# Sustainable Texas Oyster Resource Management, LLC (STORM) v. Hannah Reef, Inc., Shrimps R. US, Inc., Ivo Slabic & Michael Ivic > Texas Court of Appeals, 1st District (Houston) · August 31, 2026 URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11436436 ## Case - **Court:** Texas Court of Appeals, 1st District (Houston) - **Decided:** August 31, 2026 - **Precedential status:** Published - **Opinion:** Opinion of the court - **Nature of suit:** Real Property - **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library ## Citator (automated) - No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases. - Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11436436 ## Opinion text Opinion issued August 31, 2026 In The Court of Appeals For The First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-23-00842-CV ——————————— SUSTAINABLE TEXAS OYSTER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, L.L.C., Appellant V. HANNAH REEF, INC., SHRIMPS R US, INC., IVO SLABIC, AND MICHAEL IVIC, Appellees On Appeal from the 56th District Court Galveston County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 15-CV-0772 MEMORANDUM OPINION This is the second appeal in this dispute between appellant, Sustainable Texas Oyster Resource Management, L.L.C. (“STORM”) and appellees, Hannah Reef, Inc., Shrimps R Us, Inc., Ivo Slabic, and Michael Ivic (collectively, “the 1 Oystermen”). In the previous appeal, this Court affirmed the trial court’s judgment in part, reversed the judgment in part, and remanded the case to the trial court for a new trial limited to the issue of the Oystermen’s reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (“UDJA”).1 See Sustainable Tex. Oyster Res. Mgmt., L.L.C. v. Hannah Reef, Inc., 623 S.W.3d 851 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, pet. denied). On remand, after a jury trial, the trial court entered a final judgment, awarding the Oystermen $340,000 in attorney’s fees and $40,000 in conditional appellate attorney’s fees. Now, in six issues, STORM challenges the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees to the Oystermen on the grounds that: (1) the trial court erred in failing to include STORM’s requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question in the court’s charge to the jury; (2) the evidence was legally insufficient to support the award of attorney’s fees; (3) the evidence was factually insufficient to support the award of attorney’s fees; (4) the Oystermen failed to segregate their fees; (5) the redacted billing records admitted into evidence were hearsay and untrustworthy, and therefore, inadmissible; and (6) notwithstanding the law-of-the-case doctrine, an award of attorney’s fees was not available to the Oystermen under the UDJA.2 1 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.009 (“In any proceeding under this chapter, the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.”). 2 The Oystermen did not file an appellees’ brief. 2 We affirm. Background The underlying dispute in this case concerned the parties’ competing rights to cultivate and harvest oysters in certain areas of Galveston and Trinity Bays. A detailed recitation of the historical facts and trial court proceedings through the first trial is set forth in our prior opinion and therefore we provide only the background necessary to resolution of this appeal. On July 24, 2015, the Oystermen filed suit against STORM, asserting claims to quiet title, for trespass to try title, and for tortious interference with prospective business relations.3 The Oystermen also sued under the UDJA, seeking declaratory relief, as well as requested injunctive relief, monetary damages, and attorney’s fees.4 STORM counterclaimed, asserting claims for trespass, conversion, money had and received, and accounting.5 The Oystermen filed a partial motion for summary judgment in which they requested that, pursuant to the UDJA, the trial court declare the Coastal Surface Lease issued by Chambers–Liberty Counties Navigation District to STORM, authorizing STORM to cultivate and harvest oysters on 23,000 acres of 3 See Sustainable Tex. Oyster Res. Mgmt., L.L.C. v. Hannah Reef, Inc., 623 S.W.3d 851, 857 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, pet. denied). 4 See id. 5 See id. at 859. 3 submerged land in Galveston and Trinity Bays, void and unenforceable.6 STORM filed a combined response to the Oystermen’s partial motion and a countermotion for summary judgment.7 On September 28, 2016, the trial court granted partial summary judgment in the Oystermen’s favor, specifically, granting the relief requested under the UDJA and ordering that STORM take nothing on its counterclaims.8 The trial court signed an order denying STORM’s countermotion for summary judgment the same day.9 Relevant here, in its partial summary judgment order, the trial court ruled that the Oystermen “shall recover from . . . STORM their reasonable and necessary attorney fees and costs under the [UDJA] TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.009.”10 The case was called for a jury trial on November 13, 2017.11 The Oystermen’s live pleading alleged causes of action for quiet title and trespass-to-try-title.12 The previously pleaded tort claims of tortious interference and conspiracy had been 6 See id. at 859–60. 7 See id. at 860. 8 See id. 9 See id. 10 Id. 11 See id. at 861. 12 See id. 4 abandoned.13 Damages were no longer pleaded, but the petition continued to request declaratory and injunctive relief along with attorney’s fees pursuant to the UDJA.14 At the beginning of trial, the Oystermen informed the trial court that they were not pursuing their claims for quiet title and trespass-to-try-title, indicating to the trial court that the declaratory relief granted in the earlier partial summary judgment order had provided them adequate relief.15 And the only issue remaining for trial was the amount of reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees the Oystermen were entitled to recover under the UDJA.16 The issue of reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees was tried to a jury.17 In support of the Oystermen’s attorney’s fees request, George W. Vie III (“Vie”), one of the Oystermen’s attorneys, testified as their attorney’s fees expert.18 He opined that the reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees incurred by the Oystermen since the suit was filed was $417,000.19 The Oystermen offered billing records to support 13 See id. 14 See id. 15 See id. 16 See id. 17 See id. at 855. 18 See id. at 861. 19 See id. 5 the requested fees.20 Vie also provided testimony to support an award of conditional appellate attorney’s fees.21 On cross-examination, STORM asked Vie whether he had segregated the attorney’s fees between claims on which attorney’s fees may be recovered and those for which they may not.22 Vie responded that he had not segregated the fees because segregation was not necessary in this case.23 On redirect examination, Vie testified that he believed segregation was not necessary because the attorney’s fees incurred for claims for which attorney’s fees are not recoverable also “advanced the merits of the [UDJA] claim” for which the Oystermen were entitled to recover attorney’s fees.24 STORM moved for directed verdict on the Oystermen’s attorney’s fees claim.25 Among its arguments, STORM objected that the Oystermen were required 20 See id. 21 See id. 22 See id. 23 See id. 24 Id. at 861–62. 25 See id. at 862. 