# Tula

> District Court, E.D. New York · August 3, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11434099

## Case

- **Full name:** Florentino Tula v. Elite Auto Maintenance Inc. and Robert Rubinshteyn
- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** August 3, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
---------------------------------------------------------- X
FLORENTINO TULA,

Plaintiff, REPORT &
RECOMMENDATION
-against-
25-CV-3117 (NRM)(SDE)
ELITE AUTO MAINTENANCE INC., and
ROBERT RUBINSHTEYN,

Defendants.
---------------------------------------------------------- X
S ETH D. EICHENHOLTZ, United States Magis trate Judge:

Plaintiff Florentino Tula brings this action against Defendants Elite Auto Maintenance Inc.
(“Elite”) and Robert Rubinshteyn, seeking damages under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C.
§ 201 (“FLSA”) and the New York Labor Law, N.Y. Lab. Law § 650 (“NYLL”). Presently before
the undersigned, on referral from the Honorable Nina R. Morrison, United States District Judge,
is Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment against Defendant Elite. For the reasons set forth below,
the undersigned respectfully recommends the Court grant Plaintiff’s motion in substantial part.1
FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the Complaint, Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment,
and the attachments filed in support of Plaintiff’s motion. Defendant Elite owned and operated an
auto maintenance and body shop business located at 2435 McDonald Avenue, Brooklyn, New
York, under the name Elite Auto Maintenance. (See Complaint (“Compl.”), Dkt. No. 1, ¶ 4.)

1 As detailed below, a portion of Plaintiff’s FLSA claim is untimely, so the undersigned
recommends that the Court deny the motion as to that portion of the FLSA claim. See infra
Discussion III.A. Further, as detailed below, Plaintiff fails to establish a viable claim under the
NYLL Wage Theft Prevention Act. See infra Discussion III.D.iii. Thus, the undersigned
recommends that the Court deny the motion as to that claim as well.
Plaintiff alleges he was employed by Defendant Elite to perform automobile painting work from
June 2020 to August 30, 2023 (“Period 1”) and again from approximately June 15, 2024, to
February 2, 2025 (“Period 2”). (See id.) Plaintiff alleges his work “did not involve executive or
administrative responsibilities.” (Id. ¶ 16.)

During Period 1, Plaintiff alleges he worked seven days per week, from 9:00 a.m. to
6:00 p.m., amounting to 63 hours per week. (See id. ¶ 18.) Plaintiff alleges he was compensated
at $250 per day during this Period no matter how many hours he worked each week. (See id.; see
also Affidavit of Michael Samuel, Esq. in Support of Motion for Default Judgment (“Samuel
Decl.”), Dkt. No. 26 ¶ 15.)
During Period 2, Plaintiff alleges he worked six days per week, Monday through Saturday,
from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., amounting to 54 hours per week. (See Compl. ¶¶ 20–21.) He alleges
he did not receive overtime compensation for this entire Period, and for 52 full workdays of this
Period, he also says he was not paid his $250 regular wage. (See Samuel Decl. ¶ 15; see also
id. Ex. 4).

Throughout both periods, Plaintiff alleges he did not receive paystubs, wage statements,
nor any written notices about his regular or overtime pay rates. (See id. ¶ 17). He also says he
was paid in cash throughout both Periods and was never asked to sign any notice acknowledging
his regular rates of pay. (See Compl. ¶¶ 30–31.) Plaintiff alleges Defendant Elite also did not
keep track of Plaintiff’s exact time worked nor provide a method for Plaintiff to keep track of his
time himself. (See id. ¶¶ 32–33.)
Plaintiff initiated this action on June 4, 2025. He seeks (i) compensation for unpaid
overtime work; (ii) compensation for unpaid wages for work performed without pay; and
(iii) liquidated damages for Defendant Elite’s alleged willful violations of the FLSA. (See id.
pp. 1–2.) Plaintiff also seeks (i) back wages for unpaid overtime work; (ii) compensation for
unpaid wages for work performed without pay; (iii) liquidated damages; and (iv) statutory
damages for Defendant Elite’s violations of the NYLL and the Wage Theft Prevention Act.
(See id.)

Defendant Elite was served with the Summons and Complaint on July 3, 2025 through an
authorized agent at the Office of the New York Secretary of State. (See Summons, Dkt. No. 7.)
Despite that service, Defendant Elite never appeared in this matter nor responded to the Complaint
in any way. On September 16, 2025, Plaintiff obtained a certificate of default against Defendant
Elite. (See Clerk’s Entry of Default, Dkt. No. 13.) At the same time, Plaintiff voluntarily
dismissed his claims against Robert Rubinshteyn. (See Memorandum of Law in Support of
Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment (“Pl’s. Mem.”), Dkt. No. 27 p. 1; see also Notice of
Voluntary Dismissal, Dkt. No. 15; Dkt. Order dated Sep. 18, 2025.) Plaintiff then filed this motion
for default judgment against Defendant Elite on February 8, 2026. (See Motion for Default
Judgment (“Mot.”), Dkt. No. 25.)

LEGAL STANDARD
A plaintiff seeking default judgment not for a sum certain must follow a two-step process
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55. See, e.g., Gaskin v. Brooklyn Suya Corp., 22-CV-5648,
2023 WL 9232962, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 26, 2023). The plaintiff must first seek a certificate of
default. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(a) (“When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief
is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend, and that failure is shown by affidavit or otherwise,
the clerk must enter the party’s default.”). Second, “after a default has been entered against a
defendant, and the defendant fails to appear or move to set aside the default under Rule 55(c), the
Court may, on a plaintiff’s motion, enter a default judgment.” Gaskin, 2023 WL 9232962, at *2
(citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(b)(2)).
Courts do not grant motions for default judgment “unless the party making that motion
adheres to certain local and individual rules.” Innovative Sports Mgmt., Inc. v. Triangle Eatery &

Bar, LLC, 21-CV-6809, 2022 WL 18151927, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2022), report and
recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 130835 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 9, 2023). Among other things, Local
Civil Rule 55.2(b) requires that a party seeking default judgment apply to the court and attach the
clerk’s certificate of default, a copy of the unanswered claim, and a proposed form of default
judgment form. See Local Civ. R. 55.2(b). Local Civil Rule 55.2(c) also requires that all papers
submitted under Local Civil Rule 55.2(b) be mailed to the defaulting party at their last known
address, with proof of mailing filed with the court. See Local Civ. R. 55.2(c).
A “default is an admission of all well-pleaded allegations against the defaulting party.”
Belizaire v. RAV Investigative and Sec. Servs. Ltd., 61 F. Supp. 3d 336, 344 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
Accordingly, a party’s motion for default judgment “only establishes a defendant’s liability if those

allegations are sufficient to state a cause of action against the defendant.” Taizhou Zhongneng
Imp. & Exp. Co., Ltd. v. Koutsobinas, 509 F. App’x 54, 56 (2d Cir. 2013). Therefore, the Court
must ensure “[P]laintiff’s allegations, [when accepted as true], establish the defendant’s liability
as a matter of law.” City of New York v. Mickalis Pawn Shop, 645 F.3d 114, 137 (2d Cir. 2011).
On a motion for default judgment, “a court accepts as true the plaintiff’s well-pleaded
factual allegations, except those relating to damages.” Jimenez v. Green Olive Inc., 744 F.
Supp. 3d 221, 237 (E.D.N.Y. 2024) (citing Greyhound Exhibitgroup, Inc. v. E.L.U.L. Realty Corp.,
973 F.2d 155, 158 (2d Cir. 1992)). The moving party is “entitled to all reasonable inferences from
the evidence offered.” Au Bon Pain Corp. v. Artect, Inc., 653 F.2d 61, 65 (2d Cir. 1981).
However, “a pleading’s legal conclusions are not assumed to be true.” Chen v. JP Standard
Constr. Corp., 14-CV-1086, 2016 WL 2909966 at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2016), report and
recommendation adopted, 14-CV-1086, 2016 WL 2758272 (E.D.N.Y. May 12, 2016). Instead,
“the factual allegations in the complaint must themselves be sufficient to establish a right to relief.”

