# Opinion

> District Court, C.D. California · February 24, 2026

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11367390

## Case

- **Full name:** Ryan Ted Kennedy v. Goldman Sachs Bank, USA, et al.
- **Court:** District Court, C.D. California
- **Decided:** February 24, 2026
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11367390

## Opinion text

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 ||) RYAN TED KENNEDY Case No. □ 2:25-cv-10619-MAA
12 oe
Plaintiff(s), STIPULATED PROTECTIVE
13 ORDER
GOLDMAN SACHS BANK, USA, et at
15
16 Defendant(s).
17
18 || 1. PURPOSES AND LIMITATIONS
19 Discovery in this action is likely to involve production of confidential,
20 || proprietary, or private information for which special protection from public
21 || disclosure and from use for any purpose other than prosecuting this litigation may
22 || be warranted. Accordingly, the parties hereby stipulate to and petition the Court to
23 || enter the following Stipulated Protective Order. The parties acknowledge that this
24 || Stipulated Protective Order does not confer blanket protections on all disclosures or
25 || responses to discovery and that the protection it affords from public disclosure and
26 || use extends only to the limited information or items that are entitled to confidential
27 || treatment under the applicable legal principles. The parties further acknowledge, as
28 || set forth in Section 13.3 below, that this Stipulated Protective Order does not entitle