6 to segregate their attorney’s fees and had failed to do so.26 The trial court overruled STORM’s motion.27 STORM presented the testimony of J. Studer, an attorney’s fees expert.28 Studer testified that he had reviewed the billing records of the Oystermen’s attorneys and had concluded that the attorney’s fees requested by the Oystermen were not reasonable and necessary.29 Studer testified that the reasons for his opinion included that the Oystermen were requesting attorney’s fees “not necessary and not related to the claim for which they’re making claim on fees.”30 He stated that it was his opinion that the Oystermen were “making [a] claim for fees for efforts that are related to issues or parties that [they] abandoned and that did not advance the claim for [which] they’re seeking fees today.”31 The jury found that the Oystermen’s reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees for the trial court proceedings was $417,000 and that the Oystermen were entitled to conditional appellate attorney’s fees for different stages of appeal, totaling 26 See id. 27 See id. 28 See id. 29 See id. 30 Id. 31 Id. 7 $75,000.32 The trial court’s final judgment incorporated the jury’s findings and awarded the Oystermen $417,000 in attorney’s fees for proceedings through trial and a total of $75,000 in conditional appellate attorney’s fees “pursuant to the [UDJA].”33 B. First Appeal STORM presented five issues in its first appeal. Among its challenges, STORM argued that the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to the Oystermen under the UDJA because they failed to segregate the fees between recoverable and unrecoverable fees.34 We agreed with STORM that evidence of fee segregation was required.35 We noted: If any attorney’s fees relate solely to a claim for which such fees are unrecoverable, a claimant must segregate recoverable from unrecoverable fees. Intertwined facts do not make tort fees recoverable; it is only when discrete legal services advance both a recoverable and unrecoverable claim that they are so intertwined that they need not be segregated.36 32 See id. 33 Id. 34 See id. at 855. 35 See id. at 873. 36 Id. at 872 (internal citations and quotations omitted). 8 We concluded that because “[d]iscrete legal services were expended to advance claims for which fees were not recoverable,” the Oystermen were required to present evidence of the segregation of their attorney’s fees.37 Because they had not done so, we reversed the portion of the trial court’s judgment awarding attorney’s fees, including conditional appellate attorney’s fees, and remanded the case to the trial court for a new trial limited to the issue of the Oystermen’s reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees.38 Having overruled STORM’s other four issues, we affirmed the remainder of the trial court’s judgment.39 C. Retrial On remand, the trial court held a second jury trial on the issue of the Oystermen’s reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees. As in the first trial, Vie testified as the Oystermen’s attorney’s fees expert, and the Oystermen offered billing records to support the requested fees. Vie testified that he graduated from University of Texas Law School in 1988 and was licensed to practice law in Texas in 1989. Vie became board certified in civil appellate law in 1995 and has been continuously board certified. 37 Id. at 873–74. 38 See id. at 876. 39 See id. 9 Vie introduced Plaintiff’s Exhibit No. 1, which he testified consisted of copies of contemporaneous billing records from two law firms, Feldman and Feldman, the lead firm, and Mills Shirley, the local firm. Vie explained that the billing records covered the period from July 2015, when the case began, until the time of trial in late 2017, but they did not include the first trial or appeal. Vie testified that the first page of the exhibit was a one-page summary listing the attorneys, the time period of the invoice, the invoice number, the fee amount, the expenses, and the total of that invoice. Vie further testified that he had worked as an attorney for both law firms at different times. He stated that he was testifying as a custodian of records for both firms, the copies of the billing records were true and correct copies of the documents, and they were prepared by individuals with personal knowledge of them at the time they were made. STORM’s counsel objected to the admission of the billing records on the ground that the records were redacted and therefore untrustworthy. The trial court overruled STORM’s objection and admitted Plaintiff’s Exhibit No. 1 into evidence. Vie testified that he reviewed the billing records before they were redacted. He also testified that redaction of the billing records was necessary to preserve attorney-client privilege and attorney work product in this case. 10 Vie explained that the billing records reflected the work performed by partners, associates, contract attorneys, paralegals, and legal assistants on the case. He testified that billing rates differed depending on the person’s title and years of experience, and the number of hours worked depended on the role the person performed in the case. Vie testified that one partner at Feldman and Feldman with 40 years’ experience worked 80 hours on the case and his billing rate was $500 an hour; another partner with 18 years’ experience, and who was the lead attorney at trial, worked 338 hours and his billing rate was $400 an hour; an associate with 2 years’ experience performed 874 hours of work and her billing rate was $250 an hour; a contract attorney with 11 years’ experience worked 61 hours on the case and her billing rate was $250 an hour; a law clerk, who was a third-year law student, performed 88 hours of work which was billed at $75 an hour; and a legal assistant worked 13.75 hours on the case at a billing rate of $150 an hour. Vie testified that three partners at Mills Shirley worked on the case during this time at an hourly billing rate of $300—one partner with 40 years’ experience worked 116 hours, one partner worked 6 hours, and Vie, the third partner, worked 835 hours—and two paralegals worked on the case at a billing rate of $100 an hour. Vie testified that after the discounts for services and discounts given to the client were applied, the total net billing for Feldman and Feldman was $399,000 and the total net billing for Mills Shirley was $65,980. Vie testified that the services rendered included pleading 11 practice, motion practice, and discovery practice, as well as internal discussions about the case such as tactics and strategy. In his opinion, the services rendered were necessary and the rates charged by the attorneys, law clerks, legal assistants, and paralegals for similar services were reasonable for attorneys and staff in the legal community. Vie testified that adjustments were made to the fee application submitted to the trial court which reduced the total amount of the attorney’s fees sought by the Oystermen to $428,000. Vie testified about the factors an attorney must consider when determining a reasonable fee to charge a client, which include: (1) the time and labor required, the novelty of the questions involved, and the skills necessary to perform the work; (2) the likelihood that accepting the particular employment will preclude other employment; (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services, (4) the amount involved and the results obtained; (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent on the results obtained or the uncertainty of collection before the legal services have been rendered. Vie testified that in addition to the UDJA claim, the Oystermen asserted a trespass-to-try title claim and several tort claims. He explained that Texas law does 12 not permit the recovery of attorney’s fees for certain types of claims, including trespass-to-try-title claims and some tort claims. He stated that if a lawsuit involves claims that allow recovery of attorney’s fees and claims that do not, an attorney must segregate the time spent on the claims for which attorney’s fees are recoverable from the time spent on claims for which attorney’s fees are not recoverable. Vie explained that, to segregate fees, an attorney must provide a rough estimate or an approximation of the percentage of work that was done in relation to the claims for which attorney’s fees are not recoverable. Vie testified that he was therefore required to subtract a percentage of the total attorney’s fees for work done on the trespass-to-try-title claim and tort claims. Vie testified that it was his opinion that 30% of the time spent on the case was spent on the claims for trespass-to-try-title, civil conspiracy, and other tort claims pleaded for which attorney’s fees were not recoverable. Vie stated that his estimate was based on a review of the claims asserted and the amount of work performed as well as doing a word search for “trespass to try title” in the billing records. Vie opined that based on his experience in the case, the issues presented on appeal, and the billing records in Plaintiff’s Exhibit No. 1, 30% of the total amount of attorney’s fees, or $141,240, should be deducted, leaving an attorney’s fees award of $286,760. Vie testified that the next stage was the trial, which was held in November 2017 and lasted three-and-a-half or four days. He stated that the attorney’s fees 13 billed for trial totaled $36,000, which consisted of 40 hours of work done by a partner at Feldman and Feldman at a billing rate of $400 and 