# Opinion

> District Court, C.D. California · May 19, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11376931

## Case

- **Full name:** Michael Hood v. City of Tustin; Alex Cowdell; Dick’s Sporting Goods, Inc.; Tricia Damian; Jesse Sanchez; and Does 1–20, inclusive
- **Court:** District Court, C.D. California
- **Decided:** May 19, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10 SOUTHERN DIVISION
11
12 M ICHAEL HOOD, an individual, Case No.: 8:26-cv-00435-JVS-JDE
Plaintiff,
13 STIPULATED PROTECTIVE ORDER
14 v.
15 C co I r T p Y or O at F io T n; U T S U T S IN TI , N a C PO al L if I o C rn E i a municipal
DEPARTMENT, a department of the City of
16 Tustin; ALEX COWDELL, and individual;
DICK’S SPORTING GOODS, INC., a
17 Delaware corporation; TRICIA DAMIAN,
and individual; JESSE SANCHEZ, an
18 individual; and DOES 1–20, inclusive,

19 Defendants.
20

21 Based on the parties’ Stipulation (Dkt. 25) and for good cause shown, the Court
22 finds and orders as follows.
23 1. PURPOSES AND LIMITATIONS
24 Discovery in this action is likely to involve production of confidential, proprietary or
25 private information for which special protection from public disclosure and from use for
26 any purpose other than pursuing this litigation may be warranted. Accordingly, the parties
27 hereby stipulate to and petition the Court to enter the following Stipulated Protective Order.
1 and the protection it affords from public disclosure and use extends only to the limited
2 information or items that are entitled to confidential treatment under the applicable legal
3 principles.
4 2. GOOD CAUSE STATEMENT
5 This Action involves claims arising from the investigation, detention, arrest, booking,
6 juvenile proceedings, school-related events, and alleged disparate treatment of Plaintiff
7 Michael Hood, who was a minor at relevant times, and other students at Portola High
8 School. Discovery is likely to include confidential information concerning minors and non-
9 party students, including identifying information, education records, school
10 communications, juvenile arrest or diversion records, counseling or mental-health
11 information, police reports, body-worn camera footage, photographs, audio/video
12 recordings, school or store surveillance footage, and related school, juvenile, privacy, and
13 law-enforcement materials.
14 Discovery may also include confidential law-enforcement records, policies, training
15 materials, personnel or supervisory records, internal-review or investigative materials, and
16 confidential business or security information of Dick’s Sporting Goods, including loss-
17 prevention procedures, security practices, and surveillance footage.
18 Public disclosure of these materials could invade the privacy rights of minors,
19 students, parents, witnesses, school personnel, law-enforcement personnel, and private
20 businesses; reveal sensitive identifying or juvenile information; expose minors and students
21 to embarrassment, harassment, stigma, retaliation, or emotional distress; and disclose
22 confidential law-enforcement or retail-security practices. Good cause therefore exists for
23 this Protective Order to protect such materials while permitting their reasonable use in this
24 litigation. The parties intend that confidentiality designations will be made only in good
25 faith and not for tactical purposes.
26 3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF UNDER SEAL FILING PROCEDURE
27 The parties further acknowledge, as set forth in Section 14.3, below, that this
1 Local Civil Rule 79-5 sets forth the procedures that must be followed and the standards that
2 will be applied when a party seeks permission from the court to file material under seal.
3 There is a strong presumption that the public has a right of access to judicial proceedings
4 and records in civil cases. In connection with non-dispositive motions, good cause must be
5 shown to support a filing under seal. See Kamakana v. City and County of Honolulu, 447
6 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2006), Phillips v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1210-11
7 (9th Cir. 2002), Makar-Welbon v. Sony Electrics, Inc., 187 F.R.D. 576, 577 (E.D. Wis.
8 1999) (even stipulated protective orders require good cause showing), and a specific
9 showing of good cause or compelling reasons with proper evidentiary support and legal
10 justification, must be made with respect to Protected Material that a party seeks to file under
11 seal. The parties’ mere designation of Disclosure or Discovery Material as
12 CONFIDENTIAL does not— without the submission of competent evidence by
13 declaration, establishing that the material sought to be filed under seal qualifies as
14 confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable—constitute good cause.
15 Further, if a party requests sealing related to a dispositive motion or trial, then
16 compelling reasons, not only good cause, for the sealing must be shown, and the relief
17 sought shall be narrowly tailored to serve the specific interest to be protected. See Pintos v.