Chen, 2016 WL 2909966 at *4. Further, “the plaintiff bears the burden of presenting proof of
damages, which may take the form of documentary evidence or detailed affidavits.” Joe Hand
Promotions, Inc. v. Benitez, 18-CV-6476, 2020 WL 5519200 at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2020),
report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 5517240 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 14, 2020).
A trial court has “sound discretion” to grant or deny a motion for a default judgment
because “it is in the best position to assess the individual circumstances of a given case and to
evaluate the credibility and good faith of the parties.” Enron Oil Corp. v. Diakuhara, 10 F.3d 90,
95 (2d Cir. 2011). However, in guiding the exercise of that discretion, the Second Circuit has
cautioned that a default judgment should be granted only if there is an underlying meritorious
claim; “the extreme sanction of a default judgment must remain a weapon of last, rather than first,

resort.” Meehan v. Snow, 652 F.2d 274, 277 (2d Cir. 1981).
DISCUSSION
Applying these well-established principles to this motion, the undersigned first addresses
whether service was proper, then whether the circumstances surrounding default justify the entry
of a default judgment, and finally, whether, presuming the allegations in the complaint are true,
Defendant Elite is liable to Plaintiff under the FLSA and NYLL for the claims asserted.
I. Service on Defendant Elite & Local Rule 55.2 Procedural Requirements
The undersigned finds Plaintiff properly served Defendant Elite with the summons and
complaint and met the other requirements of Local Rule 55.2. A court must consider “whether
Plaintiffs have shown that Defendants had notice about the action and an opportunity to defend
against it.” Fermin v. Las Delicias Peruanas Rest., Inc., 93 F. Supp. 3d 19, 30 (E.D.N.Y. 2015).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h) requires a domestic corporation to be served either “(A) in
the manner prescribed by Rule 4(e)(1) for serving an individual; or (B) by delivering a copy of the

summons and of the complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or any other agent
authorized by appointment by law to receive service of process.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h). The plaintiff
must also obtain a certificate of default and certify whether the defendant is in military service,
minor, or incompetent. See Local Civ. R. 55.2(A)(1).
Here, Plaintiff properly served Defendant Elite with the Summons and Complaint on
July 3, 2025 through an authorized agent in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of New
York. (See Samuel Decl. ¶ 7; Ex. 2.) Plaintiff’s counsel also mailed Defendant Elite copies of its
request for a certificate of default to Defendant Elite’s actual place of business and provided the
Court with proof of such mailing. (See Samuel Decl. ¶ 9; Ex. 3–7.) Plaintiff’s request for a
certificate of default certified that Defendant Elite is not in military service, nor a minor or

incompetent person. (See Request for Certificate of Default, Dkt. No. 11.) On September 16,
2025, after these efforts, the Clerk of Court issued a certificate of default against Defendant Elite.
(See Clerk’s Entry of Default, Dkt. No. 13.) Plaintiff also certified that he served his motion for
default judgment and all supporting documents on Defendant Elite. (See Certificate of Service,
Dkt. No. 28.) Thus, the undersigned finds Defendant Elite was properly served and provided with
adequate notice of the Complaint and the default against it, and Plaintiff complied with the Local
Civil Rules.
II. Propriety of a Default Judgment
Before addressing the substance of Plaintiff’s FLSA and NYLL claims, the undersigned
considers the other factors relevant to finding default judgment appropriate. Those factors include:
(i) whether the defendant’s default was willful; (ii) whether defendant presents a meritorious

defense; and (iii) the level of prejudice the non-defaulting party would suffer if the motion for
default judgement was set aside. See Enron, 10 F.3d at 96.
The first two factors weigh in favor of finding default judgment appropriate. As to the first
factor, “a defendant’s failure to respond to the complaint is sufficient to demonstrate willfulness.”
Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 32. As to the second factor, a defense is not meritorious if there is no
presentation of evidence in defense of the claims. See SEC v. McNulty, 137 F.3d 732, 740 (2d Cir.
1998). Here, both factors weigh in favor of default. Defendant Elite never entered any appearance,
filed an answer, nor moved with respect to the Complaint, nor has Defendant Elite presented any
evidence in defense of the claims. Accordingly, in the absence of a response to the Complaint, the
undersigned finds Defendant Elite’s default was willful, and, in the absence of the presentation of

evidence in defense of the claims, the undersigned finds there is no meritorious defense. See, e.g.,
Joseph v. HDMJ Rest., Inc., 970 F. Supp. 2d 131, 143 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (“Where a defendant fails
to answer the complaint, courts are unable to make a determination whether the defendant has a
meritorious defense to the plaintiff’s allegations, and, accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of
granting a default judgment.”).
The third factor also weighs in favor of finding default judgment appropriate. A plaintiff
is prejudiced if a defendant’s failure to respond prevents them from obtaining relief under the law.
See, e.g., Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 32 (citing Flanagan v. N. Star Concrete Constr., Inc., 13-CV-
2300, 2014 WL 4954615, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 2, 2014). Here, Plaintiff’s ability to obtain relief
under the FLSA or NYLL flows from this proceeding, and Defendant’s nonparticipation, if
tolerated, would be dispositive in preventing Plaintiff from obtaining relief. As such, Defendant
Elite’s failure to respond hampers Plaintiff’s ability to obtain relief he is entitled to under the law.
See, e.g., Rodriguez v. Almighty Cleaning, Inc., 784 F. Supp. 2d 114, 124 (E.D.N.Y. 2011)