80 hours of work done by an associate at a rate of $250 an hour. Vie explained that although the Oystermen received a favorable judgment at the first trial, because the court of appeals remanded the case for segregation of fees, the Oystermen were not seeking to shift the attorney’s fees billed for the first trial to STORM. Vie testified that two of the attorneys rendered post-judgment services in January 2018. Vie explained that STORM, having received an adverse verdict, filed a motion for new trial and a motion to modify the judgment which are the predicate to an appeal. Vie testified that one partner at Feldman and Feldman spent 2.75 hours at a billing rate of $400 and one associate spent 27 hours at a billing rate of $250 on the post-judgment services, for which they billed a total of $7,850. Vie opined that the services provided before appeal were necessary, and the rates that were charged by the two attorneys were reasonable rates in the legal community for those services. Vie testified that the next stage of the case after the post-judgment work was the appeal. Vie stated that he handled the appeal in the case. He explained that work on the appeal involved conducting legal research and preparing a brief to submit to the court of appeals. Vie testified that he worked a total of 104 hours, and at a billing rate of $400, the Oystermen incurred $41,600 in attorney’s fees for work done on 14 the appeal. It was Vie’s opinion that his billing rate was a reasonable rate in the community for a board-certified appellate attorney with his experience. Vie explained that STORM presented five issues on appeal, and the Oystermen prevailed on four of the issues, but they did not prevail on STORM’s challenge to the attorney’s fees award. Vie testified that he therefore deducted 20% of the amount billed for the appeal to account for the portion of the appeal on which the Oystermen did not prevail. Vie explained that STORM filed a petition for review in the Texas Supreme Court, which was denied, and that he did not do much briefing in the supreme court. He testified that after deducting 20% from $41,600, the remaining amount billed was $33,280 for the work on the appeal. Vie testified that after the case was remanded, he spent 9.75 hours to prepare for the retrial, at a billing rate of $400 an hour, for a total of $3,900. Vie concluded that based on the work performed since 2015 (including adjustments made and a 30% deduction for work done on the claims for which attorney’s fees were not recoverable), not charging for the work performed for trial, and adding the work done on appeal (minus 20% for the issue on which the Oystermen did not prevail) and on retrial, the Oystermen submitted a fee application seeking a total award of attorney’s fees of $331,790. Vie also testified about conditional appellate attorney’s fees. He stated that based on his experience in handling appeals, his knowledge about the case, the length 15 of the first trial, and the issues he anticipated might be raised in a second appeal, it was his opinion that the entire appellate process would take 40 hours; at a billing rate of $400 an hour, conditional appellate attorney’s fees for the court of appeals would be $16,000. Vie testified that it was his opinion that filing a petition for review in the Texas Supreme Court would require 10 to 12 hours, so conditional appellate attorney’s fees at a billing rate of $400 an hour would be $4,800. Vie further testified that full merits briefing to the Texas Supreme Court would take 40 hours; at a billing rate of $400 an hour, conditional appellate attorney’s fees would be $16,000. Vie opined that if oral argument was requested, it would require 8 hours to prepare and argue; at a billing rate of $400, conditional appellate attorney’s fees for that stage would be $3,200. STORM did not call any witnesses in its case-in-chief or introduce any evidence at trial. After both sides rested, the trial court held a charge conference. STORM objected to the Oystermen’s proposed jury charge on the grounds that (1) the proposed instruction and question were erroneous because they constituted a comment on the weight of the evidence; (2) the charge omitted STORM’s requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question; (3) the evidence was legally insufficient to support an award of attorney’s fees; (4) the evidence was factually insufficient to support an award of attorney’s fees; (5) the evidence presented was conclusory; (6) 16 the evidence of the segregation of fees between recoverable and unrecoverable claims was insufficient; and (7) Vie’s expert testimony was merely ipse dixit unsupported by sufficient data. The trial court overruled STORM’s objections and, orally and in writing, it refused STORM’s request to include the requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question in its charge to the jury. At the conclusion of trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the Oystermen. The jury answered as follows: QUESTION 1 The Court has previously determined that Plaintiffs are entitled to declaratory judgment under Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code Chapter 37. The Court has further previously determined that Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees, if any, pursuant to Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 37.009. What is a reasonable fee for the necessary legal services of the Plaintiffs’ attorneys? A reasonable fee is the reasonable hours worked, and to be worked, multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate for that work. Do not include fees that relate solely to any other claim. Answer with an amount for each of the following: a. For preparation and trial. ANSWER: $ $340,000 b. For an appeal to the Court of Appeals. 17 ANSWER: $ $16,000 c. For a Petition for Review to Supreme Court of Texas. ANSWER: $ $4,800 d. If merits briefing is requested by the Supreme Court of Texas. ANSWER: $ $16,000 e. If oral argument is requested by the Supreme Court of Texas. ANSWER: $ $3,200 The Oystermen moved for entry of judgment. The trial court signed its final judgment on remand, awarding reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees to the Oystermen under Chapter 37 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code as follows: 1. Reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees in the amount of $340,000 for services rendered in this case through entry of judgment. 2. Additionally, attorney’s fees for services on appeal are awarded when [the Oystermen] have prevailed on appeal at one of more of these stages: $16,000 for appeal to the Court of Appeals; $4,800 if a party files a Petition for Review to the Supreme Court of Texas; $16,000 if the Supreme Court requests briefing on the merits in connection with a Petition for Review; and $3,200 if oral argument is requested by the Supreme Court of Texas. The trial court found the fees to be equitable and just under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 37.009. It further ordered that the Oystermen recover from STORM post-judgment interest and courts costs. 18 STORM moved for a new trial, to disregard the jury’s verdict, and for judgment non obstante veredicto (“JNOV”) after remand. The motions were overruled by operation of law. Requested Jury Instruction and Question In its first issue, STORM asserts that the trial court erred by refusing to include its requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question in the court’s charge to the jury. According to STORM, the trial court’s failure to include the requested instruction and question probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment or prevented it from properly presenting its case to the court of appeals. A. Standard of Review We review jury charge error for an abuse of discretion. See Thota v. Young, 366 S.W.3d 678, 687 (Tex. 2012). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary and unreasonable manner or if it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles. See King Fisher Marine Serv., L.P. v. Tamez, 443 S.W.3d 838, 850 (Tex. 2014). To determine whether an alleged error in a charge is reversible, we must consider the pleadings, the evidence at trial, and the charge in its entirety. Klentzman v. Brady, 456 S.W.3d 239, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014), aff’d, 515 S.W.3d 878 (Tex. 2017). For harm to result, the error must have probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1). 