# Onbirback

> District Court, N.D. California · March 23, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11369929

## Case

- **Full name:** Khosrow Onbirback, et al. v. Premier Auto Credit, et al.
- **Court:** District Court, N.D. California
- **Decided:** March 23, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 KHOSROW ONBIRBACK, et al., Case No. 25-cv-05684-SVK

8 Plaintiffs,
ORDER ON MOTIONS TO COMPEL
9 v. ARBITRATION

10 PREMIER AUTO CREDIT, et al., Re: Dkt. Nos. 15, 43
11 Defendants.

12 Before the Court are two motions to compel arbitration: one filed by Defendants Premier
13 Auto Credit (“Premier”), Sean Rastegar, and Bruce Horowitz (Dkt. 15); and the other filed by
14 Defendant Edward Mendoza (Dkt. 43). This Order refers to Rastegar, Horowitz, and Mendoza as
15 the “Individual Defendants” and refers to those Individual Defendants and Premier, collectively,
16 as the “Moving Defendants.” The two motions are based on largely the same facts and legal
17 authorities. The reason two motions were filed is that at the time Premier and its employees
18 Rastegar and Horowitz filed the first motion, they did not realize that Mendoza was also employed
by Premier. See Dkt. 22, 34. Accordingly, Mendoza filed a separate motion to compel arbitration.
19
All remaining Parties to this action have consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge.
20
Dkt. 7, 24, 51, 60.
21
The motions to compel arbitration are suitable for determination without a hearing.
22
Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). Having considered the record before it and the relevant law, the Court
23
GRANTS both motions to compel arbitration and STAYS this case as between Plaintiffs and the
24
Moving Defendants pending completion of arbitration. In addition, pursuant to an attorney’s fees
25
provision in one of the contracts at issue in this case, the Court also GRANTS the request of
26
Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz for an award of $4,010.00 in reasonable attorney’s
27
fees incurred in moving to compel arbitration.
I. BACKGROUND
1
A. The parties and the allegations giving rise to this litigation
2
The Plaintiffs are San Jose Auto Outlet Plus Trucks Inc. (“SJAO”) and its owner,
3
Khosrow Onbirback. Dkt. 1 ¶¶ 12-13. The Defendants that remain in the case are: (1) Premier
4
and its employees Sean Rastegar (Chief Executive Officer), Bruce Horowitz (Chief Financial
5
Officer, and Edward Mendoza (Director of Sales and Acquisition); and (2) KPMG, which
6
Plaintiffs allege acted as an auditor for Premier. Id. ¶¶ 13-16; Dkt. 15-2 ¶¶ 2-3; Dkt. 43-3 ¶ 2.1
7
It appears from the complaint that Plaintiff SJAO is an automobile dealership. Dkt. 1 ¶¶ 1,
8
4. Defendant Premier is alleged to be an independent subprime auto lender that “purchase[s] loans
9
from dealers individually and in bulk for borrowers with bad credit or no credit.” Id. ¶ 3. Premier
10
typically appoints a sales representative to prepare and process loan applications at dealerships
11 with which it contracts. Id. ¶ 4.
12 Plaintiffs allege that in connection with Premier’s work for SJAO pursuant to the Dealer
13 Agreement discussed below, Premier and its employees falsified income and employment
14 information in connection with 290 auto loan applications. Id. ¶¶ 7-8, 57. According to Plaintiffs,
15 79 of those 290 applications resulted in default, which caused Plaintiffs to suffer damages. Id. ¶ 8.
16 The Complaint alleges that Premier sold the fraudulent loans to major banks. Id. ¶ 9.
17 Plaintiffs allege that Defendant KPMG acted as an auditor for Premier and for major
18 banks. Id. ¶¶ 10, 17. 2
19 B. The Dealer Agreement
20 On or about April 20, 2021, Plaintiff SJAO and Defendant Premier entered into a “Dealer
21 Agreement.” Dkt. 15-2 ¶ 6 and Ex. 1 thereto (Dkt. 15-4). Section 4.13 of the Dealer Agreement,
22 entitled “Legal Action; Arbitration; Choice of Law; Venue,” states as follows:

23 ///

24
///
25
1 Plaintiffs have dismissed the other Defendants named in the complaint: William B. Thomas,
26
Rogelio “Roger” Aguirre, and Leidy Quiroga. See Dkt. 74, 87.

27
2 KPMG’s pending motion to dismiss will be addressed in a separate order. KPMG is not a party
Dealer3 agrees that any claim or dispute, whether in contract, tort, statute or
1
otherwise (including the interpretation and scope of this arbitration clause and the
2 arbitrability of the claim or dispute), between Dealer and Premier or our employees,
agents, successors or assigns, which arises out of or relates to Dealer’s
3 representations and warranties, Dealer’s assignment of any RISC to Premier, or to
this Agreement or any resulting transaction or relationship (including any such
4 relationship with third parties who do not sign this contract) shall, at Dealer’s or
Premier’s election, be resolved by neutral binding arbitration instead of in court.
5
Dealer waives any right to have any Claim between Dealer and Premier resolved in
6 court. Dealer waives any right to participate as a class representative or class
member. Dealer agrees that this agreement involves interstate commerce, and any
7 arbitration under this agreement to arbitrate shall be governed by the Federal
Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et.seq.) and not by any state law concerning
8 arbitration. Any award by the arbitrator shall be in writing and will be
final and binding on all parties, subject to any limited right to appeal under the
9
Federal Arbitration Act.
10
The following claims are excluded from the arbitration process: small
11 claims actions, self-help remedies (such as repossession), foreclosure, replevin,
garnishment, and/or individual injunctive relief. Pursuing an excluded claim in
12 court does not waive any right to seek arbitration for claims outside the court's
jurisdiction, or if an excluded claim is transferred, removed, or appealed to a
13
different court.
14
Arbitrations will be conducted by a mutually agreeable arbitrator or
15 arbitration forum or, if none can be agreed upon, by the American Arbitration
Association ("AAA"). The arbitration hearing will be conducted in the
16 jurisdictional district encompassed by the Los Angeles County Superior Court, or
at a place somewhere else more convenient if we mutually agree. Premier and
17
Dealer will each pay our own attorney's fees and witness and experts' expenses,
18 except as otherwise required by law or this Agreement. The arbitration award must
be in writing. Any award must be kept confidential. The arbitrator's decision is final
19 and binding.

