or modification of any existing facility shall be commenced without first obtaining certification for any such site and related facility by the commission, as prescribed in this division." (Pub. Res.Code, § 25500 [referring to Division 15].)
Nominally, the first step in the administrative certification process is "a notice of intention to file an application for the certification of the site and related facility or facilities." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25502.) "The purpose of the notice of intent is to determine whether the proposed site or sites are suitable to accommodate the proposed facility, and whether the proposals comply with Energy Commission standards and demand forecasts." (58 Ops. Atty.Gen. 729, 731 (1975); id. at p. 742.) By statute, however, certain applicants are exempt from filing a notice of intention (NOI). (See Pub. Res.Code, § 25540.6.) "The NOI process has not been used for over 10 years.... At present, all projects actually being proposed in California are *502 exempt from the NOI process." (5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 75A.04[1], p. 75A-10, fn. omitted.)
Regardless of whether a notice of intention is required, every applicant wishing to construct or modify a thermal power plant must file an Application for Certification (AFC) with the Energy Commission. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25519, subd. (a); 58 Ops. Atty.Gen. 729, 731 [1975]; 5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 75A.04[2][a], [b], p. 75A-10 to 75A-11.) "Once the AFC is filed, it must be determined by the Commission to be `data adequate,' i.e, complete, based on informational requirements in the Commission's regulations." (5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 75A.04[2][c], pp. 75A-11 to 75A-12; Pub. Res.Code, § 25519, subd. (b); Cal.Code Regs, tit. 20, § 1709.) "After acceptance of the AFC as `data adequate,' the Commission's staff then issues a preliminary Staff Assessment (`PSA') of the project, and the parties may file comments on the PSA." (5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 75A.04[3][a], p. 75A-12, fn. omitted.) After staff workshops and the opportunity for public comment, the staff prepares a Final Staff Assessment (FSA). ( Ibid.; Cal.Code of Regs., tit. 20, §§ 1742-1744.) By gubernatorial executive order issued in February 2001, effective through December 2001, the FSA operates as the equivalent of an environmental impact report under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 861, 867, 878 , 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420 ; see also Pub. Res.Code, § 21080.5, subd. (a) [exemption from CEQA for certified regulatory programs].) "The order was intended to expedite the processing of applications for power plants by ensuring that the necessary environmental review of such proposals would be completed more quickly." ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist ., at p. 878, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420 .)
In addition to assessment by its own staff, the Energy Commission is required to transmit a copy of the application for certification (AFC) to various interested agencies and to elicit their comments. The statute specifically includes "local governmental agencies having land use and related jurisdiction in the area of the proposed site and related facility." (Pub.Res. Code, § 25519, subd. (f).) It also includes "each federal and state agency having jurisdiction or special interest in matters pertinent to the proposed site and related facilities and to the Attorney General." ( Id., subd. (g).)
Once the staff assessment process is complete, an Energy Commission Siting Committee holds a series of public hearings. (Cal.Code of Regs, tit. 20, § 1748.) The committee then issues a proposed decision, called a Presiding Member's Proposed Decision, which is distributed for public review and comment. ( Id., § 1749.) After revisions, if any, and consequent further public comment, if warranted, the proposed decision is submitted to the full Commission, which either approves the AFC with conditions or denies it. ( Id., §§ 1753-1755; see generally 5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 75A.04 [5]-[8], pp. 75A-14 to 75A-16.)
The Energy Commission may not certify a proposed facility that does not conform with applicable federal, state, regional, or local laws, unless the commission makes special findings related to public convenience and necessity. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25525.)
C. Judicial Review
The Legislature has placed explicit limitations on judicial review of certification *503 decisions of the Energy Commission, as set forth in Public Resources Code section 25531. The first limitation relates to the judicial forum, which is now the California Supreme Court alone. The Warren-Alquist Act thus provides: "The decisions of the commission on any application for certification of a site and related facility are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of California." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25531, subd. (a).) Previously, appellate courts could also review such decisions, but the Supreme Court has been the exclusive forum for judicial review since May 2001. (Stats.2001-2002, 1st Ex.Sess, c. 12 (S.B. 28), § 8, eff. May 22, 2001.) In that regard, the statute now mirrors an even earlier predecessor provision, which entrusted exclusive jurisdiction of Energy Commission power plant siting decisions to the Supreme Court. ( County of Sonoma v. State Energy Resources Conservation etc. Com. (1985) 40 Cal.3d 361, 365-366 , 220 Cal.Rptr. 114 , 708 P.2d 693 ["the operative effect of section 25531 is to give this court exclusive jurisdiction over Energy Commission decisions that comprise a necessary ingredient of the certificate issued by the PUC"].)
The Legislature's intent in limiting judicial review in this fashion was to expedite the "final operative effect" of Energy Commission decisions. ( County of Sonoma v. State Energy Resources Conservation etc. Com., supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 368 , 220 Cal.Rptr. 114 , 708 P.2d 693 .) In doing so, the Legislature "sought to expedite the state's ultimate authorization of electric generating plants...." ( Id. at p. 370, 220 Cal.Rptr. 114 , 708 P.2d 693 .)
In addition to limiting the forum for review, Public Resources Code section 25531 expansively defines the subject matter within the Supreme Court's exclusive jurisdiction. It thus provides: "Subject to the right of judicial review of the decisions of the commission [by the Supreme Court], no court in this state has jurisdiction to hear or determine any case or controversy concerning any matter which was, or could have been, determined in a proceeding before the commission, or to stop or delay the construction or operation of any thermal powerplant except to enforce compliance with the provisions of a decision of the commission." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25531, subd. (c).)
With that statutory backdrop in mind, we turn to the parties' specific contentions, addressing them in the chronological order in which they arose below, and discussing the factual record as necessary. We begin with the question of the superior court's jurisdiction, raised below by respondents' demurrers to the petition and presented here by their cross-appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. Jurisdiction
The first issue before us is whether the superior court had subject matter jurisdiction to entertain appellant's petition for administrative mandamus. That question turns on which statute governs judicial review in this case, Porter-Cologne or Warren-Alquist.
A. The Statutes
1. The Porter-Cologne Act
As explained above, under the authority of the Porter-Cologne Act, the state's regional water boards implement the federal Clean Water Act, including its NPDES permit system. (Wat.Code § 13372; City of Burbank v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 620 , 26 Cal.Rptr.3d 304 , 108 P.3d 862 .)
Under the Act's judicial review provisions, jurisdiction is in the superior court. (Wat.Code, § 13330, subd. (b).) Porter-Cologne *504 thus provides: "Any party aggrieved by a final decision or order of a regional board for which the state board denies review may obtain review of the decision or order of the regional board in the superior court by filing in the court a petition for writ of mandate not later than 30 days from the date on which the state board denies review." ( Ibid. )
2. Warren-Alquist Act
The Warren-Alquist Act governs the approval of thermal power plants, a function entrusted exclusively to the Energy Commission. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25500.)
In terms of judicial review, challenges to Energy Commission siting decisions may be heard in only one judicial forum, the California Supreme Court. (Pub.Res. Code, § 25531, subd. (a).) No other state court "has jurisdiction to hear or determine any case or controversy concerning any matter which was, or could have been, determined in a proceeding before the commission, or to stop or delay the construction or operation of any thermal powerplant except to enforce compliance with the provisions of a decision of the commission." ( Id., subd. (c).)
B. Contentions
Appellant defends the trial court's decision to apply the judicial review provisions of the Porter-Cologne Act to this dispute. It argues: "The decision at issue in this litigation is not an Energy Commission decision under the Warren-Alquist Act. It * is a challenge to a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (`NPDES') permit issued by the [Regional Water Board], and subsequently upheld by the [State Board], pursuant to the state's federally delegated Clean Water Act program." According to appellant, "only the Water Boards are empowered to implement the delegated NPDES program in California." Appellant finds no statutory authority in the Warren-Alquist Act or elsewhere to "displace the Water Boards' exclusive jurisdiction" for this program. Additionally, appellant cites adverse policy implications that would arise from a contrary construction.
Respondents disagree. As they see it, when NPDES permits are issued in connection with power plant approvals, the Warren-Alquist Act coordinates administrative environmental review through the Energy Commission. By logical extension, judicial review is available only pursuant to the Warren-Alquist Act. In respondents' view, the disputed issue of best technology available was a "matter which was, or could have been, determined" in the Energy Commission proceeding under the statute. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25331, subd. (c).) For that reason, respondents assert, the superior court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.
As all parties recognize, the issue is one of statutory interpretation. We therefore begin our analysis by summarizing the pertinent canons of statutory construction.
C. Statutory Construction: General Principles
When charged with interpreting legislative acts, "our task is to determine afresh the intent of the Legislature by construing in context the language of the statute. In determining such intent, we begin with the language of the statute itself." ( Smith v. Rae-Venter Law Group (2002) 29 Cal.4th 345, 358 , 127 Cal.Rptr.2d 516 , 58 P.3d 367 , internal quotation marks and citations omitted.) In "giving due consideration" to statutory context, "we examine the legislative purpose in enacting the ... provision." ( Id. at pp. 358-359, 127 Cal.Rptr.2d 516 , 58 P.3d 367 , citations omitted.) Furthermore, as our high court has repeatedly emphasized, "every statute *505 should be construed with reference to the whole system of law of which it is a part, so that all may be harmonized and have effect." ( Moore v. Panish (1982) 32 Cal.3d 535, 541 , 186 Cal.Rptr. 475 , 652 P.2d 32 .) "Where as here two codes are to be construed, they `must be regarded as blending into each other and forming a single statute.' [Citation.] Accordingly, they `must be read together and so construed as to give effect, when possible, to all the provisions thereof.'" ( Tripp v. Swoap (1976) 17 Cal.3d 671, 679 , 131 Cal.Rptr. 789 , 552 P.2d 749 , overruled on another ground in Frink v. Prod (1982) 31 Cal.3d 166, 180 , 181 Cal.Rptr. 893 , 643 P.2d 476 .)