19 B. Procedural Framework Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 277 and 278 provide the framework for obtaining an instruction and question in a jury charge. Under Rule 277, a trial court must submit instructions and definitions “as shall be proper to enable the jury to render a verdict.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 277. “This rule . . . affords the trial court considerable discretion in deciding what instructions are necessary and proper in submitting issues to the jury.” State Farm Lloyds v. Nicolau, 951 S.W.2d 444, 451 (Tex. 1997). “A trial court should submit explanatory instructions when in its sole discretion, it determines that the instructions will help the jury to understand the meaning and effect of the applicable law and presumptions.” KBIDC Invests., LLC v. Zuru Toys Inc., No. 05-19-00159-CV, 2020 WL 5988014, at *18 (Tex. App.— Dallas Oct. 9, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also Sam Rayburn Mun. Power Agency v. Gillis, No. 09-16-00339-CV, 2018 WL 3580159, at *12 (Tex. App.— Beaumont July 26, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). A jury should not be burdened with surplus instructions, even those that accurately state the law. See Li v. TGS- NOPEC Geophysical Co., --- S.W.3d ---, ---, 2026 WL 110680, at *2 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 15, 2026, pet. denied). Consequently, every correct statement of law does not necessarily belong in the jury charge. Gillis, 2018 3580159, at *12; see also KBIDC Invests., 2020 WL 5988014 at *18 (“Trial courts 20 should refuse to submit unnecessary instructions, even if the instructions are legally correct statements.”). Under Rule 278, a party is entitled to a jury question, instruction, or definition if the written pleadings and evidence raise the issue. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 278. Jury questions submitted must: (1) control the disposition of the case; (2) be raised by the pleadings and the evidence; and (3) properly submit the disputed issues for the jury’s determination. Spradley v. Michael E. Orsak, LP, No. 01-19-00186-CV, 2020 WL 7349490, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 15, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). The failure to submit a question or instruction is not a ground for reversal unless its submission, in substantially correct wording, was requested in writing and tendered by the complaining party. Id.; Union Pac. R.R. Co. v. Williams, 85 S.W.3d 162, 166 (Tex. 2002). C. Analysis Prior to trial, STORM submitted in writing the following requested proposed instruction and question to be included in the court’s charge to the jury: D. Instruction Regarding Question ___. [Q__ Instr. ___] You are instructed that for determining the reasonableness and necessity of attorney’s fees in a fee-shifting situation, what constitutes a reasonable attorney’s fee involves two steps. First, you must determine the reasonable hours spent by counsel in the case, if any, and a reasonable hourly rate for such work, if any. Charges for duplicative, excessive, or inadequately documented work should be excluded. If you determine a reasonable number of hours and a reasonable hourly rate for such work, then you should multiply 21 the number of such hours by the applicable rate, the product of which is called the base fee or lodestar. The base calculation should reflect a reasonable hourly rate for the attorney to prosecute or defend successfully against the claim at issue. You may then adjust the base lodestar up or down - by applying a multiplier - if relevant factors indicate an adjustment is necessary to reach a reasonable fee in the case. You are instructed that the base lodestar figure is presumed to represent reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees but other considerations may justify an enhancement or reduction to the base lodestar. Accordingly, you must then determine whether evidence of those considerations overcomes the presumption and necessitates an adjustment to reach a reasonable fee. Question __ What is the base fee or lodestar? Answer by stating in the number of hours and the hourly rate: Number of Hours _______ Hourly Rate __________ At the charge conference, STORM objected to omission of its requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question from the proposed jury charge. The Oystermen responded that the requested instruction and question were not in substantially correct wording. They argued that it was within the trial court’s discretion to decide what instructions are necessary and proper, and even if the requested instruction and question were substantially correct, it did not mean that they belonged in the court’s charge. They further argued that a jury question should be in broad form, whenever feasible, and STORM’s requested lodestar question was not in broad-form submission. The trial court overruled STORM’s objection and 22 did not include the requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question in its charge to the jury. In its brief on appeal, STORM asserts that the trial court had a duty to include its requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question. In support of its argument, STORM points to the following language in the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in Rohrmoos Venture v. UTSW DVA Healthcare, LLP, 578 S.W.3d 469 (Tex. 2019), addressing application of the lodestar method in a fee-shifting situation: [T]he fact finder must first determine a base lodestar figure based on reasonable hours worked multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. In a jury trial, the jury should be instructed that the base lodestar figure is presumed to represent reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees, but other considerations may justify an enhancement or reduction to the base lodestar; accordingly, the fact finder must then determine whether evidence of those considerations overcomes the presumption and necessitates an adjustment to reach a reasonable fee. Id. at 501. We disagree that Rohrmoos created an absolute duty to submit a specific lodestar instruction and lodestar question on the request of a party. When a trial court refuses to submit a requested instruction, the question on appeal is whether the instruction was reasonably necessary “to enable the jury to render a proper verdict.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 277; see Tex. Workers’ Comp. Ins. Fund v. Mandlbauer, 34 S.W.3d 909, 912 (Tex. 2000); Spradley, 2020 WL 7349490, at *6. For an instruction to be proper, it must: (1) assist the jury; (2) accurately state the law; and (3) find support in the pleadings and the evidence. TEX. R. CIV. P. 278 (“Failure to submit a 23 definition or instruction shall not be deemed a ground for reversal of the judgment unless a substantially correct definition or instruction has been requested”); Mandlbauer, 34 S.W.3d at 912. Here, the trial court’s charge instructed the jury as follows: “The Court has . . . previously determined that [the Oystermen] are entitled to an award of reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees, if any, pursuant to Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 37.009. What is a reasonable fee for the necessary legal services of the [Oystermen’s] attorneys? A reasonable fee is the reasonable hours worked, and to be worked, multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate for that work.” On this record, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by not including STORM’s requested instruction or question. The jury did not need the instruction to understand the meaning or effect of law. Further, the question on reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees submitted to the jury closely tracked language from the Texas Pattern Jury Charges (“PJC”). See Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Pattern Jury Charges: Business, Consumer, Insurance & Employment, PJC 115.47 (2014).40 By answering with an amount for 4040 PJC 115.47 asks: “What is a reasonable fee for the necessary services of [client’s] attorney, stated in dollars and cents?” State Bar of Tex., Tex. Pattern Jury Charges: Business, Consumer, Insurance, Employment, PJC 115.47 (2014). Although the PJC is not “law,” it is heavily relied upon by bench and bar, and is based on what the State Bar Committee perceives the present law to be. See Shelby Distribs., Inc. v. Reta, 441 S.W.3d 715, 720 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, no