20 Other than as expressly provided in this Agreement, Premier and
Dealer agree that only an arbitrator may resolve Claims. You agree not to
21
bring or participate as a class representative or a class member in any class
22 action in arbitration or in any other consolidated proceeding. Any Claim
between Dealer and Premier must be resolved on an individual basis.
23 Arbitration is not available and will not be conducted on a class-wide basis.

24
If any part of this arbitration clause, other than the Class Action Waiver, is
25 found by a court or arbitrator to be unenforceable, the remainder is enforceable. If
the Class Action Waiver is found by a court or arbitrator to be unenforceable, the
26 remainder of this arbitration clause is unenforceable. This Agreement will survive
the termination of the note, regardless of reason for termination. Either you or
27
we can compel arbitration in any court proceeding, regardless of which party filed
1
suit. Either you or we can enforce an arbitration award. This Agreement does not
2 stop you from filing a complaint with a federal, state, or local regulator.

3 This Agreement shall be governed in accordance with the laws of the State
of California, without regard to any conflicts of law provisions. Jurisdiction and
4 venue of any arbitration and any action will be in Los Angeles County, California.
5 Dkt. 15-4 at 10-11 (§ 4.13) (emphasis in original).
6 C. Onbirback’s Individual Personal Guaranty
7 Plaintiff Onbirback personally guaranteed SJAO’s performance of the Dealer Agreement
8 by executing an Individual Personal Guaranty (“Guaranty”). Dkt. 15-2 ¶ 7; Dkt. 15-4 at Ex. A.
9 Section 16 of the Guaranty states:

10
In the event of any suit or action arising out of this Guaranty, the parties agree that
11 upon demand by either Guarantor, Dealer, Premier, or its assigns, the matter shall
be resolved by submitting the case to arbitration. In the event an opposing party
12 objects to a party’s lawful demand for arbitration following the initiation of a legal
action and forces the demanding party to file a motion to compel arbitration, the
13 prevailing party shall be entitled to recover reasonably attorney's fees and costs in
bringing such a motion.
14