D. Analysis
With those principles in mind, we independently review the question of statutory construction presented here. (See, e.g., Yamaha Corp. of America v. State Bd. of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal.4th 1, 7 , 78 Cal.Rptr.2d 1 , 960 P.2d 1031 .) In order to resolve the parties' dispute about which body of state statutory law governs judicial review of the issuance of the NPDES permit—Warren-Alquist or Porter-Cologne— we must consider the agencies' respective responsibilities concerning the challenged administrative determination. We begin with the Energy Commission's role.
1. The Energy Commission's Role with Respect to the Challenged Determination
The relationship between the Energy Commission and the Regional Water Board is part of a bigger picture, which entails the Energy Commission's interaction with various governmental agencies that share overlapping interests in the construction or modification of power plants. As has been said: "One who would construct and operate a California power plant must first obtain an interconnected set of federal, state and regional agency approvals." ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 866 , 13 Cal. Rptr.3d 420 ; cf., Pacific Lumber Co. v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (2006) 37 Cal.4th 921, 935 , 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 220 , 126 P.3d 1040 [timber harvest permit approvals are subject to a "regulatory scheme that encourages interagency teamwork" but does not strip "state agencies of their respective authority to protect resources"].)
a. Interaction with other agencies generally
As the Warren-Alquist Act recognizes, other governmental agencies may share an interest in the Energy Commission's power plant siting decision. For that reason, the Act requires the Energy Commission to inform those agencies of the application for certification. As to local governments, the Act thus provides: "Upon receipt of an application, the commission shall forward the application to local governmental agencies having land use and related jurisdiction in the area of the proposed site and related facility." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25519, subd. (f).) As to other entities, the Act requires the Energy Commission to "transmit a copy of the application to each federal and state agency having jurisdiction or special interest in matters pertinent to the proposed site and related facilities and to the Attorney General." ( Id, subd.(g).) By regulation, the Energy Commission also must send the AFC "to the California Department of Fish and Game, to the Air [Pollution Control District in which the project is located, [and] to the Water Resources Control Board in which the project is located...." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 20, § 1714, subd. (c).) The Act further provides for the timely submission of feedback: "Local and state agencies having jurisdiction or special interest *506 in matters pertinent to the proposed site and related facilities shall provide their comments and recommendations on the project within 180 days of the date of filing of an application." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25519, subd.(h); see also Cal.Code Regs., tit. 20, §§ 1714-1714.5.) The Act also requires the Energy Commission to notify interested federal agencies of its determinations: "Upon approval of an application, the commission shall forward to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, and to other appropriate federal agencies, the results of its studies including the environmental impact report on the facility, the written decision on the facility contained in the application, and the commission's determination of facility safety and reliability as provided in Section 25511." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25537.)
b. Interaction with air pollution control districts
Because there are close parallels between water and air quality regulation, the Energy Commission's relationship with air pollution control districts is of particular relevance to our analysis. Before describing that relationship, we begin with some statutory background on air quality regulation.
As with the control of water pollution within California, our state's "air pollution regulatory program is based on provisions of both federal and California law." (2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 40.02, p. 40-6.) The applicable federal law is the Clean Air Act. ( 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.) As amended in 1990, Title V of the federal Clean Air Act operates much like the federal Clean Water Act, in that it "requires new, modified, and existing `major' and `affected' sources to obtain air pollution operating permits meeting uniform federal requirements." (2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 40.17, p. 40-30.) That amendment reflects a determination by Congress "to emulate the NPDES program in the [Clean Air] Act's 1990 Amendments." ( Ibid. ) "Congress intended that the [Clean Air Act] permit program be primarily administered and enforced by state and local government permitting authorities." ( Id, at p. 40-31, citing 42 U.S.C. `§§ 7661(4), 7661a(b).)
In California, the Clean Air Act is implemented by local air pollution control districts, which issue permits for the prevention of significant deterioration, called PSD permits. ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 866 , 13 Cal. Rptr.3d 420 .) The state statute thus provides: "Every district board may establish, by regulation, a permit system that requires ... that before any person builds, erects, alters, replaces, operates, or uses any article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance which may cause the issuance of air contaminants, the person obtain a permit to do so from the air pollution control officer of the district." (Health & Saf.Code, § 42300, subd. (a).) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved California's clean air program and delegated permitting authority to the state; the district therefore has authority to issue PSD permits pursuant to the federal Clean Air Act. ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist ., at p. 871, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420 .) The resulting authorizations are federal permits. ( Ibid. )
Like other state statutory schemes aimed at environmental protection, California's clean air statute—together with its accompanying regulations—mandates cooperation between the local air pollution control district and the state Energy Commission. "The [Energy] Commission and *507 the [Air Quality Management] District work together in their approval process. The Commission must obtain a determination of compliance from the District as part of its own air quality assessment during the certification process. The District officer reports this determination to the Commission. (Cal.Code Regs., tit. 20, § 1744.5, subd. (b); see Dist. Reg., rule 2-3-403.) A representative of the District appears at Commission hearings to present and explain that determination. (See Cal.Code Regs., tit. 20, §§ 1744.5, subd. (c), 1748.)" ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 879 , 13 Cal. Rptr.3d 420 .)
c. Interagency coordination here
In this the Energy Commission explained in its final Commission Decision: "During the siting process, Commission staff, as well as Duke Energy carried out extensive coordination with numerous local, state, and federal agencies. These included the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB), the Coastal Commission, the California Independent System Operator (Cal ISO), Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, California Department of Fish and Game, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Monterey Bay Unified Air Pollution Control District (MBUAPCD), Pacific Gas and Electric (PG & E), Monterey County, North County Fire Protection District, and Caltrans, as well as Intervenor California Unions for Reliable Energy (CURE), and interested local environmental groups and individual citizens in the community."
2. The Regional Board's Role with Respect to the Challenged Determination
As explained above, the State Board "is designated as the state water pollution control agency for all purposes stated in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [i.e., the Clean Water Act]." (Wat.Code, § 13160.) California implements its delegated federal permitting authority through its regional water boards. (See Wat.Code, § 13263; see also, id, §§ 13260, 13376; see generally, 2 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, § 30.40, p. 30-55; 57 Ops.Atty.Gen. 19, 20 (1974).)
In keeping with those statutory directives, the Regional Water Board was the agency that actually issued the challenged NPDES permit here.
3. Harmonizing the Two Agencies' Roles
When it comes to power plant siting, the Energy Commission possesses ultimate authority within the state. ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 879 , 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420 .) Subject only to its mandated cooperation with other agencies and compliance with applicable law, the Energy Commission's jurisdiction over power plant siting within California is "all encompassing." (5 Manaster & Selmi, Cal. Environmental Law, supra, Power Plant Siting, § 75A.03, p. 75A-6.)
"When an Energy Commission certificate is issued, it [will] supersede any conflicting local, regional or state statute, ordinance, or regulation." (58 Ops.Atty. Gen. 729, 731 [1975].) That being so, the Energy "Commission certificate constitutes the only state, local or regional approval necessary to construct and operate a power plant." ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management District, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 879 , 13 Cal. Rptr.3d 420 .) All other such approvals thus are effectively subsumed within the Energy Commission certificate. (Pub. Res.Code, § 25500 [Energy Commission's *508 certificate "shall be in lieu of any such approval "required by any state, local or regional agency"].)
The same cannot be said, however, when a necessary federal permit is at stake. One pertinent example is a PSD permit, issued by local air pollution control districts under the federal Clean Air Act for the prevention of significant deterioration of air quality. ( City of Morgan Hill v. Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 867 , 13 Cal. Rptr.3d 420 , citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 7470-7479 and 40 C.F.R. § 51.166 (2003).) A PSD permit "is a federal approval." ( City of Morgan Hill, at p. 879, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420.) As a federal approval, the PSD permit is not necessarily subsumed within the Energy Commission's certification in the way that state, local, and regional approvals are. (Pub. Res.Code, § 25500 [Energy Commission's certificate "shall be in lieu of any federal requirement but only to "the extent permitted by federal law"].)
By parity of reasoning, the same analysis applies to federal NPDES permits, such as the one issued by the Regional Board in this case. As the Energy Commission itself observed in its final decision here: "While the Commission reviews the overall power plant project, the [Regional Board] regulates the Project's intake and discharge systems via the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued pursuant to the federal Clean Water Act [citation]." A similar observation was made at the Regional Board's September 2000 meeting by its counsel. Explaining the interaction between the Energy Commission and the Regional Board, counsel said: "This board is the only agency that is authorized to issue NPDES permits in this region, under federal law. So [the Energy Commission's certification] must be consistent with the NPDES permit. It can have different things that are more stringent or different, as long as they don't conflict." In response to a board member's question, counsel explained further that the Energy Commission's proposed decision did not "act as a precedent or constraint" on the Regional Board's decision. And in its staff report for the September 2000 meeting, Regional Board staff expressed a similar view when `addressing a request by the Coastal Commission "that the Energy Commission preempt the NPDES permit...." In the stated view of the Regional Board's staff, the requested preemption "is not legal because only the State and Regional Boards have authority to implement the NPDES program in California."