1 them to file confidential information under seal; Local Rule 79-5 sets forth the
2 procedures that must be followed and the standards that will be applied when a
3 party seeks permission from the Court to file material under seal.
4
5 2. GOOD CAUSE STATEMENT
6
7 This action is likely to involve trade secrets, customer and pricing lists and
8 other valuable research, development, commercial, financial, technical and/or
9 proprietary information for which special protection from public disclosure and
10 from use for any purpose other than prosecution of this action is warranted. Such
11 confidential and proprietary materials and information consist of, among other
12 things, confidential business or financial information, information regarding
13 confidential business practices, or other confidential research, development, or
14 commercial information (including information implicating privacy rights of third
15 parties), information otherwise generally unavailable to the public, or which may be
16 privileged or otherwise protected from disclosure under state or federal statutes,
17 court rules, case decisions, or common law. Accordingly, to expedite the flow of
18 information, to facilitate the prompt resolution of disputes over confidentiality of
19 discovery materials, to adequately protect information the parties are entitled to
20 keep confidential, to ensure that the parties are permitted reasonable necessary uses
21 of such material in preparation for and in the conduct of trial, to address their
22 handling at the end of the litigation, and to serve the ends of justice, a protective
23 order for such information is justified in this matter. It is the intent of the parties
24 that information will not be designated as confidential for tactical reasons and that
25 nothing be so designated without a good faith belief that it has been maintained in a
26 confidential, non-public manner, and there is good cause why it should not be part
27 of the public record of this case.
28 ///
1 3. DEFINITIONS
2 3.1. Action: 2:25-cv-10619-MAA
3 3.2. Challenging Party: A Party or Nonparty that challenges the
4 designation of information or items under this Stipulated Protective
5 Order.
6 3.3. “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items: Information (regardless of
7 how it is generated, stored or maintained) or tangible things that
8 qualify for protection under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c), and
9 as specified above in the Good Cause Statement.
10 3.4. Counsel: Outside Counsel of Record and In-House Counsel (as well
11 as their support staff).
12 3.5. Designating Party: A Party or Nonparty that designates information or
13 items that it produces in disclosures or in responses to discovery as
14 “CONFIDENTIAL.”
15 3.6. Disclosure or Discovery Material: All items or information, regardless
16 of the medium or manner in which it is generated, stored, or
17 maintained (including, among other things, testimony, transcripts, and
18 tangible things), that is produced or generated in disclosures or
19 responses to discovery in this matter.
20 3.7. Expert: A person with specialized knowledge or experience in a
21 matter pertinent to the litigation who has been retained by a Party or its
22 counsel to serve as an expert witness or as a consultant in this Action.
23 ///
24 ///
25 ///
26
///
27 ///
28 ///
1 3.8. In-House Counsel: Attorneys who are employees of a party to this
2 Action. In-House Counsel does not include Outside Counsel of
3 Record or any other outside counsel.
4 3.9. Nonparty: Any natural person, partnership, corporation, association,
5 or other legal entity not named as a Party to this action.
6 3.10. Outside Counsel of Record: Attorneys who are not employees of a
7 party to this Action but are retained to represent or advise a party to
8 this Action and have appeared in this Action on behalf of that party or
9 are affiliated with a law firm which has appeared on behalf of that
10 party, and includes support staff.
11 3.11. Party: Any party to this Action, including all of its officers, directors,
12 employees, consultants, retained experts, In-House Counsel, and
13 Outside Counsel of Record (and their support staffs).
14 3.12. Producing Party: A Party or Nonparty that produces Disclosure or
15 Discovery Material in this Action.
16 3.13. Professional Vendors: Persons or entities that provide litigation
17 support services (e.g., photocopying, videotaping, translating,
18 preparing exhibits or demonstrations, and organizing, storing, or
19 retrieving data in any form or medium) and their employees and
20 subcontractors.
21 3.14. Protected Material: Any Disclosure or Discovery Material that is
22 designated as “CONFIDENTIAL.”
23 3.15. Receiving Party: A Party that receives Disclosure or Discovery
24 Material from a Producing Party.
25 ///
26 ///
27 ///
28 ///
1 4. SCOPE
2 The protections conferred by this Stipulated Protective Order cover not only
3 Protected Material, but also (1) any information copied or extracted from Protected
4 Material; (2) all copies, excerpts, summaries, or compilations of Protected Material;
5 and (3) any testimony, conversations, or presentations by Parties or their Counsel
6 that might reveal Protected Material.
7 Any use of Protected Material at trial shall be governed by the orders of the
8 trial judge. This Stipulated Protective Order does not govern the use of Protected
9 Material at trial.
10
11 5. DURATION
12
13 Once a case proceeds to trial, all of the information that was designated as
14 confidential or maintained pursuant to this Stipulated Protective Order becomes
15 public and presumptively will be available to all members of the public, including
16 the press, unless compelling reasons supported by specific factual findings to
17 proceed otherwise are made to the trial judge in advance of the trial. See