(“Denying this motion would be prejudicial to Plaintiffs ‘as there are no additional steps available
to secure relief in this Court.’”) (quoting Bridge Oil Ltd. v. Emerald Reefer Lines, LLC, 06-CV-
14226, 2008 WL 5560868, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 2008)). Thus, the undersigned finds this third
factor weighs in favor of finding default judgment appropriate.
Because all three factors are satisfied, as long as Plaintiff’s Complaint sets forth
meritorious claims for relief under the FLSA and NYLL, the undersigned recommends the Court
issue a default judgment.
III. Sufficiency of Plaintiff’s FLSA & NYLL Claims
A. Statute of Limitations
As a first step in addressing the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s claims, the undersigned evaluates

whether his request for relief is brought within the time permitted in the applicable statute of
limitations. Generally, “[t]he limitations period for FLSA claims is two years, ‘except that a cause
of action arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years.’” Whiteside v.
Hover-Davis, Inc., 995 F.3d 315, 320 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 255(a)). When a
defendant defaults, “the violation is considered willful and the three-year statute of limitations
applies.” Rodriguez v. Queens Convenience Deli Corp., 09-CV-1089, 2011 WL 4962397, at *2
(E.D.N.Y. Oct. 18, 2011) (citing Blue v. Finest Guard Servs., Inc., 09-CV-133, 2010 WL 2927398,
at *33 (E.D.N.Y. June 24, 2010)). The limitations period for FLSA claims begins to run when the
employee commences work for the employer. See Jimenez, 744 F. Supp. 3d at 245.
Here, as discussed earlier, Defendant Elite’s default was willful, so the three-year
limitations period applies. See supra Discussion II. Plaintiff commenced the action on June 4,
2025, so he may recover for any FLSA claims that accrued as of three years before—i.e., June 4,
2022. In this case, Plaintiff seeks relief pursuant to the FLSA for both Period 1 and Period 2. But,

a portion of Period 1—from June 15, 2020 to June 3, 2022—falls outside the three-year limitation
period and, thus, would be time-barred. Accordingly, the undersigned recommends considering a
default judgment on the FLSA claims only as to the timely portion of Period 1, from June 4, 2022
through August 30, 2023, and all of Period 2.
Plaintiff’s NYLL claims do not share this limitation. The NYLL limitations period is six
years. See N.Y.L.L. §§ 198(3), 663(3). Accordingly, Plaintiff may potentially recover for any
NYLL claims that accrued as of June 4, 2019—six years after he filed his Complaint. As
Plaintiff’s first period of employment began in June 2020, all his claims fall within the six-year
period and, thus, are timely brought under the NYLL.
B. FLSA Coverage

To establish liability under the FLSA, a plaintiff must prove the following: (i) the
defendant is an employer subject to the FLSA; (ii) the plaintiff is an employee within the meaning
of the FLSA; and (iii) the employment relationship is not exempted from the FLSA. See Payamps
v. M & M Convenience Deli & Grocery Corp., 16-CV-4895, 2018 WL 3742696, at *4 (E.D.N.Y.
May 18, 2018). The undersigned evaluates whether Plaintiff has established each of these
elements in turn.
i. Employers Subject to the FLSA
The FLSA only applies to a qualifying employer, which includes “any person acting
directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 203(d).
An employer is subject to the FLSA if (i) their employees are engaged in commerce, or (ii) the
employer is an enterprise engaged in commerce. See id. §§ 206, 207. Plaintiff’s factual allegations
rely on the second prong. To be an enterprise engaged in commerce, the employer must have
“(a) an annual gross sales volume of at least $500,000”, and “(b) employees handling, selling or

otherwise working on goods or materials that have been moving in or produced for commerce by
any person.” Brito v. Marina’s Bakery Corp., 19-CV-828, 2022 WL 875099, at *7 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 24, 2022) (citing 29 U.S.C. §§ 203(s)(1)(A)(i)–(ii)).
Plaintiff alleges Defendant Elite is an enterprise that “has been and continued to be an
employer engaged in interstate commerce and/or the production of goods for commerce within the
meaning of the FLSA.” (Compl. ¶ 5.) Plaintiff also alleges Defendant Elite “has used goods and
materials produce in interstate commerce and has employed at least two individuals who handled
such goods and materials,” and has had a gross revenue more than $500,000 throughout the period
in question. (Id. ¶¶ 6–7.) While these allegations assert a conclusion without providing reasoning
as to how Defendant Elite engaged in commerce or what goods were produced, “virtually every

enterprise in the nation doing the requisite dollar volume of business is covered by the FLSA.”
Sanchez v. Ms. Wine Shop Inc., 643 F. Supp. 3d 355, 367 (E.D.N.Y. 2022) (quoting Archie v.
Grand Cent. P’ship, Inc., 997 F. Supp. 504, 530 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)).
While Plaintiff fails to provide specific examples of goods or materials that were involved
in interstate commerce, “multiple courts in this district have held that similarly conclusory
allegations of enterprise coverage may be accepted on a motion for default judgment where it may
be inferred from the type of business enterprise that it was engaged in interstate commerce.”
Marine v. Vieja Quisqueya Rest. Corp., 20-CV-4671, 2022 WL 17820084, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 8,
2022). Similarly, Defendant Elite likely could not have maintained an auto maintenance and body
shop business without goods and materials from out-of-state. See Rosa v. M and M LA Solution
Flat Fixed Inc., 23-CV-1212, 2024 WL 4131905, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 10, 2024) (“Courts have
found that materials used at auto repair shops[], which frequently handle automobiles, repair tools,
tires, gasoline, and oil, likely originate outside New York.”). Combined with Plaintiff’s allegations

that Defendant Elite’s revenue was over $500,000, it is reasonable for the undersigned to find,
notwithstanding the conclusory nature of Plaintiff’s allegations, that Plaintiff is employed by
Defendant Elite under the FLSA’s enterprise coverage standard.
ii. Employees Covered by the FLSA
Under the FLSA, an employee is “any individual employed by an employer.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 203(e)(1). There are two types of employees covered by the FLSA: “(1) ‘employees who in any
workweek [are] engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce;’ and
(2) employees who are ‘employed in an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of
goods for commerce.’” Palaghita v. Alkor Cap. Corp., 19-CV-1504, 2021 WL 4464121, at *9
(E.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2021), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 4463483 (E.D.N.Y.

Sep. 29, 2021) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)).
Plaintiff’s factual allegations state he was employed by Defendant Elite across both Periods
to perform automobile painting work for Defendant Elite’s auto maintenance and body shop
which, as established above, is an enterprise engaged in commerce. See supra Discussion III.B.i;
(see also Compl. ¶ 15). During this period, Plaintiff’s work was performed in the normal course
of Defendant Elite’s business, and Plaintiff alleges he worked for Defendant Elite on a full-time
basis. (See Compl. ¶¶ 8, 9, 16.) Lastly, Plaintiff alleges his work was “integrated into the business
of Defendant[]” and that Defendant Elite set his “work schedule and rate of pay.” (See id. ¶¶ 16,
19.) Accordingly, the undersigned finds that, throughout both Periods in question, Plaintiff has
sufficiently shown he was an employee within the meaning of the FLSA.
iii. FLSA Exemptions
The FLSA does not extend to employees who are exempt from its minimum wage and