18 Pacific Creditors Ass’n., 605 F.3d 665, 677-79 (9th Cir. 2010). For each item or type of
19 information, document, or thing sought to be filed or introduced under seal, the party
20 seeking protection must articulate compelling reasons, supported by specific facts and legal
21 justification, for the requested sealing order. Again, competent evidence supporting the
22 application to file documents under seal must be provided by declaration.
23 Any document that is not confidential, privileged, or otherwise protectable in its entirety
24 will not be filed under seal if the confidential portions can be redacted. If documents can be
25 redacted, then a redacted version for public viewing, omitting only the confidential,
26 privileged, or otherwise protectable portions of the document, shall be filed. Any
27 application that seeks to file documents under seal in their entirety should include an
1 4. DEFINITIONS
2 4.1 Action: Michael Hood v. City of Tustin, et al., Case No. 8:26-cv-00435-JVS-
3 JDE, pending in the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
4 4.2 Challenging Party: a Party or Non-Party that challenges the
5 designation of information or items under this Order.
6 4.3 “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: information (regardless of how it
7 is generated, stored or maintained) or tangible things that qualify for protection under
8 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), and as specified above in the Good Cause
9 Statement, including confidential information concerning minors or non-party students,
10 education records, juvenile records, law-enforcement records, security materials, and
11 personal identifying, medical, mental-health, or other private information.
12 4.4 Counsel: Outside Counsel of Record and House Counsel (as well as their
13 support staff).
14 4.5 Designating Party: a Party or Non-Party that designates information or items
15 that it produces in disclosures or in responses to discovery as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
16 4.6 Disclosure or Discovery Material: all items or information, regardless of the
17 medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or maintained (including, among other
18 things, testimony, transcripts, and tangible things), that are produced or generated in
19 disclosures or responses to discovery.
20 4.7 Expert: a person with specialized knowledge or experience in a matter
21 pertinent to the litigation who has been retained by a Party or its counsel to serve as an
22 expert witness or as a consultant in this Action.
23 4.8 House Counsel: attorneys who are employees of a party to this Action.
24 House Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of Record or any other outside counsel.
25 4.9 Non-Party: any natural person, partnership, corporation, association or other
26 legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
27 4.10 Outside Counsel of Record: attorneys who are not employees of a party to
1 Action on behalf of that party or are affiliated with a law firm that has appeared on behalf
2 of that party, and includes support staff.
3 4.11 Party: any party to this Action, including all of its officers, directors,
4 employees, consultants, retained experts, and Outside Counsel of Record (and their
5 support staffs).
6 4.12 Producing Party: a Party or Non-Party that produces Disclosure or Discovery
7 Material in this Action.
8 4.13 Professional Vendors: persons or entities that provide litigation support
9 services (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating, preparing exhibits or
10 demonstrations, and organizing, storing, or retrieving data in any form or medium) and
11 their employees and subcontractors.
12 4.14 Protected Material: any Disclosure or Discovery Material that is designated
13 as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
14 4.15 Receiving Party: a Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery
15 Material from a Producing Party.
16 5. SCOPE
17 The protections conferred by this Stipulation and Order cover not only Protected
18 Material (as defined above), but also (1) any information copied or extracted from
19 Protected Material; (2) all copies, excerpts, summaries, or compilations of Protected
20 Material; and (3) any testimony, conversations, or presentations by Parties or their
21 Counsel that might reveal Protected Material. Any use of Protected Material at trial shall
22 be governed by the orders of the trial judge and other applicable authorities. This Order
23 does not govern the use of Protected Material at trial.
24 6. DURATION
25 Once a case proceeds to trial, information that was designated as CONFIDENTIAL
26 or maintained pursuant to this protective order used or introduced as an exhibit at trial
27 becomes public and will be presumptively available to all members of the public,
1 proceed otherwise are made to the trial judge in advance of the trial. See Kamakana, 447
2 F.3d at 1180-81 (distinguishing “good cause” showing for sealing documents produced in
3 discovery from “compelling reasons” standard when merits-related documents are part of
4 court record). Accordingly, the terms of this protective order do not extend beyond the
5 commencement of the trial.