18 Kamakana v. City and County of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1180-81 (9th Cir. 2006)
19 (distinguishing “good cause” showing for sealing documents produced in discovery
20 from “compelling reasons” standard when merits-related documents are part of
21 court record). Accordingly, the terms of this Stipulated Protective Order do not
22 extend beyond the commencement of the trial.
23
24 Even after final disposition of this litigation, the confidentiality obligations
25 imposed by this Stipulated Protective Order shall remain in effect until a
26 Designating Party agrees otherwise in writing or a court order otherwise directs.
27 Final disposition shall be deemed to be the later of (1) dismissal of all claims and
28 defenses in this Action, with or without prejudice; and (2) final judgment herein
1 after the completion and exhaustion of all appeals, rehearings, remands, trials, or
2 reviews of this Action, including the time limits for filing any motions or
3 applications for extension of time pursuant to applicable law.
4
5 6. DESIGNATING PROTECTED MATERIAL
6 6.1. Exercise of Restraint and Care in Designating Material for Protection.
7 Each Party or Nonparty that designates information or items for
8 protection under this Stipulated Protective Order must take care to
9 limit any such designation to specific material that qualifies under the
10 appropriate standards. The Designating Party must designate for
11 protection only those parts of material, documents, items, or oral or
12 written communications that qualify so that other portions of the
13 material, documents, items, or communications for which protection is
14 not warranted are not swept unjustifiably within the ambit of this
15 Stipulated Protective Order.
16 Mass, indiscriminate, or routinized designations are prohibited.
17 Designations that are shown to be clearly unjustified or that have been
18 made for an improper purpose (e.g., to unnecessarily encumber the
19 case development process or to impose unnecessary expenses and
20 burdens on other parties) may expose the Designating Party to
21 sanctions.
22 6.2. Manner and Timing of Designations.
23 Except as otherwise provided in this Stipulated Protective Order
24 (see, e.g., Section 6.2(a)), or as otherwise stipulated or ordered,
25 Disclosure or Discovery Material that qualifies for protection under
26 this Stipulated Protective Order must be clearly so designated before
27 the material is disclosed or produced.
28 ///
1 Designation in conformity with this Stipulated Protective Order
2 requires the following:
3 (a) For information in documentary form (e.g., paper or electronic
4 documents, but excluding transcripts of depositions or other
5 pretrial or trial proceedings), that the Producing Party affix at a
6 minimum, the legend “CONFIDENTIAL” to each page that
7 contains protected material. If only a portion or portions of the
8 material on a page qualifies for protection, the Producing Party
9 also must clearly identify the protected portion(s) (e.g., by
10 making appropriate markings in the margins).
11 A Party or Nonparty that makes original documents
12 available for inspection need not designate them for protection
13 until after the inspecting Party has indicated which documents it
14 would like copied and produced. During the inspection and
15 before the designation, all of the material made available for
16 inspection shall be deemed “CONFIDENTIAL.” After the
17 inspecting Party has identified the documents it wants copied
18 and produced, the Producing Party must determine which
19 documents, or portions thereof, qualify for protection under this
20 Stipulated Protective Order. Then, before producing the
21 specified documents, the Producing Party must affix the legend
22 “CONFIDENTIAL” to each page that contains Protected
23 Material. If only a portion or portions of the material on a page
24 qualifies for protection, the Producing Party also must clearly
25 identify the protected portion(s) (e.g., by making appropriate
26 markings in the margins).
27 (b) For testimony given in depositions, that the Designating Party
28 identify the Disclosure or Discovery Material on the record,
1 before the close of the deposition, all protected testimony.
2 (c) For information produced in nondocumentary form, and for any
3 other tangible items, that the Producing Party affix in a
4 prominent place on the exterior of the container or containers in
5 which the information is stored the legend “CONFIDENTIAL.”
6 If only a portion or portions of the information warrants
7 protection, the Producing Party, to the extent practicable, shall
8 identify the protected portion(s).
9 6.3. Inadvertent Failure to Designate.
10 If timely corrected, an inadvertent failure to designate qualified
11 information or items does not, standing alone, waive the Designating
12 Party’s right to secure protection under this Stipulated Protective Order
13 for such material. Upon timely correction of a designation, the
14 Receiving Party must make reasonable efforts to assure that the
15 material is treated in accordance with the provisions of this Stipulated
16 Protective Order.
17
18 7. CHALLENGING CONFIDENTIALITY DESIGNATIONS
19 7.1. Timing of Challenges.
20 Any Party or Nonparty may challenge a designation of
21 confidentiality at any time that is consistent with the Court’s
22 Scheduling Order.
23 7.2. Meet and Confer.
24 The Challenging Party shall initiate the dispute resolution
25 process, which shall comply with Local Rule 37.1 et seq., and with
26 ///
27 ///
28 ///
1 Section 4 of Judge Audero’s Procedures (“Mandatory Telephonic
2 Conference for Discovery Disputes”).1
3 7.3. Burden of Persuasion.
4 The burden of persuasion in any such challenge proceeding shall
5 be on the Designating Party. Frivolous challenges, and those made for
6 an improper purpose (e.g., to harass or impose unnecessary expenses