pet.); THI of Tex. at 24 each category, the jury indicated what sum it found to be a reasonable and necessary fee for the legal services provided by the Oystermen’s attorneys. STORM concedes that it could not find authority discussing this exact issue but suggests there is “an emerging trend” among courts of appeals to reverse attorney’s fees awards where the trial court was the fact finder and did not apply the lodestar method. It cites Challis v. Fiamma Statler, LP, 02-22-00047-CV, 2023 WL 2534470 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 16, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) and Asta Partners, LLC v. Palaniswamy, No. 02-20-00371-CV, 2021 WL 5133888 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 4, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op) in support of its assertion. In Challis, the trial court, on remand, awarded $74,109.87 in trial attorney’s fees and $40,600 in appellate attorney’s fees to appellants, which was approximately 9.6% of appellants’ proven incurred fees. See Challis, 2023 WL 2534470, at *5. Appellants argued that the amount of the attorney’s fees award on remand was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. See id. at *1. The court of appeals agreed, noting that the trial court made findings of fact and conclusions of law to support its award, but the findings and conclusions did not explain how the trial court arrived at the $114,709.87 figure. See id. at *5. The court further noted that the disproportionate nature of the trial court’s award pointed to another issue as Lubbock I, LLC v. Perea, 329 S.W.3d 548, 569 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. denied). 25 well: the court’s failure to apply the lodestar analysis. See id. at *6. Specifically, the trial court’s findings did not identify the reasonable number of hours worked and did not identify a reasonable hourly rate; instead, the only hourly rates recited in the trial court’s findings were the billing rates charged by appellants’ legal team. See id. The court opined that “given the size of the fee award, it seems safe to say that the trial court did not adopt [appellants’] billing rates. . . . In short, we have no idea how the trial court came to its award figure, but it does not appear to have been through application of the lodestar method to the evidence proffered by the parties.” Id. at *6. After noting that appellants had used the lodestar method, addressed the Arthur Andersen factors,41 and presented detailed evidence of their attorney’s fees, the court concluded that “the trial court’s award [was] inconsistent with this evidence, and there [was] nothing in the record to explain the departure or to indicat[e] that the trial court determined the reasonable hours worked or a reasonable hourly rate.” Id. at *7 (internal quotations omitted). In Asta Partners, the court reversed an award of attorney’s fees because the trial court’s findings and conclusions did not reflect an application of the lodestar method. See Asta Partners, 2021 WL 5133888, at *2. The prevailing party had a contingency agreement with its attorneys for 40% of the verdict, but to recover for 41 See Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997). 26 its fees under the lodestar method, it introduced detailed evidence that its counsel had worked 588.4 hours on the case and that his hourly rate was $575. See id. at *9– 11. The court noted that, although the trial court’s findings described the $575 hourly rate as unreasonable for “significant portions of the work [that counsel] performed,” the findings “d[id] not demonstrate that the trial court determined what a reasonable rate should be for such work.” Id. at *12. The court stated that it had “no indication that the trial court determined the reasonable hours worked or a reasonable hourly rate.” Id. Instead, the amount of the award indicated that the court had “skipped [the base-lodestar] step and relied solely on the contingency-fee agreement.” Id. The court held that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding trial attorney’s fees based solely on the contingency-fee agreement. See id. STORM’s reliance on Challis and Asta Partners for its argument that the trial court erred in failing to include its requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question is misplaced. In both cases, the trial court was the fact finder, and the question of whether a trial court’s failure to include a lodestar question and lodestar instruction in the jury charge is error was not at issue. Further, in Challis and Astra, unlike in this case, the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees and its findings of fact and conclusions of law demonstrated that the trial court had not applied the lodestar method in determining the attorney’s fees awards. Here, in contrast, the jury awarded the exact amount of attorney’s fees requested by the Oystermen, which was 27 calculated by multiplying the number of hours counsel worked on the case by their billing rates, to arrive at the lodestar. Vie detailed for the jury how many hours each member of the Oystermen’s legal team worked on the case and what each member’s billing rate was. He explained that the law firms’ total net billing was calculated by multiplying the number of hours worked by each member of the firms’ legal teams by the member’s billing rate. Vie discussed each of the Arthur Andersen factors used in determining the reasonableness of a fee and testified that, in his opinion, the services rendered were necessary and the rates charged by the attorneys, law clerks, legal assistants, and paralegals were reasonable for attorneys and staff in the legal community. Thus, the jury was able to evaluate the attorney’s fees evidence under the lodestar framework because the submitted charge instructed the jury as to what a reasonable fee was, it included a general attorney’s fees question, and the evidence was presented in lodestar form. We hold that the trial court did not err in failing to include STORM’s requested lodestar instruction and lodestar question in the jury charge. We overrule STORM’s first issue. Sufficiency of the Evidence In its second and third issues, STORM asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the amount of attorney’s fees awarded to the Oystermen. It argues that Vie’s testimony merely offered generalizations about the 28 reasonableness and necessity of the requested attorney’s fees, was conclusory, and was nothing more than ipse dixit. In its fifth issue, STORM asserts that the Oystermen’s billing records admitted into evidence were hearsay and so heavily redacted that it was impossible for the jury to determine the work performed or whether the fees charged and time spent were reasonable and necessary, making them untrustworthy and inadmissible. A. Standard of Review We review a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion. See Fort Worth Transp. Auth. v. Rodriguez, 547 S.W.3d 830, 850 (Tex. 2018). A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles such that its ruling was arbitrary or unreasonable. See Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 583 (Tex. 2006). We review the amount of attorney’s fees award for legal and factual sufficiency. See Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998). When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the amount of an attorney’s fees award, we consider the evidence before the jury, crediting evidence in support of the verdict if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the verdict unless reasonable jurors could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex. 2005). If there is more than a scintilla of evidence to support the finding, the evidence is legally sufficient. See id. at 813. 