15 In either choice of arbitration or a resolution by a court of law, the prevailing party
shall be entitled to recover, in addition to statutory costs and disbursements, its
16 reasonable attorneys' fees, whether incurred before trial, at trial, on appeal, or in an
arbitration proceeding.
17
This Agreement shall be governed in accordance with the laws of the State of
18
California, without regard to any conflicts of law provisions. Jurisdiction and venue
19 in any action will be in Los Angeles County, California.
20 Dkt. 15-4 at Ex. A ¶ 16.
21 D. The Prior Arbitration Action
Plaintiffs and Premier previously engaged in arbitration before the American Arbitration
22
Association (“AAA”) pursuant to the Dealer Agreement and Guaranty (the “Prior Arbitration
23
Action”). Dkt. 15-3 ¶ 7. In that proceeding, which Premier instituted on or about November 23,
24
2023, Plaintiffs attempted to file a cross-claim, which Premier contends was similar to the claims
25
Plaintiffs now make in this action. Id. ¶¶ 7-8, 10. According to Premier, Plaintiffs failed to pay
26
the required filing fees to AAA, thereby abandoning the cross-claim. Id. ¶ 8. The Arbitrator in
27
the Prior Arbitration Action issued an award in favor of Premier, which is the subject of a petition
1 to confirm in Los Angeles County Superior Court. Id. ¶ 9.
2 E. Procedural background
3 Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit on July 7, 2025. Dkt. 1 (“Complaint”). The Complaint
4 contains causes of action for: (1) bank fraud; (2) wire fraud; (3) violation of the Racketeer
5 Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (“RICO”); (4) intentional misrepresentation/fraud; (5),
6 (6), and (9) various conspiracies; (7) grand theft; and (8) concealing Plaintiffs’ cash. Id.
7 On July 31, 2025, counsel for Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz sent Plaintiffs a
written demand that they arbitrate the claims raised in the Complaint. Dkt. 15-3 ¶ 2 and Ex. 2
8
(Dkt. 15-5). Plaintiff Onbirback responded by refusing to submit the claims to arbitration. Id. and
9
Ex. 3 (Dkt. 15-6).
10
The Moving Defendants now move to compel arbitration of all of Plaintiffs’ claims.
11
II. LEGAL STANDARD
12
The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) applies to written contracts “evidencing a transaction
13
involving commerce.” 9 U.S.C. § 2; see also Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 111-12
14
(2001). Under the FAA, arbitration agreements “shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save
15
upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. This
16
provision reflects “both a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration [] and the fundamental principle
17
that arbitration is a matter of contract.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339
18
(2011) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
19
A court must determine two “gateway” issues in assessing whether to compel arbitration:
20
“(1) whether there is an agreement to arbitrate between the parties; and (2) whether the agreement
21
covers the dispute.” Brennan v. Opus Bank, 796 F.3d 1125, 1130 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Howsam v.
22
Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84 (2002)). Some arbitration agreements contain a
23
delegation clause. “A delegation clause is a clause within an arbitration provision that delegates to
24
the arbitrator gateway questions of arbitrability, such as whether the agreement covers a particular
25
controversy or whether the arbitration provision is enforceable at all.” Caremark, LLC v.
26
Chickasaw Nation, 43 F.4th 1021, 1029 (9th Cir. 2022). “The presence of a delegation clause
27 further limits the issues that a court may decide.” Id. “[I]ssues of validity and arbitrability, can be
1 arbitrator.” Ahlstrom v. DHI Mortg. Co., Ltd., L.P., 21 F.4th 631, 634-35 (9th Cir. 2021).
2 As such, a court must first resolve any challenge alleging that an agreement to arbitrate was
3 never formed. Caremark, 43 F.4th at 1030. Next, if there is a delegation clause, the Court must
4 resolve any challenge directed specifically to its enforceability. Id. “Finally, if the parties [formed] an
5 agreement to arbitrate containing an enforceable delegation clause, all arguments going to the scope or
6 enforceability of the arbitration provision are for the arbitrator to decide in the first instance.” Id. at
7 1021.
8 District courts use the summary judgment standard when ruling on a motion to compel
9 arbitration. Hansen v. LMB Mortg. Servs., Inc., 1 F.4th 667, 670 (9th Cir. 2021). A party seeking to
10 compel arbitration has the burden of proving that, drawing all inferences and resolving all doubts in
11 favor of the nonmoving party, there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. Lopez v. Dave, Inc.,
12 No. 22-cv-16915, 2023 WL 8594393, at *1 (9th Cir. Dec. 12, 2023); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
If the Court is “satisfied that the making of the agreement for arbitration or the failure to
13
comply therewith is not in issue, the [C]ourt shall make an order directing the parties to proceed to
14
arbitration in accordance with the terms of the agreement.” 9 U.S.C. § 4. But “[i]f the making of the
15
arbitration agreement or the failure, neglect, or refusal to perform the same be in issue, the court
16
shall proceed summarily to the trial thereof.” Id.
17
Where the claims alleged in a complaint are subject to arbitration, the Court must stay the
18
action pending arbitration. Smith v. Spizzirri, 601 U.S. 472, 478–79 (2024); 9 U.S.C. § 3.
19
III. BRIEFING AND EVIDENTIARY ISSUES
20
A. Overview of briefing on motions to compel arbitration
21
The briefing on the two pending motions to compel arbitration, which was somewhat
22
complicated, proceeded as follows. The first motion to compel arbitration was filed by
23
Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz. Dkt. 15. Plaintiffs filed an opposition. Dkt. 29, 30.
24
Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz thereafter filed a reply in support of the motion to compel
25
arbitration. Dkt. 33. The reply included objections to Plaintiffs’ opposition brief. Id. Plaintiffs
26
thereafter filed an additional brief on the first motion to compel arbitration. Dkt. 36.
27
On September 23, 2025, after briefing on the first motion to compel arbitration was
1 completed, the Court issued an order that, among other things, granted Defendant Mendoza’s
2 motion to set aside a default that had been entered against him. Dkt. 34 (the “9/23/25 Order”).
3 The Court set deadlines for Mendoza to file a motion to compel arbitration and for the briefing on
4 that second motion to compel arbitration. Id. The Court further ordered the Parties to “minimize
