# Opinion

> District Court, C.D. California · May 26, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11377190

## Case

- **Full name:** Antonio M. Ortiz v. Larry D. Smith Correctional Facility
- **Court:** District Court, C.D. California
- **Decided:** May 26, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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12 ANTONIO M. ORTIZ,
No. 5:26-cv-2158-ODW-AJR
13 Plaintiff,
v. ORDER DISMISSING
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COMPLAINT WITH LEAVE
LARRY D. SMITH
15 CORRECTIONAL FACILITY, TO AMEND

16 Defendant.

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I.
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INTRODUCTION
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On April 20, 2026, pro se Plaintiff Antonio M. Ortiz (“Plaintiff”), an inmate
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presently incarcerated at the Larry D. Smith Correctional Facility (“SCF”), in
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Banning, California, filed this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (the
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“Complaint”) against unknown deputies at SCF (“Doe Defendants”), sued in their
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official capacities. (Dkt. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff also filed a Request to Proceed In Forma
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Pauperis. (Dkt. 4.)
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1 II.
2 SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS IN THE COMPLAINT
3 In the Complaint, liberally construed, Plaintiff alleges that on April 30, 2025,
4 Doe Defendants “kept on firing shots” even after Plaintiff and other inmates were
5 “down.” (Dkt. 1 at 5.) Plaintiff alleges that he was shot in the eye and head area.
6 (Id.) Plaintiff also alleges he had been asking for “bed moves,” but “nobody was
7 listening at all.” (Id.)
8 Plaintiff seeks compensation for pain and suffering, continuing trauma, and
9 medical issues allegedly resulting from being shot in the head and face area. (Id. at
10 6.) Plaintiff also references his “medical condition as an ADA inmate.” (Id.)