In short, while the Energy Commission enjoys ultimate authority for power plant siting within California, the Regional Board is responsible for issuing any required federal NPDES permit. (Cf., National Wildlife Federation v. Consumers Power Co. (1987) 657 F.Supp. 989, 999 , reversed in part on another point in National Wildlife Federation v. Consumers Power Co. (1988) 862 F.2d 580, 581 [although power plant "construction and operation ... are subject to the control of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, that agency's "regulatory powers over hydro-electric projects" do not "preempt any concurrent regulation under the CWA"].) Although the two agencies' approvals are interconnected, the federal permit issued by the Regional Board is not automatically subsumed within the Energy Commission's certification.
4. Implications for Judicial Review
Under the Warren-Alquist Act, judicial review of the Energy Commission's powerplant certification may be had only by direct writ review in the California Supreme Court. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25531, subd. (a); City of Morgan Hill v. *509 Bay Area Air Quality Management Dist., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 868, fn. 8 , 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420 .) No other state court may hear or decide "any matter which was, or could have been, determined in a proceeding before the commission...." (Pub.Res. Code, § 25531, subd. (c).) Under the Porter-Cologne Act, by contrast, approval of the federal NPDES permit is subject to challenge by administrative mandamus in superior court. (Wat.Code, § 13330, subd. (b); [PSD permit].)
As we now explain, the judicial review provisions of the Porter-Cologne Act govern this controversy. We reach that conclusion after analyzing the subject matter of the determination, addressing the forum choices, and considering legislative intent.
a. Subject matter
As just explained, the NPDES permit issued here constitutes a separate federal approval needed for this project. As the Energy Commission itself acknowledged, the Regional Board is the agency that "regulates the Project's intake and discharge systems" by means of the NPDES permit.
We recognize that the Energy Commission in fact incorporated the requirements imposed on Duke by the Regional Board. The Energy Commission thus imposed the following as a condition of certification: "The project owner shall submit the final, approved National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit from the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board governing the discharge of the project's , once through cooling water to the Energy Commission. The project owner shall comply with all provisions of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit."
But we are not persuaded that incorporation of the permit requirements somehow converts them into a "matter which was, or could have been, determined" by the Energy Commission. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25531, subd. (c).) As noted above, the Commission must follow the laws governing other affected agencies: it "may not certify a facility ... when it finds ... that the facility does not conform with any applicable state, local, or regional standards...." (Pub.Res.Code, § 25525.) And it "may not make a finding in conflict with applicable federal law or regulation." ( Ibid. ) Consistent with that legal constraint, the Energy Commission made the following general finding in this case: "The Conditions of Certification contained in the accompanying text, if implemented by the Applicant, ensure that the project will be designed, sited, and operated in conformity with applicable local, regional, state, and federal laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards, including applicable public health and safety standards, and air and water quality standards." Among the laws it identified as applicable was the federal Clean Water Act.
In this context, we conclude, the NPDES permit requirements do not represent a "matter which was, or could have been, determined" by the Commission. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25531, subd. (c).) To the contrary, the matter was "determined" by the Regional Board and that determination was adopted by the Energy Commission in the course of discharging its own legal obligation.
b. Forum choice
Warren-Alquist and Porter-Cologne each provide for a different judicial forum, depending on whether the challenged decision is a power plant certification.
As our high court instructs, we must read these provisions together, giving effect *510 to both provisions if we can. ( Tripp v. Swoap, supra, 17 Cal.3d at p. 679 , 131 Cal.Rptr. 789 , 552 P.2d 749 .) Honoring that instruction, we conclude that both avenues for judicial review are open to an aggrieved party in a proper case.
The petitioner thus may seek writ review of a power plant certification in the California Supreme Court, while challenging an NPDES permit in superior court at the same or another time. [Supreme Court review of Energy Commission certification]; id. at p. 869, 13 Cal.Rptr.3d 420 [superior court review of PSD permit].) Review of a challenged decision thus may be had "by filing a petition for a writ of mandate in the superior court, unless the decision is one on an application for certification of a thermal power plant, in which case the petition must be filed in the Supreme Court." ( Santa Teresa Citizen Action Group v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Com. (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1441, 1446 , 130 Cal. Rptr.2d 392 .)
As explained above, the administrative decision challenged in this case is not the power plant certification itself; rather it is the separate NPDES permit. Appellant's challenge to that permit thus was properly heard in the superior court.
c. Legislative intent
By accepting the Legislature's decision to grant access to the superior court for a challenge under Porter-Cologne, we do no violence to the limitation on judicial forum enacted as part of Warren-Alquist. As noted above, the legislative intent behind that limitation was to hasten the "final operative effect" of Energy Commission decisions. ( County of Sonoma v. State Energy Resources Conservation etc. Com., supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 368 , 220 Cal.Rptr. 114 , 708 P.2d 693 .) In doing so, the Legislature "sought to expedite the state's ultimate authorization of electric generating plants...." ( Id. at p. 370, 220 Cal.Rptr. 114 , 708 P.2d 693 .)
This is not a case in which the superior court acted "to stop or delay the construction or operation of any thermal powerplant," however. (Pub.Res.Code, § 25531, subd. (c).) In its October 2002 intended decision, the court stated: "Nothing in this decision compels an interruption in the ongoing plant operation during the Regional [B]oard's review of this matter" on remand.
E. Conclusion
For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the judicial review provisions of the Porter-Cologne Act govern this controversy, and that the superior court thus had jurisdiction to hear and determine the parties' dispute concerning the NPDES permit.
Having concluded that the trial court had jurisdiction to hear this controversy, we next consider the propriety of its decision to remand the matter to the Regional Board.
II. Remand Order
As noted above, the court rejected one of the Regional Board's NPDES permit findings, number 48, which addressed best technology available (BTA) for the cooling system. As the court stated in its October 2002 intended decision: "Finding number 48 is not supported by the weight of the evidence." The court therefore ordered issuance of a writ of mandate "compelling the Regional Board to conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis of Best Technology Available applicable to the Moss Landing Power Plant." Duke *511 and the Water Boards objected to the intended decision, but the court adopted it as its statement of decision. The court directed appellant to "prepare an appropriate judgment, present it to opposing counsel for review, and submit it to this court for signature." But the parties could not agree on the form of judgment and the writ never issued. Instead, in March 2003, the court entered an order remanding the matter to the Regional Board for a hearing on the BTA issue. [3] The court retained jurisdiction while the remand was pending.
The trial court's decision to remand the matter to the Regional Board is challenged by both sides. In the appeal, appellant contends that the remand procedure violates the statute governing administrative mandamus and thus was fatally flawed. In the cross-appeal, respondents argue that the court should not have remanded the matter, because ample evidence supported the original administrative approvals.
We consider each side's challenge to the remand in turn, ultimately rejecting both. Addressing appellant's challenge first, we conclude that the remand was procedurally proper, both as a matter of statutory authority and as an exercise of the trial court's inherent powers. Reaching respondents' contention next, we find substantial evidence to support the trial court's evidentiary determination.
A. Procedural Propriety of the Remand Order
According to appellant, remand was foreclosed by Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5. which governs administrative mandamus actions. As appellant reads that statute, only two remedies were available to the trial court: (1) issuance of a writ commanding the Regional Board to set aside its entire order, or (2) a judgment denying the petition for writ of mandamus. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (f).)
Respondents disagree. The Water Boards contend: "There is nothing in Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5(f) prohibiting the action of the trial court to order the remand, then issue the judgment denying the writ" at a later time. They observe: "In this case a judgment was ultimately issued denying the writ, as required by the section." For its part, instead of focusing on the statute, Duke argues that the court had inherent authority to remand to the Regional Board.
Moreover, Duke asserts, appellant's claims have been rendered moot by the subsequent proceedings. Appellant disputes Duke's assertion of mootness. We consider that issue at the threshold.
1. Mootness
As Duke aptly observes: "A question may be deemed moot when, although it initially presented an existing controversy, the passage of time or the acts of the parties or a court decision have deprived the controversy of its life." ( Boccato v. City of Hermosa Beach (1984) 158 Cal. App.3d 804 . 808, 204 Cal.Rptr. 727 .)
Here, however, we conclude that the parties' dispute over the procedural propriety of interlocutory remand retains vitality. Appellant's claims on this point relate to the manner in which the subsequent *512 proceedings were conducted. Specifically, appellant contends, a writ should have issued setting aside the entire NPDES permit. Instead, more limited proceedings were conducted—over appellant's continuing objections. Thus, this is not a case where the appellant's own conduct rendered its challenge moot. (Cf., MHC Operating Limited Partnership v. City of San Jose (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 204, 214 , 130 Cal.Rptr.2d 564 [City's appeal was moot where it complied with writ of mandate].) Nor is this a case in which actions by another party to the litigation deprived the controversy of life. (Cf., Boccato v. City of Hermosa Beach, supra, 158 Cal.App.3d at p. 808 , 204 Cal.Rptr. 727 [plaintiffs challenge to parking permit fees was moot because defendant refunded the fees].) Finally, we cannot agree that appellant's unsatisfied demand for a different and fuller administrative process is rendered moot simply because the challenged proceedings were undertaken and completed. (Cf., Terry v. Civil Service Commission (1952) 108 Cal.App.2d 861, 871-872 , 240 P.2d 691 [mandamus proceedings to enforce petitioners' right to take civil service examination were not rendered moot by their failure to pass it].) For that reason, we conclude, appellant's claims of procedural error are not moot.
In any event, even if appellant's claims were technically moot, we have inherent power to decide them, since the issues presented are important and of continuing interest. ( Burch v. George (1994) 7 Cal.4th 246, 253, fn. 4 , 27 Cal.Rptr.2d 165 , 866 P.2d 92 ; Morehart v. County of Santa Barbara (1994) 7 Cal.4th 725, 746-747 , 29 Cal.Rptr.2d 804 , 872 P.2d 143 ; City of Morgan Hill v. Brown (1999) 71 Cal. App.4th 1114, 1121, fn. 5 , 84 Cal.Rptr.2d 361 .) We therefore consider the substance of appellant's contentions.