5 any duplication of effort in briefing Mendoza’s motion to compel arbitration by incorporating by
6 reference their previous briefing on the motion to compel arbitration by Defendants Premier et al.
(Dkt. 15) where appropriate.” Id.
7
The 9/23/25 Order also informed Plaintiffs that Plaintiff SJAO may not appear pro se or be
8
represented by a non-attorney. Id. The Court set a deadline for counsel for SJAO to make an
9
appearance. Id. SJAO’s counsel thereafter timely entered an appearance. Dkt. 50.
10
Defendant Mendoza timely filed the second motion to compel arbitration. Dkt. 43.
11
Plaintiffs filed an opposition (Dkt. 44), and Mendoza filed a reply that included objections to
12
Plaintiffs’ opposition brief (Dkt. 45). Plaintiffs thereafter filed an additional brief on the second
13
motion to compel arbitration. Dkt. 48, 49.
14
The Court held a Case Management Conference on December 9, 2025 and issued an order
15
on the same day. Dkt. 66 (the “12/9/25 Order”). Among other things, the 12/9/25 Order
16
addressed SJAO’s recent appearance through counsel by setting deadlines for Plaintiff SJAO to
17
file a consolidated opposition to the motions to compel arbitration and for the Moving Defendants
18
to file a consolidated reply. Id.
19
SJAO thereafter filed a consolidated opposition to the motions to compel arbitration
20
(Dkt. 75), and the Moving Defendants filed a consolidated reply (Dkt. 86).
21
B. Evidentiary objections
22
The Moving Defendants object to Plaintiffs’ initial oppositions to both motions to compel
23
arbitration on grounds including the following: (1) Plaintiff SJAO, as a self-represented party, is
24
prohibited from opposing the motions to compel or moving for any relief; (2) Plaintiffs’
25
opposition briefs fail to comply with the formatting requirements of Civil Local Rule 3-4(c)(2)
26 and with other procedural requirements; and (3) the opposition briefs improperly contain a request
27 for substantive relief to the extent they seek summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ fifth cause of action
1 Although well-taken, Defendants’ objections have already been addressed by the Court
2 and/or do not warrant additional measures. The Court has already addressed Plaintiff SJAO’s
3 initial improper attempts to appear pro se or through Plaintiff Onbirback by setting a deadline for
4 SJAO to appear through counsel. Now that SJAO has appeared through counsel and has filed a
5 consolidated brief on the pending motions to compel arbitration, the Court will treat Plaintiffs’
6 initial briefs in opposition to the motions to compel (Dkt. 29-30, 44, and 48-49) as being on behalf
of Plaintiff Onbirback only.
7
On this occasion, the Court will not sanction Plaintiffs for failure to conform to the
8
formatting and procedural requirements cited by Defendants but cautions Plaintiffs that the Court
9
may strike any future briefs that do not comply with the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil
10
Procedure, this District’s Civil Local Rules, or the undersigned’s Standing Orders.
11
The Court previously vacated the hearing that Plaintiffs attempted to set in their opposition
12
to the first motion to compel arbitration. Dkt. 31. As the Court has previously indicated, it treats
13
Plaintiffs’ requests for a ruling on their fifth cause of action as additional arguments as to why the
14
Court should deny the motions to compel arbitration. See Dkt. 55. The Court addresses that
15
argument below.
16
Plaintiffs filed additional briefs following the replies on each of the motions to compel
17
arbitration, without prior Court approval. Dkt. 36, 48-49. Pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7-3(d), the
18
Court will consider those filings only to the extent they state objections to new evidence contained
19
in Defendants’ reply briefs.
20
IV. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION
21
A. Formation of Arbitration Agreement
22
“[T]he issues reserved to the courts for decision ‘always include’ whether an arbitration
23
agreement was formed, even in the presence of a delegation clause.” Caremark, 43 F.4th at 1030
24
(citing Granite Rock Company v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 297
25
(2010)). The party seeking to compel arbitration “bears the burden of proving the existence of an
26
agreement to arbitrate by a preponderance of the evidence.” Norcia v. Samsung Telecomms. Am.,
27 LLC, 845 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). In
1 contract formation. Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30 F.4th 849, 855 (9th Cir. 2022). To
2 form a contract under California law, the parties must manifest their mutual assent to the terms of
3 the agreement in writing, orally, or through conduct. Id.; see also Chabolla v. ClassPass Inc., 129
4 F.4th 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 2025).
5 Plaintiffs do not dispute that they entered into a Dealer Agreement with Premier that
6 contained the arbitration provision and delegation language quoted above. See Dkt. 1 ¶ 37 and
Ex. A; Dkt. 29 at 9; Dkt. 75 at 1-2 (stating that Plaintiff SJAO and Premier “entered into a Dealer
7
Agreement” and that “[t]he Dealer Agreement includes an arbitration provision”). In fact,
8
Plaintiffs attached the Dealer Agreement (which includes the Guaranty) as an exhibit to the
9
Complaint. Ex. A to Dkt. 1. Nor do Plaintiffs specifically challenge the enforceability of the
10
delegation clause. See Caremark, 43 F.3d at 1029 (“a party must challenge[] the delegation
11
provision specifically for a court to intervene” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
12
Accordingly, the Court concludes that an agreement to arbitrate was formed and that it contains a
13
delegation clause.
14
The Court now turns to the main areas of dispute raised by Plaintiffs: (1) whether
15
Individual Defendants Rastegar, Horowitz, and Mendoza may invoke the arbitration clause in the
16
contracts between Plaintiffs and Premier; (2) whether the claims Plaintiffs make in this case fall
17
outside the scope of the arbitration clauses; and (3) whether the Moving Defendants waived the
18
right to demand arbitration of the claims made by Plaintiffs in this case. See Dkt. 29; 44; 75.
19
B. Ability of Individual Defendants to Invoke Arbitration Agreement
20
Because the relevant arbitration agreements are contained in contracts between Plaintiffs
21
and Premier, Plaintiffs argue that they are not required to arbitrate their claims against Individual
22
Defendants Rastegar, Horowitz, and Mendoza, who are not signatories to the contracts. See Dkt.
23
29 at 12-14; Dkt. 44 at 14-15; Dkt. 75 at 5-7, 13-14.
24
A threshold question is whether the ability of the non-signatory Individual Defendants to