overtime requirements based on the actual duties performed. See 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1) (listing
multiple exemptions). Ramos v. Baldor Specialty Foods, Inc., 687 F.3d 554, 558 (2d Cir. 2012)
(discussing FLSA exemptions). While job title does not determine an employee’s exempt status,
the FLSA exemptions apply to those employees whose duties and salary fall within specific
categories, such as an “executive, administrative, or professional capacity,” or seasonal
recreational workers and agricultural workers. See 29 U.S.C. § 213(a). Here, the undersigned
finds Plaintiff’s work as an automobile painter does not fall within one of the exempt employment
exceptions under the FLSA. (See Compl. ¶ 16); see also 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1).
C. NYLL Coverage
To prevail on a NYLL claim, a plaintiff “must establish that [the] employment relationship

with Defendants falls within the NYLL, which applies to ‘any person employed for hire by an
employer in any employment.’” Perry v. High Level Dev. Contracting & Sec. LLC, 20-CV-2180,
2022 WL 1018791, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, 2022
WL 1017753 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 5, 2022) (quoting N.Y. Lab. Law § 190). Unlike the FLSA, “the
NYLL does not require that a defendant achieve a certain minimum in annual sales or business in
order to be subject to the law.” Garcia v. Badyna, 13-CV-4021, 2014 WL 4728287, at *6
(E.D.N.Y. Sep. 23, 2014). To determine whether this employment relationship exists, courts look
to “the degree of control exercised by the purported employer over the results produced or the
means used to achieve the results.” Meyer v. United States Tennis Ass’n, 607 F. App’x 121, 122
(2d Cir. 2015). The factors relevant to this assessment are whether the worker “(1) worked at his
own convenience; (2) was free to engage in other employment; (3) received fringe benefits;
(4) was on the employer’s payroll; and (5) was on a fixed schedule.” Velu v. Velocity Exp., Inc.,
666 F. Supp. 2d 300, 307 (E.D.N.Y. 2009).

During Plaintiff’s employment, Defendant Elite set Plaintiff’s wages, work schedule,
maintained his employment records and paid his compensation from the payroll. (See Compl. ⁋ 8.)
These factors weigh in favor of finding Plaintiff and Defendant had an employment relationship
with the meaning of the NYLL. Additionally, the undersigned has already found Defendant Elite
was Plaintiff’s employer within the meaning of the FLSA. See supra Discussion III.B. Thus,
“because the NYLL’s definition of ‘employer’ is coextensive with the FLSA’s definition, . . . the
undersigned finds Defendant Elite is Plaintiff’s employer within the meaning of the NYLL,” and
Plaintiff qualifies for the NYLL’s protections. Perry, 2022 WL 1018791, at *7 ((quoting Fermin,
93 F. Supp. 3d at 37).
D. Compensation

A plaintiff has the burden of proving they were improperly compensated for their work
performed, as well as proving that the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of work
performed. See Kim v. Kini LIC Corp., 806 F. Supp. 2d 277, 303 (E.D.N.Y. 2025). But when a
defendant defaults, “the court may presume that the plaintiff’s recollection and estimates of the
hours he worked are accurate, as ‘an employer’s duty under the FLSA to maintain accurate records
of its employees’ hours is non-delegable.’” Id. at 363; see also 29 U.S.C. § 211(c).
Plaintiff seeks overtime compensation and unpaid wages pursuant to both the FLSA and
NYLL. (See Pl’s. Mem. p. 6.) He also seeks compensation under the Wage Theft Protection Act.
(See id. pp. 8–10.) The undersigned addresses each in turn.
i. Plaintiff is Entitled to Overtime Compensation Pursuant to the FLSA
& NYLL
The FLSA requires employers to pay overtime at a rate of one and one-half times the
regular rate to any employee who works more than 40 hours in one workweek. See Dejesus v. HF
Management Services, LLC, 726 F.3d 85, 86 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1)). To
recover overtime pay, a plaintiff must “sufficiently allege 40 hours of work in a given workweek
as well as some uncompensated time in excess of the 40 hours.’” Herrera v. Comme des
Garcons, Ltd., 84 F.4th 110, 115 (2d Cir. 2023) (quoting Lundy v. Catholic Health Sys. of Long
Island Inc., 711 F.3d 106, 114 (2d Cir. 2013)). Similarly, the NYLL requires that for non-
hospitality workers, “[a]n employer shall pay an employee for overtime at a wage rate of one and

one-half times the employee’s regular rate” for hours worked in excess of 40 hours in one
workweek. Ochoa v. 5 Square Management, 24-CV-7300, 2026 WL 796866, at *9 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 23, 2026) (quoting 12 N.Y.C.R.R. § 142–2.2).
Plaintiff sufficiently alleges he worked more than 40 hours per week during both Periods.
During Period 1, Plaintiff alleges he worked approximately 63 hours per week over the course of
seven days, from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. each day. (See Compl. ¶¶ 18–19.) During Period 2,
Plaintiff alleges he worked approximately 54 hours per week over the course of six days, from
9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. each day. (See id. ¶¶ 20–21.) However, Plaintiff cannot recover all
damages under the FLSA for his first period of employment, because the statute of limitations
prevents him from claiming damages that accrued before June 4, 2022. See supra

Discussion III.A. Therefore, the undersigned recommends Plaintiff only be permitted to recover
under the FLSA for unpaid overtime beginning or accruing after June 4, 2022. However, as noted
below, since Plaintiff is allowed to recover for the entire period of employment under the NYLL,
this limitation does not impact his ultimate recovery. See infra Discussion IV.
ii. Plaintiff is Entitled to Unpaid Wages Pursuant to the FLSA & NYLL

The FLSA requires that every “employer shall pay to each of his employees . . . not less
than . . . $7.25 an hour.” 29 U.S.C. § 206(a)(1)(C). Similarly, the NYLL requires employees to
be paid at least the minimum $16.00 hourly wage for each hour they work. See id. § 652(1-a)(a).
Plaintiff alleges Defendant Elite violated this requirement by failing to compensate Plaintiff at any
amount for 52 full workdays during Period 2. See id. § 206(a)(1)(C); (see also Compl. ¶¶ 24–27).
Plaintiff alleges Defendant Elite set his work schedule and compensation and was aware of the
number of hours he was working and rate of compensation he received during this period. (See
Compl. ¶¶ 27–29). Therefore, the undersigned finds Plaintiff has sufficiently established he is
entitled to recover unpaid regular wage compensation pursuant to the FLSA and NYLL from
approximately June 15, 2024 through December 31, 2024.
Additionally, “where a non-exempt employee has an agreement with his or her employer
to be paid at a rate greater than the minimum wage, several courts have found that the failure to
pay the promised rate is a violation of the NYLL where “a plaintiff can recover for unpaid ‘straight’

time at the agreed-upon rate, even if it exceeds the minimum wage.” Dacko v. Emek Renovation
Corp., 24-CV-4018, 2025 WL 3451892, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 30, 2025) (quoting Cavalotti v.
Daddyo’s BBQ, Inc., 15-CV 6469, 2018 WL 5456654, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 8, 2018)). Because
Plaintiff’s agreed-upon hourly rate of $27.78, calculated from the agreed-upon daily rate of $250,
is greater than the NYLL minimum wage of $16.00 per hour, the undersigned finds Plaintiff should
recover at the agreed-upon $27.78 hourly rate. (See Compl. ¶ 22; Pl’s. Mem. p. 3.)
iii. Plaintiff is Not Entitled to Compensation Pursuant to NYLL’s Wage
Theft Prevention Act
New York’s Wage Theft Prevention Act (“WTPA”) requires employers to provide
employees a written wage notice within 10 business days of their first day of employment “in
writing in English and in the language identified by each employee as the primary language of
such employee.” NYLL § 195(a). The penalty for failing to do so is $50 for each workday that
the violation occurs or continues to occur, not to exceed a total of $5,000. See id. § 198(1–b). The
WTPA also requires employers to provide employees with wage statements for “every payment