6 7. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
7 7.1 Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for
8 Protection. Each Party or Non-Party that designates information or items for
9 protection under this Order must take care to limit any such designation to specific
10 material that qualifies under the appropriate standards. The Designating Party must
11 designate for protection only those parts of material, documents, items or oral or written
12 communications that qualify so that other portions of the material, documents, items or
13 communications for which protection is not warranted are not swept unjustifiably within
14 the ambit of this Order.
15 Mass, indiscriminate or routinized designations are prohibited. Designations that are
16 shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been made for an improper purpose (e.g., to
17 unnecessarily encumber the case development process or to impose unnecessary expenses
18 and burdens on other parties) may expose the Designating Party to sanctions.
19 If it comes to a Designating Party’s attention that information or items that it
20 designated for protection do not qualify for protection, that Designating Party must
21 promptly notify all other Parties that it is withdrawing the inapplicable designation.
22 7.2 Manner and Timing of Designations. Except as otherwise provided in this
23 Order, or as otherwise stipulated or ordered, Disclosure of Discovery Material that
24 qualifies for protection under this Order must be clearly so designated before the material
25 is disclosed or produced.
26 Designation in conformity with this Order requires:
27 (a) for information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic documents,
1 Producing Party affix at a minimum, the legend “CONFIDENTIAL” (“CONFIDENTIAL
2 legend”), to each page that contains protected material. If only a portion of the material on
3 a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the protected
4 portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate markings in the margins).
5 A Party or Non-Party that makes original documents available for inspection need
6 not designate them for protection until after the inspecting Party has indicated which
7 documents it would like copied and produced. During the inspection and before the
8 designation, all of the material made available for inspection shall be deemed
9 “CONFIDENTIAL.” After the inspecting Party has identified the documents it wants
10 copied and produced, the Producing Party must determine which documents, or portions
11 thereof, qualify for protection under this Order. Then, before producing the specified
12 documents, the Producing Party must affix the “CONFIDENTIAL legend” to each page
13 that contains Protected Material. If only a portion of the material on a page qualifies for
14 protection, the Producing Party also must clearly identify the protected portion(s) (e.g., by
15 making appropriate markings in the margins).
16 (b) for testimony given in depositions that the Designating Party identifies
17 the Disclosure or Discovery Material on the record, before the close of the deposition all
18 protected testimony.
19 (c) for information produced in some form other than documentary and for
20 any other tangible items, that the Producing Party affix in a prominent place on the
21 exterior of the container or containers in which the information is stored the legend
22 “CONFIDENTIAL.” If only a portion or portions of the information warrants protection,
23 the Producing Party, to the extent practicable, shall identify the protected portion(s).
24 7.3 Inadvertent Failures to Designate. If timely corrected, an inadvertent failure
25 to designate qualified information or items does not, standing alone, waive the
26 Designating Party’s right to secure protection under this Order for such material. Upon
27 timely correction of a designation, the Receiving Party must make reasonable efforts to
1 8. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
2 8.1. Timing of Challenges. Any Party or Non-Party may challenge a designation
3 of confidentiality at any time that is consistent with the Court’s Scheduling Order.
4 8.2 Meet and Confer. The Challenging Party shall initiate the dispute resolution
5 process under Local Rule 37-1 et seq.
6 8.3 Joint Stipulation. Any challenge submitted to the Court shall be via a joint
7 stipulation pursuant to Local Rule 37-2.
8 8.4 The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding shall be on the
9 Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those made for an improper purpose (e.g., to
10 harass or impose unnecessary expenses and burdens on other parties) may expose the
11 Challenging Party to sanctions. Unless the Designating Party has waived or withdrawn the
12 confidentiality designation, all parties shall continue to afford the material in question the
13 level of protection to which it is entitled under the Producing Party’s designation until the
14 Court rules on the challenge.
15 9. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
16 9.1 Basic Principles. A Receiving Party may use Protected Material that is disclosed
17 or produced by another Party or by a Non-Party in connection with this Action only for
18 prosecuting, defending or attempting to settle this Action. Such Protected Material may be
19 disclosed only to the categories of persons and under the conditions described in this
20 Order. When the Action has been terminated, a Receiving Party must comply with the
21 provisions of section 15 below (FINAL DISPOSITION).
22 Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a Receiving Party at a location
23 and in a secure manner that ensures that access is limited to the persons authorized under
24 this Order.