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III.
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SCREENING REQUIREMENT
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The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief
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against a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See
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28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the
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prisoner has raised claims that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a
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claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek monetary relief from a
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19 defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b); see also Byrd v.
20 Phoenix Police Dep’t, 885 F.3d 639, 641-42 (9th Cir. 2018).
21 Moreover, when a plaintiff appears pro se in a civil rights case, the Court
22 must construe the pleadings liberally and afford the plaintiff the benefit of any
23 doubt. See Byrd, 885 F.3d at 642; Hoffman v. Preston, 26 F.4th 1059, 1063 (9th
24 Cir. 2022) (“We construe pro se complaints liberally and afford the petitioner the
25 benefit of any doubt.”). In giving liberal interpretation to a pro se complaint, the
26 Court may not, however, supply essential elements of a claim that were not initially
27 pled. See Litmon v. Harris, 768 F.3d 1237, 1241 (9th Cir. 2014). The Court must
28 give a pro se litigant leave to amend the complaint unless it is “absolutely clear that
1 Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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For the reasons discussed below, the Court has screened the Complaint and
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determined that it must be DISMISSED with leave to amend.
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IV.
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DISCUSSION
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A. The Complaint Fails To Comply With Rule 8.
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9 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires that a complaint contain “‘a
10 short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’
11 in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds
12 upon which it rests.’” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). Rule
13 8(e)(1) instructs that “[e]ach averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and
14 direct.” A complaint violates Rule 8 if a defendant would have difficulty
15 responding to the complaint. See Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys.,
16 Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1059 (9th Cir. 2011). Further, “bare assertions” that merely
17 recite elements of a claim “disentitles them to the presumption of truth.” Ashcroft v.
18 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 681 (2009).
19 Here, the Complaint fails to satisfy Rule 8 because it does not provide
20 sufficient factual detail to give Doe Defendants fair notice of Plaintiff’s claims or
21 permit the Court to determine whether Plaintiff plausibly states a constitutional
22 violation. Although Plaintiff alleges that unknown deputies continued firing after
23 inmates were “down” and that Plaintiff was shot in the eye and head, (Dkt. 1 at 5),
24 Plaintiff provides virtually no factual context regarding the incident itself. Plaintiff
25 does not describe the events precipitating the shooting, whether deputies were
26 responding to inmate violence or another emergency, whether Plaintiff or other
27 inmates were complying with commands, where Plaintiff was located when shots
28 were fired, or the circumstances under which Plaintiff allegedly sustained his
1 Plaintiff likewise does not explain what he means by his requests for “bed
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moves,” identify who allegedly ignored those requests, or explain how those
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requests relate to the shooting incident. (Dkt. 1 at 5.) Without additional factual
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allegations, the Doe Defendants would have difficulty responding to the Complaint
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and the Court cannot reasonably infer that any Defendant is liable for misconduct.
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See Cafasso, 637 F.3d at 1059; see also Steinley v. Health Net, Inc., 2018 WL
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6985318, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 4, 2018) (“Generally, ‘[u]ndifferentiated pleading
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9 against multiple defendants is improper’ because it fails to give each defendant
10 notice of the specific allegations and claims that pertain to it.”).
11 Accordingly, even construed liberally, the Complaint fails to contain facts
12 sufficient to state a constitutional violation. Should Plaintiff choose to file an
13 amended complaint, he is advised to clearly identify the nature of the legal claims he
14 is bringing, the specific facts giving rise to each claim against each individual
15 defendant, and the relief sought.
16 B. The Complaint Fails To State A Claim Against Individual Defendants.
17 To establish a civil rights violation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must
18 show either the defendant’s direct, personal participation in the constitutional
19 violation, or some sufficient causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and
20 the alleged violation. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676; Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202,
21 1205-06 (9th Cir. 2011). Plaintiff alleges that unnamed deputies violated his
22 constitutional rights. (Dkt. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff further contends that, when he
23 attempted to obtain the deputies’ names and badge numbers, he was informed that,
24 pursuant to institutional procedures, he was not permitted to access the deputies’
25 personal identifying information. (Id.) Generally, courts do not favor actions
26 against “unknown” defendants. Wakefield v. Thompson, 177 F.3d 1160, 1163 (9th
27 Cir. 1999). However, a plaintiff may sue unnamed defendants when the identity of
28 the alleged defendants is not known prior to the filing of the complaint. Gillespie v.
1 plaintiff “an opportunity through discovery to identify the unknown defendants,
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unless it is clear that discovery would not uncover the identities.” Id. A plaintiff
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must diligently pursue discovery to learn the identity of unnamed defendants.
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Here, however, any claim against unnamed deputies must be dismissed
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because the Complaint fails to state what each of these defendants separately did in
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their individual capacity to violate Plaintiff’s rights. To state a claim against more
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than one unnamed defendant, Plaintiff must identify each Doe Defendant as “Doe
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9 No. 1, Doe No. 2,” etc., in the body of the amended complaint and show how each
10 defendant individually participated in the alleged constitutional violations, whether
11 or not Plaintiff knows the defendant’s name. If Plaintiff wishes to pursue his claims,
12 he must make an effort to identify the names of the deputies.
13 C. Plaintiff Fails To State A Claim For Municipal Liability Under Monell.
14 Plaintiff sues unknown deputies of the Larry D. Smith Correctional Facility
15 solely in their official capacities. (Dkt. 1 at 3.) Official-capacity claims against
16 county employees are construed as claims against the municipality itself, here, the