7 and burdens on other parties) may expose the Challenging Party to
8 sanctions. Unless the Designating Party has waived or withdrawn the
9 confidentiality designation, all parties shall continue to afford the
10 material in question the level of protection to which it is entitled under
11 the Producing Party’s designation until the Court rules on the
12 challenge.
13
14 8. ACCESS TO AND USE OF PROTECTED MATERIALS
15 8.1. Basic Principles.
16 A Receiving Party may use Protected Material that is disclosed
17 or produced by another Party or by a Nonparty in connection with this
18 Action only for prosecuting, defending, or attempting to settle this
19 Action. Such Protected Material may be disclosed only to the
20 categories of persons and under the conditions described in this
21 Stipulated Protective Order. When the Action reaches a final
22 disposition, a Receiving Party must comply with the provisions of
23 Section 14 below.
24 Protected Material must be stored and maintained by a
25 Receiving Party at a location and in a secure manner that ensures that
26
27
1 Judge Audero’s Procedures are available at
28 https://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/honorable-maria-audero.
1 access is limited to the persons authorized under this Stipulated
2 Protective Order.
3 8.2. Disclosure of “CONFIDENTIAL” Information or Items.
4 Unless otherwise ordered by the Court or permitted in writing
5 by the Designating Party, a Receiving Party may disclose any
6 information or item designated “CONFIDENTIAL” only to:
7 (a) The Receiving Party’s Outside Counsel of Record, as well as
8 employees of said Outside Counsel of Record to whom it is
9 reasonably necessary to disclose the information for this Action;
10 (b) The officers, directors, and employees (including In-House
11 Counsel) of the Receiving Party to whom disclosure is
12 reasonably necessary for this Action;
13 (c) Experts of the Receiving Party to whom disclosure is reasonably
14 necessary for this Action and who have signed the
15 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit A);
16 (d) The Court and its personnel;
17 (e) Court reporters and their staff;
18 (f) Professionaljury or trial consultants, mock jurors, and
19 Professional Vendors to whom disclosure is reasonably
20 necessary or this Action and who have signed the
21 “Acknowledgment and Agreement to be Bound” (Exhibit A);
22 (g) The author or recipient of a document containing the
23 information or a custodian or other person who otherwise
24 possessed or knew the information;
25 (h) During their depositions, witnesses, and attorneys for witnesses,
26 in the Action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary
27 provided: (i) the deposing party requests that the witness sign
28 the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to Be Bound” (Exhibit
1 A); and (ii) the witness will not be permitted to keep any
2 confidential information unless they sign the “Acknowledgment
3 and Agreement to Be Bound,” unless otherwise agreed by the
4 Designating Party or ordered by the Court. Pages of transcribed
5 deposition testimony or exhibits to depositions that reveal
6 Protected Material may be separately bound by the court
7 reporter and may not be disclosed to anyone except as permitted
8 under this Stipulated Protective Order; and
9 (i) Any mediator or settlement officer, and their supporting
10 personnel, mutually agreed upon by any of the parties engaged
11 in settlement discussions.
12
13 9. PROTECTED MATERIAL SUBPOENAED OR ORDERED
14 PRODUCED IN OTHER LITIGATION
15 If a Party is served with a subpoena or a court order issued in other litigation
16 that compels disclosure of any information or items designated in this Action as
17 “CONFIDENTIAL,” that Party must:
18 (a) Promptly notify in writing the Designating Party. Such notification
19 shall include a copy of the subpoena or court order;
20 (b) Promptly notify in writing the party who caused the subpoena or order
21 to issue in the other litigation that some or all of the material covered
22 by the subpoena or order is subject to this Stipulated Protective Order.
23 Such notification shall include a copy of this Stipulated Protective
24 Order; and
25 (c) Cooperate with respect to all reasonable procedures sought to be
26 pursued by the Designating Party whose Protected Material may be
27 affected.
28 ///
1 If the Designating Party timely seeks a protective order, the Party served with
2 the subpoena or court order shall not produce any information designated in this
3 action as “CONFIDENTIAL” before a determination by the Court from which the
4 subpoena or order issued, unless the Party has obtained the Designating Party’s
5 permission. The Designating Party shall bear the burden and expense of seeking
6 protection in that court of its confidential material and nothing in these provisions
7 should be construed as authorizing or encouraging a Receiving Party in this Action
8 to disobey a lawful directive from another court.
9
10 10. A NONPARTY’S PROTECTED MATERIAL SOUGHT TO BE
11 PRODUCED IN THIS LITIGATION
12 10.1. Application.
13 The terms of this Stipulated Protective Order are applicable to
14 information produced by a Nonparty in this Action and designated as
15 “CONFIDENTIAL.” Such information produced by Nonparties in
16 connection with this litigation is protected by the remedies and relief
17 provided by this Stipulated Protective Order. Nothing in these
18 provisions should be construed as prohibiting a Nonparty from seeking
19 additional protections.
20 10.2. Notification.
21 In the event that a Party is required, by a valid discovery
22 request, to produce a Nonparty’s confidential information in its
23 possession, and the Party is subject to an agreement with the Nonparty
24 not to produce the Nonparty’s confidential information, then the Party
25 shall:
26 (a) Promptly notify in writing the Requesting Party and the