25 9.2 Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items. Unless
26 otherwise ordered by the court or permitted in writing by the Designating Party, a
27 Receiving Party may disclose any information or item designated
1 (a) the Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record in this Action, as well as
2 employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom it is reasonably necessary to
3 disclose the information for this Action;
4 (b) the officers, directors, and employees (including House Counsel) of the
5 Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action;
6 (c) Experts (as defined in this Order) of the Receiving Party to whom
7 disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed the
8 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
9 (d) the court and its personnel;
10 (e) court reporters and their staff;
11 (f) professional jury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and Professional
12 Vendors to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for this Action and who have signed
13 the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
14 (g) the author or recipient of a document containing the information or a
15 custodian or other person who otherwise possessed or knew the information;
16 (h) during their depositions, witnesses, and attorneys for witnesses, in the
17 Action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary provided: (1) the deposing party
18 requests that the witness sign the form attached as Exhibit A hereto; and (2) they will not
19 be permitted to keep any confidential information unless they sign the “Acknowledgment
20 and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A), unless otherwise agreed by the Designating
21 Party or ordered by the court. Pages of transcribed deposition testimony or exhibits to
22 depositions that reveal Protected Material may be separately bound by the court reporter
23 and may not be disclosed to anyone except as permitted under this Stipulated Protective
24 Order; and
25 (i) any mediators or settlement officers and their supporting personnel,
26 mutually agreed upon by any of the parties engaged in settlement discussions.
27 / / /
1 10. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED PRODUCED
2 IN OTHER LITIGATION
3 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in other litigation that
4 compels disclosure of any information or items designated in this Action as
5 “CONFIDENTIAL,” that Party must:
6 (a) promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such notification shall
7 include a copy of the subpoena or court order;
8 (b) promptly notify in writing the party who caused the subpoena or order to
9 issue in the other litigation that some or all of the material covered by the subpoena or
10 order is subject to this Protective Order. Such notification shall include a copy of this
11 Stipulated Protective Order; and
12 (c) cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to be pursued
13 by the Designating Party whose Protected Material may be affected. If the Designating
14 Party timely seeks a protective order, the Party served with the subpoena or court order
15 shall not produce any information designated in this action as “CONFIDENTIAL” before
16 a determination by the court from which the subpoena or order issued, unless the Party has
17 obtained the Designating Party’s permission. The Designating Party shall bear the burden
18 and expense of seeking protection in that court of its confidential material and nothing in
19 these provisions should be construed as authorizing or encouraging a Receiving Party in
20 this Action to disobey a lawful directive from another court.
21 11. A NON-PARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO
22 BE PRODUCED IN THIS LITIGATION
23 (a) The terms of this Order are applicable to information produced by a Non-
24 Party in this Action and designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information produced by
25 Non-Parties in connection with this litigation is protected by the remedies and relief
26 provided by this Order. Nothing in these provisions should be construed as prohibiting a
27 Non-Party from seeking additional protections.
1 (b) In the event that a Party is required, by a valid discovery request, to
2 produce a Non-Party’s confidential information in its possession, and the Party is subject
3 to an agreement with the Non-Party not to produce the Non-Party’s confidential
4 information, then the Party shall:
5 (1) promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the Non-Party that
6 some or all of the information requested is subject to a confidentiality agreement with a
7 Non-Party;
8 (2) promptly provide the Non-Party with a copy of the Stipulated Protective
9 Order in this Action, the relevant discovery request(s), and a reasonably specific
10 description of the information requested; and
11 (3) make the information requested available for inspection by the Non-Party,
12 if requested.
13 (c) If the Non-Party fails to seek a protective order from this court within 14
14 days of receiving the notice and accompanying information, the Receiving Party may
15 produce the Non-Party’s confidential information responsive to the discovery request. If
16 the Non-Party timely seeks a protective order, the Receiving Party shall not produce any
17 information in its possession or control that is subject to the confidentiality agreement
18 with the Non-Party before a determination by the court. Absent a court order to the
19 contrary, the Non-Party shall bear the burden and expense of seeking protection in this
20 court of its Protected Material.
21 12. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
22 If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it has disclosed
23 Protected Material to any person or in any circumstance not authorized under this
24 Stipulated Protective Order, the Receiving Party must immediately (a) notify in writing
25 the Designating Party of the unauthorized disclosures, (b) use its best efforts to retrieve all
26 unauthorized copies of the Protected Material, (c) inform the person or persons to whom
27 unauthorized disclosures were made of all the terms of this Order, and (d) request such
1 person or persons to execute the “Acknowledgment an Agreement to Be Bound” attached
2 hereto as Exhibit A.