2. Authority to Remand under Code of Civil Procedure section 1094. 5
On the merits, our analysis of the question of the remand's procedural propriety begins with the governing statute. Our standard of review is de novo. ( Usher v. County of Monterey (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 210, 216 , 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 274 .)
a. The statute
The pertinent statutory provision is Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, which governs administrative mandamus actions in superior court. Of particular relevance here is subdivision (f), which reads in pertinent part: "The court, shall enter judgment either commanding respondent to set aside the order or decision, or denying the writ. Where the judgment commands that the order or decision be set aside, it may order the reconsideration of the case in the light of the court's opinion and judgment...." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (f).)
According to appellant, the remand order issued here is an impermissible interlocutory judgment, which is not authorized by the statute.
b. Case law
In support of its argument, appellant relies on Resource Defense Fund v. Local Agency Formation Com. (1987) 191 Cal. App.3d 886 , 236 Cal.Rptr. 794 . In that case, the plaintiffs challenged a city's annexation action, petitioning for a writ of administrative mandamus. ( Id. at pp. 890, 899, 236 Cal.Rptr. 794 .) The trial court found the city's environmental findings inadequate under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). ( Id. at p. 899, 236 Cal.Rptr. 794 .) It entered an interlocutory judgment of remand, to allow the city to make the necessary findings; the order provided for "judgment to be entered after action by the city council or *513 the expiration of 60 days." ( Ibid. ) On appeal, the First District Court of Appeal concluded that "the interlocutory remand was improper." ( Ibid. ) The appellate court cited two grounds. First, it explained: "We cannot agree that an interlocutory judgment is authorized by Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5. That statute authorizes remand when the writ is granted: `Where the judgment commands that the order or decision be set aside, it may order the reconsideration of the case in the light of the court's opinion and judgment and may order respondent to take such further action as is specially enjoined upon it by law....' (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (f).) In proper context, the questioned remand is not a prejudgment procedure." ( Ibid., italics omitted.) "Moreover," the court continued, "we think the use of an interlocutory remand raises serious questions of due process: it effectively precluded any possible challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the new findings." ( Id. at p. 900, 236 Cal.Rptr. 794 .) In the court's words: "The misguided attempt to salvage the defective proceedings provided no opportunity to test the adequacy of the new findings or otherwise challenge the existence of supporting evidence and compliance with the CEQA." ( Ibid. ) "In this respect alone, we find the interlocutory judgment grievously erroneous." ( Ibid. )
Thereafter, the same court revisited Resource Defense. Fund, in Sierra Club v. Contra Costa County (1992) 10 Cal. App.4th 1212 , 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 182 . The court described both the statutory and due process components of its earlier decision, framing two similar arguments in its current case. ( Id at pp. 1220-1222, 13 Cal. Rptr.2d 182 .) First addressing the statutory basis of its earlier decision, the court noted its conclusion in Resource Defense Fund "that Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 does not permit remand before the writ issues, but instead specifies that the writ shall issue and the reviewing court may then remand." ( Sierra Club, at pp. 1220-1221, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 182 .) A different statute was at issue in Sierra Club , a CEQA provision that "directs a court which finds a public agency has failed to act in compliance with CEQA to issue a writ of mandate." ( Id, at p. 1218, 13 Cal. Rptr.2d 182 , fn. omitted, citing Pub. Res. Code, § 21168.9.) A different trial court procedure also was employed in Sierra Club : "the trial court did not proceed by way of interlocutory judgment and remand, but instead issued a tentative decision directing adoption of additional findings." ( Id. at p. 1221, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 182 .) The court in Sierra Club implicitly concluded that the trial court's failure to issue a writ before remanding to the agency did not comport with the express requirements of the governing CEQA provision. ( Id. at p. 1221, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 182 .) The court next focused on the due process element of the Resource Defense Fund case, observing: "The vice of prejudgment remand, as Resource Defense Fund points out, is that it `raises serious questions of due process....'" ( Ibid., quoting Resource Defense Fund v. Local Agency Formation Com., supra, 191 Cal.App.3d at p. 900 , 236 Cal.Rptr. 794 .) The procedure at issue in Sierra Club produced the same due process flaws identified in Resource Defense Fund . As the Sierra Club court explained: "The result of that procedure has been effectively to insulate those findings from any meaningful challenge." ( Sierra Club, at p. 1221, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 182 .) The court therefore concluded that the trial court "erred by not issuing the writ of mandate and remanding the EIR to the Board." ( Id. at p. 1222, 13 Cal.Rptr.2d 182 .)
As respondents point out, however, other authorities have endorsed the general *514 use of administrative remand in a proper case.
In one category of cases, remand is permitted to correct procedural defects at the administrative level. Such a defect exists, for example, where there has been no fair hearing. In the words of our state's high court, "it is established that the proper procedure upon the failure of an administrative board to give a hearing under appropriate circumstances, is to remand the case to the board for proper proceedings." ( Steen v. City of Los Angeles (1948) 31 Cal.2d 542, 546 , 190 P.2d 937 ; see also, e.g., English v. City of Long Beach (1950) 35 Cal.2d 155, 159-160 , 217 P.2d 22 ; Clark v. City of Hermosa Beach (1996) 48 Cal. App.4th 1152, 1174 , 56 Cal.Rptr.2d 223 .) A second example of using remand to correct a procedural defect is when the evidentiary record of the administrative hearing is inadequate. (See Aluisi v. County of Fresno (1958) 159 Cal.App.2d 823, 828 , 324 P.2d 920 ; but see id. at p. 826, 324 P.2d 920 [writ issued].) "Moreover, the Supreme Court has held that the trial court has the power to remand a matter to an administrative agency for clarification of ambiguous findings." ( Rapid Transit Advocates, Inc. v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 996, 1003 , 230 Cal.Rptr. 225 , citing No Oil, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (1974) 13 Cal.3d 68, 81 , 118 Cal.Rptr. 34 , 529 P.2d 66 , and Keeler v. Superior Court (1956) 46 Cal.2d 596, 600 , 297 P.2d 967 ; cf., National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, supra, 127 S.Ct. at p. 2529 ["proper course would have been to remand to the agency for clarification of its reasons"].) And when "there are errors in the admission of evidence before an administrative agency, it is proper to remand to the agency for reconsideration." ( Newman v. State Personnel Board (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 41, 49 , 12 Cal.Rptr.2d 601 .) "Remand for reconsideration is also appropriate where the original hearing before the agency was conducted by an unauthorized hearing officer." ( Ibid.; see also, e.g., Usher v. County of Monterey, supra, 65 Cal.App.4th at p. 219 , 76 Cal.Rptr.2d 274 .) But where "the administrative agency errs not in the conduct of the hearing but in the results reached, there is no basis for reconsideration." ( Newman v. State Personnel Bd., at p. 49, 12 Cal. Rptr.2d 601 .)
Remand is allowed in a second category of cases, where relevant new evidence is to be considered. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (e).) [4] In such cases, the statute "specifically authorizes remand proceedings." ( Rapid Transit Advocates, Inc. v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist., supra, 185 Cal.App.3d at p. 1003 , 230 Cal.Rptr. 225 .) "Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (e), ... permits consideration of relevant evidence that either was improperly excluded by the administrative agency or could not with reasonable diligence be produced before it." ( Helene Curtis, Inc. v. Los Angeles County Assessment Appeals Bds. (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 29, 37 , 16 Cal.Rptr.3d 658 ; Ashford v. Culver City Unified School Dist. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 344, 350 , 29 Cal.Rptr.3d 728 .) "Subdivision (e) opens a narrow, discretionary window for additional evidence, newly discovered after the hearing *515 (or improperly excluded at it). Routine allowance thereunder of conflicting scientific opinions created after the decision would pose for quasi-judicial decisions ... a threat of repeated rounds of litigation, and uncertain, attenuated finality...." ( Fort Mojave Indian Tribe v. Department of Health Services (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1574, 1595 , 45 Cal.Rptr.2d 822 .) "Remand under Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (e) for consideration of postdecision evidence generally has been limited to truly new evidence, of emergent facts." ( Ibid.; see generally, 2 Cal.Jur. (3d ed. 2007) Administrative Law, § 804, pp. 290-291.)
The cases thus recognize the propriety of remand where procedural defects have prevented a fair administrative hearing or where relevant new evidence has emerged. As our high court long ago observed in the context of administrative mandamus actions, "where determinative powers are vested in a local administrative agency and the court finds its decision lacks evidentiary basis, a hearing was denied or it was otherwise erroneous, it is proper procedure to remand the matter to the agency for further and proper proceedings rather than for the court to decide the matter on the merits." ( Fascination, Inc. v. Hoover (1952) 39 Cal.2d 260, 268 , 246 P.2d 656 .) "If a hearing has been denied or the evidence is insufficient to sustain the action of the board, and it is still possible for the board to hold a hearing or exercise its discretion, then the matter should be remanded to the board for further consideration rather than having a trial de novo in the superior court and requiring that court to exercise independent judgment on the facts which should be determined by the board." ( La Prade v. Department of Water & Power (1945) 27 Cal.2d 47, 53 , 162 P.2d 13 .)
c. Analysis
The question before us is whether the statute categorically forbids a limited interlocutory remand to the agency without issuance of a writ, as appellant contends. We conclude that it does not. Based on the language of Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (f), and considering the foregoing authority, particularly the cases from the California Supreme Court, we reject appellant's interpretation of the statute. We acknowledge that there is an apparent split of authority on the question. As one commentator notes, "it is unclear whether the remand procedure . . . may be used without entry of judgment or issuance of a writ." (2 Cal. Administrative Mandamus (2007) Trial and Judgment, § 14.28, p. 537, citation omitted; see also, id. § 14.29, p. 538.)