of wages” that contain dates of work, the rate of pay, and the gross and net wages paid. Id.
§ 195(3). The WTPA provides employees who have not received the required wage statements
the ability to “recover in a civil action damages of two hundred fifty dollars for each work day that
the violations occurred or continue to occur, but not to exceed a total of five thousand dollars.” Id.
§ 198 (1–d).
To recover in any federal lawsuit, including for claims brought pursuant to the WTPA,
a plaintiff must have Article III standing. See Guthrie v. Rainbow Fencing Inc., 113 F.4th 300,
308 (2d Cir. 2024) (“Plaintiff must show some causal connection between the lack of accurate
notices and the downstream harm”); see also TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413, 423
(2021). The requirements of Article III standing require a plaintiff to have “(1) suffered an injury

in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely
to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Ramirez v. Urion Construction LLC, 674 F.
Supp. 3d 42, 55 (S.D.N.Y. 2023) (quoting Lacewell v. Office of Comptroller of Currency, 999 F.3d
130, 141 (2d Cir. 2021)). A plaintiff bears the burden of alleging facts that affirmatively and
plausibly indicate that plaintiff has standing to sue. See id. (citing Hennessy by and through
Hennessy v. Poetica Coffee Inc., 21-CV-5063, 2022 WL 4095557, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 7, 2022)).
The Second Circuit recently clarified that Article III standing can only be established for lack of
wage notices under the NYLL where a plaintiff “show[s] some causal connection between the lack
of accurate notices and the downstream harm.” Guthrie v. Rainbow Fencing Inc., 113 F.4th 300,
308, 311 (2d Cir. 2024).
In this case, even assuming that Defendant Elite failed to provide wage statements as
alleged, the undersigned finds Plaintiff is not entitled to collect damages for those violations

because Plaintiff does not sufficiently allege Article III standing. None of Plaintiff’s factual
allegations link any legally cognizable injury he experienced to Defendant Elite’s failure to provide
a wage notice and wage statements under the NYLL. He does nothing more than allege that the
wage notice provision was violated. (See Compl. ¶ 57). This is not enough to establish standing.
See, e.g., Perez v. E.P.E. Enterprise Corp., 22-CV-6353, 2024 WL 1632255, at *6 (E.D.N.Y.
Apr. 15, 2024) (“[p]laintiff has not shown that he suffered a concrete injury resulting from
[d]efendant’s violations of the NYLL’s wage statement and wage notice requirements,” which
resulted in the denial of the WTPA claim.); Yunganaula v. D.P. Grp. Gen. Contractors/Devs. Inc.,
21-CV-2015, 2024 WL 1342739, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2024) (holding that “[p]laintiff lacks
standing to pursue his claims that [the defendant] violated the NYLL’s wage notice and wage

statement provisions because [p]laintiff had not adequately pleaded a tangible injury resulting from
[the defendant’s] failure to provide the required notices.”); Jones v. Mega Home & Linen, Inc.,
22-CV-6010, 2024 WL 6986809, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 27 2024) (holding that while the plaintiff
was denied his statutory right to receive compensation information, which resulted him in
receiving an underpayment of wages, a “statutory violation in and of itself does not necessarily
amount to a concrete injury”).
Plaintiff also states, in conclusory fashion, “Defendants’ failure to provide Plaintiff with
paystubs, wage statements and weekly records of his compensation and hours worked cause
Plaintiff harm as a result of his not being informed of the lawful overtime rate he was entitled to
be paid” during his employment. (See Compl. ¶ 33). While Plaintiff’s conclusory assertions were
sufficient as to other aspects of his claims, they are not enough here, where Plaintiff bears the
burden of establishing standing. A plaintiff who alleges some sort of “downstream consequence”
causally linked to a statutory violation may have standing, but they need to put forward more than

mere conclusory allegations. Compare Rueda v. A & G Iron Works Corp, 25-CV-1791, 2026 WL
183692, at *12–13 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2026) (finding a concrete injury where Plaintiffs alleged
lack of wage notices prevented them from verifying compensation and asserting their rights earlier)
and Yagui v. Republic Bar & Lounge Inc., 25-CV-2674, 2026 WL 1296762, at *13 (E.D.N.Y.
May 12, 2026) (denying wage notice damages because there was no concrete injury causally linked
to the missing statements). Here, the undersigned finds Plaintiff’s conclusory allegation of harm
does not suffice to meet his burden of establishing standing based on downstream consequences.
Accordingly, as the undersigned finds Plaintiff lacks standing to bring a claim under the NYLL
Wage Theft Prevention Act, the undersigned recommends that the Court deny the motion for a
default judgment as to this claim.

IV. Damages
As described above, the undersigned has found Plaintiff is entitled to a default judgment
as to: (i) his claims for unpaid overtime pursuant to the NYLL for all of Period 1; (ii) his claims
for unpaid overtime claims pursuant to the FLSA during Period 1 that are not time barred; and
(ii) his claims for unpaid wages and overtime pursuant to the NYLL and FLSA for all of Period 2.2
The undersigned now evaluates what damages that are owed to Plaintiff on these claims.

2 Plaintiff’s Complaint sought additional forms of relief, including a declaratory judgment
that Defendant Elite’s practices are unlawful under the FLSA and NYLL, an injunction against
Defendant, punitive damages, and back pay. (See Compl. pp. 13–14.) But Plaintiff does not
mention these categories of relief in its motion for default judgment. (See Pl’s. Mem. pp. 6–12.)
Accordingly, the Court finds these requests abandoned and does not address them here. See, e.g.,
Although a defendant may be liable under both the FLSA and NYLL, a plaintiff may not
recover damages under both statutes for wages earned during the same period. Instead, recovery
is limited to “the statute which provides the greatest amount of damages.” Brito v. Marina’s
Bakery Corp., 19-CV-828, 2022 WL 875099, at *9 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 24, 2022). As described

above, the undersigned finds Plaintiff is entitled to recover wages under both the NYLL and FLSA
at the same rate of $27.78. See supra Discussion III.D.ii. Because the NYLL’s statute of
limitations allows Plaintiff to recover for a longer period than the FLSA, the NYLL provides a
greater period of recovery at an equal or greater hourly rate of $27.78. See supra Discussion III.A.
Therefore, the undersigned applies the NYLL for all damage calculations.
A. Unpaid Regular Wage Compensation
Although Plaintiff was paid a regular wage of $250 for most of Period 2, he alleges
Defendant Elite failed to pay him those regular wages for 52 full workdays of Period 2 from
June 15, 2024, through December 31, 2024. (See Compl. ¶ 24.). Based on Plaintiff’s allegation
that he worked six days per week during this time, the undersigned calculates that 52 full workdays

divided by six-day work weeks would amount to 8.666666667 total weeks during that period in
which Plaintiff was not compensated for the standard 40-hour work week. The NYLL requires
that “employees must be paid at least the minimum hourly wage for each hour that they work,”
where “a plaintiff can recover for unpaid ‘straight’ time at the agreed-upon rate, even if it exceeds
the minimum wage.” Agramonte v. Pineridge Commc’ns, Inc., 23-CV-9029, 2024 WL 5399233,
at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2024) (citing NYLL § 652).