29 In a factual sufficiency review, we consider and weigh all of the evidence, both supporting and contradicting the finding. See Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406–07 (Tex. 1998). We may set aside the finding only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See id. at 407. In conducting our review, we are mindful that the jurors, as fact finders, are the sole judges of witness credibility and the weight to be given their testimony, see Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003), and it is the jurors’ role to resolve any conflicts in the evidence. See Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 820. We must defer to the jurors’ determination of these matters and their resolution of conflicting evidence. Id. B. Applicable Law In Texas, each party generally must pay its own way in attorney’s fees. Rohrmoos, 578 S.W.3d at 483. But there are certain circumstances in which the prevailing party can recover fees from the opposing party. Id. at 484. When fee- shifting is authorized, whether by statute or contract, the party seeking a fee award must prove the reasonableness and necessity of the requested attorney’s fees. Id. Whether the requested fees are both reasonable and necessary are questions of fact to be determined by the fact finder. Id. at 489. “General, conclusory testimony devoid of any real substance will not support a fee award.” Id. at 501. “Thus, a claimant seeking an award of attorney’s fees must 30 prove the attorney’s reasonable hours worked and reasonable rate by presenting sufficient evidence to support the fee award sought.” Id. at 501–02. Sufficient evidence to support an award of attorney’s fees includes, at a minimum, the following evidence: (1) the particular services performed; (2) who performed those services; (3) approximately when the services were performed; (4) the reasonable amount of time required to perform the services; and (5) the reasonable hourly rate for each person performing the services. Id. at 502. Under the lodestar method, the fact finder must first determine the reasonable hours spent by counsel in the case and the reasonable hourly rate for counsel’s work and then multiply the number of hours worked by the applicable rate, the product of which is the base fee or lodestar. See El Apple I, Ltd. v. Olivas, 370 S.W.3d 757, 760 (Tex. 2012). Non-exclusive factors the fact finder should consider in determining the amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded include: (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill required to perform the legal service properly; (2) the likelihood that acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other employment; (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar services; (4) the amount involved and the results obtained; (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; (7) the expertise, reputation, and ability of the lawyer performing the services; and (8) 31 whether the fee is fixed or contingent on results obtained or uncertainty of collection before the legal services have been rendered. Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex. 1997). There is a presumption that the base lodestar calculation, when supported by sufficient evidence, reflects the reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees that can be shifted to the non-prevailing party. See Rohrmoos, 578 S.W.3d at 499. C. Analysis In addition to Vie’s testimony, the Oystermen introduced into evidence (1) 177 pages of contemporaneous billing records from Feldman and Feldman and Mills Shirley, covering the period from July 2015 when the case began until the time of trial in late 2017, and (2) a one-page summary that synthesized the information in the billing records and identified the firm, the time period of the invoice, the invoice number, the fee amount, the amount of expenses, and the total of each invoice. Vie identified the attorneys and legal staff from Feldman and Feldman who worked on the case: one partner who worked 80 hours at a hourly billing rate of $500, one partner (and lead counsel at trial) who worked 338 hours at an hourly rate of $400, an associate who worked 874 hours at an hourly rate of $250, a contract attorney who worked 61 hours at an hourly rate of $250, a third-year law clerk who worked 88 hours at an hourly rate of $75, and a legal assistant who worked 13.75 hours at an hourly rate of $150. He testified that three partners at Mills Shirley 32 worked on the case during this period at an hourly billing rate of $300—one partner worked 116 hours, a second partner worked 6 hours, and Vie, the third partner, worked 835 hours—and two paralegals worked on the case at a billing rate of $100 an hour. Vie testified that the services rendered included pleading practice, motion practice, and discovery practice, as well as internal discussions about the case such as tactics and strategy. In Vie’s opinion, the rates charged by the attorneys and staff were comparable to the rates customarily charged in Harris County, Texas and Galveston County, Texas for similar legal services, and the legal services provided were necessary. Vie testified that, based on the invoices, the Oystermen had incurred $399,000 (Feldman and Feldman) and $65,980 (Mills Shirley) in attorney’s fees between July 2015 and late 2017 (which did not include trial). Vie explained that after adjustments were made to the fees, the Oystermen’s fee application submitted to the trial court requested an attorney’s fee award of $428,000. Vie testified that he segregated the fees for the work done on the trespass-to- try-title claim and tort claims for which attorney’s fees were not available from the work done on the UDJA claim for which attorney’s fees were available. Vie explained that based on his review of the claims asserted and the work done, he estimated that 30% of the work was performed on claims for which attorney’s fees were not recoverable. Vie explained that he reduced the amount of attorney’s fees by 30%, leaving attorney’s fees in the amount of $286,760 for this period. 33 Vie testified that the first trial in November 2017 lasted approximately three- and-a-half or four days. He stated that the attorney’s fees billed for trial totaled $36,000 (40 hours of work done by a partner at a billing rate of $400, and 80 hours of work done by an associate at a rate of $250 an hour). Vie explained that although the Oystermen received a favorable judgment at the first trial, this Court later remanded the case for segregation of fees, and therefore the Oystermen did not seek to shift the attorney’s fees billed for the first trial to STORM. Vie explained that STORM, having received an adverse verdict, filed a motion for new trial and a motion to modify the judgment. Vie explained that these filings required Oystermen’s attorneys to render post-judgment services. One partner worked 2.75 hours at a billing rate of $400 and an associate worked 27 hours at a billing rate of $250 which resulted in total billing of $7,850. Vie opined that the services provided post-judgment were necessary, and the rates that were charged by the two attorneys were reasonable rates in the legal community. Vie testified that he handled the appeal which included conducting legal research and preparing an appellate brief. Vie testified that he worked a total of 104 hours, and at a billing rate of $400, the Oystermen incurred $41,600 in attorney’s fees for work done on the appeal. It was Vie’s opinion that his billing rate was comparable to the rates charged for a board-certified appellate attorney with his experience. 34 Vie stated that STORM presented five issues on appeal. He explained that this Court affirmed the trial court’s judgment in favor of the Oystermen on four of the issues, but it reversed the attorney’s fees award and remanded the case for segregation of the attorney’s fees. Vie testified that he deducted 20% of the total amount billed for work on the appeal ($41,600 - $8,320) to account for the one issue on which the Oystermen did not prevail. The remaining amount of attorney’s fees billed was $33,280. Vie testified that after the case was remanded, he spent 9.75 hours to prepare for the retrial, at a billing rate of $400 an hour, for a total amount billed of $3,900. In summary, Vie testified that based on the work performed since 2015 (including adjustments made and a 30% deduction for work done on the claims for which attorney’s fees are not recoverable), not charging for the work performed for trial, and adding the services provided on appeal (after reducing the amount by 20% for the issue on which the Oystermen did not prevail) and the services provided for retrial of the case, the Oystermen submitted a fee application seeking a total award of attorney’s fees of $331,790. Vie testified about conditional appellate attorney’s fees. He testified that based on his experience in handling appeals, his knowledge about the case, the length of the first trial, and the issues he anticipated might be raised in a second appeal, it was his opinion that if the Oystermen were successful, the following conditional 35 appellate attorney’s fees at an hourly billing rate of $400 were