As we now explain, we conclude that the statute permits such a procedure in a proper case. We reach that conclusion after examining the statute's use of the word "judgment," the necessity for a writ, and the validity of a limited remand. As relevant to our analysis here, the statutory language reads: "The court shall enter judgment either commanding respondent to set aside the order or decision, or denying the writ." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd.(f).)
Judgment: The statute requires the court to "enter judgment...." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (f).) Generally speaking, judgment means "the final determination of the rights of the parties in an action or proceeding." (Code Civ. Proc., § 577; Griset v. Fair Political Practices Com. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 688, 697 , 107 Cal.Rptr.2d 149 , 23 P.3d 43 .) Likewise, by general statutory definition, a "judgment in a special proceeding is the final determination of the rights of the parties therein." (Code Civ. Proc., *516 § 1064.) As our state's high court long ago recognized: "There can be but one `final judgment' in an action, and that is the one which in effect ends the suit in the court in which it was instituted and finally determines the rights of the parties in relation to the matter in controversy." ( Stockton etc. Works v. Ins. Co. (1893) 98 Cal. 557, 577 , 33 P. 633 .) But the "label of the judgment as `interlocutory' is not determinative upon this question, since it is the substance and effect of a judgment that determines its finality." ( In re L.A. County Pioneer Society (1953) 40 Cal.2d 852, 857-858 , 257 P.2d 1 .) A judgment is not final where the "court expressly reserved] for future decision questions regarding the rights, duties, and liabilities of the parties." ( Id. at p. 858, 257 P.2d 1 .) This is equally true in the context of special proceedings such as mandamus. Thus, for example, there is no final judgment where "the trial court's denial of the alternative writ in administrative mandamus neither terminated the proceeding below nor finally determined the rights of the parties in the proceeding." ( Gibson v. Savings & Loan Commissioner (1970) 6 Cal.App.3d 269, 272 , 85 Cal.Rptr. 799 ; accord, Covina-Azusa Fire Fighters Union v. City of Azusa (1978) 81 Cal.App.3d 48, 56 , 146 Cal.Rptr. 155 .)
Here, the statute plainly contemplates entry of a final judgment at the conclusion of the mandate proceeding. But we find nothing in the language of Code of Civil Procedure, section 1094.5, subdivision (f), that forecloses the use of an interlocutory order, either expressly or by necessary implication. (See Ng v. State Personnel Bd. (1977) 68 Cal.App.3d 600, 604 , 137 Cal.Rptr. 387 [court's remand was an interlocutory order, not a final, appealable judgment]; County of Inyo v. City of Los Angeles (1978) 78 Cal.App.3d 82, 85 , 144 Cal.Rptr. 71 [appellate court's earlier decision in mandamus proceeding "was an interim one which did not terminate the lawsuit"]; Endangered Habitats League, Inc. v. State Water Resources Control Bd. (1997) 63 Cal.App.4th 227, 243 , 73 Cal. Rptr.2d 388 [same]; see also, e.g., Rapid Transit Advocates, Inc. v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist., supra, 185 Cal. App.3d at p. 1003 , 230 Cal.Rptr. 225 [trial court acted properly in continuing mandamus trial and remanding to agency for clarification of findings].)
We therefore conclude that the statute does not expressly require entry of a final judgment as a necessary predicate to remand, where further action both by the agency and by the court is contemplated.
Writ: Next, we consider the related question of whether the statute demands issuance of a peremptory writ prior to remand. Appellant argues that a writ is required at this juncture, citing the statutory language commanding the court to "enter judgment" either denying the writ or ordering the agency "to set aside the order or decision...." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (f).) We cannot agree that the statutory language demands issuance of a writ as the sole means to compel agency action while the mandamus proceeding remains pending in court.
We begin by observing that Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (f), does not explicitly mention the issuance of a writ; it calls for entry of a "judgment." A writ is not a judgment. ( Endangered Habitats League, Inc. v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 244 , 73 Cal.Rptr.2d 388 .) By statutory definition, a writ is a species of order. "Every direction of a court or judge, made or entered in writing, and not included in a judgment, is denominated an order." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1003.) "The word "writ' signifies an order or precept in writing, issued in the name of the people, *517 or of a court or judicial officer...." (Code Civ. Proc., § 17, subd. (6); cf., Palma v. U.S. Industrial Fasteners, Inc. (1984) 36 Cal.3d 171, 176 , 203 Cal.Rptr. 626 , 681 P.2d 893 [form by which peremptory writ issued from the court of appeal "combined elements of both an order and a writ"].) "A writ of mandate is a piece of paper. If its purpose is to declare the rights of parties, its existence suffices.... If its purpose is to compel someone to do something, its existence does not suffice." ( Endangered Habitats League, Inc. v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 244 , 73 Cal.Rptr.2d 388 [compliance is Secured via return].)
Certainly, the usual practice in mandamus proceedings is for the court to issue a writ to explain its decision and to order the agency to comply with it. (2 Cal. Administrative Mandamus, supra, Procedures After Trial, § 15.22, p. 568.) Under that familiar procedure, "the proper way to ensure compliance is to require a return on the writ, which commands a party to do something and report to the court that the act has been done." ( Endangered Habitats League, Inc. v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 244 , 73 Cal.Rptr.2d 388 .)
Notwithstanding that accepted general practice, we cannot agree with appellant that issuance of a writ is the only authorized procedure for accomplishing the goal of agency compliance with judicial orders. Here, the trial court instead chose to issue an order for remand, to reserve jurisdiction, and to require the agency to inform it upon the completion of remand proceedings. We find nothing in the statute that forbids use of the alternate procedure chosen by the court, while the mandate proceeding is still pending and before entry of final judgment. While the peremptory writ offers one familiar, well-accepted way for the court to secure the agency's compliance, the statute does not demand its exclusive use for this purpose. To hold otherwise would exalt form over substance. (Cf., Giannini Controls Corp. v. Superior Court (1966) 240 Cal.App.2d 142, 151 , 49 Cal.Rptr. 643 [directing trial court to permit petitioners to file a "supplemental petition" in mandamus so that they would not be compelled to "relitigate the same question under a different case number"].)
Limited, Remand: Finally, we consider the statute's mandate that the court either "set aside the order or decision" or deny the writ. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (f).) Appellant apparently reads that language as a requirement that the court set aside the entire decision of the Regional Board before remanding to that agency. Appellant thus argues that the only permissible judicial remedy was "a writ of mandate ordering respondents to set aside the NPDES permit." We disagree. We find nothing in the statutory language compelling the all-or-nothing approach espoused by appellant. To the contrary, it is permissible for a court to direct "issuance of a limited writ of mandate" in an administrative mandamus proceeding. ( Helene Curtis, Inc. v. Los Angeles County Assessment Appeals Bds., supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 33 , 16 Cal.Rptr.3d 658 ; id. at p. 42, 16 Cal.Rptr.3d 658 [respondent tax agency was ordered only to hold a hearing on petitioner's application to reduce its assessed valuation]; cf., Evans v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1994) 21 Cal. App.4th 958, 976 , 26 Cal.Rptr.2d 460 [in proceedings under the Administrative Procedures Act, the agency itself may order an administrative reconsideration of only "part of the case" pursuant to Gov.Code, § 11521 J.) Thus, for example, where disciplinary proceedings against a liquor licensee were based on two counts, only one of which was supported by the evidence, "the matter should be remanded to the board" *518 to reconsider the penalty alone. ( Stoumen v. Reilly (1951) 37 Cal.2d 713, 717 , 234 P.2d 969 ; see also, e.g., Cooper v. State Bd. of Medical Examiners (1950) 35 Cal.2d 242, 252 , 217 P.2d 630 [same].) Similarly, where only two of six disciplinary charges against a civil service employee were supported by the evidence, limited remand was proper to reconsider just the penalty. ( Nelson v. Department of Corrections (1952) 110 Cal.App.2d 331, 334 , 242 P.2d 906 [rejecting the petitioner's contention "that respondent Personnel Board should be required to hold an entirely new hearing"].)
By analogy, in cases involving the California Environmental Quality Act, authority for limited remand is explicitly recognized. "Public Resources .Code section 21168.9, subdivision (b), ... provides that the court's order must include only those mandates that are necessary to achieve CEQA compliance." ( City of Redlands v. County of San Bernardino (2002) 96 Cal. App.4th 398, 416 , 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 582 , fn. omitted.) "That section provides alternative remedies which allow the trial court to tailor the remedy to fit the violation." ( San Bernardino Valley Audubon Society v. Metropolitan Water Dist. (2001) 89 Cal. App.4th 1097, 1102 , 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 108 , fn. omitted.) "Public Resources Code section 21168.9 is a specific application of the general rule contained in Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5, subdivision (f)...." ( Id. at p. 1103, 109 Cal.Rptr.2d 108 , italics added.) It "was enacted in 1984 to give the trial courts some flexibility in tailoring a remedy to fit a specific CEQA violation." ( Ibid.; see also, e.g., Anderson First Coalition v. City of Anderson (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1173, 1181 , 30 Cal.Rptr.3d 738 .) The foregoing authority thus reflects the severable nature of some administrative decisions made in CEQA cases. (See generally, 12 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Real Property, § 860, pp. 1029-1030; id. (2007 supp.) pp. 78-79.)