17 County of Riverside. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66 (1985).
18 However, Plaintiff may not sue the County of Riverside for alleged constitutional
19 violations on a theory of respondeat superior, which is not a theory of liability
20 cognizable under Section 1983. See Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011);
21 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676; Polk Cnty. v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981). Thus, the
22 County of Riverside cannot be sued merely because a deputy allegedly violated
23 Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Instead, the County of Riverside may be held liable
24 only if the alleged wrongdoing was committed pursuant to a municipal policy,
25 custom, or usage. See Bd. of Cnty. Comm’r of Bryan Cnty., Okla. v. Brown, 520
26 U.S. 397, 402-04 (1997); Monell v. N.Y. Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 436 U.S. 658,
27 691 (1978) (“Monell”); see also Horton by Horton v. Cty. of Santa Monica, 915
28 F.3d 592, 603-04 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[M]unicipalites may be liable under § 1983 for
1 A plaintiff seeking to impose liability on a municipality under Monell must
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allege facts showing that: (1) the constitutional violation was the result of a
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governmental policy or a longstanding practice or custom; (2) the individual who
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committed the constitutional violation was an official with final policy-making
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authority; or (3) an official with final policy-making authority ratified the
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unconstitutional act. See Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346-47 (9th Cir.
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1992). Additionally, liability under Monell may not be predicated on “isolated or
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9 sporadic incidents,” but “must be founded upon practices of sufficient duration,
10 frequency and consistency that the conduct has become a traditional method of
11 carrying out policy.” Gordon v. Cnty. of Orange, 6 F.4th 961, 974 (9th Cir. 2021).
12 Here, Plaintiff appears to allege only isolated acts of misconduct by
13 individual Defendants. Plaintiff does not allege that the purported constitutional
14 violations resulted from any official policy, longstanding custom, practice, or failure
15 to train attributable to the County of Riverside. See Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216
16 (“[A]llegations in a complaint or counterclaim may not simply recite the elements of
17 a cause of action, but must contain sufficient allegations of underlying facts to give
18 fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.”); see also
19 AE ex rel. Hernandez v. Cnty. of Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012)
20 (pleading standards set forth in Starr govern municipal liability claims).
21 Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to state a valid Monell claim against the County of
22 Riverside, and the Complaint must be dismissed with leave to amend. If Plaintiff
23 wants to state a claim against any defendant in their official capacities, Plaintiff
24 must allege additional facts to support the inference that the defendants acted
25 pursuant to a municipal policy, custom, or usage.
26 D. Plaintiff Fails To Adequately State A Fourteenth Amendment Excessive
27 Force Claim.
28 A pretrial detainee’s excessive force claim arises under the Fourteenth
1 standard. See Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 396-97 (2015); Hyde v. City
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of Willcox, 23 F.4th 863, 870 (9th Cir. 2022). Under this standard, the Court
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evaluates whether the force purposely or knowingly used against the detainee was
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objectively unreasonable in light of the “facts and circumstances” confronting the
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officers, viewed from the “perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene” and with
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appropriate deference to legitimate “institutional security” concerns. Kingsley, 576
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U.S. at 397. Relevant considerations include “the relationship between the need for
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9 the use of force and the amount of force used; the extent of the plaintiff’s injury; any
10 effort made by the officer to temper or to limit the amount of force; the severity of
11 the security problem at issue; the threat reasonably perceived by the officer; and
12 whether the plaintiff was actively resisting.” Id.; see also Hyde, 23 F.4th at 870.
13 Here, Plaintiff appears to allege that unnamed deputies used excessive force
14 when deputies were randomly “firing shots,” causing Plaintiff to be struck in the eye
15 and head. (Dkt. 1 at 5.) However, the Complaint does not allege sufficient facts to
16 plausibly show that the force used was objectively unreasonable under the
17 circumstances. Plaintiff does not describe the events leading to the shooting, the
18 nature of the disturbance or security threat confronting deputies, whether Plaintiff
19 was complying with commands or otherwise posed a perceived threat, or the
20 circumstances under which Plaintiff was struck. Without such factual context, the
21 Court cannot assess whether the alleged use of force was disproportionate to any
22 legitimate security need or otherwise objectively unreasonable. See Kingsley, 576
23 U.S. at 397. Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to state a plausible Fourteenth Amendment
24 excessive force claim.
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26 V.
27 ORDER
28 The Complaint is dismissed with leave to amend. On or before June 25,
1 || 2026, Plaintiff shall file a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) that attempts to
2 || remedy the defects identified above. If Plaintiff chooses to file a FAC, it should
3 || bear the docket number assigned to this case (5:26-cv-2158-ODW-AJR), be labeled
4 || “First Amended Complaint,” and be complete and of itself without reference in any
5 || manner to the original Complaint or any other document (except any document that
6 || Plaintiff chooses to attach to the FAC as an exhibit). Plaintiff is encouraged to state
7 || his claims in simple language and provide only a brief statement of supporting facts,
8 || omitting facts that are not relevant. Should Plaintiff decide to file a FAC, he is
9 || encouraged to utilize the CV-66 form complaint attached to this Order.
10 Plaintiff is explicitly cautioned that failure to timely file a FAC, or failure
11 || to correct the deficiencies described above, may result in a recommendation
12 || that this action be dismissed with prejudice for failure to prosecute and/or obey
13 || Court orders pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Plaintiff is
14 || further advised that if he no longer wishes to pursue this action, he may voluntarily
15 || dismiss the action by filing a Notice of Dismissal in accordance with Federal Rule
16 || of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1). A form Notice of Dismissal is attached for Plaintiffs
17 || convenience.
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19 IT IS SO ORDERED.
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21 || DATED: = May 26, 2026

3 HONMA. JOEL RICHLIN
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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25 || Attachments:
CV-09, Notice of Dismissal Pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 41(a) or (c).
26 || CV-66, United States District Court, Central District of California Civil Rights
17 Complaint.
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11377190. Public record. Not legal advice.