27 Nonparty that some or all of the information requested is subject
28 to a confidentiality agreement with a Nonparty;
1 (b) Promptly provide the Nonparty with a copy of the Stipulated
2 Protective Order in this Action, the relevant discovery
3 request(s), and a reasonably specific description of the
4 information requested; and
5 (c) Make the information requested available for inspection by the
6 Nonparty, if requested.
7 10.3. Conditions of Production.
8 If the Nonparty fails to seek a protective order from this Court
9 within fourteen (14) days after receiving the notice and accompanying
10 information, the Receiving Party may produce the Nonparty’s
11 confidential information responsive to the discovery request. If the
12 Nonparty timely seeks a protective order, the Receiving Party shall not
13 produce any information in its possession or control that is subject to
14 the confidentiality agreement with the Nonparty before a
15 determination by the Court. Absent a court order to the contrary, the
16 Nonparty shall bear the burden and expense of seeking protection in
17 this Court of its Protected Material.
18
19 11. UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOSURE OF PROTECTED MATERIAL
20 If a Receiving Party learns that, by inadvertence or otherwise, it has disclosed
21 Protected Material to any person or in any circumstance not authorized under this
22 Stipulated Protective Order, the Receiving Party immediately must (1) notify in
23 writing the Designating Party of the unauthorized disclosures, (2) use its best
24 efforts to retrieve all unauthorized copies of the Protected Material, (3) inform the
25 person or persons to whom unauthorized disclosures were made of all the terms of
26 this Stipulated Protective Order, and (4) request such person or persons to execute
27 the “Acknowledgment and Agreement to be Bound” (Exhibit A).
28 ///
1 12. INADVERTENT PRODUCTION OF PRIVILEGED OR OTHERWISE
2 PROTECTED MATERIAL
3 When a Producing Party gives notice to Receiving Parties that certain
4 inadvertently produced material is subject to a claim of privilege or other
5 protection, the obligations of the Receiving Parties are those set forth in Federal
6 Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(5)(B). This provision is not intended to modify
7 whatever procedure may be established in an e-discovery order that provides for
8 production without prior privilege review. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence
9 502(d) and (e), insofar as the parties reach an agreement on the effect of disclosure
10 of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work
11 product protection, the parties may incorporate their agreement in the Stipulated
12 Protective Order submitted to the Court.
13
14 13. MISCELLANEOUS
15 13.1. Right to Further Relief.
16 Nothing in this Stipulated Protective Order abridges the right of
17 any person to seek its modification by the Court in the future.
18 13.2. Right to Assert Other Objections.
19 By stipulating to the entry of this Stipulated Protective Order, no
20 Party waives any right it otherwise would have to object to disclosing
21 or producing any information or item on any ground not addressed in
22 this Stipulated Protective Order. Similarly, no Party waives any right
23 to object on any ground to use in evidence of any of the material
24 covered by this Stipulated Protective Order.
25 13.3. Filing Protected Material.
26 A Party that seeks to file under seal any Protected Material must
27 comply with Local Rule 79-5. Protected Material may only be filed
28 under seal pursuant to a court order authorizing the sealing of the
1 specific Protected Material at issue. If a Party's request to file
2 Protected Material under seal is denied by the Court, then the
3 Receiving Party may file the information in the public record unless
4 otherwise instructed by the Court.
5
6 14. FINAL DISPOSITION
7 After the final disposition of this Action, within sixty (60) days of a written
8 request by the Designating Party, each Receiving Party must return all Protected
9 Material to the Producing Party or destroy such material. As used in this
10 subdivision, “all Protected Material” includes all copies, abstracts, compilations,
11 summaries, and any other format reproducing or capturing any of the Protected
12 Material. Whether the Protected Material is returned or destroyed, the Receiving
13 Party must submit a written certification to the Producing Party (and, if not the
14 same person or entity, to the Designating Party) by the 60-day deadline that
15 (1) identifies (by category, where appropriate) all the Protected Material that was
16 returned or destroyed and (2) affirms that the Receiving Party has not retained any
17 copies, abstracts, compilations, summaries or any other format reproducing or
18 capturing any of the Protected Material. Notwithstanding this provision, Counsel is
19 entitled to retain an archival copy of all pleadings; motion papers; trial, deposition,
20 and hearing transcripts; legal memoranda; correspondence; deposition and trial
21 exhibits; expert reports; attorney work product; and consultant and expert work
22 product, even if such materials contain Protected Material. Any such archival
23 copies that contain or constitute Protected Material remain subject to this Stipulated
24 Protective Order as set forth in Section 5.
25 ///
26 ///
27 ///
28 ///
1 |} 15. VIOLATION
2 Any violation of this Stipulated Order may be punished by any and all
3 || appropriate measures including, without limitation, contempt proceedings and/or
4 || monetary sanctions.
5
6 || IT ISSO STIPULATED, THROUGH COUNSEL OF RECORD.
7
g || Dated: 2/17/2026 Cory Ut Teed
9 Attorney(s) for Plaintiff(s)
10 2/12/2026 f | | iP
Dated:
1] Attorney(s) for/Defendant(s)
12
13 | FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN, IT IS SO ORDERED