Here, the trial court effectively ordered the agency to set aside a discrete and segregable part of its decision, finding number 48, and it ordered the Regional Board "to conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis" with respect to that finding alone. The effect of that order was "to remand the case to the board for proper proceedings" as to that single issue. ( Steen v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 31 Cal.2d at p. 546 , 190 P.2d 937 .)
In our view, under the circumstances presented here, the trial court was justified in taking that approach. Limited remand is appropriate in this case, for several reasons: the administrative order as a whole was broad ranging and complex, covering far more than just technology alternatives for minimizing entrainment; the permit was the product of years of scientific study and interagency collaboration; and the trial court found fault with only one of the agency's 58 findings. [5]
In sum, we conclude, given the circumstances presented in this case, the court acted within the permissible confines of the statute in ordering a limited remand to the Regional Board without first commanding a writ to issue.
3. Inherent Authority to Remand
As just explained, we find nothing in Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 *519 that forecloses the possibility of interim remand. Moreover, the court also has the inherent authority to return a matter to an administrative agency for further proceedings. "Courts have inherent power, as well as power under section 187 of the Code of Civil Procedure, to adopt any suitable method of practice, both in ordinary actions and special proceedings, if the procedure is not specified by statute or by rules adopted by the Judicial Council." ( Tide Water Assoc. Oil Co. v. Superior Court (1955) 43 Cal.2d 815, 825 , 279 P.2d 35 , fn. omitted [trial court did not err in trying cross-complaint with prohibition proceeding].)
As the California Supreme Court long ago recognized—albeit in a case where section 1094.5 was found inapplicable— "aside from statutory provisions, such a power to remand also exists under the inherent powers of the court." ( Keeler v. Superior Court, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 600 , 297 P.2d 967 .) "There is no question but that, consistent with proper regulations, a court has inherent power to control the course of litigation before it. [Citations.] This includes the power to remand a cause in mandamus for further proceedings which are deemed necessary for a proper determination." ( Ibid. ) "The policy underlying such a rule is that the determination of the issues should first be made by the administrative agency." ( Steen v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 31 Cal.2d at p. 546 , 190 P.2d 937 .)
4. Due Process
We recognize that remand without issuance of a writ may offend due process in some circumstances. As has been aptly stated: "The vice of prejudgment remand ... is that it `raises serious questions of due process: it effectively preclude[s] any possible challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the new findings.'" ( Sierra Club v. Contra Costa County, supra, 10 Cal.App.4th at p. 1221, 13 Cal. Rptr.2d 182 , quoting Resource Defense Fund v. Local Agency Formation Com., supra, 191 Cal.App.3d at p. 900 , 236 Cal. Rptr. 794 .)
That is not our case, however. Here, appellant had the opportunity both to participate in the supplemental administrative hearing in 2003 and to contest the resulting findings at the continued judicial hearing in 2004. "The essential requirements of due process are met when the administrative body is required to determine the existence or nonexistence of the necessary facts before any decision is made [citations] and the party is afforded an opportunity for review by the courts [citation]." ( De Cordoba v. Governing Board (1977) 71 Cal.App.3d 155, 159 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 312 .) "In the instant case petitioner was . .. given a full administrative hearing and afforded an opportunity for judicial review. Thus [its] constitutional right to due process was not violated." ( Ibid. ) In no way were the agency's procedures or findings insulated from review here. We therefore discern no due process problem arising from the prejudgment remand procedure used in this case.
5. Conclusion
Under the circumstances presented here, the court acted properly in remanding the matter to the Regional Board for additional hearings on finding number 48 only: the remand procedure comported with the requirements of Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5; it was within the court's inherent authority; and it did not offend due process.
B. Evidentiary Predicate for Remand
In their cross-appeal, respondents question the evidentiary predicate for remand. *520 They assert that the court erred in remanding the matter to the Regional Board, because the original administrative determination was supported by substantial evidence. Appellant disagrees.
As before, our analysis begins with the statute.
1. Statutory Framework
In administrative mandamus proceedings, the judicial inquiry "shall extend to the questions whether the respondent [agency] has proceeded without, or in excess of jurisdiction; whether there was a fair trial; and whether there was any prejudicial abuse of discretion. Abuse of discretion is established if the respondent has not proceeded in the manner required by law, the order or decision is not supported by the findings, or the findings, are not supported by the evidence." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (b).)
In this case, the first phase of the judicial proceeding concluded with administrative remand, based on the trial court's determination—challenged here in respondents' cross-appeal—that one critical agency finding was not supported by the weight of the evidence.
As a necessary threshold step in assessing the challenged determination, we first describe the governing standards of review.
2. Standard of Review in the Trial Court: Independent Judgment
In this case, the Porter-Cologne Act provides for independent trial court review of the evidence before the Regional Board as contained in the administrative record: "For the purposes of subdivision (c) of Section 1094.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the court shall exercise its independent judgment on the evidence...." (Wat.Code, § 13330, subd. (d).)
Independent trial court review is accomplished "by means of a limited trial de novo in which the trial court not only examines the record for errors of law but also exercises its independent judgment upon the weight of the evidence produced before the administrative agency together with any further evidence properly admitted by the court." ( Merrill v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1969) 71 Cal.2d 907, 914 , 80 Cal.Rptr. 89 , 458 P.2d 33 , fns. omitted.) However, "judicial trial de novo after an administrative hearing is not usually intended as a trial without appropriate consideration of the evidence upon which the administrative body based its action." ( Dare v. Bd. of Medical Examiners (1943) 21 Cal.2d 790, 801 , 136 P.2d 304 .) "In exercising its independent judgment, a trial court must afford a strong presumption of correctness concerning the administrative findings, and the party challenging the administrative decision bears the burden of convincing the court that the administrative findings are contrary to the weight of the evidence." ( Fukuda v. City of Angels (1999) 20 Cal.4th 805, 817 , 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 696 , 977 P.2d 693 ; see generally, 1 Cal. Administrative Mandamus, supra, Court's Scope of Review Under CCP § 1094.5, § 6.163, pp. 294-295.)
3. Standard of Review in the Appellate Court: Substantial Evidence
Where an independent review standard applies below, as is the case here, we review the factual findings of the trial court, not those of the agency. ( Fukuda v. City of Angels, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 824 , 85 Cal.Rptr.2d 696 , 977 P.2d 693 .) Thus, "where the trial court exercised its independent judgment, we must determine "whether the findings and judgment of the trial court are supported by substantial, credible and competent evidence.' [Citation.] *521 All conflicts in the evidence must be resolved and all inferences drawn in favor of the judgment." ( Cooper v. Kizer (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1291, 1299 , 282 Cal.Rptr. 492 , quoting Evans v. Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 398, 407 , 216 Cal.Rptr. 782 , 703 P.2d 122 ; see also, e.g., Lake v. Reed (1997) 16 Cal.4th 448, 456 , 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 860 , 940 P.2d 311 .) In other words, where "the trial court is authorized to conduct a limited trial de novo ... the province of the appellate court is analogous to that assumed by it in an ordinary civil appeal...." ( Merrill v. Department of Motor Vehicles, supra, 71 Cal.2d at p. 915 , 80 Cal.Rptr. 89 , 458 P.2d 33 ; accord, State Water Resources Control Bd. Cases (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 674, 721 , 39 Cal.Rptr.3d 189 .)
4. The Evidence
With that deferential review standard in mind, we now assess the trial court's decision to remand the matter to the Regional Board "to conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis of Best Technology Available," a decision that was based on its determination that finding number 48 lacked evidentiary support in the administrative record. Our assessment of this point turns on these two questions: Is there is evidence of alternatives to once-through cooling in the administrative record? If so, is there evidence that the Regional Board considered such alternatives?
a. Background: alternatives for plant cooling
"Thermal electric generating facilities create heat in order to convert water into high-pressure steam that will drive turbines, thus generating electricity." (Rábago, What Comes Out Must Go In: Cooling Water Intakes and the Clean Water Act (1992) 16 Harv. Envtl. L.Rev. 429, 438.) Power plants need a thermal transfer system to eliminate the excess heat that they produce. ( Ibid.; see also, May & van Rossum, The Quick and the Dead: Fish Entrainment, Entrapment, and the Implementation and Application of Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (1995) 20 Vt. L.Rev. 373, 376.) Waste heat is eliminated using air (dry cooling) or water (wet cooling). Wet cooling systems may be broadly categorized as either open cycle (once-through) or closed cycle.
Dry Cooling: Dry cooling systems employ air-cooled condensers, fans, and large cooling towers. They use virtually no water. ( Riverkeeper, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency (2007) 475 F.3d 83, 91, fn. 3 ( Riverkeeper II ).)
Once-Through Wet Cooling: "A once-through cooling system withdraws water from the source waterbody, runs it through the condenser system, and then discharges without recirculation. As the water circulates through the condenser system it is heated, and thus returns to the environment in a heated state. Once-through cooling systems require a continual supply of cooling water and are more common than closed-cycle systems." (May & van Rossum, supra, 20 Vt. L.Rev. at p. 379; see also Riverkeeper II, supra, 475 F.3d at p. 91, fn. 3 ; Rábago, supra, 16 Harv. Envtl. L.Rev. at p. 430.) Once-through cooling was already in use at the Moss Landing Power Plant, and the Regional Water Board approved that alternative as the best technology available for the two new units at the plant.