State Street Bank and Trust Co. v. Inversiones Errazuriz Limitada, 374 F.3d 158, 172 (2d Cir.
2004) (“When a party fails adequately to present arguments in [its] brief, we consider those
arguments abandoned.”).
Dividing the daily rate of $250 over the course of nine hours per day, Plaintiff’s regular
hourly rate of pay amounts to $27.78 during this period, which is higher than the NYLL’s $16.00
minimum wage. Therefore, the undersigned utilizes the higher of the two by adopting the expected
hourly rate of pay of $27.78 throughout this Period. To calculate the regular wage compensation

owed, the undersigned multiplies the expected hourly rate by 40 hours per week for the total
number of weeks owed.
Plaintiff’s own calculated damages for unpaid regular wage compensation are incorrect, as
they calculated a total of $9,629.83 compared to the undersigned’s calculation of $9,630.40. (See
Samuel Decl. Ex. 5.) Applying the above formula, the undersigned respectfully recommends that
Plaintiff be awarded unpaid regular wage compensation accrued during Period 2 amounting to
$9,630.40 ($1,111.20 expected pay per week × 8.666666667 weeks = $9,630.40).

Table 1: Unpaid Regular Wage Compensation
Dates Number of Hours Expected Expected Expected Expected NYLL Regular
Weeks worked pay per Pay per Hourly Pay Pay per Wage
(52 workdays day week (expected pay week for Compensation
÷ 6 days of ($250 × 6) per week ÷ 40 hours (expected pay
work per hours per week for
week) worked) 40 hours ×
number of
weeks)
6/15/24 – 8.666666667 54 $250 $1,500 $27.78 $1,111.20 $9,630.40
12/31/24

B. Unpaid Overtime Compensation
Under the NYLL, Plaintiffs are entitled to overtime compensation for all hours worked
over 40 per week at a rate of one and a half times the greater of either their regular rate of pay or
minimum wage. See Perez Campos v. Quentin Mkt. Corp., 16-CV-5303, 2018 WL 9945754, at *8
(E.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2018). The NYLL’s overtime requirements varied across both Periods of
Plaintiff’s employment. During Period 1, the NYLL required employers in New York City to “pay
to each of its employees for each hour worked in the city of New York a wage of no less than . . .
$15.00 per hour on and after December 31, 2019.” NYLL § 652(1)(a)(ii). For part of Period 2,
from June 15, 2024, through December 31, 2024, the minimum wage set by the NYLL was $16.00
per hour. Id. § 652(1-a)(a). For the rest of Period 2, from January 1, 2025, through February 2,

2025, the NYLL set out a minimum wage of $16.50 per hour. Id. As described above, for all
periods in question, Plaintiff was paid $27.78 per hour when accounting for total hours worked
over the course of the week at a rate of $250 per day.
When a plaintiff is compensated above the minimum wage, “overtime compensation
should be determined by multiplying [the] agreed upon wage rate by one and one-half.” Marvici
v. Roche Facilities Maint. LLC, 21-CV-4259, 2023 WL 5810500, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 8, 2023),
report and recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 6648902 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2023). Because
Plaintiff’s rate of pay exceeded the NYLL minimum wage set out at each Period in question, the
undersigned will multiply the regular rate of pay by one and one-half to calculate overtime
compensation.

During both Periods in question, the undersigned finds Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged
that he worked over 40 hours per week, which makes him eligible for overtime pay for each Period.
Aside from eight weeks during Period 2 from June 15, 2024, through December 31, 2024, Plaintiff
was compensated at a rate of $250 per day regardless of how many hours were worked. For those
days, because a weekly amount was paid, “‘the overtime wage deficiency is calculated by
multiplying the difference between the paid rate and the overtime wage rate (minimum wage × 1.5)
by the total number of overtime hours worked’ per week and multiplying that product by the
number of weeks during the relevant period.” Ochoa, 2026 WL 796866, at *12 (quoting Sanchez
v. Ms. Wine Shop, 643 F. Supp. 3d 355, 377 (E.D.N.Y. 2022)). During Period 2 from June 15,
2024, through August 31, 2024, there were eight weeks in which Plaintiff sufficiently alleges he
was not paid any salary—whether regular wages or overtime compensation. For those weeks in
question, the undersigned will use the regular rate of pay at $27.78 and multiply that rate by hours
worked each week in excess of 40 hours and then multiply by the number of weeks worked.

The undersigned finds Plaintiff’s own calculated damages for unpaid overtime
compensation are incorrect, as they calculated a total of $53,484.13 and $9,855.56 respectively,
compared to the undersigned’s calculation of $53,442.77 and $9,815.60. (See Samuel Decl. Ex. 5.)
Applying the above formulas, the undersigned respectfully recommends Plaintiff be awarded
unpaid overtime wages listed in Table 1 and 2, which amount to a total of $63,258.37 ($53,442.77
unpaid overtime wages for Period 1 + $9, 815.60 unpaid overtime wages for Period 2
= $63,258.37).

Table 2: Unpaid Overtime Wages for Period 1
Dates Number of Weeks Hours Hourly OT rate OT per NYLL OT
of OT Pay (over missing (1.5 × week (OT Compensation
all hours Hourly Pay – rate (OT per week ×
worked – Hourly Pay missing × number of
63 per received) hours of weeks)
week) OT)
6/15/20 – 28.57142857 23 $27.78 $13.89 $319.47 $9,127.71
12/31/20
1/1/21 – 52.14285714 23 $27.78 $13.89 $319.47 $16,658.08
12/31/21
1/1/22 – 52.14285714 23 $27.78 $13.89 $319.47 $16,658.08
12/31/22
1/1/23 – 34.42857142857 23 $27.78 $13.89 $319.47 $10,998.90
8/30/23
Total OT $53,442.77
for Period
1
Table 3: Unpaid Overtime Wages for Period 2
Dates Number of Hours Hourly OT rate OT per NYLL OT
Weeks of OT Pay (over missing (1.5 week (OT Compensation (OT
all hours × Hourly rate per week × number of
worked – Pay – missing × weeks)
53 per Hourly Pay hours of
week) received) OT)
6/15/24 8.666666667 14 $27.78 $41.67 $583.38 $5,055.96
–
12/31/24
6/15/24 19.90476187 14 $27.78 $13.89 $194.46 $3,870.68
–
12/31/24
1/1/25 – 4.57142857142 14 $27.78 $13.89 $194.46 $888.96
2/2/25
Total $9,815.60
OT for
Period 2