25
invoke the arbitration agreements is a question to be decided by the Court or is instead delegated
26 to the arbitrator. For the question of arbitrability by non-signatories to be delegated to an
27 arbitrator, the parties must “clearly agree to submit the question of arbitrability to arbitration,”
1 Inc., No. 24-6032, 2025 WL 2953247, at *1 (9th Cir. Oct. 20, 2025) (quoting First Options of
2 Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 947 (1995)). Courts should “hesitate to interpret silence or
3 ambiguity” as delegating arbitrability. Young, 2025 WL 2953247, at *1 (quoting First Options,
4 514 U.S. at 945).
5 In Kramer v. Toyota Motor Corp., the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s holding
6 that the court, rather than the arbitrator, had the authority to address the standing of a non-
signatory automobile manufacturer (Toyota) to compel arbitration under contracts between vehicle
7
purchasers and dealerships that contained arbitration provisions with delegation clauses. 705 F.3d
8
1122, 1127-28 (9th Cir. 2013). As subsequent cases have explained, however, “the Ninth Circuit
9
didn’t announce a blanket rule that questions concerning a non-signatory’s ability to compel
10
arbitration must always be resolved by the court” but “[t]o the contrary, the Ninth Circuit’s fact-
11
specific ruling was that ‘because the arbitration clause is limited to claims between “you and
12
us”—i.e. Plaintiffs and the Dealerships,’ ‘[t]he language of the contracts ... evidences Plaintiffs’
13
intent to arbitrate arbitrability with the Dealerships and no one else.’” Herrera v. Verra Mobility
14
Corp., No. CV-20-00515-PHX-DWL, 2020 WL 6781269, at *5 (D. Ariz. Nov. 18, 2020) (quoting
15
Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1127-28). Where, by contrast, an arbitration clause defines the relevant
16
parties more broadly, it may provide “clear and unmistakable evidence” that the party resisting
17
arbitration agreed to arbitrate arbitrability with non-signatories. Herrera, 2020 WL 6781269, at
18
*5; see also Banh v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., No. 2:19-CV-05984-RGK-AS, 2020 WL
19
5035095, at *3 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (holding that non-signatory Honda was entitled to compel
20
arbitration under an arbitration agreement with a delegation clause between Acura and automobile
21
purchasers where Acura was defined to include Honda but not under a second set of contracts that
22
did not define Acura to include Honda).
23
Here, the arbitration and delegation clause in the Dealer Agreement extends to “any claim
24
or dispute, whether in contract, tort, statute or otherwise (including the interpretation and scope of
25 this arbitration clause and the arbitrability of the claim or dispute), between Dealer and Premier or
26 our employees, agents, successors or assigns … ” Dkt. 15-4 at 10-11 (§ 4.13) (emphasis added).
27 Under the legal authorities discussed above, this language supports a conclusion that Plaintiffs
1 are employees of the signing party, Premier.
2 Nevertheless, there is some disagreement in the case law as to whether the court or the
3 arbitrator should decide questions of arbitrability involving non-signatories. See, e.g., Atkins v.
4 Amplitude, Inc., No. 24-CV-04913-RFL, 2025 WL 2521732, at *2–3 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 2, 2025)
5 (holding that question of arbitrability involving non-signatories is for “[t]he court, not the
6 arbitrator,” citing cases). Therefore, the Court will address whether the Individual Defendants
may compel arbitration in this case.
7
Litigants who are not parties to an arbitration agreement may invoke or be compelled to
8
submit to arbitration under the FAA if allowed under the relevant state contract law—typically,
9
under principles of equitable estoppel, agency or third-party beneficiary. Arthur Andersen LLP v.
10
Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 632 (2009); see also Murphy v. DirecTV, Inc., 724 F.3d 1218, 1229-
11
1234 (9th Cir. 2013) (recognizing all three theories under California law but finding each theory
12
inapplicable to support enforcement by nonsignatory under facts). Here, Rastegar, Horowitz, and
13
Mendoza invoke third-party beneficiary and equitable estoppel theories in arguing that they should
14
be able to compel arbitration of Plaintiffs’ claims against them. Dkt. 15-1 at 7-9; Dkt. 43-2 at 4-7.
15
1. Third-party beneficiaries
16
Under California law, non-signatories who are third-party beneficiaries to the arbitration
17
agreement may compel arbitration. Ronay Family Ltd. P’ship v. Tweed, 216 Cal. App. 4th 830,
18
838 (2013). To qualify as a third-party beneficiary, the non-signatory is “obligated to prove that
19
‘express provisions of the contract,’ considered in light of the ‘relevant circumstances,’ show that
20
(1) ‘the third party would in fact benefit from the contract;’ (2) ‘a motivating purpose of the
21
contracting parties was to provide a benefit to the third party;’ and (3) permitting the third party to
22
enforce the contract ‘is consistent with the objectives of the contract and the reasonable
23
expectations of the contracting parties.’” Ngo v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 23 F.4th 942, 946 (9th Cir.
24
2022) (quoting Goonewardene v. ADP, LLC, 6 Cal. 5th 817, 830 (2019)). To determine whether
25
allowing a third party to enforce an arbitration agreement is consistent with the objectives of the
26
agreement and reasonable expectations of the party, courts “focus on ‘the language of the contract
27
and all of the relevant circumstances under which the contract was entered into’ to determine if
1 ‘third party enforcement will effectuate the contracting parties' performance objectives, namely
2 those objectives of the enterprise embodied in the contract, read in light of surrounding
3 circumstances.’” Ngo, 23 F.4th at 948 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Goonewardene, 6 Cal. 5th at
4 830–31).
5 The express language of the arbitration agreement in the Dealer Agreement demonstrates
6 that the Individual Defendants would benefit from the arbitration agreement, that the agreement
7 was designed to benefit them, and that allowing the Individual Defendants to enforce the
8 agreement is also consistent with the objectives of the contract and the reasonable expectations of
9 the contracting parties. Under the arbitration provision in the Dealer Agreement, SJAO
10 “agrees that any claim or dispute, whether in contract, tort, statute or otherwise (including the
11 interpretation and scope of this arbitration clause and the arbitrability of the claim or dispute),