15 | pated: February 24, 2026

16 Honorable‘Maria A. Audero
United States Magistrate Judge
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
16

1 EXHIBIT A
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND AGREEMENT TO BE BOUND
3 I, [full name], of
4 [address], declare under penalty of perjury that I have read in its
5 entirety and understand the Stipulated Protective Order that was issued by the
6 United States District Court for the Central District of California on
7 [date] in the case of
8 [case name and number]. I agree to comply with and to be bound by all the terms
9 of this Stipulated Protective Order, and I understand and acknowledge that failure
10 to so comply could expose me to sanctions and punishment in the nature of
11 contempt. I solemnly promise that I will not disclose in any manner any
12 information or item that is subject to this Stipulated Protective Order to any person
13 or entity except in strict compliance with the provisions of this Stipulated Protective
14 Order.
15 I further agree to submit to the jurisdiction of the United States District Court
16 for the Central District of California for the purpose of enforcing the terms of this
17 Stipulated Protective Order, even if such enforcement proceedings occur after
18 termination of this action. I hereby appoint [full name]
19 of [address and telephone number]
20 as my California agent for service of process in connection with this action or any
21 proceedings related to enforcement of this Stipulated Protective Order.
22
23 Signature:
24 Printed Name:
25 Date:
26 City and State Where Sworn and Signed:
27
28

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/11367390. Public record. Not legal advice.