3 13. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR
4 OTHERWISE PROTECTED MATERIAL
5 When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that certain inadvertently
6 produced material is subject to a claim of privilege or other protection, the obligations of
7 the Receiving Parties are those set forth in Federal Rule of Civil\ Procedure 26(b)(5)(B).
8 This provision is not intended to modify whatever procedure may be established in an e-
9 discovery order that provides for production without prior privilege review. Pursuant to
10 Federal Rule of Evidence 502(d) and (e), insofar as the parties reach an agreement on the
11 effect of disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client
12 privilege or work product protection, the parties may incorporate their agreement in the
13 stipulated protective order submitted to the court.
14 14. MISCELLANEOUS
15 14.1 Right to Further Relief. Nothing in this Order abridges the right of any person
16 to seek its modification by the Court in the future.
17 14.2 Right to Assert Other Objections. By stipulating to the entry of this
18 Protective Order, no Party waives any right it otherwise would have to object to disclosing
19 or producing any information or item on any ground not addressed in this Stipulated
20 Protective Order. Similarly, no Party waives any right to object on any ground to use in
21 evidence of any of the material covered by this Protective Order.
22 14.3 Filing Protected Material. A Party that seeks to file under seal any
23 Protected Material must comply with Local Civil Rule 79-5. Protected Material may only
24 be filed under seal pursuant to a court order authorizing the sealing of the specific
25 Protected Material. If a Party’s request to file Protected Material under seal is denied by
26 the court, then the Receiving Party may file the information in the public record unless
27 otherwise instructed by the court.
1 15. FINAL DISPOSITION
2 After the final disposition of this Action, as defined in paragraph 6, within 60 days
3 || of a written request by the Designating Party, each Receiving Party must return all
4 || Protected Material to the Producing Party or destroy such material. As used in this
5 || subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all copies, abstracts, compilations,
6 || summaries, and any other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected Material.
7 || Whether the Protected Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving Party must submi
8 || a written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the same person or entity, to the
9 || Designating Party) by the 60-day deadline that (1) identifies (by category, where
10 || appropriate) all the Protected Material that was returned or destroyed and (2) affirms that
11 || the Receiving Party has not retained any copies, abstracts, compilations, summaries or an
12 || other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected Material. Notwithstanding thi:
13 |] provision, Counsel are entitled to retain an archival copy of all pleadings, motion papers,
14 || trial, deposition, and hearing transcripts, legal memoranda, correspondence, deposition
15 || and trial exhibits, expert reports, attorney work product, and consultant and expert work
16 || product, even if such materials contain Protected Material. Any such archival copies that
17 || contain or constitute Protected Material remain subject to this Protective Order as set fort
18 Section 6 (DURATION).
19 16. VIOLATION
20 Any violation of this Order may be punished by appropriate measures including,
21 || without limitation, contempt proceedings and/or monetary sanctions.
22
3 FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN, IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: May 19, 2026 ME
25 JOR. EARLY
United States Magistrate Judge
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1 EXHIBIT A
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND
3 I, ______________________________ [print or type full name], of
4 ______________________________ [print or type address], declare under penalty of
5 perjury that I have read and understand the Stipulated Protective Order entered by the
6 Court in Michael Hood v. City of Tustin, et al., Case No. 8:26-cv-00435-JVS-JDE. I agree
7 to comply with and be bound by all terms of the Stipulated Protective Order. I understand
8 and acknowledge that failure to comply with the Stipulated Protective Order could expose
9 me to sanctions and punishment for contempt.
10 I agree that I will not disclose in any manner any information or item designated
11 “CONFIDENTIAL” to any person or entity except in strict compliance with the Stipulated
12 Protective Order. I further agree that I will use any such Protected Material solely for
13 purposes of this Action and for no other purpose.
14 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the
15 Central District of California for the purpose of enforcing the terms of the Stipulated
16 Protective Order, even if enforcement proceedings occur after termination of this Action.
17
18 Date: ____________________________
19 City and State where sworn and signed: ____________________________
20 Printed Name: ____________________________
21 Signature: ____________________________
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11376931. Public record. Not legal advice.