12 between Dealer and Premier or our employees, agents, successors or assigns” is subject to
13 arbitration. Dkt. 15-4 at 10-11 (§ 4.13). The arbitration provision extends to “any resulting
14 transaction or relationship (including any such relationship with third parties who do not sign this
15 contract).” Id. The Individual Defendants fall within this provision because they are employees of
16 Premier. Accordingly, the express language of the agreement permits the Individual Defendants,
17 as employees of Premier, to enforce the agreement as third-party beneficiaries.
18 Plaintiff SJAO challenges only Defendant Mendoza’s status as a third-party beneficiary,
19 not the status of Defendants Rastegar or Horowitz. See Dkt. 75 at 13-14. SJAO argues that under
20 Ngo and Murphy, “non-signatories cannot enforce arbitration clauses unless the contract clearly
21 confers that right.” Id. But SJAO fails to address the language in the Dealer Agreement’s
22 arbitration provision that specifically extends the provision to the signatories’ employees, such as
23 Mendoza. “It is well-established that “[i]t is ‘not necessary that the beneficiary be named and
24 identified as an individual’” and that “‘[a] third party may enforce a contract where he shows that
25 he is a member of a class of persons for whose benefit it was made.’” Ferreira v. Uber Techs.,
26 Inc., No. 23-CV-00518-JST, 2023 WL 7284161, at *4–5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 3, 2023) (quoting
27 Ronay, 216 Cal. App. 4th at 838–39). Although in Murphy, the Ninth Circuit held that BestBuy
1 company, because the agreement contained a third-party beneficiary provision that named another
2 entity, but not BestBuy (724 F.3d at 1234), here, in contrast, the arbitration provision in the Dealer
3 Agreement states that employees of SJAO and Premier may enforce the agreements as third-party
4 beneficiaries.
5 Plaintiff Onbirback does not clearly address the argument that the Individual Defendants
6 may compel arbitration as third-party beneficiaries under the arbitration provision of the Dealer
7 Agreement. He argues only that “[t]he Dealer Agreement’s arbitration clause is being misused by
8 Defendant Premier Auto Credit to shield itself and other non-signatory Defendant from derivative
9 liability stemming from the conduct of Defendants Roger and Leidy.” Dkt. 29 at 11; see also id.
10 at 17 (“In the present case, the arbitration clause is being used to shield all Defendants, including
11 non-signatories, from any injunction that could prevent their illegal conduct, thereby contravening
12 established public policy and legal principles”). These arguments do not overcome the Individual
13 Defendants’ showing that they are entitled to invoke the arbitration provision in the Dealer
14 Agreement.
15 Accordingly, the Court concludes that in light of the language and circumstances of the
16 arbitration agreement, Individual Defendants Rastegar, Horowitz, and Mendoza are third-party
17 beneficiaries to the arbitration agreement and may enforce the agreement and compel arbitration.
18 2. Equitable Estoppel
19 The Individual Defendants are also entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement against
20 Plaintiffs under the doctrine of equitable estoppel. “Under California law, ‘[w]hen a nonsignatory
21 seeks to enforce an arbitration clause, the doctrine of equitable estoppel applies in two
22 circumstances: (1) when a signatory must rely on the terms of the written agreement in asserting
23 its claims against the nonsignatory or the claims are intimately founded in and intertwined with the
24 underlying contract, and (2) when the signatory alleges substantially interdependent and concerted
misconduct by the nonsignatory and another signatory and the allegations of the interdependent
25
misconduct are founded in or intimately connected with the obligations of the underlying
26
agreement.’” Atkins, 2025 WL 2521732, at *2–3 (quoting Kramer, 705 F.3d at 1128-29). Both
27
1 To determine whether a plaintiff's claims are intimately founded in and intertwined with
2 the terms of the written agreement, courts look at “the relationship between the parties and their
3 connection to the alleged violations.” Herrera v. Cathay Pac. Airways Ltd., 104 F.4th 702, 707
4 (9th Cir. 2024) (quotation omitted). “The purpose behind equitable estoppel is to prevent a party
5 from ‘relying on an agreement for one purpose while disavowing the arbitration clause of the
6 agreement.’” Bender v. Twilio Inc., No. 24-cv-04914-AMO, 2025 WL 2308484, at *5 (N.D. Cal.
Aug. 11, 2025) (quoting Goldman v. KPMG, LLP, 92 Cal. Rptr. 3d 534, 551 (2009)). Thus, the
7
Court considers whether Plaintiffs’ claims are “fully viable without reference to” the terms of the
8
Dealer Agreement. Goldman, 92 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 551.
9
Plaintiffs’ Complaint refers to, relies upon, and attaches the Dealer Agreement. See, e.g.,
10
Dkt. 1 ¶¶ 37-39 and Ex. A; see also id. ¶¶ 67, 76, 81, 90, 99, 107, 114, 120, and 127. Plaintiffs’
11
claims stem from Defendants’ alleged conduct in connection with the assignment and sale of retail
12
motor vehicle purchase contracts, which is the subject of the Dealer Agreement. See Dkt. 1 and
13
Ex. A; see also Dkt. 29 at 8, 9.
14
The second circumstance under which equitable estoppel arises applies as well. This case
15
involves allegations of interdependent and concerted misconduct by Premier, the Individual
16
Defendants, and others. Plaintiffs accuse “Defendants and each of them” of being “part of an
17
Organized Enterprise by which they set up a scheme in various dealerships inside and outside of
18
California” in which “Premier Knowingly and Deliberately approved the inflating income
19
misrepresenting job titles on the Falsified auto loan applications … ” Dkt. 1 ¶ 7 (emphasis in
20
original). Plaintiffs paint Defendant Rastegar as “the MASTER MIND of advising and
21
instructing ALL other Defendants in committing the conduct of Deliberate Scheme at San
22
Jose Auto Outlet.” Id. ¶ 14 (emphasis in original). They allege fraudulent activity by and a
23
conspiracy among Defendants Premier, Rastegar, Horowitz, Mendoza and others. Id. ¶ 52. Thus,
24
according to Plaintiffs’ allegations, the alleged misconduct of the Moving Defendants is
25 interdependent.
26 Additionally, Plaintiffs’ allegations demonstrate that the interdependent misconduct is
27 connected to the obligations contained in the Dealer Agreement, which contains the arbitration
1 sales representative with underwriting authority at SJAO who worked as an agent on behalf of
2 Premier. Dkt. 1 ¶¶ 37-39. This sales agent facilitated the allegedly falsified loan applications that
3 are the subject of this litigation. See id. ¶¶ 41-53.