Closed-Cycle Wet Cooling: "In contrast to once-through cooling systems, closed-cycle cooling systems recirculate and reuse cooling water. As with once-through cooling, cooling water in closed-cycle systems is passed through the condenser system where it is heated in the process of converting steam back to water. After passing *522 through the condenser system, however, the cooling water is transported to cooling towers or to some other process to be cooled. Once cooled, the water is returned to the condenser system and used again in the cooling process. Although the cooling water used in a closed-cycle system is constantly being reused and recycled, some of the water is lost through evaporation and other processes. Therefore closed-cycle systems must recoup such losses by making additional withdrawals of cooling water from the source waterbody. The amount of make-up cooling water withdrawn from the source waterbody in a closed-cycle system is only 2% to 4% of the quantity of water used by a comparable once-through system. Accordingly, the adverse environmental impact on aquatic ecosystems is far less from closed-cycle than from once-through systems." (May & van Rossum, supra, 20 Vt. L.Rev. at pp. 379-380; see also Riverkeeper II, supra, 475 F.3d at p. 91, fn. 3 ; Rábago, supra, 16 Harv. Envtl. L.Rev. at p. 430.) Closed cycle wet cooling systems may employ either mechanical or natural draft cooling towers, using either fresh water or seawater.
Water Intake: Wet cooling systems— both once-through and closed cycle—depend on water intake from a source waterbody. Technology alternatives exist for water flow reductions, which in turn diminish impact on aquatic organisms. They include water pump flow reduction and seasonal flow reduction. Apart from technologies that limit intake flow, there are other technologies for minimizing biological impacts, such as screens and filters; physical and behavioral barriers; and fish collection, removal, and conveyance systems. (See generally, May & van Rossum, supra, 20 Vt. L.Rev. at pp. 455-459, 465.) Beyond design alternatives, intake location may be changed, either to an alternate onshore site or to an offshore location. ( Id. at pp. 459-63.)
b. Discussion of alternatives in the administrative record
In their briefs on appeal, respondents cite to numerous documents in the administrative record that discuss alternatives for the plant's cooling water intake system. The Water Boards first point to reports and analyses presented to the Energy Commission, including: Duke's application for certification, made in May 1999; Duke's responses to the Energy Commission's request for supplemental data, dated July 1999; the Energy Commission staffs preliminary, final, and amended analyses, which were submitted between February and June 2000; and the Energy Commission's Presiding Member's Proposed Decision, issued in August 2000. They also emphasize the existence of reports prepared or evaluated by the Technical Working Group (TWG), including studies submitted by Duke as required by the Regional Board. [6] Lastly, the Water Boards list various reports, comments, and presentations submitted to the Regional Water Board at its meetings in September and October 2000.
Only that last category of evidence concerns us here. Whatever information exists in the administrative record as a whole, the focus of judicial inquiry properly rests solely on the evidence before the *523 Regional Board, which was the agency charged with approving or disapproving the NPDES permit. We consider that evidence now.
c. Evidence of alternatives presented to the Regional Board
Duke's NPDES permit application was considered by the Regional Board in public meetings held in September and October 2000. After a lengthy hearing on September 15, 2000, the matter was continued to allow further exploration of two issues: (1) an alternative offshore location for the cooling water intake, and (2) the proposed mitigation plan. The continued hearing took place on October 27, 2000. At the conclusion of that hearing, the Regional Board approved the permit.
Over the course of the two public meetings, the Regional Board was provided with many documents. The two agenda packets alone contain a total of nearly 300 pages. The Board also received testimony at both hearings. Of that extensive body of written and oral evidence, a relatively small portion dealt with cooling water alternatives. We summarize that portion of the evidence now.
Staff Report: A 24-page staff report was prepared for the September hearing, which refers to best technology available (BTA) alternatives in three places. The first reference to BTA in the staff report is this statement: "The Discharger must use BTA to minimize adverse environmental impacts caused by the cooling water intake system. If the cost of implementing technological alternatives for achieving BTA is wholly disproportionate to the environmental benefits to be achieved, the Board may consider alternative methods to mitigate these adverse environmental impacts. In this case the cost of technical alternatives for eliminating entrainment impacts (such as cooling towers) is wholly disproportionate." The next reference to BTA alternatives is Table 2, entitled "Best Technology Available Costs (New Units Only)", with cost figures supplied by Duke. The third reference to BTA is staff's discussion of alternatives in response to a comment by the Center for Marine Conservation. The comment states: "Power plant modifications that avoid impacts, such as cooling towers, should be chosen over mitigation." Staff responds: "Cooling towers are the only alternative for definitely eliminating significant impacts due to entrainment.... To our knowledge, there are no salt water cooling towers in place for a facility like the Moss Landing Power Plant. Cooling towers are massive structures, they present other impacts (construction, noise, aesthetic, fog, etc[.]) and they are relatively expensive (up to $114 million in this case). The range of productivity loss, and our interpretation of that range, does not support pursuing technological alternatives to eliminate entrainment impacts." Staff thus recommended granting the NPDES permit as drafted, allowing the use of once-through cooling, but requiring Duke to fund a $7 million mitigation plan to address the adverse environmental effects of entrainment.
Energy Commission Documents: The transcript of the September hearing indicates that the Board received an excerpt of the Energy Commission's Presiding Member's Proposed Decision covering "those issues that are before the board today, which are the thermal[,] entrainment and impingement issues." The agenda packet for the October meeting includes several other items from the Energy Commission: a two-page excerpt from its June 2000 Final Staff Assessment containing Table 7, which sets out BTA alternatives and their costs and gives a short description of three alternatives (air-cooled condensers, an offshore intake location, and an alternate onshore *524 location); and a portion of the transcript of the June 2000 evidentiary hearing before the Energy Commission addressing the offshore alternative.
§ 316(b) Report: The transcript of the October hearing indicates that the Board was given Chapter 7 of Duke's § 316(b) Report. That chapter consists of 40 pages of text and charts evaluating alternative intake technologies.
Presentation by Dr. Raimondi: At the October hearing, a slide presentation was given by Peter Raimondi, one of two independent scientists hired by the Regional Board. In his presentation, Raimondi analyzed several cooling alternatives: air cooled towers and closed cycle water cooling (mechanical and natural draft towers). His analysis involved four criteria: (1) is the alternative available and reliable; (2) does the alternative provide further reduction in aquatic organism losses; (3) does the alternative offer site-specific feasibility; and (4) what are its economic costs. [7] Raimondi also discussed an alternative water intake location offshore.
Testimony: At both hearings, speakers addressed the Regional Board during the public comment period, some in person and some by letters read into the record. Several speakers mentioned cooling water alternatives. At the September hearing, a representative of the Department of Fish and Game noted that alternatives were considered, including cooling towers. However, she added: "In the report, it does indicate they are very expensive." Three other speakers at that first hearing commented on the lack of consideration of alternatives. Two of them urged the Board to postpone approval of the permit to allow further analysis of cooling tower alternatives. At the October meeting, four other speakers likewise urged the Board to delay permit approval on that ground.
d. Analysis by the Regional Board
As the foregoing summary shows, evidence of alternatives to once-through cooling was presented to the Regional Board. The pivotal questions are whether that evidence was sufficient and whether the record demonstrates that the Board analyzed the alternatives. The trial court answered both questions in the negative. In particular, the court found no meaningful analysis by the Regional Board. At least as to that point, we are compelled to agree. As the record indicates, two individual board members criticized the alternatives analyses, but there is no evidence that the Board as a whole analyzed or even discussed the issue.
Board Member Statements: At the September hearing, after presentations by and on behalf of staff, Regional Board Member Shallcross said: "Obviously, the most preferred alternative is to avoid the taking or damaging altogether. And looking at the best technology, Table 2 in the staff report, you have a list of different technologies and their cost over the project life. I *525 would have to agree most of them are probably, what is the word, wholly disproportionate. [¶] However, the one that interests me is the offshore intake and the cost over the project life; it says it wasn't specified." During deliberations, he reiterated: "I'm very disappointed that the whole idea of putting the intake structure out, out in the ocean wasn't vetted, basically, at all." He continued: "I definitely would like to see the intake—offshore intake vetted and some of these other things I've mentioned, in particular more specifics on the mitigation plan." He thus concluded: "I won't be able to support this today." As noted above, the matter was thereafter continued to allow further discussion of the offshore intake alternative and the mitigation package.
At the October meeting, during Raimondi's presentation, Board Member Shallcross expressed concern about the analytic method used for examining the alternatives, specifically their elimination from consideration upon failure to meet one of the four criteria identified by the scientist. As he put it, "one of my problems with this was that all the alternatives weren't fully analyzed." Shallcross later expressed his disappointment with the way alternatives analysis was handled overall. In his view, "the technological alternatives were set aside rather quickly. And all the time was spent on developing the mitigation plan." Another Board member, Daniels, agreed, noting that "things like distillation were not even considered at all." Nevertheless, Shallcross said, "I'm going to trust staff on this, on the alternatives, on the technological alternatives, and I am going to support the motion" to approve the permit.
Trial Court's Determination: In the trial court's view, the Regional Board did not conduct an adequate analysis of the alternatives for achieving BTA. For one thing, the court observed, the Regional Board "apparently accepted" Duke's cost estimates "without any independent study or analysis." The court therefore took issue with the resulting conclusion that the cost of alternative cooling technologies was wholly disproportionate to their benefits, finding evidence on that point "at best meager, and at worst, speculative and based on historical conjecture." For another thing, the court found "no evidence in the record of a comprehensive, definitive consideration of cooling water alternatives by the Regional Board to apply Best Technology Available to the Moss Landing Power Plant." Under the deferential standard that governs our review of the trial court's decision, we are compelled to adopt its view of the record, as we now explain.
5. Discussion
In affirming the trial court on this point, we honor the important principle that the administrative body charged with responsibility for a particular determination must itself examine and ultimately decide the question.