reasonable: 40 hours of work for an appeal to the court of appeals totaling $16,000, 10-12 hours of work to file a petition of review to the Supreme Court of Texas totaling $4,800; 40 hours for full merit briefing to the Supreme Court of Texas totaling $16,000; and 8 hours to prepare and argue if oral argument was requested in the Supreme Court of Texas totaling $3,200. STORM argues that Vie’s testimony merely offered generalizations unsupported by data and was nothing more than ipse dixit because he simply asked the jury to take his word for it. On the contrary, Vie testified to the services performed by the attorneys at the two law firms, including drafting and amending pleadings, conducting discovery, performing legal research, and preparing for trial. The 177 pages of contemporaneous billing records admitted into evidence corroborated Vie’s testimony and reflected the hours billed, the attorney or legal assistant who performed the legal work, and their billing rates and included a description of the work performed from 2015 until the time of trial in 2017. See Rohrmoos, 578 S.W.3d at 502 (“Contemporaneous billing records are not required to prove that the requested fees are reasonable and necessary. . . . Nevertheless, billing records are strongly encouraged to prove the reasonableness and necessity of requested fees when those elements are contested.”). In addition, the one-page summary identified the firm, the time period of the invoice, the invoice number, the 36 fee amount, the amount of expenses, and the total of each invoice. Vie also provided detailed testimony about the post-judgment legal services that were provided through the time of retrial. See id. We further note that STORM did not offer any evidence to controvert the Oystermen’s evidence submitted in support of their attorney’s fees. See Jarvis v. Rocanville Corp., 298 S.W.3d 305, 319 (Tex. App.— Dallas 2009, pet. denied) (noting plaintiffs did not submit any conflicting evidence, or otherwise controvert, defendants’ attorney’s testimony that their reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees for trial would be $50,000, and concluding trial court had sufficient uncontroverted evidence upon which to exercise its discretion). Taken together, Vie’s testimony and the contemporaneous billing records provided the jury with the type of detailed information required by Rohrmoos. See Rohrmoos, 578 S.W.3d at 498 (stating sufficient evidence includes, “at a minimum, evidence of (1) particular services performed, (2) who performed those services, (3) approximately when the services were performed, (4) the reasonable amount of time required to perform the services, and (5) the reasonable hourly rate for each person performing such services.”). STORM also argues that the Oystermen’s billing records and the one-page summary constitute hearsay. “Hearsay” is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter 37 asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). The business records exception provides that evidence meeting certain criteria should not be excluded under the hearsay rule. TEX. R. EVID. 803(6). The foundation for the business records exception has four requirements: (1) the records were made and kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity; (2) it was the regular practice of the business to make the records; (3) the records were made at or near the time of the event that they record; and (4) the records were made by a person with knowledge who was acting in the regular course of business. Powell v. Vavro, McDonald & Assocs., L.L.C., 136 S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). “Business records of an attorney are admissible pursuant to Rule 803(6) to support attorney’s fees.” Lesikar v. Moon, No. 14-11-01016-CV, 2012 WL 3776365, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 30, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Vie testified that he was custodian of the billing records for both law firms and the records were true and correct copies of the documents used in the case. He testified that it was the normal billing practice of both firms for the attorneys to enter their time, which timekeepers input into the billing system, and an invoice was then generated and sent to the client. Vie testified that the contemporaneous billing records were prepared by individuals with personal knowledge of the time entries at the time they were entered. Vie’s testimony coupled with the documents themselves met the requirements of Texas Rule of Evidence 803(6). 38 STORM also argues that the billing records were too heavily redacted to permit the jury to determine the work performed or whether the fees charged and time spent were reasonable and necessary, making them untrustworthy and inadmissible. While many pages of the billing records are extensively redacted, 42 the records, coupled with Vie’s testimony about the legal services the firms provided to the Oystermen, provided sufficient information to allow the jury to meaningfully assess the reasonableness and necessity of the legal services provided to the Oystermen. See Isomeric Indus., Inc. v. Triple Crown Res., LLC, No. 01-22-00768- CV, 2023 WL 6884172, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 19, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (recognizing billing records are insufficient evidence of fees when entire description of work performed is redacted, but that records before court, which were only partly redacted to prevent disclosure of information protected by attorney- client privilege, provided enough detail about specific tasks to serve as evidence of fees); Tite Water Energy, LLC v. Wild Willy’s Welding LLC, No. 01-22-00158-CV, 42 For example, some of the specific tasks include descriptions such as “Attorney conferences regarding [redacted],” “Legal research regarding [redacted],” and “Discussion with [redacted] regarding [redacted].” However, other descriptions include more detail, such as “Review notices of hearing filed by CLCND and STORM; review email correspondence and documents from TPWD general counsel regarding oyster leases,” “Review correspondence and Addendum to lease 410A from TPWD; research,” and “E-mail correspondence with Lance Robinson, TPWD, regarding request for addendum. Telephone message and e-mail correspondence to Janet Gibreal, Texas Land Office, Coastal Resources, regarding request for county information for lease 413A, tracts 199 & 137.” 39 2023 WL 5615816, at *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 31, 2023, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (affirming jury award of $1,171,679.50 in attorney’s fees when “extensively redacted” billing invoices coupled with attorney’s testimony “provided sufficient information to allow the jury meaningfully to assess the reasonableness and necessity of the legal services”); Bailey v. Smith, 581 S.W.3d 374, 398 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019, pet. denied) (concluding fee records detailing specific amounts of time attorneys spent on tasks such as “Drafting/Revising Documents,” “Reviewing/Research Background Info,” “Conferring with AG Personnel,” and similar categories were sufficiently specific to enable trial court to make meaningful evaluation of reasonableness of fees claimed for each attorney on case). STORM also argues that the trial court erred in allowing the Oystermen to rely on the redacted billing records at trial because their use violated the “offensive use” doctrine. The offensive use doctrine prohibits a plaintiff from maintaining evidentiary privileges that protect from discovery outcome-determinative information not otherwise available to a defendant. See Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety Officers Ass’n v. Denton, 897 S.W.2d 757, 760–61 (Tex. 1995). The theory underlying the doctrine is that a plaintiff who is seeking affirmative relief should not be permitted to maintain the action, and at the same time maintain evidentiary privileges that protect from discovery outcome-determinative information not otherwise available to the 40 defendant. Id. at 761. When determining whether the doctrine should apply, courts consider whether the following elements are met: (1) the party asserting the privilege is seeking affirmative relief; (2) the privileged information is such that, if it is believed by the factfinder, in all probability it would be outcome determinative of the cause of action asserted; and (3) the disclosure of the confidential