4 Equitable estoppel in the arbitration context is an application of the general equitable
5 principle of contract law. “The ‘overriding concern in equitable estoppel cases’ is fairness.”
6 Atkins, 2025 WL 2521732, at *3 (quoting Ballesteros v. Ford Motor Co., 331 Cal. Rptr. 3d 232,
249 (2025), aff'd on other grounds, 570 P.3d 857 (Cal. 2025)). “[T]he point of equitable estoppel
7
is that the [signing party]—although not expecting at the time of contracting to have to arbitrate
8
with a nonsignatory—should thereafter reasonably expect to arbitrate if it decides to sue the
9
nonsignatory on a claim clearly tethered to the contract and there exists a sufficient relationship
10
between the nonsignatory and a signatory.” Id. (quoting Ballesteros, 331 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 249). It
11
would not be fair to let Plaintiffs avoid the effect of their arbitration agreement with Premier by
12
suing additional non-signatories when the Complaint is directed toward conduct in which Premier
13
and the non-signatories allegedly engaged in concert, and the claims are intertwined with, and
14
indeed rely upon, the Dealer Agreement containing the arbitration clause.
15
Under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, Plaintiffs are bound to arbitrate with the
16
Individual Defendants, based on their agreement to arbitrate with Premier, especially when the
17
arbitration agreement expressly extends to employees, agents, successors or assigns of the signing
18
parties.
19
C. Arbitrability of Plaintiffs’ Claims
20
Plaintiffs offer extensive argument, couched in terms of various legal theories, to the effect
21
that the Parties’ arbitration agreement does not encompass the disputes at issue. See, e.g., Dkt. 29,
22
44, 75. Plaintiffs’ arguments do not overcome the Moving Defendants’ ability to compel
23
arbitration for two overarching reasons: (1) the broad scope of the arbitration provision in the
24
Dealer Agreement; and (2) the delegation of the issue of arbitrability to the arbitrator.
25
1. Scope of the arbitration agreement
26
Other than in the context of sexual assault or harassment disputes, the FAA does not
27
exclude from its scope any particular type of claim. Arbitration provisions in any contract
1 affecting commerce must be enforced without regard to the nature of the claim or dispute.
2 Marmet Health Care Ctr., Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S. 530, 532-533 (2012) (per curiam). Moreover,
3 when the parties “have agreed to arbitrate some matters pursuant to an arbitration clause, … any
4 doubts concerning the scope of arbitral issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.”
5 Granite Rock, 561 U.S. at 298 (emphasis in original; internal quotes omitted).
6 Plaintiff SJAO also argues that its claims are not subject to the arbitration provision
7 because they do not “arise out of” the Dealer Agreement. Dkt. 75 at 3-5. According to SJAO, it
8 “alleges that Defendants implemented and concealed practices that exposed SJAO to financial
9 loss, third-party liability, and regulatory risk—harms that arise from independent legal duties
10 imposed by common law and statute, not from the Dealer Agreement itself.” Id. at 4; see also id.
11 at 14. However, the arbitration provision of the Dealer Agreement encompasses far more than
12 breach of contract disputes: “Dealer agrees that any claim or dispute, whether in contract, tort,
13 statute or otherwise … which arises out of or relates to Dealer’s representations and warranties,
14 Dealer’s assignment of any RISC to Premier, or to this Agreement or to any resulting transaction
15 or relationship (including any such relationship with third parties who do not sign this contract)
16 shall, at Dealer’s or Premier’s election, be resolved by neutral binding arbitration instead of in
17 court.” Dkt. 15-4 at 10-11 (§ 4.13). The crux of Plaintiffs’ allegations, as stated elsewhere in
18 SJAO’s opposition brief, is that the falsifications of loan applications, facilitated by a sales agent
19 placed at SJAO by Premier pursuant to the Dealer Agreement, “enabled the approval of up to 290
20 auto loans at Plaintiff’s dealership, primarily for customers who would otherwise not have
21 qualified.” Id. at 3; see also Dkt. 1 ¶¶ 7, 45. Such claims fall within the broad scope of the
22 arbitration provision.
23 Although SJAO cites various cases for the proposition that arbitration may not be used to
24 nullify statutory protections or remedies, enforcing the Parties’ agreement to arbitrate disputes
25 does not impermissibly “shield[] unlawful conduct from judicial scrutiny,” as SJAO asserts. See
26 Dkt. 75 at 7-10. Federal policy favors arbitration. Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 339. “When state law
27 prohibits outright the arbitration of a particular type of claim, the analysis is straightforward: The
1 California case law precluding arbitration of “public injunctive relief” under the state’s unfair
2 competition and consumer remedy laws is preempted by the FAA. Ferguson v. Corinthian
3 Colleges, Inc., 733 F.3d 928, 935 (9th Cir. 2013). Moreover, the duty to enforce arbitration
4 agreements generally applies even where statutory claims are asserted. Shearson/American
5 Express, Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220, 227 (1987). This holds true even when claims arise
6 under a federal statute designed to “further important social policies” because if a party can
7 effectively vindicate the party’s statutory cause of action through arbitration, “the statute serves its
8 functions.” Green Tree Fin'l Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79, 90 (2000).
9 A party arguing that a statute precludes arbitration bears the burden of showing
10 that Congress intended to preclude arbitration of the statutory claim involved. Shearson/American
11 Express, 482 US at 227. Plaintiffs have not made that showing here. Moreover, Plaintiffs seek
12 monetary relief in this action (see Dkt. 1 at 25 (Prayer for Relief)), and they have not demonstrated
13 that such remedies cannot be obtained through arbitration.
14 Plaintiff Onbirback makes many of the same arguments as SJAO as to why the claims in
15 this suit are not subject to arbitration. See Dkt. 29, 44. In particular, Onbirback asserts that “this
16 action presents a case of first impression in this District, and in the federal judiciary at large”
17 because it “concerns the enforceability of an arbitration clause in circumstances in where a
18 financial institution [Premier], together with its independent auditor (KPMG), is alleged to have
19 conspired to defraud the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and federally insured