C. Liquidated Damages Pursuant to the NYLL
Plaintiff also seeks $72,929.32 in liquidated damages for his minimum wage and overtime
claims. (See Samuel Decl. p. 8.) Under the FLSA and NYLL, “an employee may recover
liquidated damages equal to the amount of their unpaid wages, unless the employer proves a good
faith basis for believing that its underpayment of wages complied with the law.” Ochoa, 2026 WL
796866, at *13 (citing Perry v. High Level Dev. Contracting & Sec. LLC, 20-CV-2180, 2022 WL
1018791, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2022)). However, the Second Circuit “interpret[s] the NYLL
and FLSA as not allowing duplicative liquidated damages for the same course of conduct[,]” and
“[d]ouble recovery is generally disfavored.” Ochoa, 2026 WL 796866, at *13 (quoting Rana v.
Islam, 887 F.3d 118, 123 (2d Cir. 2018)). Instead, courts “may award damages under whichever
statute allows for greater recovery.” Ochoa, 2026 WL 796866, at *13.
As Defendant Elite defaulted and therefore made no showing it acted in good faith, Plaintiff
is entitled to liquidated damages equal to the amount of unpaid wages. For the reasons stated
above, the undersigned used the NYLL to award unpaid wage and overtime compensation at the
regular rate of pay awarding an hourly wage of $27.78, which is calculated by dividing the regular
daily rate of pay of $250 over a nine-hour workday, rather than the $7.25 federal minimum wage
under the FLSA. See infra Discussion III.D.ii. Applying these calculations, the undersigned

respectfully recommends that Plaintiff be awarded an additional $72,888.77 in liquidated damages
under the NYLL. (Unpaid overtime wages $63,258.37 + unpaid regular wage compensation
$9,630.40 = $72,888.77.) The undersigned finds that there is no basis here for double recovery
under the FLSA, and, therefore, recommends no liquidated damages pursuant to the provisions of
that statute.
D. Pre-judgment Interest
Under the NYLL, “plaintiffs are entitled to pre-judgment interest on all unpaid wages at a
statutory rate of nine percent.” Cao v. Wedding in Paris LLC, 727 F. Supp. 3d 239, 301–02
(E.D.N.Y. 2024) (citing NYLL § 198(1–a); N.Y. C.P.L.R. §§ 5001(b), 5004). Courts generally
have “wide discretion in determining a reasonable date from which to award pre-judgment

interest.” Conway v. Icahn & Co., 16 F.3d 504, 512 (2d Cir. 1994). However, most courts in this
District “calculate simple pre-judgment interest in NYLL actions from the midpoint date of the
claims through the date judgment is entered.” Cao, 727 F. Supp. 3d at 302 (citing Fermin, 93 F.
Supp. 3d at 49); see also Asfaw v. BBQ Chicken Don Alex No. 1 Corp., 14-CV-5665, 2015 WL
13731362, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 26, 2015) (“The midpoint of the relevant period of plaintiff’s
employment is a reasonable intermediate date for purposes of calculating prejudgment interest.”).
Once the midpoint has been calculated, courts multiply the statutory rate of 9% per annum by the
total damages award for the plaintiff’s claims. Yunhan Duan v. Studio M Bar & Lounge Inc., 20-
CV-2240, 2024 WL 4250262, at *14 (E.D.N.Y Jan. 31, 2024) (citing Thompson v. Hyun Suk Park,
18-CV-0006, 2020 WL 5822455, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 1, 2020), report and recommendation
adopted, 2020 WL 5820547 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 30, 2020)).
Applying this method, the undersigned finds the midpoint date for Period 1 is January 21,
2022, and the midpoint date for Period 2 is October 9, 2024. Plaintiff’s total damages accrued

from the midpoint dates are $31,536.39 for Period 1 and $4,907.80 for Period 2. Prejudgment
interest on those damages at a rate of nine percent per year is $2,838.28 and $441.70, respectively.
Those amounts divided by 365 days in a year result in a daily interest rate of $7.78 for Period 1
and $1.21 for Period 2.
Thus, the undersigned respectfully recommends that Plaintiff should be awarded pre-
judgment interest at a daily rate of $7.78 for Period 1 and $1.21 for Period 2 from each respective
midpoint date through the entry of judgment.
E. Post-judgment Interest
Plaintiff is entitled to post-judgment interest. See 28 U.S.C. § 1961 (ensuring prejudgment
interest award is mandatory in any civil case where money damages are recovered). Interest is

calculated “from the date of the entry of the judgment, at a rate equal to the weekly average 1-year
constant maturity Treasury yield, as published by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System, for the calendar week preceding . . . the date of the judgment.” 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a). The
undersigned respectfully recommends Plaintiff be awarded post-judgment interest calculated from
the date the Clerk of Court enters judgment until the date of payment, using the federal rate set
forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a). Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 52.
F. Attorneys’ Fees
A prevailing plaintiff in a wage case pursuant to both the FLSA and NYLL may seek an
award of reasonable attorneys’ fees. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); NYLL § 198. Plaintiff requests
$5,825.00 in attorneys’ fees. (See Samuel Decl. ¶ 26.)

The starting point for determining the amount of attorneys’ fees to be paid by defendants
is calculated by the “lodestar” method, which is the “product of a reasonable hourly rate and the
reasonable number of hours required by the case.” Millea v. Metro-N. R.R. Co., 658 F.3d 154, 156
(2d Cir. 2011). Courts have “broad discretion to determine the amount of attorneys’ fees
awarded.” Chen v. Oceanica Chinese Rest., Inc., 13-CV-4623, 2023 WL 2815742, at *18
(E.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2023), report and recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 2583856 (E.D.N.Y.
Mar. 21, 2023). Courts often award costs that are “incidental and necessary to [plaintiff’s]
representation.” Morales v. City Scrap Metal, Inc., 19-CV-6682, 2022 WL 20539979, at *5
(E.D.N.Y. Nov. 16, 2022). In the Second Circuit, “requests for attorneys’ fees . . . must be
accompanied by contemporaneous time records that show for each attorney the date the work was

done, the hours expended, and the nature of the work done.” Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 51 (citing
Koon Chun Hing Kee Soy & Sauce Factory, Ltd. v. Kun Fung USA Trading Co. Inc., 07-CV-2568,
2012 WL 1414872, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 20, 2012)).
Here, Plaintiff retained Michael Samuel of The Samuel Law Firm in connection with this
action. (See Samuel Decl. ¶ 1.) Plaintiff submits a billing statement describing the work
Mr. Samuel conducted to represent Plaintiff in this matter. (See id. ¶ 26.) Mr. Samuel’s
affirmation states he is the founder of The Samuel Law Firm, has been licensed in the state of New
York since 1993, and has litigated more than 250 FLSA wage-and-hour cases. (See id. ¶ 25.) He
seeks an hourly rate of $500. (See id. ¶ 26.)
One “critical factor” in determining the reasonableness of a fee award is the degree of
success obtained for the client. See Fisher v. SD Prot. Inc., 948 F.3d 593, 606 (2d Cir. 2020).
Here, counsel has recovered over $140,000 for his client before interest, which is a considerable
amount. See infra Conclusion. The undersigned finds this level of success weighs in favor of

finding counsel’s requested fees award reasonable.
The undersigned next evaluates whether Mr. Samuel’s hourly rate is reasonable. The rate
requested by an attorney must be “based on rates ‘prevailing in the community for similar services
of lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and reputation.’” Dacas v. Duhaney, 17-
CV-3568, 2020 WL 4587343, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. June 18, 2020) (quoting Gierlinger v. Gleason,
160 F.3d 858, 882 (2d Cir. 1998), report and recommendation adopted, 17-CV-3568, 2020 WL
4586371 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 2020)). “[T]he Court may look to fees awarded in recent FLSA and
NYLL cases in the Eastern District of New York” in order to determine if the hourly rate is “what
a reasonable, paying client would be willing to pay.” Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 52; Arbor Hill
Concerned Citizens Neighborhood Ass’n v. Cnty. of Albany & Albany Cnty. Bd. Of Elections,