communication is the only means by which the aggrieved party may obtain the evidence. See In re Exxon Mobil Corp., 389 S.W.3d 577, 580 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (citing Republic Ins. Co. v. Davis, 856 S.W.2d 158, 163 (Tex. 1993)). STORM’s reliance on the offensive use doctrine is unavailing. Texas cases addressing the offensive use doctrine are typically in the context of mandamus proceedings involving discovery disputes, where a party seeks to compel the trial court to order production of materials (or vacate its order compelling production) that the opposing party is shielding with a privilege claim. See, e.g., In re Nat’l Lloyds Ins. Co., 532 S.W.3d 794, 807 (Tex. 2017) (orig. proceeding) (addressing offensive use doctrine in context of discovery disputes and recognizing party may waive its work-product privilege through offensive use when it relies on its own billing records to contest reasonableness of opposing counsel’s fees or seeks to recover its own attorney’s fees); In re Starr Indem. & Liab. Co., 12-24-00191-CV, 2024 WL 3858473, at *6–7 (Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 15, 2024, orig. proceeding 41 [mand. denied]) (concluding trial court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting relator from seeking production of documents from law firms and denying petition for writ of mandamus); In re Exxon Mobil Corp., 389 S.W.3d at 583 (conditionally granting mandamus relief and ordering trial court to vacate its order compelling production of privileged documents at issue). We also note that STORM did not object to the Oystermen’s reliance on the redacted billing records at trial on the ground that their use was prohibited by the offensive use doctrine. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) (stating in order to preserve complaint for review, action or omission which is alleged as error or abuse of discretion on behalf of trial court must have been basis of timely request, objection, or motion that specified action that trial court was requested to take, or to forbear from taking, and adverse ruling must have been obtained); see also In re United Supermarkets, Inc., 36 S.W.3d 619, 622 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, orig. proceeding) (denying petition for writ of mandamus where relator’s argument that lawyer-client privilege did not bar discovery because real-parties-in-interest were making offensive use of privilege was not presented to trial court, and trial court did not make ruling regarding applicability of offensive use theory, thus waiving argument for appellate review). After considering the evidence before the jury, crediting evidence in support of the verdict if reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the verdict unless reasonable jurors could not, we conclude there is more than a scintilla 42 of evidence supporting the amount of attorney’s fees the jury awarded to the Oystermen. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 811, 813, 827. We further conclude that the jury’s award of attorney’s fees was not so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See Mar. Overseas, 971 S.W.2d at 407. We hold that the evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support the amount of attorney’s fees awarded to the Oystermen. We overrule STORM’s second, third, and fifth issues. Segregation of Fees In its fourth issue, STORM argues that the Oystermen failed to properly segregate their fees between claims for which attorney’s fees are available and claims for which they are not. Generally, a party seeking attorney’s fees must segregate fees for recoverable claims from those for which they are not. See Hannah Reef, 623 S.W.3d at 872 (stating party seeking attorney’s fees must prove that requested fees have been properly segregated or that segregation is not required). “[S]egregation evidence need not be extensive to be sufficient.” Kelly v. Isaac, No. 05-19-00813-CV, 2020 WL 4746589, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 17, 2020, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 314 (Tex. 2006)). “[T]o meet a party’s burden to segregate its attorney[’s] fees, it is sufficient to submit to the fact-finder testimony from a party’s attorney concerning the percentage of 43 hours that related solely to a claim for which fees are not recoverable.” Hannah Reef, 623 S.W.3d at 872; see also Young v. Dimension Homes, Inc., No. 01-14- 00331-CV, 2016 WL 4536407, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“[A]n attorney can satisfy his evidentiary burden by presenting evidence of unsegregated attorney’s fees and a rough percentage of the amount attributable to the claims for which fees are not recoverable.”). Vie estimated that 30% of the Oystermen’s attorney’s fees was for work relating solely to the claims for trespass-to-try-title and the tort claims for which attorney’s fees were not recoverable. He testified that his estimate was based on his review of the claims asserted and the amount of work performed as well as doing a word search for “trespass-to-try-title” in the billing records. Vie stated that based on his experience in the case, the issues presented on appeal, and the billing records in Plaintiff’s Exhibit No. 1, 30% of the fees, or $141,240, had to be deducted from the fee bill. We hold that this is sufficient to meet the Oystermen’s burden to segregate their fees. See Kelly, 2020 WL 4746589, at *8–9; Young, 2016 WL 4536407, at *10. We overrule STORM’s fourth issue. Attorney’s Fees Awarded Under UDJA In their sixth issue, STORM argues that, notwithstanding the law-of-the-case doctrine, the trial court erred in awarding attorney’s fees to the Oystermen because 44 attorney’s fees awarded under the UDJA are not recoverable, and may not be awarded, in a trespass-to-try-title suit when, as here, the claim is not solely the determination of the proper boundary line between adjoining properties. STORM asks this Court to revisit the issue of whether the Oystermen were entitled to obtain attorney’s fees under the UDJA. We decline to do so. In the previous appeal, we held that the Oystermen were entitled to declaratory relief, and therefore, they were entitled to obtain attorney’s fees under the UDJA. See Hannah Reef, 623 S.W.3d at 871–72. However, we also determined that the Oystermen were required to present evidence of the segregation of their attorney’s fees. See id. at 874. Because they did not do so, we reversed the attorney’s fees award and remanded the issue to the trial court “for a new trial limited to the issue of the Oystermen’s reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees.” Id. at 876. “Typically, if segregation is required and the claimant does not provide testimony from counsel on the proper segregation of the fee, the cause is remanded for a factual determination of the portion of the attorneys’ work that is attributable to the recoverable claim.” McMahon v. Zimmerman, 433 S.W.3d 680, 691 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). Here, however, STORM asks that we reconsider whether the Oystermen were entitled to obtain attorney’s fees under the UDJA at all. We conclude that the law-of-the-case doctrine applies to our earlier holding that the 45 Oystermen were entitled to declaratory relief and thus entitled to obtain attorney’s fees under the UDJA. Under the law-of-the-case doctrine, a court of appeals will ordinarily be bound by its initial decision if there is a subsequent appeal in the same case. Briscoe v. Goodmark Corp., 102 S.W.3d 714, 716 (Tex. 2003). “A decision rendered on an issue before the appellate court,” however, “does not absolutely bar re-consideration of the same issue on a second appeal.” Id. Rather, “[a]pplication of the doctrine lies within the discretion of the court, depending on the particular circumstances surrounding that case.” Id. Because we remanded the case to the trial court for a factual determination of the portion of the Oystermen’s attorneys’ work that was attributable to the recoverable claim, i.e., the UDJA claim, we decline to exercise our discretion to reconsider our earlier holding that the Oystermen were entitled to obtain attorney’s fees under the UDJA. See id. We overrule STORM’s sixth issue. Conclusion We affirm the trial court’s judgment. Kristin M. Guiney Justice Panel consists of Chief Justice Adams and Justices Rivas-Molloy and Guiney. 46 --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11436436. Public record. Not legal advice.