20 banks by FDIC, implicating the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Action
21 of 1989 (“FIRREA”), as well as federal banking regulations.” Dkt. 29 at 3. Onbirback does not
22 cite authority for his proposition that “cases of first impression” are exempt from being arbitrated
23 pursuant to the parties’ contractual arbitration clauses. The authority he does cite, which concerns
24 the availability of arbitration in cases involving “public policy and statutory protections” (id. at 3-
25 4), is addressed above.
26 Therefore, Plaintiffs’ arguments as to why their claims are not covered by the arbitration
27 provision are unavailing.
2. Delegation Clause
1
A more fundamental problem with Plaintiffs’ arguments is that, as indicated in sections
2
I.B. and II above, the parties agreed to arbitrate the issue of arbitrability. Dkt. 15-4 at 10-11
3
(§ 4.13) (agreement to arbitrate “the interpretation and scope of this arbitration clause and the
4
arbitrability of the claim or dispute”). Under the Parties’ agreement to delegate the issue of
5
arbitrability to the arbitrator, it is for the arbitrator, not this Court, to decide whether Plaintiffs’
6
claims are arbitrable.
7
D. Waiver
8
Plaintiffs argue that Defendants have waived or forfeited the right to compel arbitration of
9
Plaintiffs’ claims in this case because they “did not permit SJAO’s claims to be adjudicated on the
10
merits” in the Prior Arbitration Action. Dkt. 75 at 10. Defendants state that Plaintiffs abandoned
11
their attempt to assert cross-claims in the Prior Arbitration Action when they failed to pay the
12
required filing fees to AAA. Dkt. 15-3 ¶ 8.
13
In determining whether a party has waived the right to demand arbitration, courts apply
14
“generally applicable contract law,” under which “the party opposing enforcement of a contractual
15
agreement must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the waiving party knew of the
16
contractual right and intentionally relinquished or abandoned it.” Quach v. California Com. Club,
17
Inc., 16 Cal. 5th 562, 584 (2024); see also Ugalde v. Syngenta Flowers, LLC, No. 24-CV-07568-
18
EKL, 2025 WL 1828513, at *5 (N.D. Cal. July 1, 2025).
19
Plaintiffs do not support their waiver argument with any evidence, much less clear and
20
convincing evidence, that Premier did or said anything in connection with Plaintiffs’ attempt to
21
assert cross-claims in the Prior Abitration Action that would constitute a waiver of Premier’s right
22
to arbitrate this dispute. Plaintiffs do not rebut the declaration filed by Defendants stating that
23
Plaintiffs abandoned their attempt to assert cross-claims in the Prior Arbitration Action by failing
24
to pay AAA’s filing fees. Accordingly, they have not demonstrated any action by the Moving
25
Defendants constitutes waiver of their right to compel arbitration in this case.
26
E. Conclusion on Motion to Compel Arbitration
27
For the reasons discussed, the Moving Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration is
1 GRANTED. The Court STAYS the case as between Plaintiffs and the Moving Defendants
2 pending completion of arbitration. Smith, 601 U.S. at 478–79; 9 U.S.C. § 3.
3 V. REQUEST FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES
4 Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz request an award of the attorney’s fees they
5 incurred in bringing their motion to compel arbitration, pursuant to the attorney’s fees provision in
6 the Individual Guaranty. Dkt. 15-1 at 10-11. Meanwhile, Plaintiff Onbirback requests his
7 attorney’s fees in opposing the motions to compel arbitration. Dkt. 29 at 21; Dkt. 44 at 24.
8 Plaintiffs oppose the request of Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz for attorney’s
9 fees on four grounds, arguing that: (1) Moving Defendants are not entitled to attorney’s fees if
10 their motion to compel arbitration is denied; (2) fee shifting provisions are strictly construed and
11 do not apply here; (3) fee awards are improper where arbitrability is reasonably disputed; and (4)
12 Defendants’ own conduct bars any fee award. Dkt. 75 at 11-13; see also Dkt. 29 at 20.
13 Because the Court grants the motions to compel arbitration, Plaintiffs’ first argument
14 against an award of fees does not apply. Plaintiffs’ second argument is also unavailing because
15 the “plain language” in the Guaranty expressly authorizes an award of reasonable attorney’s fees
16 and costs against a party who “forces the demanding party to file a motion to compel arbitration.”
17 Dkt. 15-4 at p. 15 (§ 16). For the reasons discussed in granting the Moving Defendants’ motions
18 to compel arbitration, the Court finds that Plaintiffs did not reasonably dispute the arbitrability of
19 the disputes in this case. Finally, Plaintiffs have not identified any conduct by the Moving
20 Defendants that would properly bar an award of fees to them. Plaintiffs argue only that
21 “Defendants selectively invoked arbitration, obtained a favorable award, and now seek to compel
22 arbitration anew while requesting fees for doing so.” Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that
23 Moving Defendants were not within their rights in taking such actions.
24 The Court finds that the request by Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz for fees in
25 the total amount of $4,010.00 in connection with moving to compel arbitration is reasonable, and
26 therefore ORDERS a single payment by Plaintiffs in the amount of $4,010.00 to those Defendants
27 within 30 days of the date of this Order.
VI. CONCLUSION
The Moving Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration of Plaintiffs claims against them is
2
GRANTED and litigation of those claims in this case is STAYED pending completion of the
3
arbitration.’ Plaintiffs and the Moving Defendants must file a joint status report by the earlier of
4
(1) 14 days from issuance of an arbitration award or (2) 90 days from the date of this Order.
5
Plaintiffs are further ORDERED to pay Defendants Premier, Rastegar, and Horowitz a total of
6
$4,010.00 within 30 days of the date of this Order as reasonable attorney’s fees incurred by those
7
Defendants in moving to compel arbitration.
8
SO ORDERED.
9
Dated: March 23, 2026
10

SUSAN VAN KEULEN
United States Magistrate Judge

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7 ‘Tn a separate order, the Court is granting Plaintiffs leave to amend certain of their claims against
Defendant KPMG. In light of the stay of Plaintiffs’ claims against the Moving Defendants,
9g || Moving Defendants are not required to file a response to Plaintiffs’ forthcoming amended
complaint.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11369929. Public record. Not legal advice.