That principle finds frequent expression in cases involving the California Environmental Quality Act. As has been said in the CEQA context, the responsible agency must show that its "approval of the proposed project followed meaningful consideration of alternatives and mitigation." ( Mountain Lion Foundation v. Fish & Game Com. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 105, 134 , 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .) CEQA thus "requires the public agency to consider feasible alternatives to the project which would lessen any significant adverse environmental impact." ( Id. at p. 123, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .) Furthermore, under CEQA, "a decisionmaking agency is prohibited from approving a project for which significant environmental effects have been identified unless it makes specific findings about alternatives and *526 mitigation measures." ( Id. at p. 134, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 , citing Pub. Res.Code, § 21081.) "The agency's decisionmaking body must adopt the required findings itself. It may not delegate the duty to make findings to agency staff or a subordinate body." ( Protect Our Water v. County of Merced (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 362, 372 , 1 Cal.Rptr.3d 726 .)
A CEQA decision thus is subject to reversal when there "is no evidence in the record" demonstrating that the agency "evaluated feasible mitigation measures during its review...." ( Mountain Lion Foundation v. Fish & Game Com., supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 134, 65 Cal. Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .) The "cursory rejection" of a proposed alternative "does not constitute an adequate assessment of alternatives as required under CEQA" and it "fails to provide solid evidence of a meaningful review of the project alternative that would avoid the significant environmental effects identified...." ( Id. at p. 136, 65 Cal.Rptr.2d 580 , 939 P.2d 1280 .)
We think that those principles apply with equal force here. As the agency charged with making the BTA determination, the Regional Board was required to meaningfully analyze the alternatives itself. As a duly constituted deliberative body, the Board is required to undertake its own examination of the evidence, whether provided by the applicant, by independent consultants, or even by its own staff. We acknowledge the authority cited by respondents, which holds that staff opinion may constitute sufficient evidence to support an agency's decision. ( Browning-Ferris Industries v. City Council (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d 852, 866 , 226 Cal. Rptr. 575 , citing Coastal Southwest Dev. Corp. v. California Coastal Zone Conservation Com. (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 525, 535-536 , 127 Cal.Rptr. 775 ; see also, e.g., City of Rancho Cucamonga v. Regional Water Quality Control Bd. (2006) 135 Cal. App.4th 1377, 1387 , 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 450 .) But staff opinion, no matter how well researched and supported, is no substitute for meaningful decision-making by the responsible agency itself.
The administrative record before us supports the trial court's conclusion that the Regional Board failed to analyze BTA alternatives during its deliberations in September and October 2000. (See Walters v. Pine Cove County Water Dist. (1960) 177 Cal.App.2d 498, 501 , 2 Cal.Rptr. 253 .) Under these circumstances, we find no basis for reversing the trial court's findings concerning the evidence and its decision to remand "to the board for further consideration and hearing...." ( Ibid. )
C. Conclusions
To sum up, we find that the administrative remand was procedurally proper; we therefore reject appellant's contrary contentions. We also conclude that the trial court had an adequate evidentiary basis to support its remand order; for that reason, we rebuff respondents' challenge.
That brings us to appellant's claims arising from the administrative hearing following remand and from the ensuing judicial proceeding.
III. Post-Remand Administrative Proceedings
Concerning the May 2003 administrative hearing, appellant argues that the Regional Board erred in considering new evidence on remand. Appellant also asserts that the Board improperly excluded a letter containing its written arguments and evidence. Respondents dispute both of appellant's contentions.
The trial court explicitly ruled against appellant as to both claims. First, the court concluded, the Regional Board *527 "complied with the remand order" in taking new evidence. Second, the court found, "fair and appropriate rulings were made regarding admissibility of evidence, while maintaining a focus on the remand issue." On appeal, we review the factual basis for the trial court's determinations for substantial evidence. ( City of Rancho Cucamonga v. Regional Water Quality Control Bd., supra, 135 Cal.App.4th at p. 1384 , 38 Cal.Rptr.3d 450 .) However, to the extent that the court's determinations relate to procedural due process claims, they are "reviewed de novo on appeal because the ultimate determination of procedural fairness amounts to a question of law." ( Nasha v. City Of Los Angeles (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 470, 482 , 22 Cal. Rptr.3d 772 .)
A. Background
In March 2003, the Regional Board gave written notice that it would conduct a remand hearing on May 15, 2003. As indicated in the notice, the parties to the hearing were the Regional Board, Duke, appellant, and the Energy Commission.
After setting forth background information, the notice explains: "The Regional Board is convening this hearing in order to provide an opportunity for all parties to present evidence and analysis regarding the BTA alternatives, their costs and their environmental benefits. The best way to provide a comprehensive and thorough analysis of these issues is to consider the wide range of evidence and arguments submitted on all sides as well as comments from the public." As to the scope of the hearing, the notice states: "The Court did not remand the entire NPDES permit. [¶] ... [¶] The court only held that the Regional Board did not have sufficient evidence to support its finding that costs of alternatives to minimize entrainment impacts are wholly disproportionate to the environmental benefits." The notice further indicates that "because there was no challenge" concerning the effects of once-through cooling on impingement or thermal discharge, "the issues in this hearing relate only to entrainment impacts of the [new] Units 1 & 2 cooling water intake."
Concerning procedure, the notice advises: "Testimony, other evidence and legal arguments submitted in this hearing must be in accordance with this Notice. Only relevant testimony and other evidence will be accepted into the record." The notice lists the relevant issues. [8] It provides a schedule for the submission of written testimony, with an April 14th deadline for direct testimony, evidence, and argument, and an April 28th deadline for rebuttal. The notice also describes the conduct of the meeting, including the order of oral presentations and the time limits for each party.
The notice prompted a number of submissions, comments, and other responses.
1. Duke's Submissions
In response to the hearing notice, Duke submitted a document containing 192 pages of direct testimony, including attachments, plus professional resumes for its witnesses. Duke's submission was received on April 14, 2003.
Duke characterized its analysis of alternatives as "built off of but "more thorough" *528 than its § 316(b) Report. Since entrainment was the sole focus, closed-cycle systems were the only technology alternatives considered. Six options were explored: mechanical draft cooling using seawater; mechanical draft cooling using fresh water; natural draft cooling; air (dry) cooling; hybrid wet/dry cooling; and spray ponds. Duke's Appendix D assessed the six identified alternatives, analyzing costs and environmental factors for each. Other appendices provided further economic information. Duke later submitted "comments in lieu of rebuttal testimony," a letter from its counsel responding to a public comment from the California Coastal Commission, and a two-page document entitled "Errata—Duke Testimony, Appendix D." That last document corrected some of the previously submitted information concerning plant efficiency and other matters.
2. Staffs Submissions
The Regional Board's staff submitted a report with 13 pages of text, plus several additional pages listing attachments, references, and other documents in the record. There are 14 attachments to the staff report, comprising more than 380 pages in all.
The report advises that "staff reviewed all known intake structure technologies, such as screening devices, filters, etc., and alternatives for reducing cooling water flow, such as seasonal flow limits, variable speed pumps, and closed cooling systems." Concerning the first category (intake structure devices), the staff report describes them as "experimental" and "not demonstrated available technologies for MLPP [Moss Landing Power Plant]." Turning to the second category (flow reduction devices), the report rejects seasonal limits and pumps as "not applicable" or unlikely to provide "increased benefit" for minimizing entrainment. The report thus focuses on closed cycle systems as alternative technologies for reducing the plant's cooling water intake. The report summarizes these alternatives as follows: "Closed cooling systems, such as mechanical draft cooling towers or dry cooling would provide a significant reduction in entrainment, up to 100%. Staff considers these alternatives to be demonstrated available technologies, and has little evidence that they could not be installed at MLPP. However, the cost of these alternatives is estimated to be approximately $47 million to $124 million. [¶] The estimated value of the entrainment losses is $1.2 to $9.7 million based on staffs habitat equivalency conversion method.... [¶] Staffs conclusion is that ... the cost of closed cooling systems is wholly disproportionate to their benefit." The cost figures used by staff are ascribed to the Environmental Protection Agency. The report also touches on some environmental issues resulting from the alternatives, such as the possibility of "salt drift on agriculture" if saltwater mechanical draft towers were used.
The staff report recommends that "the Regional Board determine that the weight of the evidence supports Finding No. 48 of the NPDES permit for MLPP, which states that the costs of alternative cooling technologies are wholly disproportionate to the benefit to be gained."
Staff later submitted rebuttal, commenting on Duke's testimony, particularly its alternatives analysis, and responding to public comments from the Elkhorn Slough Coalition and the California Coastal Commission.
3. Board Counsel's Correspondence
Acting as the Regional Board's legal advisor, Senior Staff Counsel Jennifer Soloway submitted a memorandum "to provide guidance to the Board on the purpose *529 of this hearing and the applicable law." Dated April 11, 2003, the memorandum: (1) describes the trial court's order; (2) discusses the "legal guidance" available for applying the governing law, section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act, which requires the best technology available (BTA); (3) details the statutory factors for BTA analysis; (4) describes standards for determining whether a particular technology is available; and (5) offers advice on applying the "wholly disproportionate" test.
The record also contains another correspondence from Soloway, this one a letter dated May 9, 2003 and directed to Jeff Young, the Regional Board's Vice Chair. Counsel's letter states: "You have requested copies of opinions, decisions, and analyses pertaining to the wholly disproportionate cost analysis." Counsel adverted to two court opinions already in the record and forwarded seven additional documents. She noted, however: "The following NPDES permit decisions and analyses include discussions of section 316(b) as it applies to certain power plants. Because 316(b) is applied on a case-by-case basis, these documents are instructive but are not binding on the Board."
4. Appellant's Responses and S

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/2255341. Public record. Not legal advice.