522 F.3d 182, 184 (2d Cir. 2008).
In conjunction with other cases in this District, the undersigned finds Mr. Samuel’s hourly
rate should be reduced to $450, in line with a reasonable rate for Partners in the Eastern District of
New York. See Morales v. Los Cafetales Rest. Corp., 21-CV-1868, 2023 WL 7684775, at *7
(E.D.N.Y. Oct. 12, 2023) (“Courts in the Eastern District have recently awarded hourly rates
ranging from $300 to $450 for partners[.]”); see also, e.g., Yanes v. Juan & Jon Inc., 19-CV-0201,
2024 WL 1639932, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2024) (“Based upon his extensive level of experience
litigating FLSA cases, the Court finds Mr. Samuel should be compensated at the rate of $450.00
per hour, which is the upper limit for Partners in the Eastern District of New York.”).
The undersigned next evaluates the amount of time billed by counsel. The undersigned
finds the total number of hours billed by Mr. Samuel, a total of 11:39 hours, to be reasonable. See,
e.g., Castiblanco v. Don Alex Peru, Inc., 20-CV-2235, WL 4755701, at *10 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 20,
2021) (finding, 23.7 hours reasonable in default judgment proceeding); Fermin, 93 F. Supp. 3d

at 52 (finding 26.4 hours expended in preparation in default judgment cases are reasonable). In
view of the foregoing the undersigned respectfully recommends Plaintiff’s counsel be awarded
attorneys’ fees totaling $5,242.50.
Table 4: Attorneys’ Fees
Attorney Number of Hours Billing Rate Billable Amount

Michael Samuel 11:39 $450.00 $5,242.50

G. Litigation Costs
Under both the FLSA and the NYLL, “a prevailing plaintiff is entitled to an award of
reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs.” Ochoa, 2026 WL 796866, at *14 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 216(b);
N.Y. Lab. Law § 663(a)). However, the requesting party cannot merely assert a certain cost was
incurred, but must provide a “supporting affidavit, declaration, or documentation.” Lee v.
Santiago, 12-CV-2558, 2013 WL 4830951, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 10, 2013); see also Local Civil
Rule 54.1 (“[T]he party must include as part of the request ‘an affidavit that the costs claimed are
allowable by law, are correctly stated and were necessarily incurred’ and ‘[b]ills for the costs

claimed must be attached as exhibits.”).
Plaintiff seeks $809.40 in costs, consisting of the $405.00 filing fee and $404.40 service
fees. (Samuel Decl. ¶ 27.) The undersigned first recommends Plaintiff’s counsel be awarded the
filing fee because the undersigned takes judicial notice of the fee listed on the docket, and because
the fee requests were attached to Plaintiff’s filings. (See Samuel Decl. Ex. 6); see also Philips v.
TraxNYC Corp., 21-CV-528, 2023 WL 1987206, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2023), report and
recommendation adopted, 2023 WL 2532006 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 14, 2023) (“The Court permissibly
takes judicial notice of the docket notations for paid filing fees.”); Shalto v. Bay of Bengal Kabob

Corp., 12-CV-920, 2013 WL 867420, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 2013) (filing fees are recoverable
without supporting documentation if verified by the docket).
The $404.40 Plaintiff seeks to recover in connection with service fees was the amount
Plaintiff paid to serve both Defendant Elite and Defendant Rubinshteyn. (See Samuel Decl. ¶ 27,
Ex. 6.) Because Plaintiff only seeks default judgment against Defendant Elite, Plaintiff is only
entitled to recover fees related to service of Defendant Elite. See Laboratories Rivas, SRL. v. Ugly
& Beauty, In., 11-CV-5980, 2013 WL 5977440, at *17, report and recommendation adopted, 11-
CV-5980, 2014 WL 112397 (S.D.N.Y. Jan 8, 2014) (“Where only one defendant remains, it is
reasonable to apportion the fees for the time spent preparing Plaintiff’s case against all
defendants.”). Plaintiff submitted records showing that he paid $324.60 to serve Defendant Elite.

(See Samuel Decl. Ex. 6.) Accordingly, the undersigned respectfully recommends Plaintiff be
awarded $324.60 in service fees. Accordingly, the undersigned respectfully recommends Plaintiff
be awarded a total of $729.60 in costs ($405.00 filing fee + $324.60 service fee for Defendant Elite
= $729.60).
CONCLUSION
The undersigned respectfully recommends the Court grant Plaintiff’s Motion for Default
Judgment, except as to the time-barred portion of his FLSA claim and as to NYLL Wage Theft
Prevention Act claim, and awarding Plaintiff the following relief, totaling $151,749.64 plus pre-
and post-judgment interest:
(1) $9,630.40 in unpaid NYLL regular wages;
(2) $63,258.37 in unpaid NYLL overtime compensation;
(3) $72,888.77 in liquidated damages, as calculated under the NYLL;
(4) Pre-judgment interest at a rate of $7.78 per day for Period 1 and $1.21 per day for Period 2
from the respective midpoint dates up until the entry of judgment;

(5) Post-judgment interest at the federal rate up until the date of judgment;
(6) $5,242.50 in attorneys’ fees;
(7) $729.60 in costs and expense
OBJECTIONS
Any objections to this Report and Recommendation must be filed within 14 days of service
of this Report and Recommendation. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2). Any
requests for an extension of time to file objections must be directed to Judge Morrison. Failure to
file objections within this period designating the particular issues to be reviewed waives the right
to appeal the district court’s order. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2); see
also Wagner & Wagner, LLP v. Atkinson, Haskins, Nellis, Brittingham, Gladd & Carwile, P.C.,
596 F.3d 84, 92 (2d Cir. 2010) (“[A] party [forfeits] appellate review of a decision in a magistrate
judge’s Report and Recommendation if the party fails to file timely objections designating the
particular issue.”).

SO ORDERED.
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
August 3, 2026
/S/ SETH D. EICHENHOLTZ
SETH D. EICHENHOLTZ
United States Magistrate Judge
Eastern District of New York

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11434099. Public record. Not legal advice.